GANDHI Pietermaritzburg railway station, South Africa, winter, 1893. In the station waiting room, which is dark and bitterly cold, a well dressed young Indian man is sitting. In his pocket there is a first class ticket from Durban to Pretoria, but he has only done part of the journey. A few hours earlier, the guard had asked police to take him off the train. A white passenger wanted to ride in the first class compartment — but not while an Indian man was there. To the railway company and the police, this was quite normal. But not to Mohandas Gandhi. As the night goes on, he wonders what to do. Should he keep quiet? Should he go back to India? Or should he fight against this injustice? By morning, Gandhi has decided to fight — and he has taken a first step on the path that will one day make him a leader loved and followed by millions, even years after his death.Corn nant wn Pe Be wneres CONTENTS INTRODUCTION From India to England (1869-1892) Map: India South Africa (1893-1894) Experiences of violence (1895-1898) Wars and books (1899-1910) Marching for change (1910-1914) Return to India (1915-1919) The great trial (1919-1922) The salt march (1924-1931) ‘A message to all India’ (1932-1939) Prison (1939-1944) Working for peace (1944-1946) ‘My life is my message’ (1947-1948) Father of the Nation (1948 — and beyond) GLOSSARY ACTIVITIES: Before Reading activities: While Reading activities: After Reading ABOUT THE AUTHOR ABOUT THE BOOKWORMS LIBRARY 12 16 23 28 34 40 48 53 a7 62 69 74 76 77 81 84 851 From India to England (1869-1892) When Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi died in 1948, he was one of the most famous men in the world: leaders from many countries spoke about him, and people all over the world felt sad because he had died. Today, people everywhere still recognize his face. His words are still read and many books have been written about his life. Today, when world leaders visit India, they take flowers to the Raj Ghat in Delhi, where Gandhi's body lay after his death more than sixty years ago. Gandhi believed that people could change the world without using violence, For many years he worked with others to free India from the British, and in the end he was successful. Al his life, he worked to help poor people. He lived a simple but extraordinary life and he became the leader of many. The British had first come to India in the seventeenth century, but the British Empire only began to control the “shole of India in the nineteenth century. India was a very lerge country, with many provinces, cities, languages, and ind Indian kings worked with the British to govern the country. customs, ai aa was born on 2 October 1869 in Porbandar, a very plate the province of Gujarat. About 15,000 people Of whine ne mall town on India’s western coast. A wall Ne stone had been built along the beach because thesea was often rough. There were many fishing boats and beautiful sea birds to watch. Gandhi’s father, Karamehand, lived with his family in a large, very old house made of white stone. Mohandas was the youngest child — he had an older sister nd two older brothers, They all spoke Gujarati, the language of that pare of India, and, like most people there, they belonged to the Hindu faith: When Mohandas was seven years old, his father was given a job in Rajkot, where the British government had its central offices for the province of Gujarat. And so the family moved to Rajkot, about 190 kilometres east, away from the sea. It was another old city, with narrow streets, and Mohandas started to go to school there. , From India to England (1869-1892, 3 Mohandas was avery shy boy, afraid of ghosts and of the dark. His mother, Putlibai, taught him to pray, to help him with these fears. In those days, different groups in India lived and were not allowed separat to be friends with each other. ‘One group had a very difficult life; they were known at that time as Untouchables. They were given the dirtiest jobs to do, and were not allowed to use the same buildings as other people. Mohandas argued about this with his mother. He did not understand why some people had to live separately. He went to school with Muslims and Hindus, boys with different faiths, and from childhood he dreamed that all people could be friends. Gandhi at the: age of 7 ow Mohandas and his brothers and sister were not allowed to cat meat, to drink wine, or to smoke, because of their Hindu faith. But secretly, Mohandas and his brother Karsandas began to smoke cigarettes, and | friend later he copied a school and began to eat meat. But because of his love for his mother, he soon stopped both eating meat and smoking cigarettes, {in 1882, when Mohandas was thirteen years old, he was married to Kas ed to Kastur Kapadia, who was also thirteen years‘old. In those days, marriage of children was the custom in India. His brother Karsandas, who was two years older, was also married at the same time. Mohandas accepted this arrangement ~ he felt happy because of the music, the new clothes, and the rich food at the wedding. But much later, he became an enemy of child marriages and worked hard to stop them. During the first years of their marriage, Kastur usually lived with her parents. Mohandas soon began to love his wife, but it was a stormy marriage at first, Kastur was a confident girl, and Mohandas felt jealous of her because he was still very shy. He tried to control her, and then he fele ashamed of himself Gandhi's father, Karamchand, became very ill soon after the wedding, and Mohandas helped to look after him. For three years, he cared for his father every day after school. ‘One night in 1885 Mohandas left his father’s room to go and be with Kastur, and a few minutes later his father died. Gandhi always felt ashamed that he was not with his father when he died. After Karamchand Gandhi's death, the family had less money, Laxmidas, the oldest brother, was now the head of the family. Mohandas finished school and began to dream about going to London to study law. Although he was still very shy, he was not afraid of new experiences. His oldest son, Harilal, was born in 1888 and Kastur wanted Mohandas. to stay with them. His mother did not want him to leave India either, until Mohandas promised her that he would not touch meat, wine, or women, Although many friends of the family disagreed with Mohandas’s plan, Laxmidas ‘managed to find enough money for it. Mohandas bought his ticket and western clothes, and in d (1869-1892) 5 From India to England soodbye to his family and boarded ae ae ae pi rie weeks long, through the us foal ‘and across the Mediterranean Sea. On the ship ree andas refused to eat meat. Other passengers warned ie vahat he would nced to eat meat in London because of +, but Mohandas remembered his promise to the cold weathe his mother. In London, Mohandas met other Indian students. By 1888, more than 100 Indians had studied law in London, but Mohandas was the first from Porbandar. He felt very shy and he did nor like the food. Soon, he discovered a vegetarian restaurant called the Central where he enjoyed the food. He began to read vegetarian books and became interested in different foods. He decided that he would never eat meat again ~ and he never did. At first, Mohandas had dancing and music lessons, but they were too expensive. He began to cook for himself and to walk everywhere in order to save money. He went to vegetarian meetings and became friends with some British Christians. He also met Annie Besant, a famous writer who worked to help poor people in London, and who was interested in the Hindu faith, For the first time he became interested in God, and he began to search for the truth about God. He wanted to learn about different ideas about God, and he began to read in English the Bhagavad Gita (the Song of God), : the holy books of the Hindu faith. He had 1 eee seine, Gua He began to read the metings ih get and Christians, and he also went to ians of the Muslim faith, Mohandas finished his studies a and returned to. India in 189) which is one ever read this, fter three years in 1. Laxmidas met theGandhi ao LS S ow called Mumbai, and told Mohandas ship in Bombay, no ed earlier tha hat their mother had died earlier oo aor, He was unable 10 tell her that he had year. Mohandas was filled with sadnes kept his promise w! Mohandas was ee with Harilal and the children of Laxmi Laxmidas hoped that Mohandas was hile he had been in L ondon. happy to be with his family. He played idas and went for walks with them. ping to earn lots of money as lawyer, but it wa First, Mohandas went fo Bombay which was the biggest city in western India, 940 kilometres south of Porbandar, He began to learn about Indian law, but there were many good Inwyers in Bombay and no one wanted £0 use him. He was still very shy and he hated going to court, Mohandas went back to Rajkot and opened his own law office there. He began to find some easy work, but in 1893 his life changed again. His brother