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Download ebook pdf of Madhya Bharati मध य भ रत Bilingual Research Journal Of Humanities Social Sciences A D Sharma (Chief Editor) full chapter
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d ½ v k B t kSd sn ku k sa d h e k sV kb Zd k sf e y k
d j =1 v ax qy ]
2 4 v ax qy =1 g kF k ¼ g k F k d k v F kZ% d qgu h d h u ksd l se k / ; e k v ax qy h d sv U r r d d k u ki ½ ]
8
@
e/
;H
k
k
jr
h
4 g kFk =1 n . M ]
2 0 00 n . M =1 Ø k
s' k ] 4 Ø ks' k =1 ; kst u ] 1 0 g k F k =1 c al
{k s=kQy % &
2 0 oal y E c k o 2 0 c al p kSM +k { ks= k =1 f u o r Zu ¼ H kk j o y E ck b Zv kfn d sf
of H
k
U u u k
i & o . kZu
1
v y ~&
c: u h d `r b afM d k
½ ¼l p kÅ } kj k v ax zt h v u qo k n ½ e sa v f / kd f o Lr kj l sg Sa½
b l h Ø e e sa n l v k / kk j h l a[ ; k v k sa d su ke fu Eu ' y ksd k sa e sa LF kk f ir f d ; x ;
sg Sa &
, d n ' k ' k r l g L
= k k; qr y { k i z; qr d k sV ; % Ø e k r ~A
v c qZne C t a[ k
o Zfu j o o Ze g k i n ~e ' k a[ k o L r L e kr ~A A
t y f / k Ü p k aR
; ae /
; ai j k) Zf e fr n ' k x q.k ksR r j k% l aK k% A
l a[ ; k; k % L F k
k u k u
k aO ; o g kj k F k Zd `r k% i wo Zs% A A
m D r 'k C n l a[ ; k v ksa d k
sv ad k sa e sa b l i zd k j f y [ k
sax s&
, d =1 ] n '
k =1 0 ] l g l z=1 0 0 ] v ; qr =1 0 0 0 ] y { k =1 0 0 0 ]
0
i z; qr =1 0 0 0 ]0 0
( d k sf
V =1 0 0 0 ] 0 0 0 ( v oqZn =1 0 0 0 ] 0 0 0 ] 0 ]
v Ct =1 0 0
0 ]
0 0
0 ]
0 0 ([ k o Z1 0 0 0 ]0 0 0 ] 0 0 0 ] fu [ k o Z =1 0 0 0 ]
0 00 ] 0 0 0]0
(
e g k in ~e =1 00 0
] 0 0 0 ] 0 0 0 ] 0 0
l a[ k =1 0 0 0 ]0 0 0 ] 0 0 0 ] 0 0 0 (
t y f / k =1 0
0 0] 0
0 0]0 0 0 ] 0 0 0 ]0
v UR ; =1 0 0 0]0 0 0 ]0 0 0 ]0 0 0 ] 0 0 (
e / ; =1 0 0 0 ]0 00 ] 00 0 ] 0 0 0 ]0 0 0 (
i j k) Z=1 0 0 0]0 0 0 ]0 00 ]0 0 0 ] 0 0 0 ] 0 (
b l i zd k
j i woZv k p k ; ks± u sl a[; k d k
sO ; o g kj d sf y , i wo Z& i woZd h v is{k k mÙ k
j
ksÙk
j nl x qu k
l aK kd g k g SA
y hy ko r h d k ; g v o y k sd u d R r kZÅ i j fy f
[ kr l c l sc M+h l a[ ; k l sH khd Yi uk
r h r c M +h
l a[ ;k
v k sa] ft u d h e g Ùkk o rZe ku e sa g k sp qd h g S] d k v fr l a{ ksi e sa m Y y s[ k d ju sd k u e
zl kgl dj rk
g S&
o SK k fu d ' k
ks/ kk
sa l sK kr g qv k g Sa f d i zksVk su (proton : an elemenlary particle with a
positive electric chanrge equal to that of an electron) d k t ho u d ky y x Hk
x b
D d rhl v ad ksa
4
o k y h
l a[ ; k & o " k
Zl sv f
/ k d d k g SA l w; Zd sl kSj e. M y e sa p f y r f
i .M k sa d h i `F
o h
d h l r
g l sn wjh
i zd k'
k
&l sfd .M ¼ 1 8 6 0 0 0 @ &
½ e h y i zf r l sf
d . M ] i zd k ' kf e u V ] i zd k 'k o " k
Z- -- - - v k
fn l sv uqek
u :i e sa u k i h
t kr h
gSa l k
Sj e .M y o m l v kd k ' k x ax kv k sa d sfo f H k U u r k jk & i zd k ' k iqat k sa d hn wj h Hkhv R
; U
r c
M +hl
