EFFECTS OF RUPTURE DIRECTIVITY ON PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS Norman A. Abrahamson! ABSTRACT For long period structures such as bridges that are near faults with high activity rates, it can be important to explicitly include directivity effects in the attenuation relations for either probabilistic or deterministic analyses. There are two rupture directivity effects. The first effect is a change in strength of shaking of the average horizontal component of motion, and the second effect is the systematic differences in the strength of shaking on the two horizontal components oriented perpendicular and parallel to the strike of the fault. The new San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge is used as an example to show the effects of including rupture directivity in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. For this example, including both effects results in about a 30% increase in the T3 second spectral acceleration for a 1500 year return period as compared to traditional analyses. Introduction Rupture directivity effects can lead to large long period pulses in the ground motion. Recently, models have been developed to quantify the directivity effect (¢.g, Somerville et al, 1997). With these models of the rupture directivity effect, directivity can be included in either deterministic or probabilistic seismic hazard analyses. This paper demonstrates the effect of rupture directivity on probabilistic seismic hazard analyses. Attenuation Relations and Rupture Directivity For design of long-period structures such as bridges, characterization of long-period motion is essential, Attenuation relations commonly used in California do not explicitly include rupture directivity effects but they can adjusted to account for near-fault directivity effecis using the Somerville et al. (1997) fault-rupture directivity model. The Somerville et al. (1997) model comprises two period-deperdent scaling factors that may be applied to horizontal attenuation relationship. One of the factors accounts for the change in shaking intensity in the average horizontal component of motion due to near-fault rupture directivity effects (higher ground motions for rupture toward the site and lower ground motions for rupture away from the site). The second factor reflects the directional nature of the shaking, intensity using two ratios: fault normal (FN) and fault parallel (FP) versus the average (FA) » pacific Gas and Electric Company, 245 Market Stre:t, Mail Code N4C, San Francisco, CA 94105component ratios. ‘The fault normal component is taken as the major principal axis resulting in an FN/PA ratio larger than 1 and the fault parallel component is taken as the minor principal axis with an FP/FA ratio smaller than 1. ‘The two scaling factors depend on whether fault rupture is in the forward or backward direction, and also the length of fault rupturing toward the site There are several aspects of the empirical model for the average horizontal component scale factors developed by Somerville et al that needed to be modified to make the model applicable to a probabilistic hazard analysis, As published, the directivity model is independent of distance, The data set used in the analysis includes recordings at distances of 0 to 50 km. A distance dependent taper function was applied to the model that reduces the effect to zero for distances greater than 60km. Ty =1 for <30km 1-(-30)/30 for 30 km 60 km As published, the model is applicable to magnitudes greater than 6.5, A magnitude taper was applied that reduces the effect to zero for magnitudes less than 6.0 Ty(m) = 1 form=65 1-(m65/0.5 for6=m<6.5 Q ° form<6 The empirical model uses two directivity parameters: x and @ where x is defined as the fraction of the fault length that ruptures toward the site and 0 is the angle between the fault strike and epicentral azimuth (see Somerville et al for details). The worst case is x=1 and 8-0. The empirical model uses a form that increases a constant rate as x increases from 0 to 1, There is litle empirical data with x cos(0) values greater than 0.6, and the extrapolation of the model to larger x cos(@) values is nct well constrained. Based on an evaluation of empirical recordings and numerical simulations, the form of the directivity function is modified to reach a maximum at X =0.4. The slope is greater than the Somerville model, but it flattens out at a lower level, The T=3 second value is used to guide the adjustment of the model at all periods. ‘The resulting model is given by ypir0,T) = C,(T) + 1.88 Cx(T) X’ cos()(3) where X’ = X for X<=0.4 and X°=0.4 for x>0.4 and C,(T) + C2(T) are from Somerville et al. (1997), and are listed in Table 1Table 1, Model Coefficients for the Modified Somerville et al. (1997) Directivity Effects for the Average Horizontal Component Period (sec) ci C2 0.60 0.000 0,000 0.75 -0.084 0.185 1,00 ~0192 0.423, 1,50 ~0344 0.759 2.00. ~0.452 0.998 3.00 0605 1,333 4.00 -0713, prs 5.00. 0797 SARE Finally, including the directivity effet should results in a reduction of the standard deviation of the attenuation relation. Based on an evaluation of the empirical data, at T=3 seconds, there is a reduction of the standard deviation of about 0.05 natural log units due to adding the directivity term into the ground motion model. The period dependence of the reduction was approximated by the period dependence of the slope of the directivity effect, To account for the reduction in the standard deviation due to including the directivity effect as part of the model, the standard deviations for the published attenuation relations were modified for use in the hazard analysis using the following relation: 6,,.