Laxmidas got into trouble with a British officer called Ollivant. Because ‘Mohandas had met Ollivant in London, Laxmidas asked ‘Mohandas o go and talk to him. At first Mohandas refused, but at last his brother persuaded him. Ollivant remembered ‘Mohandas, but he did not like Laxmidas. He became angry when Mohandas tried to talk to him, He called his servant who pushed Mohandas out of the room. This was a painful experience and Mohandas felt angry and bitter with himself, as well as with the British officer. For the first time he realized how strong the British government, was. An older Indian lawyer told Mohandas to forget the experience, but most of Mohandas’s work was in Ollivant’s court and he felt miserable and helpless. Just then Laxmidas received a letter from a company in Porbandar. The company had an office in the city of Durban, in South Africa. Abdullah Sheth, the head of the Durban not easy, d (1869-1892, 7 Front I india to Englane slish and he needed someone to Jawyers. Gandhi was could not speak E work with the company I South Africa for a year. Although he would he would visit a new country, meet es. He would also him office, help him to happy t0 £0 £0 South not have his own office, | and have different experiencs 9 Laxmidas the money he had giv new people, be able to repay t for his studies in London. ‘Mohandas had been back in India for two years, and once again he prepared to leave. He said goodbye again to Kastur snd theit wo sons (Manilal had been born in 1892) and travelled to Bombay. In April 1893, he boarded the Safari and began the long voyage to South Africa.2 South Africa (1893-1894) ‘After five weeks, Mohandas Gandhi arrived in Durban, on the east coast of South Africa. In 1893, South Africa was not cone nation, but several separate provinces. Durban was in the province of Natal, which was part of the British Empire, The British had large sugar and coffee farms in Natal and from 1860 the British had been bringing farm workers from India to work on these farms. The Indian farm workers were very poor and they were not allowed to leave the farms until they had worked there for five years. Durban was the biggest city in Natal. About 30,000 people lived in the city. Half of them were white people, one quarter were Indian, and one quarter were African. There were some Indian shops and businesses, many of which were owned by Muslims. ‘Abdullah Sheth owned several ships and businesses and was very rich, He was surprised when he met Gandhi, who was wearing an expensive black suit with a pocket watch as well as a black turban. Tt was unusual to see a suit and a turban together, because at that time Muslim Indians wore long clothes and large turbans while Christian Indians wore western clothes, rue ic )y Africa (1893-1894, Abdullah Sheth took Gandhi to the Durban court, with is white lawyer. The judge stared at Gandhi and finally told him to take off his turban, Mohandas refused and lefe the ert The next day a newspaper reported this story, and silled Gandhi an ‘unwelcome visitor’. Gandhi wrote to the ewspaper and explained that the turban was an importa pare of his Indian life. Gandhi continued to wear his turban tuhife he lived in South Africa. Abdullah Sheth began to understand Gandhi, and he told him about the difficult life of the Indians in South Africa. ‘Abdullah Sheth had had an argument with an Indian who owed him a lot of money. The man lived in Pretoria, the capital of the Transvaal province. This province was not part of the British Empire at that time, and it had its own white government. Abdullah Sheth asked Gandhi to go to Pretoria co work with his lawyers there, to try to get the money. After only a week in Durban, Gandhi bought his train ticket and began the long journey to Pretoria. He bought himself a first-class ticket in order to have a seat in a comfortable compartment on the train. The train stopped at Pietermaritzburg, the capital of Natal, anda white passenger got into the compartment where Gandhi was sitting. He looked at Gandhi and then called the guards, who asked Gandhi to move out of the first-class compartment because he was not white. Gandhi refused. He explained that he had a first-class ticket and that he had been allowed to get into the compartment in Durban, “You must leave the compartment or we shall call the Police,’ the guards said. Gandhi still refused, and the police Pushed him off the train with his luggage. Gandhi went to the station waiting room. It was 9 Pam. and there was no light in the room. It was dark andextremely cold. Gandhi sat alone all night, thinking abou what had happened and about his future. He was twenty. three years old. Should he go back to India, or should he stay and fight against injustice? He realized that the injustice he was experiencing was caused by deep racism. That night, in the station at Pictermaritzburg, Gandhi decided that he was prepared to fight against racism. When he finally reached Pretoria the next evening it was dark and Gandhi did not know where to stay. An African ‘American offered to take him to a small hotel. The owner gave Gandhi a room. ‘But you must eat in your room,’ he said. ‘The other people here are white and they could be angry if you eat in the restaurant.’ Gandhi told the owner that he was beginning to understand conditions in South Africa. But later, the owner came back. ‘Please come and eat in the restaurant,’ he said. ‘The others do not mind.’ One day in Pretoria, Gandhi was pushed off the path by a white guard. Only white people were allowed to walk on the paths: Africans and Indians had to walk in the roads, And so Gandhi, through painful experiences like these, discovered that he wanted to fight injustice. He quickly changed from a shy young man to a confident one. In Pretoria, Gandhi met the Indian who owed Abdullah Sheth money. Gandhi realized that they would both lose @ Jot of money if they went to court, and he persuaded them South Africa (1893-1894) " sing so, This result made ind their argument without doing ee aay happy: He realized that he wanted 10 bring cs together by working towards agreement between hot by going to court. He believed that this should be them not by ein the real work of a lawyer. ; ndhi called a meeting of all Indians .n to teach English to some of them While in Pretoria, C g there, and he be ced to read about different faiths. He became friends wich Abdullah Sheth’s lawyer, who was a Christian, Abdullah Sheth loved the Muslim faith and the Qur'an, the holy book of the Muslims. He talked to Gandhi about his faith, and Gandhi read the Qur‘an. Some of Gandhi's fri faiths to grove Gandhi had finished the work for Abdullah Sheth and he was ready to go back to India when he read about the js wanted him to change his faith, but he wanted all government's plan to take away the vote from Indians in Natal. Abdullah Sheth and his friends asked Gandhi if he would stay in South Africa in order to fight against this new Jaw. Gandhi agreed, and immediately started work. He called a meeting and asked all Indians in South Africa to sign a letter against the new law. The letter was signed ty 10,000 people, and Gandhi sent copies to newspapers in India and in England, as well as to the government in Natal All Indians in South Africa joined workers and the rich men of busi and Christians, | May 1894, in Abdullah Sheth’s house, Congress was born. Gandhi chose this nam oe ae National Congress, a ize laws in India since 1885, the age of twenty-five, Gandhi — the poor farm ines, Muslims, Hindus, the Natal Indian we because he had which had been Gandhi had become a leader,3 Experiences of violence (1895-1898) One day a poor Indian farm worker called Balasundaran came to Gandhi’s office. Balasundaram was erying. He had been beaten by his rich employer. His teeth were broken and his mouth was bleeding. It was always a mystery to Gandhi that people could injure other human beings. Gandhi sene Balasundaram to a doctor and took the doctor's report to court. Gandhi managed to persuade the court to move Balasundaram to another employer. Because he was willing to help them, many poor farm workers came to Gandhi and news of his work reached India. In 1896 Gandhi sailed to India to fetch his family. After a voyage of twenty-four days, he arrived in Calcutta, now called Kolkata, the capital of the British government in India, He travelled 2,000 kilometres by train across India to his family in Rajkot. But although Gandhi was happy to see his family, he did not spend all his time with them. He arranged meetings in Bombay, Calcutta, Poona, now called Pune, and Madras, now called Chennai, in order to speak to people about the conditions of Indians in South Africa, Indian newspapers wrote about Gandhi and these meetings. ‘While he was staying in Rajkot, there was great fear that 2 serious disease would come to the city from Bombay: Gandhi joined a group which visited the very poorest parts of Rajkot. He was always very interested