a[; k o k y s
izd k'
k
&o "kksZ e sa v k ad h t kr h g SA ; sv u qe ku l a[ ; k , ¡b r u h c M +h g Sa f d bU g sa v ad k se sa fy [
k uk v
l E
Hko gS]czã k . M
d sv /
; ; u d j j g si zp q{ k
qv k sa u sg c y n wj c h u (Hubble Telescope) d hl g k ; r kls; g v kdy uf d ; k f d
e u q";d ksv H k h r d l e L r c zã k .M d k e k= k y x H k x n' k
e y o , d i zf
r ' k r {ks= k d k g
h v kH
k
kl g k
si
k ; k
A ; f n
¼l e L
r !½ c zã k . M d k sv k
H k
k
l h x ksy s (the inaginalive sphere whose center car not be located and
the radius is neither measurable nor infinite) d s: i e sa l k sp sa r k sm l d sv) ZO;k
l d h yEc k b Zd h
d Yi u
k f d r u sv ad ksa d h la[ ; k i zd k ' k o " k Zd h g k sx h !; g r F ; r k
f d Zd : i l sÝh , M e
ku v fH
k
l ad Y i u k
(Friedman model hypothesis) d se k / ; e l sL Fk kf
i r g k sp qd h g Sf d m D r & laH
k
o & v ) ZO
;kl v u U r H k
h
4
u g hag
SA v r % , sl k y x r k g Sfd d Y i u kr h r l a[ ; k v k
sa d k s' k C n k sa e sa g h f y[ k d j m
u d kv k
Hkklf d ; k t k
l d rkg SA
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H k k L d j k p k; Zu sy h y k o r h e sa n l v k / k k j h l a[ ; kv k sa d h L F k k i u k d sc k n m u d st k sM +o v U rj d j u s
d h f
o f / k ; ksa d ksl e > k ; k g SA m n kg j . k k sa l sH k h b u f Ø ; kv ksa d k sL i " V f d ; k g SA l a[ ; k v ksa d k sx q.
k k d ju sd h
p k jj hf r ; k sa d k sl m n k g k j . k l e > k; k x ; k g SA b U g sa : i j h f r ] L F kk u j h fr ] [ k. M j hf r o fo H kk x j h f r d su k
e l s
O
; Dr fd ; k g SA l a[ ; kv k sa e sa H k k x n su sd h n k sj hf r ; k ¡g SaA ; sj h f r ; k ¡H kk x g k j , o ai zd j kU r j u k e l sO ;D r d h
x ; h
g SaA , d ' y k sd d se k / ; e l s; g l e > k ; k x ; k g Sf d fd l h l a[ ; k d k s; fn m l h l a[ ; k l sx q. k k dj sa r k s
i zk Ir Q y o x Zd g y kr k g SA l a[ ; kv k sa d k so x Zd j u sd h p k j j h f r ; k¡c r y k ; h x ; h g SaA ; g H k h L i " V f d ; kx ; k
g Sf d ; f n f d l h l a[ ; k d ksm l h l sn ksc k j v k Sj x q. kk d j sa r k sQ y ? k u Q y d g y k r k g SA ? ku Q y fu d k
y u sd h
p k jf o f/ k
; k ¡c r y k; h x ; h g Sa( l k F k g h o x Ze wy o ? k u e wy f u d k y u sd h j h f r ; k¡H k h l e > k ; h x ; h gSaA b
l h Ø e
e sf H
k
U u la[ ; k v k sa d k v F k Z] m U g sa t k sM u so ? k V k u sd k f o / k
k u H k h o f. k Zr f d ; k g Sa f u E u ' y k sd e sa f H k U
u la[; k v k sa
d k st k
sM +u sd sf y , i z' u i wN k g So i zk I r t k sM +e sa r h u d k s? k V ku sd sf y , d g k g SA
i × p k ' k i k n f= k y o k ) Z" k " V k u sd h U c zqf g l j u se E k Sr k u A
, f
e ý H k k x Sj F k o ft Zr k u k af d aL ; k = k ; k . kk ad Fk ; k ' k q' k
s" k e ~A A
l k j k a'k % g sf e = k 1 @ 5 ] 1 @ 4 ] 1 @ 3 ] 1 @ 2 ] o 1 @ 6 d ks; k sx d g ks, o ab l ; ksx d k s3 e sa l s? k V k v k
