XII ZOOLOGY SOLVED MODEL PAPER 2024.

SECTION “B" (SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS)

REASONING QUESTIONS
I) How do neurotransmitters work as inhibitory and excitatorý signals? Write some
common examples of these neurotransmitters.
ANS. NEUROTRANSMITTERS WORK AS INHIBITORY AND EXCITATORY SIGNALS:
Neurotransmitters work as inhibitory and excitatory signals by binding to specific
receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
EXCITATORY NEURoTRANSMITTORS:
Excitatory neurotransmitters promote the genération of an action potential in the
postsynaptic neuron by depolarizing the cell membrane, making it more likely for arn action
potential to occur Examples include glutamate and acetylcholine.
INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTORS:
In contrast, inhibitory neurotransmitters decrease the likelihood of fan action
potential in the postsynaptic neuron by hyperpolarizing the cell membrane, making more
negative and less likely to reach the threshold for firing. Examples/include gamma-aminobutyric
acid (GABA) and glycine.

ii) Why does excess use of dairy products, meats, and green-leaf vegetables cause
kidney stones? Mention the methods for treatment of kidney stones.
ANS. CAUSE KIDNEY STONES:
Excess consumption of dairy products, meats, and green-leaf vegetables can lead to kidney
stones due to their high content of calcium, oxalates, and purines. These
substances, when present in high levels in the urine, can combine to form crystals
that gradually grow into kidney stones. Specifically:
i. Calcium: Dairy products are rich in calcium, and excessive intake can lead to
hypercalciuria, increasing the risk of calcium oxalate stones.
Oxalates: Green-leaf vegetables are high in oxalates, and when combined with calcium
in the urine, they can form calcium oxalate crystals, a common type of kidney stone.
ii. Purines: Meats contain purines, which break down into uric acid. High levels of uric aci
in the urine can lead to the formation of uric acid stones.
TREATMENT METHODS FOR KIDNEY STONES:
Treatment method for kidney includes:
1) Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL): This treatment involves using shock
waves from outside the body to break up kidney stones into smaller pieces that can be
passed more easily through the urinary tract.
2) Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL): This procedure is used when kidney stones
cannot pass on their own. It involves making a small incision in the back to access the
kidney directly. A nephroscope is then used to locate and remove the stones or break
them into smaller pieces for removal.
3) Laparoscopic Pyelolithotomy: In cases where stones are too large or nùmerous, this
procedure may be performed. It involves making small incisions in the abdomen to acces
the kidneys and physically remove the stones.
iii) Why is saltatory conduction the fastest?
ANS. SALTATORY CONDUCTION IN MYELINATED NEURON:
Saltatory conduction is the fastest mode of neural impulse transmission due to its
mechanism of action potential propagation. In saltatory conduction, the action
potential "jumps" or leaps from one node of Ranvier to the next alonga myelinated
axon, rather than traveling continuously along the entire length of the axon. This
jumping action is facilitated by the presence of myelin sheath, which insulates and
speeds up the conduction of the action potent potential As a a result, saltatory
conduction allows for rapid transmission of nerve impulses over long distances with
minimal loss of signal strength, making it significantly faster compared to continuou:
conduction along unmyelinated axons.

iv) How do aquatic, osmoregulators overcome the osmoregulatory problems?

ANS. OSMOREGULATION IN AQUATIC OSMOREGULATORS:
Aquatic osmoregulators overcome osmoregulatory problems by actively regulating the
concentrations of salts and water in their bodies to maintain osmotic balance with their
surrounding aquatic environment. They achieve this through various mechanisms such as ion
transport across specialized epithelial cells, regulation of water intake and excretion, and
adjustments in the permeability of their body surfaces to water and ions. These adaptations help
aquatic osmoregulators prevent excessive water loss or uptake and maintain internal
homeostasis despite changes ir external osmotic conditions.

v) Why the hormonal system of the female is better than the male?
ANS. The hormonal system of females is considered superior to males due to:
STRONGER IMMUNE RESPONSES: Women exhibit more intense innate, cellular, and humoral
immune responses to infections and vaccinations. Estrogen, a
primary female sex hormone, enhances immune responses, while androgens like
testosterone (more prevalent in males) system.
HEALTH BENEFITS OF ESTROGEN: Estrogen affects various body systems positively,
ii.including the brain, cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system, urinary tract,
hair, and skin. It contributes to reproductive and sexual development, bone health,
and overall well-being.
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE: Estrogen influences the adaptive immune
ii.response, leading to better defense against infections and diseases.

vi) How do bees communicate about food resoúrces?