in preventing disease Experiences of violence wd preferred the work of a nurse ro the work of a lawyer ter’s husband was very ill where he could look after him. fais sis at this time, and Gandhi ought him to his house, arr Gandhi was only in India for a few months before Abdullah Sheth asked him to return to South Africa, This fime, Gandhi travelled with Kastur and their two sons. They eed from Bombay on one of Abdullah Sheth’s ships, and arrived in Durban in December 1896. Many of the white people of Durban had heard about the meetings which Gandhi had organized in India. These incetings had made South Africa unpopular in India and so the people of Durban did not want Gandhi to return to the city, The passengers were prevented from leaving the ship, ‘They were kept on the ship for twenty-three days, but at last they were allowed to leave. Gandhi was recognized and a crowd of young white men began to follow him and to throw stones at him. They hit him and kicked him and pulled off his turban. The brave wife of the police chief was passing in the street and she came up to Gandhi. The crowd stepped back because they did not want to hurt a woman, and soon the police arrived. a was taken to a friend’s house where he was looked after. Gandhi refused to take the you n to c tive sit hin and his nade wc ose hn People feel ashamed. eae For the next few years Gandl pleasant house near the be: lived with his family in a ach. Two more sons were b Bese howe 1s were born: a 1898 and Devadas in 1900. Gandhi continued to me e = pa and to help the poor farm workers. ty day he also worked as a nurse in a s ; siving medicine to sick workers. in Two gt * Bfoups of white people lived in South Africa: thosefrom Britain who spoke English, and those from Hof who were known as Afrikaners and spoke Afrikaans, skint king of Dutch. The British and the Afrikaners hated each ot Other, and when gold was discovered in the Afrikaner province Transvaal in 1899, a war started between them ase andhi decided to help the British. At that time ‘ed that the British Empire was a good governm, ent bel He called coget help care for soldiers who were wounded during the war, roup was called the Ambulance Corps and for «i ix ad and wounded to safety ther a group of more than 1,000 Indians This gt weeks the group carried the ances of more than 30 kilometres, jn sometimes for dist Natal and in England, newspapers reported the work of Gandhi's Ambulance Corps. ‘After the war, Gandhi believed that his work in South [Africa was over and he went back to India with his famils He went to Calcutta for the yearly meeting of the Indian National Congress and began to meet other Indian leades } qf 189 experiences of violence an important leader, who jopal Gokhale, rin India, At the 5 stayed with G He hat Gandhi would 500 be a leade cing» Gandhi spoke for a few minutes about ee of the offices, and he also lc helped in one set och with the dirty job of cleaning the helped some toilets. After the Ind back to Rajkot to learn more about India. (The first ré India in 1853, and by 1880 there were 14,500 kilometres of 3.) Gandhi decided to travel as a third- railway across India third-class compartments were dirty ss meeting Gandhi went ian National Congres al cities in order by train, stopping at sever ailways were built in and noisy that poor people lived with in India. ‘Gokhale wanted Gandhi to work with him in Bombay, but Gandhi remembered that he had failed in Bombay in 1894 and so he opened a law office in Rajkot. Gandhi was earning, y for a enough mor comfortable life, and he and his family enjoyed living in Rajkot. But in November 1902 Gandhi received this message from South Africa: ‘Mr expected here. Please return immediately.” So Gandhi left his wife and his four sons, and returned to South Africa. He had been in India for only one year, Chamberlain is a Gears oe4 Wars and books (1899-1910) Joseph Chamberlain, a British leader, was visiting South ‘Africa in order to collect money for the British government. Gandhi prepared reports for him about the problems of the Indians in South Africa, but Chamberlain was not interested. After the war, many Indians wanted to return to their homes and jobs in the Transvaal province, but British officers made this difficult. Gandhi decided to stay in the ‘Transvaal to help the Indians there, and he opened a law office in Johannesburg. Gandhi helped to start a new weekly newspaper called Indian Opinion, and he wrote for it every week. This was the beginning of his regular newspaper writing, which continued for the rest of his life. ‘At this time, Gandhi began to read the Gita seriously Every day he learned some words from it, and slowly his opinion about money changed. Instead of earning money for himself and his family, he wanted his money to help other people outside his family. Gandhi often ate his meals at a vegetarian restaurant and there he met a British newspaper reporter called Henry Polak. They became friends, and one day in 1904, when Gandhi went by train to the offices of the Indian Opinion Durban, Polak gave him a book to read on the long journe® The book was Unto This Last by John Ruskin, a famow British writer and thinker, and Gandhi found it impossible J books (1899-1910 War down. Gandhi discovered some of his this book: that every hum. igh money to live comfortably’ work with their hands; and that aluable as the work liefs in that deepest be the right to earn enol everyone should do some \ the work of a cook, for exal ‘et. Gandhi decided to change his imple, is as v of a lawy life, and begin to five in a simpler way ERT h his office A Sacha)Gandhi 1% Gandhi moved the offices of Indian Opi to a farm in Phoenix, about 22 kilometres from Dont farm, but nry Polak All the newspaper's workers went to live on the f Gandhi kept his office in Johannesburg where Hen began to work with him. astur had come to South Africa in 1902, with rhe of their boys. (Harilal, the eldest, stayed with his uncle ig Rajkot.) Sandhi now explained to his wife that they were going to live differently: the servant lived as one of the family, and they all helped with the cooking, washing, and cleaning. When Henry Polak, who was a Jew, martied a Christian woman called Millie, they came to live with the Gandhi family and helped with the work of the house. In 1906, African Zulus in the British province of Natal se of a new tax began to fight against the government be Gandhi offered to start an Ambulance Corps to help injured soldiers, as he had done in 1899. White people did not want to care for the Zulus, and so for four weeks, Gandhi and his ambulance team cared for injured Zulus. Gandhi experienced the horror of war, and wrote later about the ‘terrible cruelty of the British soldiers’. Sometimes Wars and books (1899-1910) _ hrough the 1 for over 60 kilometres a day through idhi had time to think deeply about e Zulus, rched the corps 2 heautiful hills, and G many things. He pot with the British He helping others formal family Ties [Afeer he had discussed ed that his heart was with ch he wanted to give his life to be time for j, and thai Knew that there would not id he did not want more children this with his wife, they began to sleep a war, Gandhi moved his family from their omfortable home in Johannesburg to the farm in Phoenix. ‘There were now several families living there. They worked xd together, and earned the same money: £3 each and cooke month. The government of the Transvaal now wanted every Indian over eight years old to give their names and personal details to the government and to carry papers at all times. Police officers would be able to stop Indians, or go inside their houses, to check their papers. Gandhi arranged a meeting in a theatre in Johannesburg, in the Transvaal to discuss these laws with other In Muslims and Hindus. The theatre was full of people who were angry about the new laws. When Gandhi asked them, everyone stood up and promised God that they would fight against these laws. They were all ready to follow Gandhi. Before the new laws could begin, the British government had to agree to them. And so in October 1906 Gandhi sailed s London, where he met many British leaders. With the help Fis as Students, Gandhi wrote about 5,000 letters during 's six weeks there, explaining the situ: and leaders. The British government pi the new laws would they told the Transy; ation to newspapers romised Gandhi that not be accepted ~ but at the same time, ‘al that they would accept the laws.