s\
' k wU ; i f j d e zi zd k j d sv U r x Zr i zk j aH k e sa n k s' y k sd g SaA b u ' y k sd ksa e sa ' k wU ; d k v ' k
wU ; j k f
' k; k sa d s
l k Fk l e k
x e l e > k; k g S] fo L r k j l sl e > k u sd sf y , m n k g j . k ' y k
sd k sa d k p ; u H kh g SA b u i fj d eks± d h
> y d n s[k u sl si g y so Sf n d i j E i j k v k sa e sa ' k wU ; d h v o / k kj . k k , o ab l d si zf r L Fk k i u i j n `f "V M k
y saA o r
Ze k u
e sa f tl v kd `f r ¼ ' k wU ; v ad ½ d k sg e ' k wU ; d g r sg Sa m l d k e wy L o j o Sfn d n 'k Zu e sa g So L o H k k o d h d Y iu k e sa
o g n`' ; Hkh g Sv k Sj v n `' ; H k h A i zd `f r e sa l r ~ (of being) v k Sj v l r ~ (of not being) n ksu k sa f
o p k j L Fk
k f i r
gSa r F
k k , d n wl j sd si wj d Hk h g SaA e u h f " k ; k sa u sH k k Sfr d t x r e as b Ug sa v y x & v y x l e > k o v H k
k Sf r d t x
r e sa
b
u d
k l ek; k st u H k h v i u h d Y i u k e sa j [ k k A b l hf y ; sr k sb Z' k k o k L; ksi f
u " k n ~e sa f u E u ' y k sd f e y r sg Sa &
r n St f r r U u St f r r n ~n wj sr } f U r d sA
r n U r j L ; l o ZL ; r n ql o ZL ; kL ; o k á r % A A
, o a
Å ¡i w. kZe n % i w. k Zf e n ai w. k k ZR i w. k Ze qn P ; r sA
i w. k ZL ; i w. k Ze k n k ; i w. k Ze so k o f ' k" ; r sA A
; g k ¡i j i zF k e ' y k sd e as v k R e r R o d k x q. k c r y k ; k g So n wl j k ' y k sd i j c zã o d k ; Zc zã d h
O
; k[
; k d j r k g SA o k ¡f P N r / k j kr y i zkI r d j u si j b l i zd kj d s' y k sd k sa e sa d g hau d g h am l r Ù o d k v k
H k k l
gk srk g Sf tl so r Ze ku e sa ' k wU ; d g k t k r k g SA b l f p U R ; d k t c g e v k af d d : i f p f = kr d j r sg Sa r k sf p =k
. k e sa
b
l dsv Ur d k sb l h d si zk j aH k e sa f e y k n sr sg Sa r c ; g l k ar R ; v k d `f
r b l H k k afr fn [ k r h g Sf t l d k f d u i zk j aH k
g
So u v Ur !v r % b l e sa v u U r d k H k k o H k h x k sp j g SA ; g v k af
d d ' k wU ; u kx kt Zqu d s' k wU ; o k n d k ,d H k k o
g
SA f
u ; k ed T ; k f e f r d h n `f " V l sb l ' k wU ; o k n d k : i ¼ -- - ] - - -
] --- ] v k af
d r ' k wU; ] -- -- ] - -- - - ] -- - - ½ g SA vF k kZr ~
v kaf
d d 'kwU ; ' k wU ; o k n d sv u U r fu ; k e d k sa e sa , d g SA b l h Ø e e sa g h u ; k u i zo r Zu e as ' k wU; d kH k k o
v R ;
f /k d l w{ e t ku i M +r k g S] b l d k v k H k k l (virtual impact) H k h H k kX ; l sg h g k sr k g SA b l i F k d k ifF kd
c zã k
. M d ksf j D r l k sp d j f j D r r k d k sH k h u g h aL o h d k j r k
A m l h c ks/ k d ksl Ei zs" k . k e sa o g ' kwU ; d g rk g SA
i f 'p e h t x r e sa ' k wU ; d ksf j D r r k d sl an H k Ze as u g h an s[ k k x ; kA Ý WM f j d , f × t Y l ~ (Frederick Angles)
v i uh i qL
r d M k ; Y d ~& f V D l ~v kWQ u sp j (Dialectice of Nature) e sa f o p k