ANS. BEES COMMUNICATION:
Bees communicate about food resources through a dance known asthe "waggle
dance." In this dance, a returning forager bee communicates information about the
location of a food source to other bees in the hive. The direction and distance to the
food source are indicated through the duration and angle of the waggle phase of the dance,
while the quality of the food source is conveyed through the intensity of the dance. Other bees
then interpret this information and use it to navigate to the food source.
vii) How do embryonic tissues influence other embryonic tissueś?
ANS. EMBRYONIC INDUCTION:
Embryonic tissues influence each other through a process called induction. During
development, certain embryonic tissues release signaling molecules, such as growth factors
and morphogens, which affect the differentiation and development of neighboring tissues. These
signaling molecules can initiate cascades of gene
expression in target tissues leading to changes in cell fate, morphology, and function. Inductive
Interactions between embryonic tissues are crucial for the formation and patterning of complex
structures and organs in the developing embryo. Examples of induction include the formation of
the nervous system, limbs, and organs during embryogenesis.

viii) How is tetany different from tetanus, while both show some common symptoms.
ANS. TETANY DIFFERENT FROM TETANUS:
Tetany and tetanus are two distinct medical condition, although they may share some common
symptoms. Tetany is characterized by involuntary muscle contractions due to hypocalcemia (low
blood calcium levels) or alkalosis an increased pH of the blood). Symptoms of tetany include
muscle cramps, spasms, and tingling sensations.
Tetanus, on the other hand, is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetany and is
characterized by muscle stiffness and spasms, usually starting in the jaw (lock jaw) and neck.
While both conditions involve muscle contractions and spasms, tetany is typically associated
with metabolic disturbances whereas tetanus i is caused by a bacterial infection.

NON-REASONING QUESTIONS
ix) Mention the role of kidney as an endocrine gland.
ANS. Role Of Kidney As An Endocrine Gland:
The kidney serves as an endocrine gland by producing and secreting several
important hormones involved in the regulation of blood pressure and red blood cell
production. These hormones include:
i. RENIN: Renin is an enzyme produced and released by specialized cells in the
kidneys called juxtaglomerular cells. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of
blood pressure by initiating the renin-angiotensin-aldasterane system
(RAAS). Renin acts on angiotensinogen, a protein produced by the liver,
converting it into angiotensin l, which is further converted to angiotensin I.
Angiotensin ll causes vasoconstriction and stimulates the release of
aldosterone, leading to increased blood pressure and sodium reabsorption
in the kidneys.
Erythropoietin (EPO): Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by specialized
ii.cells in the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood (hypoxia). It
stimulates the bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells,
thereby enhancing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
These hormonal functions of the kidneys contribute to the regulation of blood
pressure and red blood cell production, highlighting the important endocrine role of
the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis within the body.
x) Define biological rhythm. Mention that biological rhythm is important for man.
ANS. BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM:
Biological rhythm refers to the natural, recurring pattern or cycle
processes that occur in living organisms These rhyhms by internal biological clocks as well as
external factors such as light, temperature, and social cues. Biological rhythms can occur on
various time scales, ranging from seconds to days, months, or even year.
IMPORTANCE OF BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM:
Numerous physiological functions, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone
secretion/body temperature regulation, metabolism, and immune system activity.
These rhythms allow organisms to anticipate and adapt to environmental changes, optimize
physiological logical processes for specific times of the day or year, and maintain overall health
and well-being.
For Example:
The circadian rhythm regulates the sleep-wake cycle, ensuring that individuals feel alert and
awake during the day and sleepy at night, thereby promoting restful sleep and optimal daytime
functioning. Other biological rhythms, such as hormonal fluctuations and d digestive cycles, help
coordinate various bodily functions and ensure their proper timing and synchronization. Overall,
biological rhythms play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and optimizing physiological
processes, highlighting their importance for human health and functioning.