‘andhi When Gandhi returned to South Africa, he | the British government had lied to him, In 1907 eee became independent, and at once the new laws wenn Indians began tens Gandhi realized that small groups could not def strong government. He thought about a ne fighting a new way of fighting against laws without using violence. He called this new wat satyagraha, a name made of two words: satya, which moans truth, and agraha which means force. Gandhi believed that way that violence truth and love would change the world could not. Most Indians refused ro give theirnamestothe government, and the police began to arrest the Indian leaders. More than 150 Indians were put in prison because they refused to obey the new laws. Gandhi was sent to prison in Johannesburg, for two months. The food was bad and the place was dirty, but the guards were friendly and Gandhi was allowed to read. He read the Gita in the morning, and the Qur'an in many other books. the evening, and he was happy to h: “The leader of the government, Jan Christiaan Smuts, sent to Gandhi in prison: if the Indians agreed to give a message laws would be taken their names to the government, the new I away. Gandhi agreed to this, and was released from prison in January 1908. He immediately arranged Many agreed with Gandhi, bur some who were Gandhi followed him afeer the meeting and beat him with ‘ticks. Gandhi was badly injured and for ten days he was win the home of white Christians. The daughter of n song to Gandhi called bered one line from a meeting with other Indians. angry with cared fo} this family sang a famous Christia “Lead kindly light’. Gandhi often remem! this song: ‘one step enough for me’. as ns began to give their names to the government: India he government said that Gandhi advised, but in May 1908 1 the laws would stay, Smuts had lied to Gandhi. Gandhi continued to work with other Indians, and at a meeting in Johannesburg in August 1908 they decided to bun eheir government papers. Gandhi was again sent to prison. This time, with the other Indian prisoners, he had to break stones, cook, and sew the prison hats which were wom by the prisoners. While he wa bimawnaweetanirae eet Willstil be alive to me,’ She was sl ih ae ened i when he came Prison, and he cared for her at Phoenix = sancourot But he was so bon in prison ay Were sent again. About 4 7 "0 prison in 1908 and 1909. The ie ie ies of manyprisoners went to live on the Phoenix Gandhi (the son of eens eae ee Mw Gandhi hs ad become a | Harilal, Gandhi’s oldest son, had married in 1906 and come to South Africa with his wife. Harilal joined Ga dh work, and was sent to prison several times. ° In 1909, Gandhi went to London again, but the British government was unwilling to disagree with Smuts. On the ship back to South Africa, Gandhi wrote a book in which he described the changes he wanted in India. He wanted Indians to govern India and to refuse to live a western life, He wanted rich Indians to live a simple life. He believed that Hindus, Muslims, and other faiths belonged to one Indian ‘and that non-violence was central to Indian life: nation, ince of the British. Indians should not copy the viole! Gandhi sent a copy of the book to the great Russian writer, Leo Tolstoy who wrote the famous book War and Peace. Tolstoy believ bad government. He hate ced that people should refuse to obey a .d war and violence and believed that a simple, holy life was the best for everyone. In 18%, Gandhi had read one of Tolstoy's books, which helped him develop his ideas. Tolstoy read Gandhi’ book, and wrote several letters to Gandhi, just before he died in 1910. ‘When Gandhiarrived back inSouth Africa, he realized char «too difficult to look after so many families at Phoenix it wa: fh was too far from his office in Johannesburg. It Farm, whicl ‘was time to move again. 5 Marching for change (1910-1914) shad become good friends with Hermann Kallenbach, sw who was interest for ways to live 1906 and Gandhi ted in different faiths and who imple, peaceful life. They had Kallenbach Gandhi pcerman Je was looking weet io! had stayed with aiken he was working in Joh nnesburg. oe 290, Halen ee Cll aes th af land, about 35 kilometres from Johannesburg. It was good land, wih its own ater and many fruit trees, and they eadd ro calle Tolstoy Farm. Kallenbach organized simple eases which were built by the families. About seventy-five ‘re: Hindus, Muslims, and Christians. There d everyone helped with the cooking, an 400 hectares people lived th wwere no servants, aM ceaningy and washing, They ate only vegetarian food, and Gandhi made the bread. Everyone wore simple clothes andK, allenbach learned to travelled third-cl, fo Joh es ar mike shoes. The families sina : sins and often wale ty the 35 kilometres to the office in Joly eat again on the same day. annesburg, and back ‘annesburg. Sometimes Gandhi an In 1910, the different provinces in South Af together to make the nation of South Africa, a nancy white government although about 70 per cent of the wai who lived there were black. of the people At this time the most important problem for Indi, workers a as a £3 yearly tax which they had to pay to the government. Gandhi worked to try to end this tax. Harilal became angry with his father because Gandhi sent a cousin to study in London but refused to allow his son to go. In the family in 1911. In 1913, the government decided that Hindu marriages J, Harilal went back to India with his and Muslim marriages were unacceptable: only Christian marriages were accepted by the courts. Indian men and women were extremely angry about this new law and Gandhi started a new fight against the government. His plan was for large numbers of people to disobey the law. If there was nor ‘Apoticeman stops Gandhi as fhe leads the march, 1913 jor chem all nthe T ih room £0 ee ao or the BMT ent ie te 1 a vee ot ga grou OF Eg arrested a) fo thou pa vad working. Wher osince rkers scoPPe OT ir homme jan eto Pi} ro leave theit vison 1d joined the serike, op a oa abe 5.000 sian miners se Gane “so00 sch to to tele with him ~ FrO™ Natal, int alk 290 kilometre’ hey could live at Johannes y burg, where # at they must remait? calm and ¢ miners tha were arrested, o violence. Jy. There must be no viol : : one el smuts before he started the march, but meee eak to him. On 6 November 1913, the ‘smuts refused £0 SPE " een t Gandhi was arrested! a few days [aver 3 ee Polak and marc no were later arrested too, The marchers the others would a prsn, The marchers continued Ted by Kallenbach, iat about 170 kilometres before the government sent js to put the marchers on trains back to Natal, The voles beat many of the marchers, and some of them died. Burmoreand more Indians joined the strike, and every detail vas eported in Indian and British newspapers. After six weeks, Smuts sent a message to Gandhi in ay ws ready to talk. Gandhi and other leaders were oe and when Gandhi spoke at a in Durban, he wore the simple of the poor Indian workers, oeGandhi 26 “Andrews went to South Africa to help Gandhi with Indi Opinion. He gave Gandhi all his money, and became on nie Gandhi's closest friends. os Gandhi negotiated with Smuts for six months, and finally, in June 1914, agreement was reached. The £3 tax was stopped, and Indian marriages were accepted. Indians, however, were unable to move from one province to another. The agreement was not a complete success, but it showed the world that non-violence could be effective. South Africa were disappointed Some of the rich Indians because G: loved him. They had called him bhai (brother) for a number of years, but now they began t0 call him Mahatma (which means great soul), though Gandhi was never happy with this name, Kastur was now called Kasturba (Kastur-mother) Kasturba became very ill after she was released from prison. While Gandhi was caring for her, he received news that his brother Laxmidas had died in Porbandar. Laxmidas had been angry because Gandhi had not become a rich, successful lawyer. But before he died, Laxmidas wrote to Gandhi saying that he wanted to visit him in South Africa Karsandas, the third brother, had died in Rajkot in 1913. Gokhale, who had visited Gandhi in South Africa in 1912, persuaded Gandhi to return to live in India. He believed that Gandhi could become an important leader there, Gokhale in London and asked Gandhi to visit him there before wa going on to India. “The families from the Tolstoy Farm had already sailed for India when in July 1914 Gandhi left South Africa for the las time, sailing to London with Kasturba and Kallenbach. ‘While they were on the ship, the First World War started, andassoon ashe reached London, Gandhi began to orgs” ‘andhi had failed to help them, but the poor Indians Marching for change (1910-1914, an Ambulance Corps. However, he became seriously ill and his doctor told him to return to India. His German friend Kallenbach was not allowed to travel with him, however ‘cause the British government in India considered Germa to be enemies. Sadly, he said goodbye to Gandhi and went back to South Africa. Kasturba and Gandhi sailed for India in December 1914, Gandhi's experiences in South Africa had made him confident, and he had learned that he could organize and lead others. He took with him the lessons he had learned in South Africa: about the simple life, about the disease of racism, and about how non-violence could change laws. His life of bravery and self-control. be io. 4 d ~ F it