j r sg Sa f d ' k wU ; x f
r g hu u g
h ag SA
1
0
@
e/
;H
k
k
jr
h
o s' k wU ; d se g Ro d k sl e > k u sd sf
y , H k k Sf r d h e sa L Fk k fi r H k k j j f g r x f
r e ; & v kH kk l h (Namo Particle)
2
d km n gkj . k n sr sg SaA
v c i zl ax r % H k k L d j k p k; Zu sy h y k o r h d s' k wU ; i f j d e Zi zd kj esa ' k wU ; & v ' k
wU ; j k f' k; ksa e sa fd l r j g
l sr k j r
E ; L F k k f i r f d ; k m l sv fr l a{k si e sa i zL r qr fd ; k t k r k g S&
; k sx s[ k a{ k si l e a] o x kZn k S[ k a[ k Hk k
f t r k sj k f
' k%
[ k g j % L ; k r ~o x q. k % [ k a[ k x q. k ý f
p UR ; ý ' k s"k fo / kk SA
' kwU ; sx q. k d st k r s] [ k
g k j ý sR i qu L r n k j k f ' k %
v f o d `r , o Ks; ] L r F k So [ k su ksf u r ý ; qr % A A
[ k ¼ ' k wU ; ½ d h b u O ; k
[ ; k v ksa d k H k k o ; g g Sfd ' k wU; d ksf d lh j k f ' k esa t ksM+u sl sv F k
o k?k
V ku sl s
o g j k f
'
k u g h
ac n y r h A ' k wU ; d k ox Z] o x Ze wy ] ? k u ] ?k u e wy ¼ p r qF
k Ze wy ] - --v k f n ½ d j u sl s' k wU
; g h
y fC/k g k sr h
g SA f d lh j kf' k e sa ' k wU ; d k H k k x nsu sl sg j d sL F k k u i j ' kwU ; g h g ksr k gS¼ !½ ' kwU
; l sv ' k wU; j kf
' kd k sx q. k
k
d ju si j y f C/ k ' k wU ; g h g k sr h g SA fd l h jk f ' k d k s, d l k F k ' k wU ; l sx q.k k o H k k x d j u sl sj k f '
k o Slsg h jg r h g S
D ; k
saf d xq. k d o H k k t d l e k u g Sa ¼ !½ m D r f Ø ; k
U o ; u k sa d k
sl e > uso k y sd h i jh{ k k d sf y , m Ug ksau s
i z' u k sn gkj. k L F kk fi r f d ; sg Sa f t u e as l s, d f u E u g S&
[ k ai × p ; qXH k of r f d ao n [ k L ; o x Ze wy a? k u a? k
u i n a[ kx q. k k ý i × p A
[ k su k ) `r k n ' k p d % [ k x q. k k sf u t k ) Z; qD r f L= k fH ký x qf . k r % [k Rn `r f
L = k " kf" V % AA
g s! f e = k i k ap d s; qD r 'k wU ; d k D ; k g k sr k g So ' k wU ; d k o x Z]o x Ze wy ] ? ku r F k k ?ku e wy D ;k g k sr k
gS\ ' k wU ;l si k¡p d k sx q. k k d j u sl sD ; k fe y r k g So n l e sa ' kwU ; l sH kkx n su
sl sD ; k y f
C / k g k sr h gS\ -
- - - -
-- --
b u i z' u ksa d k m Ù kj m R r jk sR r j 'y k sd k sa e sa g Sf t l d k l k j ; g g Sf d ' k wU ; d ksi k ¡p l s; qä ¼
t ksM
+½ d j u s
i j i k ¡pgh g k sr k g SA ' k wU ; d k o x Z, o ao x Ze wy ' k wU ; g h g Sr F k k f i 'k wU; d k? k u o ? k
u e wy ' kwU ; g h gk sr
k g SA n l
e sa 'k wU ; d k H k k x n su sl sn l d su h p s' k wU ; g j g k st k r k g S¼ !½ v k fn
b u ' y k sd k sa l s; g v kH
k k l gk sr k g Sf d H k kL d j k p k; Z' k wU; i f j d e zi zd k j d h r k
f d Zd O; k
[ ; k
v k
af
' k d : i l sg h d j i k; sA
o x Zd e Zi zd k j ' k h " k Zd d sv U r x Zr d qN ' y k sd k sa e sa v K kr j kf ' k
; k sa d k sK k r d j u sd sm nk g
k j
.k f n ; s
g
q, g Sa tSls&
