ENGELSK GRAMMATIK: UDSAGNSLED

UDSAGNSLEDDETS BESTANDDELE DO-OMSKRIVNING

Et udsagnsled (latin: verballed) består af udsagnsord (verber). Der er altid et hoved-udsagnsord, som står til Ligesom to have og to be bruges også to do ofte som hjælpe-udsagnsord — til at lave do-omskrivninger:
sidst i udsagnsleddet. Derudover kan der i udsagnsleddet også nogle gange findes hjælpe-udsagnsord.
EKSEMPEL FUNKTION
EKSEMPEL HJÆLPE-UDSAGNSORD HOVED-UDSAGNSORD Where does he live?
Spørgsmål
He kisses his wife. kisses (to kiss) Does he play the guitar?
He has been kissed by his wife. has (to have) + been (to be) kissed (to kiss) They do not like the book.
Nægtelse
He must kiss his wife. must kiss (to kiss) Jack does not drink.
He did play well.
Emfase (fremhævelse)
Do tell me if I am wrong, please!
DE FEM TIDER (SIMPEL, AKTIV)
NUTID DATID FØRNUTID FØRDATID FREMTID* KONGRUENS
kill/kills killed have/has killed had killed will kill
På engelsk skal der være grammatisk overensstemmelse (kongruens) mellem grundled og udsagnsled.
have/has had have/has had had had will have
kiss/kisses kissed have/has been jumping had kissed will kiss Det er særligt i 3. person ental (he/she/it) man skal være opmærksom i nutid og førnutid.

* BEMÆRK at fremtid også kan laves på andre måder end med will: PERSON NUTID DATID FØRNUTID FØRDATID FREMTID
1. (I) take took have taken had taken will take
The assassin will kill his target tomorrow.
ENTAL 2. ( YOU) take took have taken had taken will take
The assassin is about to kill his target now.
3. ( HE/SHE/IT ) takes took has taken had taken will take
The assassin is killing his target tonight. take took have taken had taken will take
1./2./3.
F LERTAL
(WE/ YOU/THEY)
UDVIDET TID
Med to be skal man være særligt opmærksom på kongruens:
Alle fem tider kan udvides ved at bruge en bøjet form af to be + lang tillægsform af hovedverbet.
PERSON NUTID DATID FØRNUTID FØRDATID FREMTID
NUTID DATID FØRNUTID FØRDATID FREMTID 1. (I) am was have been had been will be
am/are/is killing were/was killing have/has been killing had been killing will be killing are were have been had been will be
ENTAL 2. ( YOU)
am/are/is jumping were/was jumping have/has been jumping had been jumping will be jumping
3. ( HE/SHE/IT ) takes was has been had been will be
EKSEMPLER PÅ UDVIDET TID: 1./2./3. are were have been had been will be
F LERTAL
The old man is kissing his wife ⇒ udvidet nutid (aktiv) (WE/ YOU/THEY)

The two sisters have been working without a contract ⇒ udvidet førnutid (aktiv)
They will be having a New Years Eve countdown downtown ⇒ udvidet fremtid (aktiv) EKSEMPLER PÅ UDSAGNSLED ANALYSERET
SÆTNING SIMPEL/UDVIDET AKTIV/PASSIV PERSON TID
PASSIV He loves her. simpel aktiv 3. ps. ental (he) nutid
They have always simpel aktiv 3. ps. flertal (they) førnutid
Passiv dannes ved at bruge en bøjet form af to be + kort tillægsform af hovedverbet.
loved each other.
NUTID DATID FØRNUTID FØRDATID FREMTID He is celebrating. udvidet aktiv 3. ps. ental (he) nutid
am/are/is killed were/was killed have/has been killed had been killed will be killed He is being udvidet passiv 3. ps. ental (he) nutid
am/are/is done were/was done have/has been done had been done will be done celebrated today.
The ball was simpel passiv 3. ps. ental (the datid
EKSEMPLER PÅ PASSIV:
caught by the dog. ball)
The old man is kissed by his wife ⇒ passiv (simpel) nutid.
Laura will be udvidet aktiv 3. ps. ental (Laura) fremtid
The two sisters had been spotted in the jungle ⇒ passiv (simpel) førdatid. participating.
They were being attacked by mosquitos ⇒ passiv (udvidet) datid The wizards had simpel passiv 3. ps. flertal (the førdatid
been killed. wizards)