i, with] or id Mili (right in Durban6 Return to Indig (1915-1949) hi and Kasturba arrived in Bombay in January 1915 was twelve years since Gandhi had been in Inia. A coy met the ship, because his work in South Aftica had mag him famous. A party was arranged for him and other Indias leaders. Gandhi had decided that he would never ane western clothes again and he looked very different from the Jers, who were wearing expensive clothes. Gandhi other lead wore a turban and long Indian clothes like a poor man. Whey he began travelling regularly by train, he began wearing ban, He now always travelled in cheap hat instead of a tur third-class compartments. Gandhi's return to India Maganlal Gandhi and Charles Andrews were leading the Tolstoy Farm group until Gandhi arrived. They were staying ae Tagore’s school, near Calcutta, until they found their own, place Gandhi decided to live near Ahmedabad, which was a rich, old city and the capital of the British province of Gujarat. There were textile factories in the city, but it had been a centre of spinning, and Gandhi was interested in the old way of spinning cotton Gandhi was given land beside the River Sabarmati and the group of about twenty-five people moved into low white houses there. Gandhi lived in a small room, and slept outside even when it was very cold. But life there was not peaceful for long. Gandhi invited a young family from the Untouchable group to come and live in the ashram. This was unpopular with many of Gandhi's friends, and at first Kasturba and Maganlal Gandhi were also unhappy about it The ashram depended on gifts of money from ich Indians, and now these gifts stopped. One day, all the mo had gone. Then a rich young man came with a generoushe had always wanted Untouchaty . (Today, the name Untouchay. gift of money; because to live with other groups able in India. People from that group are no is unaccepti called Dalits.) In February Hindu university in Benares, also called Varanasi in India, beside the River Ganges. Annie 1916, Gandhi was invited to speak at the new id one of the holiest cities i Besant, the famous English woman that Gandhi had met in London when he was a student, had moved to India in 1893, The university had developed from a school she had un started in Benarcs. She invited the rich and famous, British nd Indian, the old kings and the new leaders, fo come toa meeting at the new university. ‘When Gandhi stood up to speak, he looked round at the expensive clothes of the people sitting in front of him. He told them they must change the way they lived. He spoke of thedirty cities he had seen, and of his journeys in third-cass compartments with the poor people of India. India would be saved not by doctors and lawyers, he said, but by farmers. Many people in the room became angey. ‘Sit down, Gandhi!’ some shouted, and others began to leave the room. Gandhi had to stop speaking, ‘At that time other Indian leaders were more important than Gandhi, but people realized that Gandhi was unusual. His clothes and his life in the ashram were different. Also, he usually spoke and wrote in Gujarati, not English, and he learned to speak other Indian languages too. He wanted all leaders to use Indian languages instead of English. Gandhi began to speak at the conferences of the Indian hones Vallabhbbhai Patel, a successful lawyer it ——- 7 laughed about Gandhi’s opinions. But at* ree in 1916, Patel listened to Gandhi with interest. another young Nehru. re Motilal He Nehru, Congress Kashmir in ¢ India. He had and university in he thought Gandhi was ‘very distant and very differen ‘At the same confet s the son of awyer and a rich Ia from leader he far north of J been to school Britain and Gandhi also met Raj Kumar Shukla, a poor farm worker from nearby Bihar province. He told Gandhi about the problems of the Champaran farmers, and asked Gandhi to help them, After Gandhi agreed to go to Champaran, and it was Champaran in some time, here that Gandhi's first real work in India began. ‘Most of the land in Champaran was owned by the British, but the farmers were Indian. The problem for the farmers was indigo, a plant used in textile factories to dye material blue. The owners made the farmers grow indigo, but they could not get a g : ‘ 7 get a good price for it, so they were extremely No one knew G : ‘w Gandhi in Champaran, but the poor farmers welcomed him, and G: ee andhi decided to stay and . The landowner . ae ee unhappy about his work, asked hi: ‘a im to leave. He refused and was told to com, et ‘© court. A large crowd of poor farmers waitedec a outside the court. Later, Gandhi wrote that ‘in this m ting vith the [poor farmers] Iwas face to face with God, ahi, cruth’. a, ‘Gandhi told the court that he would not obey the oder seane, because he was obeying a higher law The governmen, decided not to put him in prison and he was allowed to sy in Champaran. Allover India, newspapers reported Gandhi, refusal to obey the government. Several lawyers working in Champaran joined Gandh, ‘of them became his followers. Mahadev Desi, joined Gandhi and worked with him fo Rajendra Prasad and J B Kriplani, who fe their comfortable and som lawyer and writer, the rest of his li later became important leaders, also let tives and joined Gandhi in Champaran. There they slept on the ground, ate simple food, and washed their own clothes “They walked from village to village to collect information farm workers about their situation, which Gandhi from the needed for his report. Kasturba and others from the ashram came ¢0 live i= Champaran to help the poor women and children on the farms. Gandhi talked to many farmers. He met teachers and doctors, and also the landowners, and he wrote (| newspapers about everything he saw. In October 1917, the government agreed that th could stop growing indigo. Gandhi had succeeded and hs name was now famous in India. we o in Champaran, helping the farme® | wi Mas aes workers in the textile factories i" | ee help them, And so he returned asking the faceosy slong time the textile workers had bee™ had refused. Although so for more money, but che own® some of the factory owners were ye Farmers sven to tdi (91S AIT) 33 Gandhi, he wanted to help the workers, He A erike nd the workers stopped work uggested 450" rg, che owners still refused to pay more rere ee cm hs Ca money ane herp ecaing nel the factory OWDETS har he would StOF : desided ae siare. Gandhi fasted for four ae eating ed 10 ne Dares he owners began to agrees Mind drinking only warer. Th oh — nothin 3p heir workers because they did ee 7 pene nail. oe ere oe was reached and Gandhite again. This was the first me Gandhi ro eat again. This situation. a political had met his parents in Africa in 1915. He est SOM Hasilal, G2 puth seep wen they rerurned from Sow ae wrth them sometimes, bur they still disagreed about ae ‘anted his sons ro obey him. Gandhi always W his job, his brot Jpram’s money. When I back to South Africa t andhi fasted for a few days, her Manilal secretly lent Gandhi discovered 10 work on Indian many things. When Harilal lost him some of the as this, he sent Manilal Opinion at Phoenix Farm. G because of his sadness about his sons. In June 1918, Harilal’s wife and one of his children became seriously ill, and died. Harilal’s other four children came to live in the ashram. Gandhi tried to persuade Harilal to come and live with them too, but he refused. Father and son could not understand each other. Sohe great trial 1II-P22 . 4 jople went (0 ‘. 20,000 Pe 7 The great trial ac n jallianseala Bah amen with ol iin a (1919-1920) Zoid. mane che soldiers in Ai pad said that 20 seth ae 3 sre Firs Workd War wasorer Butia March 191, the Brg lowes eas ee government introduced a law in India which allowed then crowd did PF know 3 "ae mrison people wiehout rial. Gandhi was extrema ort -, took soldiers © Jallianwala Bagh and. vary aout these laws. He travelled co Delhi and then veal Ieee A 0 shoot There was no Madras to talk to other leaders about fighting against them want 300 ose the sole vvood at the only Fe Madras he stayed with Chakeavati Rajagopalachar,g ese foe cro en yer killed and OFS Jawyer who had sent money t Gandhi in South Africa and exit. Probal ‘ who wanted ro work with him. than 1,000 ‘Gandhi’ idea was that the whole of India should stop Peopleal working for one day. During that day. everyone woul fas about tis er ed pray. Some Indian leaders were already in prison, ba Bah ers but ‘thers joined Gandhi, The writer and Congress leader of the Ante woney £0" Sarojini Naidu, who had met Gandhi in London in 1914, others . - es ine ill joined the fight against the laws. She had described Gandhi General Hs a The memorial at vallianwala Bagh in 1917 as a ‘dreamer of impossible dreams . « . strange ras ind ee eee ard san pritich government in Indias bur he was ashamed ee ee eel and Poon eee o the violence ‘of the crowds too. He believed that the a ‘urike had been a mistake because people were not ready Je who were