j k ' ; ks; Z; k sf o Z; k sx k s· " V kSr R d `R ; k sý p r % ' kr h A f o o j ao n r kSj k f 'k ' k h ? k za x f. kr d k sf o n A A
b l ' y k sd e sa i z' u g Sf d f t u j k f ' k ; k sa d k v Ur j v k B g Sv k
Sj n k su k sa j kf 'k ; k sa d so x ks± d k
v U rj p k j
l kSg S] m
u j kf' k ; ksa d k sK kr d j k s\
v K k r j k f ' k ; ksa d k sK k r d j u sd h f o f / k; k
sa d k sl e > k u sd sl k F k g h Hk kLd jkp k ;Zc ht x f. kr o
m l d h xw< +r k d h v k sj H k h i k B d ksa d k / ; k
u v kd f " k Zr d j r sg Sa &
i kf
V l w= kk si e ac h t ax w< fe R ; o H k k l r sA u kf Lr x w< e ~e w< k u kau So "
kk s< sR ; u sd / kk A A
i kf
V x f . k r d sl e k u gh c ht x f . k r g S] v f r x w< +g S] i j c qf) e k u k sa d sf y , d qN H kh x w<+u g h
ag SA
c h t x f
.kr e sa v u sd i zd k j g Sa ¼ b u i zd k j k sa d k so f . k Zr u g h af d ; k x ; k½ A
i ×p j k f ' k d ] l I r i zj k f
' kd o u o j kf ' k d i zd kj ksa e sa n Sf
u d ] e k f l d v F k o k o k f
" kZd O; kt fu dk y u k
]
f
e J / k u
] i zfr ' k r v F k o k l e ; fu d k y u sl ac a/ k h i z'u m y k g u k d s: i e sa g SaA Hk kaM i zf
r H k
k. M d j.k fo f / k
¼
c kt k je sa v i u h o L r qc sp d j B hd m r u sg h i zkI r /k u l sn wl j h v k o ' ;d o L r q[ k
j h n u k p k g sm u nk
su ksa d s
H
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sp & [ kj hn H k k o f d r u sg h f H k U u D ; k sa u g k saA ½ d k sH k h m n kg j . kk sa } k j k l e > k
; k x ; k g SA b u O; o g kj ksa d sl k F k g h
L
o . k Z, o aj R u k sa d h i g p k u o ' k q) r k o m u d s[ k j h n & fc Ø h l ac a/ k h v u sd k sa m n kg j . k i zL r qr fd ; sx ; sg SaA ; s
le L r O; o g k j f
e J d O; o g k j ' k h " kZd d sv U r x Zr g SaA
t h o u k si ; k
sx h m D r n Sf u d O; o g k jk as d h r j g g h H k k L d j k p k ; Zu sJ s<+h O ; o g k j d ksH k h f o Lr k j l s
le > k ; k g SA m U g k
asu sl o Zi zF k e x f . k r h ; f u ; e k sa d k m i ; k sx d j d sJ s< +h L F k
k f i r d h o b l d si ' p kr ~i zkI r
J sf < +; k
sa d ksn Sf u d t ho u d sy su & n su d sm i ; ksx e sa y k , A f t u O ; o g k j k sa e sa O ; k o g k f j d ? k
V u k, aØ e ' k% v i u s
lsi wo Zd h ? k V u k i j v k/ k k f j r g k sr h g Sa m U g sa l e > u so i z' u d k f u n k u d ju sd sf y , ? kV u kv k
sa d k sØ e o )
d j d s (inductien approach) o m u d h J s< +h c u k d j O ; o g k j e sa i z; ksx f d ; k t k l d r k g SA b l O ; o g k j e sa
Js< +h& i n k sa d k st ksM +u sd sfy , t k sf o f / k g So g f u E u ' y ksd } kjk f u : f i r g S&
l Sd i n ? u i n k ) Ze F
k Sd k ? k ø ; qf r % f d y l ø f y r k [ ; k A
l k f} ; qr su i n su f o fu / u h L ; k f = kRn `r k [ k y ql ø f y r SD ; e ~A A
H k k o k F k Z; g g Sf d J s< +h d sv f
U r e l n L ; d k si n d g saA i n e sa , d t ksM +sa o f Q j b l u ; si n d k s