xi) Define Receptors. State the State the gustatory receptors with their functions.
ANS. RECEPTORS:
Receptors are specialized proteins or cells that detect and respond to specific stimuti
in the internal or external environment of an organism. These stimulí can be physical, chemical,
or biological in in nature and receptors play a crucial role in transmitting information about these
stimuli to the central nervous system or other parts of the body where they are processed and
integrated to generate appropriate physiological
responses.
GUSTATORY RECEPTORS:
Gustatory receptors, also known as taste receptors, are sensory receptors located on the taste
buds, which are small structures found primarily on the tongue but also in other parts of the
mouth and throat. These receptors are responsible for detecting and responding to various taste
stimuli, allowing organisms to percelve-different flavors.
TYPES OF GUSTATORY RECEPTORS:
There are several types of gustatory receptors, each specialized for detecting specific taste
qualities:
Sweet receptors: Detect sweet-tasting substances such as sugars and artificial
sweeteners. Activation of sweet receptors signals the presence of energy-rich
carbohydrates.
Sour receptors: Detect acidic substances, signaling the presence of potentially
harmful or spoiled foods.
ii. Bitter receptors: Sensitivity to bitter-tasting compounds, often found in toxic or harmful
substances, serving asa warning signal.
Salty receptors: Respond to the presence of sodium ions (salt) in food,
important for maintaining electrolyte balance.
Umami receptors: Detect the taste of glutamate, found in protein-rich foods,
enhancing the savory or meaty flavor.
These gustatory receptors work together to provide information about the taste
of foods and beverages, aiding in evaluating palatability, nutritional value, and potential toxicity.

xii) Explain the principal reproductive hormones of human male and explain their role in the
maintenance and functioning of the reproductive system.
ANS. PRINCIPAL REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES OF HUMAN MALE:
The principal reproductive hormones in human males are testosterone, follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH).
Testosterone: Produced primarily by the Leydig cells in the testes, testosterone is the primary
male sex hormone. It plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of male
reproductive tissues such as the testes and prostate gland. Testosterone is responsible for the
development of secondary sexual characteristics in males, including
facial and body hair growth, deepening of the voice, and muscle mass development. It also
regulates sperm production (spermatogénesis) and libido (sex drive).
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, FSH stimulates the
growth and maturation of the seminiferous tubules in the testes, where spermatogenesis occurs.
FSH acts synergistically wíth testosterone to support the production of sperm cells
(spermatogonia) and maintain fertility.
Luteinizing hormone (LH): Also produced by the anterior pituitary gland, LN stimulates the
Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone. LH secretion is regulated by the
ehypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Elevated levels of LFF stimulate
testosterone production which in turn regulates sperm production, libido, and other male
reproductive functions.
Together, these hormones play essential roles in the maintenance and functioning of the male
reproductive system, including the production of sperm, regulation of sexual characteristics and
behavior, and overall reproductive/health.

xiii) Mention the injuries in joints (dislocation and sprain) and their first aid treatment.
ANS. DISLOCATION: This occurs when the bores that form a joint are forced out of their
CROUP
normal position.
FIRST AID TREATMENT INCLUDES:
i.Immobilize the joint by splinting it in the position it was found.
Apply ice packs to reduce swelling and pain.
i. Seek medical attention promptly for proper realignment (reduction) of the joint by a healthcare
professional.
SPRAIN: A sprain happens when the ligaments supporting a joint are stretched or torn.
FIRST AID TREATMENT INVOLVES:
i. Rest the injured joint and avoid putting weight on it.
ii. Apply ice packs to reduce swelling and pain.
ii. Elevate the injured area to help reduce sweling.
iv. Use compression bandages to provide support and reduce swelling.
Seek medical attention if the sprain is severe or if there is persistent pain, swelling, or
V. difficulty moving the joint.