trained “Muslims listened to Gandhi. On 6 April, everyone s ‘working, In Bombay, Gandhi spoke to a crowd of 5,000 Muslims before they went to pray. Vallabhbhai Patel helped and Jawaharlal Nehru joined the strike in Allahabad. ‘Thete was some violence in Delhi and in Ahmedabad. In Amritsar, inthe Punjab province in the far north of Indiay three British bankers were killed by an angry crowd after the fovernmenthad arrested two leaders, Then,on 13 April 191% | { for satyagraha, He needed more peop! to control the crowds. He began to teach people about | satyagraha by writing for two newspapers, Young India (in English) and Navujivan (in Gujarati). In October 1919, the government allowed Gandhi to visit the Punjab forthe first time. Many leaders were in prison,but Morilal Nehru and Charles Andrews in Lahor for three m people about the political situation, and about the spinning {great crowd met him at the railway station, ang nths he travelled through the province, talking, wheel and the material called Abadi. Gandhi wanted poor villagers to be able to make their own clothes cheaply: He learnt to spin in 1917 and began to make cotton material for his own clothes. Gandhi loved his spinning wheel and used it every day for the rest of his lif The cotton from the spinning wheel was called khadi and it was thicker and rougher than factory cotton. More and more people began wearing clothes made of khadi. Gandhi did not like the way that factories and machines had changed the lives of villagers and taken away their jobs. He wanted rich and poor people to become closer. He believed that rich people should work like everyone else and use their money, land, and factories to help other people. Gandhi continued to travel to many cities and villages, speaking to great crowds about Muslims and Hindus working together, about changing Indian life, about spinning, and about Untouchables. When Gandhi’s train was going ame to meet him * 1 (1919-192. and villages £0 e from the own : js, but at times hat shrout! him to sleep oF Fest Gandhi 8 ie difficult for h J othe " Teaders told the Indian people nthe British. Iewastime for ndhi and working wit 1, Lawyers StOP people stopped 920, Gar in 192 jd stop ped working hey shoul fo, bankers left ¢ in the Cotes. Nehru, Mahadev Desa paving ey to prison. The brother sesh had fest met Gand in 1915, and A in ualim writer and Congress leader from a eco prison. BY J 1922 there heir jobs, and nd Rajagopalachari ) Muhammad and dul chat th India co hav the courts shauka Kalam Aza an were all sent January 1 30,000 Indians in P at he woul J to change In silent Mondays until the ice alone,’ he wrote. Caleuttas a Id not speak on Mond: dia, but he needed some were abou! - ‘Gandhi decided th 7 orking very hard He kept this habit of n sil private time end of his life. He also decide “Perfect eruth is in 1d to shorten his dbo! loth, asl wi, Because kbadi was ory ¢ horter dhoti would be ore expensive than fat \ yor people to wear / “Il Indians to stop wearing clothes that dia. In August 1921, Gandhi be rial and clothes. Tagore ndhi about this. Gandhi continued cheaper for po Gandhi wanted nto were not made in ask people to burn fore sys) disagreed with Ga needed work, and he n mate (and Andre’ told Tagore that the Poot his campaign. saa In February 1922, ther j Chaura, in Uttar indhi -e was violence in several cities Pradesh, an angry crowd killed felt responsible. He collected caching programme, called the ers were sent to schools, £0 en, They took spinning in Chauri a group of police. Ga to work on a new me, Wor rable child a team Constructive Program ask them toaccept Unrouclwheels to hi d womes and talked to villagers abi ‘Muslims working together. eee In March 1922, th 1922, police arrived at the ashram and ram and arcested Gandhi because he ‘as writing against the goverr nent. He was taken to the nearby Sal 5 to the nearby Sabarmati Prison, and son, and a week Tater he was tl bse hes taken to cour. He ase the tial Gandhi explain his agreed that he h violence in the cou iad some responsil noid violence Ts He told the cour th ee n-solence wa his fist begat oe kn and also his great trial (1919-192 a 39 The field said tha" Gandhi was different from _ been in his court. He re alized wis persot who had eve a any othe evra against violence, DUC iC 82% ey had alsa spoke 2 ™ dat Gat judge Cand PY the law. The judge sent Gandhi pis iob 10008 ryan for six YEAS Ann ro pee night, Gandhi was taken from Sabarmati Pet et em and caken 1300 kilometre fen of Bombay. He took He was PY to Yeravda P him his spinning because it was Pa dians in prison rol India ison in Poona, south ¢ heel and his holy books. andhi was rt of the fight against py to g0 10 PFISOM nent: the more 1 ish government ro cont sandhi was locked in his room alone, for only a short time each day hree months. He the more hap the Bi difficult it was for ‘Av Yeravda P' allowed to walk outside Fre was allowed £0 write one from the prison libra Jd borrow books h day He used his spinning whi ritish govern the Brit rison, G and letter every th cout ary, and he read for six hours each eel for four hours each day. But in January prison, 1924, after nearly two years in “thy hecame seviously ill, and was quickly taken £0 the andhi was so ill that he had to stay in and the government decided to Gan hospital in Poona sspital for rwo months release him. Leaving prisonThe salt Mar ch if] 924~4 931) When Gandhi came out of hospital, he w friend’s house on the beach in Juhu, Prepared himself to change his life would not work EME C0 stay ap ar Bombay again. He de. against the British governme when his time in prison w: ne es cided that, nt until 1995 nd. Until then, hy PS in India, and continue as meant to would work for peace between grou his work to help poor people. Muslims and Hindus had stopped workin, 'B together, and there were arguments in Congress, At a meeting ig Ahmedabad in June 1924, Gandhi cried when he realized that many people at the meeting did not agree with non- violence. Some Hindus believed that they could not work with other faiths and that violence was acceptable, In September 1924 there was violence between Hindus and Muslims in northern India. Gandhi was staying in Delhi at the house of Muhammad Ali, his old Muslim friend. He felt helpless and hurt and he decided to fast for twenty-one days, for peace between Hindus and Muslims. He drank only water, and at frst continued to write letters and to write for his newspaper. No meat was cooked in the house while Gandhi fasted. Charles Andrews came to look after Gandhi as he became weaker. Jawaharlal Nehru was worried about him and came to visit him, They were becoming close friends, and Gandhi began to want Nehru to become India’s next great leader. Motilal Nehru, Vinoba gopalachari. ee a weak. He called : ady to die for asked for visited him: her friends x “ tho peed Gandhi was : 4 them to be re s. Gandhi again. between Muslims Although some y no longer ry-one day nd asked jas and Muslim top disagreement cf i yntinued. he violence 0! ‘ follow Gandhi, as a Hindu. ‘he country, talking tO it the Untouchables ere were crowds ‘of 200,000 * there Mong, could not reac ad Hindus, and ms contin man} shi Med to fol wae dhi travelled again Cae ame to See him about ¢ crowds who ca et Sometimes eee oa hich was not stron! all over tl ain sat in silence re He uf ae in silence, and the crowd sat vi rat, and asked with him. oo ardoli, in southern ae x group of flowers 0 5 aN «and teach the villagers spinning: : Jd that they must Pay hem to fight these The villagers began to rake Gandhi visite Vallabhbhai Patel and with the Cee aes 598K ae eer asked Gandhi toe higher se allabhbhai Parel led the Fil ben page | cniene yy and work | refused (0 atking to Untouchables _ Se xa2 land and cows from the villag aRETS ingte arrested, but there wan nt was Gandhi called another one-day. people stopped working. A few deat? *hd a stopped the new tax. Prisoners won we the 8 were and animals were returned to the vill villagers were of the ta, © Viole lence sent home The news that non-violence had tee nes was reported all over India. But there a the govern used violence to fight the British gonersane 2" tie Bhagat Singh killed a police officer in Lak" &y April 1929 he threw a bomb at-a median 928 an ting in Delhi, ia Gandhi and his sons sometimes dj years he had refused to allow his sone enn FO" man had married without his father’s — i 4 three sons had obeyed Gandhi. Finally, in was allowed to marry at the age of thirty. married a few months later. Devadas, who ay. Hani bur the orn was twenty. wanted to marry Rajagopalachar's daughter Laakso akshmi. The parents told Devadas to wait for five a ve years, becaus was very young. ssause Lakshn In 1928, Maganlal Gandhi died suddenly, mas at the age of . Maganlal had been with Gandhi Gandhi in So and had worked closely with Gandhi inthe ashram, fon was filled with sadness. ‘He was my a ss. ‘He was my hands, my feet and my