v k / k k d j saA b l v k / ksl sJ s. k h d sv f U r e i n d k sx q. kk d j saA t k sy f C / k g k sx h o g h l a[ ; k J s. kh d si n k sa d k t ksM +
g
k sx k A J s. kh d si n k as d st k sM +d k sJ s. kh d sv fU r e i n e sa n k st ksM +d j x q. k k d j u si j izk I r x q. ku Q y Ø e 'k% i zk I r
tk sM +k sa d st k sM +d sc j k c j g ksx k A b l sL i " V l e > u sd sf y , , d m n k g k j . k m ) `r g S&
, d k n h u k u o U r k u k i `F k d l ø f y r kf u esA
r s" kkal ad f
y r sD ; kf u i zp { o x . k d n zqr eA A
g si zp { o x . k d , d l su kSr d d sv ad ksa d k ; k sx 'k h ? k zf y [ kk sA b l h f o f/ k l si zkI r , d r d d k ; ksx ]
n
k sr d d k ; k sx ] r h u r d d k ; k sx ] p kj r d d k ; k sx ] -- - --- - - - ] u k Sr d d k ; k
sx ] b u ; k
sx ksa d s; k sx d ks' kh ? kz
c
r kv k s\
l o Zi zF k e , d l su kSr d d k t k sM +f u d k y u sd sf y , u k Se sa , d t ksM +sa o m l d sv k/ ksl su k Sd k
sx q. kk
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Muhammad : (English Translation: Edwand c.schau)
Ibn' Ahmad : Rout ledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, London
Al be runi (Indian Print: S.Chaud &Co.New Delhi pp 161-164)
2. Fredrick Angls : Dialeclics of Nalivece, Foreign Lauguage Pub. house, Moscow,
(1954,P/345)
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o k j k . k l h d sl g ; k sx l so r Ze k u l e ; e sa i zd k f ' k r g SA
…
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, sl k c g qr l sf o } k u ksa d k e k u u k g SA c g qr l sf o } k u k sa d k d g u k g Sf d u kV î ' k k L = k d si z. k sr k H k j r e qf u g h b l
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n E c j L o hd j . k l w= k d h g h r j g e f n j k v ksa d k
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k h Zl qr % d j V d % L
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d h r j g o Sf ' kd u k ; d d s: i e sa i zf l f
) F kh A d .kh Zl qr d k e ' k kL =k
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b
l x zU F k d h j p u k fd ; k g k sx k A ; g , d i | k
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d k u k e c H # F kk A i wo Ze sa ; g x zU F k c g qr g h fo ' k k
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k u g hag S]
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1
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p k ; Zc k H k zO
; d k x zU F k c g qr f o 'k
ky , o an qj
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k
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e l w= k e sa l e k f g r d j f n ; k A f t l e sa m ä l H k h x zaF k
k sa d k l k j
l e f
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Language: English
COMMANDER ELLSBERG
ON THE BOTTOM
PIGBOATS
S-54
by
COMMANDER
EDWARD ELLSBERG
PRINTED IN THE U. S. A.