xiv) List some changes that occur in the system and those that occur at the cellular level during aging.
ANS. SOME CHANGES DURING AGING
CHANGES IN SYSTEM: Changes that occur in the system during aging:
1. Cardiovascular system: Decreased elasticity of blood vessels, increased risk of
atherosclerosis, and hypertension.
2. Musculoskeletal system: Loss of muscle mass and strength, decreased bone density
(osteoporosis), and joint stiffness.
3. Nervous system: Decline in cognitive function, memory loss, and slower reaction times.
4. Immune system: Weakened immune response increased susceptibility to infections
and autoimmune diseases.
5. Endocrine system: Changes in hormone levels, such as decreased production of growth
hormone and sex hormones.
6. Respiratory system: Reduced lung function, decreased respiratory efficiency, and increased
susceptibility to respiratory infections.
7. Digestive system: Slower digestion, decreased absorption of nutrjents, and increased risk of
gastrointestinal disorders.
CHANGES AT CELLULAR LEVEL: Changes that occur at the cellular level during aging:
1. Telomere shortening: Telomeres, which are protective cap at the end of chromosomes,
shorten with each cell division, leading to cellular senescenće and eventual cell death.
2. Accumulation of exidative damage: Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
leads to oxidative damage to cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids,
contributing to cellular aging.
3. Decline in mitochondrial function: Mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell,
experience functional decline with age, leading to decreased enerEy production and increased
generation of ROs.
4. Accumulation of celllar waste: Impaired lysosomal function results in the
accumulation of cellular waste products, such as lipofuscin and protein aggregates, which
interfere with cellular function.
5. Dysregulation of cellular/signaling pathways: Alterations in signaling pathways
involved in cellular growth, proliferation, and apoptosis contribute to age-related changes in
cellular function and homeostasis.
These changes at the system and cellular levels collectively contribute to the aging process and
the development of age-related diseases.

xv) Write a note on taxis. Mention their types with examples.

ANS. TAXIS (Plural: Taxes) Taxis is a behavioral response observed in various organisms,
involving directional movement towards or away from a specific stimulus in their environment.
Depending on the nature of the stimulus and the organism's response, taxis can be categorized
into different types.
1. Positive Taxis: This occurs when an organism moves towards the source of a stimulus. For
example:
i. Phototaxis: Movement towards light. Moths exhibit positive phototaxis by flying
towards artificial lights.
ii. Chemotaxis: Movement towards
chemiçal stimuli. Bacteria may show positive chemotaxis by moving towards nutrient-rich
environments.
iii. Hydrotaxis: Movement towards moisture. Certain plant roots grow towards water
sources to optimize water uptake.
2. Negative Taxis: This occurs when an organism moves away from the source of a stimulus.
For example:
i. Negative Phototaxis: Movement away from light. Cockroaches demonstrate negative
phototaxis by avoiding wel-lit areas.
ii.Negative Chemotaxis: Movement away from harmful chemicals. Insects may exhibit negative
chemotaxis when exposed to insect repellents.
3. Other Types of Taxis:
i. Thigmotaxis: Response to touch or contact stimuli. For instance, some insects prefer to crawl
along surfaces rather than open spaces.
ii. Geotaxis: Response to gravity.
for example earthworm moves downward into soil exhibiting positive geotaxis.
ii, Rheotaxis: Response to water currents. Fish may show positive rheotaxis by swimming
against water currents to maintain their position. These examples illustrate how taxis behaviors
enable organisms to navigate their environment effectively, enhancing their chances of survival
and reproduction.

MCQ’S KEYS:

1.regulation of body temperature

2.simple reflx
3. Dopamine
4. Folical-stimulating hormone (FSH)
5.epinephrine and norepinephrine
6.defending an area from inducers
7.rat navigating a maz
8.a cat chasing a mouse
9.spermatogonia-spermatocytes-spermatids-spermatozoa
10.progesterone
11.puberty
12.kinefelter syndrome
13.a decrease in the metabolic activity
14.dialysis
15.acute poisoning
16.kidney transplant
17.shortning of A, H and I band
18.ischium