one who was dearer to me than my ; y own sons, Wh ome failed me,’ he wrote. Many people cal can Bapu (which means father) and Gandhi’s sons re that their father loved many people outside the family oe have been difficult to know that Gandhi loved rel his cousin's son, more than his own sons. bl hin sons. ae a Gandhi wrote to the Viceroy, the chief of tish government in India, explai ing that he was (1924-1931) he salt mare 41, He aimed to change the ideas n-violence: ‘I do not want described the problems vind mentioned the sale tax, No one other sarang through 2 he wrote He “ning a abe British people of your mee . poor villagersy PoP or sel sale without paying tax t0 Menard oases cecp food fresh, as the British alt was used t0 ks the tax was especially difficult for poor dj to meet the Viceroy to discuss his Betas for COOKIES andhi wante Viceroy did not reply fon 5 March, from the ashram, 1g 10 fight he sale tax. Vallabhbhai Patel, Jawaharlal ‘ind his other friends were surprised, and at first because the tax did not seem a well villagers G sen ee Gandhi said that he was oi Nebius anreed with his plan, dae rter, A British newspaper wrote that i€ was “Iafeule nor co laugh at Gand Hera March 1930, a 6.30 a.m., Gandhi led seventy-cight people from the asbram and began to march south. The peor had been Kept secret. It was well organized and the sri: had been carefully planned: just over 380 kilometres, vont through villages to the sea at Dandi, which had been vRosen because the sea alway’ left salt on the beach there Some students went ahead to organize food and sleeping places. ll the marchers wore Rhadi At sixty-one years old, Gandhi was the oldest marcher. “They marched about 20 kilometres each day, and stopped atvillages where Gandhi spoke tothe villagers about khadi, ‘ind the need for Hindus to work with the Untouchables and vith Muslims. Crowds came to see Gandhi and more and nore people joined the march. Manila, who was visting froin South Africa, joined the march, with Ramdas and Decade, Every day, Gandhi wrote for the newspapers, and spent some time spinning4 andhi (1924-1931 : te from tbe beach i” Vedaranyam. Sale was made . sect sale fro ; ' oi ie without 1% : eywhere Wil is anarresting people Jawaharlal and prison, Ramdas Fe also arrested: The police beat ence from # enn and ‘Devadas G3 put there \dhi wel as no viol he crowds in aa ows near Dandi, sleeping outside with Ina lerrer to the Viceroy he warned that opped, he would march £° the salt ‘om Dandi. At midnight st Gandhi ‘Gandhi was sail vin sncother marchers fas not St salt tax 2,40 kilometres fr if the works at Dh 's May, thirty policer eto are vp Bombay, and then driven £0 Piso? = men with guns eam He was taken by erain in Poona. Bur the march wen Gandhi and Pyarelal jandhi during aeahead. Sarojini Naidu, with Manilal secretary, who had his visit to the Punjab in 1919), led andi to the salt works at Dharasana | Nayar (Gandhi's joined 2,500 marchers from D: fe and soldiers were guarding marchers tried co go into the works, but the vith sticks by ehe police uneil they fell, bleeding, to the ground. Some of them were seriously injured, but none of 1 hand against the polic violence of the police Jd, and the British the salt works. The Polie: were beaten he marchers lifted tae ee . “ ae News of the march and of the apers all over the wor was sent (0 NeWSP: On April, they il, they reached Dandi. In th ' went into the sea, and th In the morning, Gandhi government became un vopular with other cou ojini shove itothecond. picked up a handful of salt and Naidu and Manilal vot arrested. About 90,000 vodlans 5 ind the nation followed. No eee serested during 1930, and he British government It tax seemed a clever idea. low the march against the realized that it could not continue (0 keep so many people Sek ees In one town, 20,000 people in prison night ang ect “he ight and collected salt. Chakravarti Netheend of 1931, Gandhi and other eaders were released the Viceroy in Delhi. Gandhi, Rajagopalay char i marched 230 kilomet tres, with 100 peoples and asked to come to talk (0 05 (1924-193) salt uate? hotel, but ina poor house ¢ slept on the floor. He 7 J him. He a famous here Jon followed and children f 4 rect factory workers of Lond ~ ye street : gland ro ™ of Ent or eof Gandhi's Work against foreign everything about Gandhi, many British people. But the vai were not successful. To the Ind ae anyone of many Indian ch other. Gandhi wanted cave India. ether to make the British leave | ened parare assembly, and Dr also wanted a interested ~ popular wit snd he bees mectines ol h gover sh sho did not work to ed a sey leaders wanted 1 of the Untouchables, sandhi to speak for bout nment, Gi ee with ea agree ers who all Indians © wit Muslim fl the leadet They did not want G Nehru, Patel, and other ambedkar, assembly Congress leaders sta wed with pp Ansari, a Muslim Congress leader. Eve y day, Gandhi walkeg 8 kilometres to meet the Viceroy in his beautiful new separate wh ~ British were not leaving India yet. Palace, 4 large and extremely expensive building. Every day af: the meeting, he walked back to talk with the other lenders After two weeks, agreement was reached. Prisoners wey sent home, and people were allowed to collect salt, though the tax remained, And Gandhi, with other leaders, invited to London to talk to the British government. On 29 August 1931, Gandhi sailed from Bombay with a small team: his son Devadas, Sarojini Naidu, his secretaries Mahadev Desai and Pyarelal Nayar, and Mira Slade (a British woman who had joined the ashram in 1925 and who had become one of Gandhi’s closest helpers). While he was in London Gandhi met the film actor Charlie Chaplin, the writer George Bernard Shaw, and many other famous ee people. He had tea with King George the Fifth, and he spoke Cc aa at a vegetarian me was48 9 A Message India’ ti999-° all ca arrived in Bombay at th 2 at the end o a turba, Patel, and Rajagopalach i olsen im and tll him that Jawaharlal New = to leads had just been arrested. Thee Mant . The si , ‘Teer een neve peeeccacer ba enc, Lord Willingdon, in India, = That evening, Gandhi spoke to was ready to continue the fight « ation had chal and a new yj 8 a crowd of 2 00, of non-violence nH © again, Viceroy, he £10, but ary 1932, Gand i the government. He sen ; : a message to the Willingdon refused to meet him. On 4 Januaes 1 was arrested. i Once again, Gandhi said goodbye to Kast sein PeGerncoe Genre frsonin Poona. This time, the guards wanted to ea Bete special food, but he refused. Vallabtbha net Co dev Desai were in prison with him, and th ae red to meet. Patel was alwz b| ke a stom always able to make ther but Gandhi was word about Kastrba and D ae ad also been sent to prison, Salis In Augus is 5 rae the British government decided to give th naa fare aoe assembly. Gandhi had dare Cel sh fs happened, he would fast co death ae eae that the Untouchables should be everyone, not Ae ene essa ad he wane Dr ind about the separate assembly Jeaders to explain an appeared in ad ro the Indi about the fast Spy hot. Gandhi lay on bed outside, as ve nly water, and became weak few days, Kast be with k her head when she saw him. ‘AY andhi smiled. ha was moved from hb Gandhi during the gain, the same afeer 3 f Yeravda to from the women’s prison ought ai sat near him. idu was br ‘andhi, Patel and Des: Floned co visit him, and he sang some of his sys too weak to speak. Tagore said ge to all India and to the after G » Gandhi, who Ww: i's fase was “A co underst as in prison and Tago songs € that Gand world. Let us (°Y Jawaharlal Nehru w: gree with the fast: But all ver India, places were opened t0 ables In many cities, Hindus invited Untouchables Nehru heard about the changes in messai and what the message means.’ at first he did not Untoucl t with them. When he began to understand. ‘ar disagreed with the fast. His people had fhe hands of the Hindus, but gopalachari negotiated assembly, with to eat the country, But Dr Ambedk suffered terribly for centuries att he came to see Gandhi in prison. Rajat with Ambedkar, who finally agreed to one some seats kept for Untouchables. with Gandhi when his fast ended, as released in May 1933. The so Gandhi started anew sans. Tagore was on 26 September. Gandhi w. governmenthad closed Young India, ied Harijan. Harijan, which me jname he gave to the Untouchables. is now unacceptable.) Jled all over India, this time newspaper which he call “children of God” was the (This name, like Untouchables, For ten months, Gandhi travelspeaking only about the he had meetings with them an This was the fifth time he had tr Some people did not agree a crowd beat his car with thrown at Gandhi's car, The government plan ashram at Sabarmati bec tax, and so Gandhi decided to given land for a new small town in the cer there, and it was extremel sent Vinoba Bhave to W ‘once said th; than Gandhi did himself.) were Untouchables, and G to spin, In 1934, Gandhi decided leaders the chance to lead, Muhammad i Jinnah ‘ardha to start an ash at Vinoba Bhave understood his m Untouchables, yp herey lected mone ‘AWelled all over yy OT the e with his be i, sticks. And although he was not in Poon, a a ned to take the | and ause C *andhi had refys, ed tg clos Ps the ashrap, of India, Many orang ly hot. In the 1920s, Gav Gandhi hay m. (Gandy, 'SSage better ets in Sevagran andhi began to teach them hor Most of the vill to leave Congress to give younger Fe now involved in the government of India. 