(M,T) = 6 (MT) - 0.05 C(TY/1.333 @ where C,(T) is given in Table 1 and o(M,,7) is the standard deviation from the published attenuation relation (without directivity effects). The final modified Somerville model for the average horizontal component for strike-slip faults is given by In Sagir (M,t,,0,T) = In Sa(M,r) + yp(%,8,T) Ta(t) Tm (m) 6) where Sa(M,t) is an empirical attenuation relation without directivity. ‘This modified model is shown in Figure la, ‘The FN/Avg ratios are shown in Figure 1b for the modified Somerville et al, (1997) model. Incorporating Rupture Directivity Into Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis It is straightforward to include rupture directivity into a probabilistic hazard analysis ‘The main change is that the location of the hypocenter on the rupture area needs to be included as an additional source of (aleatory) variability (Figure 2) Ina standard hazard calculation, the hazard is given by vido a= Man) | YY J J ta fm Dm RA fa, Do 8) G6) Bhosob meg P(A> Z| myr(x,y,RA, W)) dW aRA de dy dinwhere N; (Myjn) is the rate of earthquakes with magnitude greater than M,,;, from the ith source; m is magnitude; Myx, is the maximum magnitude (for the it source); fm(m), fw(m,W), fRAGm.RA), fix, and fey are probability density functions for the earthquake magnitude, rupture width, rupture area, locetion of the center of rupture along strike and location of the center of rupture down dip, respectively; and P(A>zim,r,e) is the probability that the ground motion exceeds the test level z for a given magnitude and distance, Including directivity effects for strike-slip faults, the hazard is given by vsde)= NUM) | fF LL Fe il fg mA fn 2 fo 216, 0,) 17-0 Rio Be=0lhe=O m= My P(A>2|m,r,X,0)dW dRAds dydh.dm a where r, X, and @ are computed from the rupture location and the hypocenter location, In this calculation, we need to define and additional probability density function for the location of the hypocenter on the rupture, f,(h,). Here, I have assumed uniform distributions for the hypocenter location (e.g. no preferred locations for the nucleation of the rupture) It could be argued that the effect off directivity on the average horizontal component is already included in the standard deviation ofthe ground motion of the published attenuation relations. There are two reasons why the published standard deviations do not adequately account for directivity effects. First, the standard deviation of most attenuation relations is averaged over all distances. As a result, tke standard deviation of the near fault ground motion is underestimated by the average stardard deviation over all distances. Second, the size of the directivity effect can vary significantly for different locations that are the same distance away from the fault. ‘That is, a particular site-fault geometry may be more likely to experience forward directivity effects than other sites. Example Calculation ‘As an example, the probabilistic seismic hazard is computed with and without directivity. As discussed above, we can consider the effects of directivity on the average horizontal component or on the individual components oriented parallel and perpendicular to the strike of the fault, The base case is using the attenuation relations as published. These are for the geometric mean of the two horizontal components. This case is label as “without directivity” in Figure 3, Including just the effect of directivity on the average horizontal component increases the hazard at return periods greater than 500 years. The hazard with directivity can be deaggregated in terms of the rupture directivity parameter, Xcos(8). The deaggregation at the 1500 year return perio¢ is shown in Figure 4. This figure shows that most of the long period ground motion hazard is from forward directivity cases.Deageregation on the directivity can guide the selection of time histories in terms of selecting forward directicity time histories vs neutral or backward directivity time histories Conclusions Rupture directivity has not been included in most probabilistic seismic hazard calculations, To accurately estimate the hazard from long period ground motions, directivity should be directly included in the hazard analysis as one of the important sources of variability of the long period ground motion. I believe that including rupture directivity will soon become the standard of practice for computing the hazard for long period ground motions near active faults, References Somerville, P. G., N. F. Smith, R. W, Graves. and N, A. Abrahamson (1997). Modification of empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations to include the amplitude and duration effects of rupture directivity, Seism, Res. Let, Vol. 68, 199-222 1 03; rT os: = Somers et _ Of coe al, (1997) Zos. Ee — FNAverage S02 Bo Horizontal, 5 7 Model 2 0: Z ous 1b. 202 =z on 204 064A] __ stotted Somervte eta a “off (197 sity model ol prorat rer frerefareri reer frre 0. 0 0102 03 04 050607 0809 1 0 10 20 3040 50 60 70 #0 90 Xoos(Tht) Theta Figure 1. Modified Somerville et al, (1997) rupture directivity model,Depth (km) 0 1 20 30 40 50 6D 808100 Distance (km) Figure 2. Example of the variability in hypocenter location over the rupture surface for a single rupture location. The heavy Tine defines the rupture arca of m earthquake scenario, the circle indicates the center of thegupture and the stars indicate the range of hyposenters, g 1 = 3 “Ave Horizontal without Divetvity 3 Bos Fault Parallel Component % Average Horizontal Component g oor vor Fault Nsmal Component E 0.001 2 2 0.0001- 0 005 0.1 0.15 02 025 03 035 04 045 05 Spectral Acceleration (e) Figuro 3. Effects of directivity on the hazard for T=3 seconds spectral acceleration for the new San Francisco Bay Bridge. Figure 4. Deaggrogation of the hazard for a spectral period of 3.0 seconds at the 1500 year return period.