TO
EMMA WOTTON DE LONG
This year, 1909, deserves remembrance for one thing at least aside
from the retirement into private life of President Roosevelt. A few
weeks ago through the Virginia Capes steamed into Hampton Roads
our battlefleet, sixteen salt-crusted veterans of an unprecedented
adventure—the circumnavigation of the globe by an entire fleet.
There they were, back from the distant seas, guns roaring in salute
to our president, flags flying everywhere, whistles from craft of all
kinds shrieking them a welcome home.
Roosevelt, unafraid as always, had sent them out in the teeth of
unnumbered critics who foresaw our battleships with broken-down
machinery rusting in every foreign port from Valparaiso to Gibraltar,
but instead with engines smoothly turning, the blunt noses of those
sixteen battleships plowed back sturdily into Hampton Roads.
I had never had any fears. I had watched the machinery of every
one of those sixteen ships grow on the drafting tables of the Bureau
of Steam Engineering—pistons, cranks, connecting rods, boilers,
pumps, condensers. My life went into the design of those engines
and boilers on every ship, and from the flagship Connecticut proudly
leading the long line down to the distant battleship bringing up the
rear of the column, there wasn’t a boiler, there wasn’t a steam
cylinder, that wasn’t part of George Wallace Melville. Under my eyes,
under my guidance, they had grown from ideas on the drawing board
to the roaring kettles and the throbbing engines before which panting
coalheavers and sweating oilers toiled below to drive those beautiful
white hulls round the world and safely home to Hampton Roads.
But now I can foresee the day of those ships is done, and I think I
have discernment enough left to see that mine is also. Here in this
year 1909, hardly six years since my retirement as Engineer-in-Chief
of the Navy, I look upon the vast fleet the machinery of which I
designed, and I see its passing. Last year the Lusitania, turbine-
driven, speeding across the Atlantic to a new record, sounded the
knell of the huge reciprocating engines I designed for all those
battleships. And practically completed, waiting to join her older
sisters, was the Delaware, our newest ship, a “dreadnought” so they
call her now, a huge ship of 20,000 tons, but—fired by oil! Her oil
fires spell the doom of the romance of the fireroom—the stokers, the
grimy coalpassers, the slice bar—that pandemonium, that man-
made inferno, with forced-draft fans roaring, with the clang of coal
buckets trolleying from bunker to fireroom floor, with the glare of the
flames on sweating torsos as the furnace doors swing back and
brawny arms heave in the coal! They’ll all go soon, flying connecting
rods and straining coalheavers, driven out by the prosaic turbine and
the even more prosaic oil burner.
But so it goes. We marine engineers dream, design, and build, to
send forth on the oceans the most beautiful creations man turns out
anywhere on land or sea—but soon our ships fade from existence
like a mist before the sun. For sixteen years I was Engineer-in-Chief
for the Navy, and the machinery of that battlefleet the nation watched
so proudly steaming home through the Capes was my creation, but
I’ve seen enough in the fifty years since I entered the Navy when the
Civil War broke out to doubt that ten years more will find a single
ship of that armada still in active service. Turbines, oil burning
boilers, bigger guns, heavier armor—they are crowding in fast now,
and soon my ships will go to the wreckers to make way in the fleet
for the bigger and faster vessels sliding down the building ways in
the wake of the huge Delaware.
Odd how one’s perspective changes with the years! As a young
engineer, I would have believed with those cheering thousands last
month in Hampton Roads that to have had a guiding hand in creating
that fleet would be the high light in my life—but now I know better. In
the end it is how men lived and died, not the material things they
constructed, that the world is most likely to remember. That is why in
my mind a stone cross in Annapolis Cemetery looms larger and
larger as the years drift by. Years ago, hewn from a driftwood spar, I
set up the original of that cross in the frozen Lena Delta to stand
guard over the bodies of my shipmates; that stone replica in
Annapolis, silent marker of their memory, will loom up in our history
long after there has completely vanished from the seas every trace
of the ships and the machinery which the world now links with the
name of Melville.
We were seeking the North Pole back in 1879 when I came to set
up that cross. Today, exactly thirty years later, they’re still seeking it.
At this very moment, unheard from for months, Peary is working
north from Greenland. I wish him luck; he’s following a more
promising route than that one through Behring Sea which we in the
Jeannette found led only to disaster.
It’s strange. The roar of guns in battle, machinery, boilers, hot
engine rooms and flaming firerooms, have made up most of my life
since that day in 1861 when as a young engineer I entered the Navy
to go through the Civil War, but now at sixty-eight, what sticks most
in my mind is still that cruise of long ago when for two years our
boiler fires were either banked or out, our engine never made a
revolution, engineering went by the board, and with only the Aurora
Borealis overhead to witness the struggle, with me as with all hands
on the Jeannette existence settled into a grim question of ice versus
ship, and God help us if the ship lost!
We were an odd company there in the Jeannette’s wardroom, five
naval officers and three civilians, drawn together seeking that
chimera, a passage through Behring Sea to the Pole. De Long, our
captain, was responsible mainly for our being there—George
Washington De Long—a man as big as his namesake, scholarly in
appearance, to which a high forehead, a drooping mustache, and his
glasses all contributed, but in spite of that a self-willed man, decisive,
resolute, eager to be the first to end the centuries old search for what
lay at the Pole. Behind De Long in this affair was James Gordon
Bennett, owner of the New York Herald, and an outstanding figure in
American journalism. Shortly before, Bennett had won world-wide
notice and acclaim for the Herald by sending Stanley on the
seemingly hopeless task of finding Livingstone in the wilds of
unknown Africa and then topped off that success by backing
Stanley’s amazing explorations on the Congo and the headwaters of
the Nile. Bennett, seeking now fresh worlds to conquer in the
interests of journalism, was easily persuaded by De Long to turn his
attention and his money from conquered equatorial Africa to the
undiscovered Pole. It was Bennett who purchased the Jeannette and
put up the cash to fit her out. But once the ship was bought, Bennett
hardly figured in the actual expedition. That was De Long’s show
from beginning to end. And what an end!
I joined the Jeannette as engineer officer in San Francisco in April,
1879. An uninviting wreck she looked to me then alongside the dock
at the Mare Island Navy Yard, torn apart by the navy yard workmen
for the strengthening of her hull and for the installation of new
boilers. A checkered history the Jeannette had had before I ever saw
her—originally as the Pandora of the Royal Navy; then, with guns
removed, in the hands of Sir Allen Young, as a private yacht in which
her owner made two cruises to high latitudes in the Arctic seas.
Finally, she was bought in England from Young by Bennett on De
Long’s recommendation as the most suitable vessel available for the
projected polar voyage.
The most suitable she may have been—over that point experts
have wrangled through the years since. So far as I am concerned,
the Jeannette was satisfactory. But the naval constructors and
engineers at Mare Island, California, when De Long after a passage
round the Horn in her sailed his purchase into the Navy Yard, made
no bones about saying they thought De Long had been badly fooled
and the ship would scarcely do. But what they thought of the
Jeannette was neither here nor there. Bennett had bought her, De
Long was satisfied with her. The criticisms of the naval experts at
Mare Island, three thousand miles away, got little attention in
Washington, where with the power of the New York Herald behind
him and De Long’s enthusiasm to batter down all opposition, naval
or otherwise, Bennett got a bill through Congress making the
Jeannette a naval vessel, and (while Bennett was still to stand all the
expenses of the expedition) directing the Navy to furnish the
personnel and carry the project through as a naval undertaking.
So when I joined the ship there in San Francisco, I found her torn
to pieces, with Lieutenant Chipp, who was to be executive officer,
and Master Danenhower, slated to go as navigator, already on the
spot following up the alterations as representatives of De Long.
Danenhower, soon promoted to lieutenant, had joined in Havre and
rounded the Horn with her. Lieutenant Chipp had shortly before
arrived from China to take the post as executive officer. And during
the weeks which followed my own arrival, came the others to fill out
the officers’ mess—Surgeon Ambler; Mr. Collins, meteorologist; Mr.
Newcomb, naturalist; and Mr. Dunbar, ice-pilot. A queer collection we
were, as I well learned months before De Long’s dying fingers
scrawled the last entry in the Jeannette’s log, and Fate played queer
tricks with us.
CHAPTER II