1987 ther Indians we and in were elections, I wasclear that Muslims were not voting for Congress The Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, was popular in some parts of India. Jinnah had studied law in London. He had belonged to Congress but left in 1920. He was rich, and lived in a large house in Bombay. He did not like ing a E hanging ssbsie® sone belive’ ots india vind er08P i core nda ade hat indi a F ¢ was the j can ty Lea 3rd Opus .. st or Mat cy wanted # 96P ana ee andbi thousht pation: was stim mato ations jor ae of one oni vonsisted of Who had lived yferent BFOUPS wh rogter Gandhi followers: Gh: gress leader who in the mounta ie are van FF He and his brother began t Khyber Pass. He a Gandhi's strike 19, when he organized Can i Peshawar. His family was rich, Utmanzai, near Pesha ‘on many ind he was sent to prison poor man, at centuries. strong did have some afar Khan ; believed in n : ns in the north-west of India, ae non-violence. He was was Cont neat the inhis villags but he lived fil simes by the British. The government had. refuse .d to allow Gandhi to visit ‘h-west for a long time, but in 1938 he was a the north-west for a long time, eee . visit twice, and in 1939 he went agai nies eS Ghaffar Khan was his guide as he 2 = pau eee oke tothe crowds about non-violence, about Kadi ant os e the ned to change women's lives. And aS it spoke about his dream: that Muslims and Hind a Tana work together peacefull: The two 7 a vey different: Ghaffar Khan was tall and ieee ‘Gandhi was very small Ba their beliefs wereKasturba was arrested inR wrote to her every d, and fasted until she ‘aikor in 1g ay: Finally, he ae Was allowed to pa The Second World War wae?! many times about his opinig into governmentin Gi * and ¢ eave gg, Somes On OF Hitlers who pa Mas, : Gandhi's betiy bad been Sey He : war would be greater than th mn Sas stonger than before, He though feet! BDC thaE the hg, Vk 'e First World wae nor oF T Was Tesponsible a ei ‘ refuse to obey him, “ not believe in any war, Hite wrote, and Germans should Many visitors from all over the world Gandhi at Sevageam ashram. His olq frien Kallenbach visited him from South Ari atthe begining of 1939. Gandhi understood "ony Kallenbach, himself a Jew feleabout the st ring a thay Germany African Americans also visited Gand aden ‘0 him about their situation and their furure The rae Aercan ndes Marcus Garvey and W.E.B, Du bon spoke and wrote about Gandhi, i) Gandhi continued to wake up eatly exery da He y leters, ate litte, and walked every day, wou women of the ashram, He enjoye and to visitors, and he loved pl. ashram, came ag Pd Herma. 2 fF two ote ally With the talking to his companion, laying with the children of thy WF anyone became il, Bapu would help to care for them, For years, he looked after a man with leprosy, a terrible disease which most people feared. Visitors noticed his frequent laughter, noticed his sadness. The violence of the w: Gandhi. He argued with God ‘in the secret. ‘Wrote, because God allowed these terrible Bathe would goon without losing faith in but they also far was painful to of (his] heart’, he things to happen, God. prison (1939-1944) nyin September te eC BNE an 1d to vag, and Jinnah wanted 6 ey But Nehru and other help Britain unless vas promised * travelled 10 : ho was serious! 40 10 oil ie who lived in Cees Jater. He was — er baie his name ‘Mohandas’ : led Gandhi by eae eae South Africa am Per net as brothers iM ch i’s last meeting wit ww he end, It was also Gandhi's coat sho died in 1941. ic Tagore, w gue was becoming more and Oe r tims nd therefore Jinnah Pal = ae soy ae e agreed with Jinnal he Muslim League ag: * ee rn sli . ion, separate from ne E anced a Muslim na eae toa eater Abul Kalam Azad, who v8 Pr ees a did noe want nia to esome evo nati re 4{ to talk to Jinnah, but Jinnah ref He really wanted to fa ‘The Muslim Le popular with ich him. jtish government ee «< began to disobey the British g Many Indian aha. co lead this satyagra i asked Vinoba Bhave t ee again. Gandhi a id other Congress leaders were Arady an erested, and soon about 15,000 Indians were in Prison But x Ps |,and soon = released in Decembe itler. The Nehru, Patel,4 Gandhi Japanese army was fighting the British in Chi possible that the Japanese army would land in Indie in August 1942, Gandhi spoke at a Congres Bombay He told Congtess shat the British must lewe re aed thatall Indians should behave like free men anda “We shall either free India, or die in the attempe,’ he we Gandhi spoke for a long time and then he returned to Bre House where he was staying with Kasturba, Mahadey an sai, it was and Pyarelal Nayar. That night, the police came to arrest Gandhi and other Congress leaders. Gandhi and Desai were taken by train to Poona. Then they were taken across the River Mula to the grand Aga Khan Palace, with its large gardens, which the British had taken to use during the war. os as Peel Azad, and nine other Congress leaders were fake Abndngay 2 sixteenth century castle. They were alk together while in prison there. Some of a Prison (1939-1944) Avad and sn agreed with Gandhi's “eave lndia” es Pu ther ved others disagre' Kasturba was in prison. Maha as well as Mira Slade, ined Gandhi in 1939) eat-unele in | d taken to join Gandhi's group id were with arrested an adev Desai and Sarojini Nai Dr Sushila Nayar and Manu Gandhi him, sister Who had joi ame to live with her BF (who «3 irr fourteen, to help Kasturbs)- ’A few days after aeriving a Mahadev Desai died suddenly, aged 50. Ds tary since 1917. He had worke him all over India, Gandhi called bya said that Desai was Gandht's Twice a day while he was in Desai’s ashes 942, when she to hel} Aga Khan Palace, the had been sd closely with Gandhi's sect Gandhi and travelled with Mahadev his son, and Kastur! hand and his right hand. k flowers to tl left prison, Gandhi too! he place where arts of India after the police were killed, were buried. There was violence i arrests. Police stations were burnt down, dnd bombs were thrown at bridges. The police killed more in many P: than 1,000 people. “The Viceroy blamed Gandhi for the violence, and Gandhi decided to fase for twenty-one days, in February 1943, t0 «that he wanted peace. Two doctors were allowed to prov eriously ill during the fast. look after Gandhi, who became sé Kasturba and the doctors thought that he was going to die. But, after the fast, very slowly he became stronger. Kasturba was ill when she was sent to prison, and in December 1943 she became seriously ill. Her sons were allowed to visit her, and doctors looked after her. In February 1944 Kasturba died in her husband’s arms. Her death was terribly painful for Gandhi. Their marriage was unusual, because since 1906 they had lived notas husband and wife but as pare did not always agree with ate meee angry with her. But although she eoutn g's," 5 Piccatie eee se ea eae sede ing, any ee yenratiey cana! duealy fy, had been mar onl, wanted to be together. reach other ay After Kasturba’s death, Gandhi bee: and doctors were worried about him, a Mand his not want him to dein prison and se es e™ ene gt April 1944. So they i He went first to the house at Ju 1924, Then he stayed for a few tia tebe south of Poona. Rajagopalachariwas there rea was happy to be with his old friend. Slowly, os ae Cand stronger and in August he returned to Sevagr a became am ashram, or released ra in 1 stayeg Wed in n the hij, Gandhi with his son Devdas after Kasturba's death g for peace Workin (1944-1946) ay; staying at Birks ndhi te ry rich factory OWnET I es ‘Ghanshyam Das Birla was a ver) Fh a House: ee Gandhi in Caleue in 191 aa we cand aviary gave money © CANT sandhi, but he reeu!# a ae “ ie programmes. Birla had houses iP De ig and other Progra De wa ‘and Gandhi had stayed with him and Bombay times. Finnah’s louse Was OF oe the same road; and Gandhi aa id there £0 talk to him swalket jon in India about the situati seriously ill, was y day for Jinnah but they met ever! Jinnah wanted | separate Muslim state, Pakistan, before the British left India, Gandhi wanted to wait until India was free and he did not want the new nation to be completely separate from India. Jinnah and Gandhi could not reach two weeks. an agreement. In 1945, the Second Worl the other leaders were allowed to leave Ahmednagar Prison. d War ended and Nehru andGandhj There was a new Viceroy meeting to talk about Indi class by train, in the summer hex summer capital. Simla was in th snow-covered Himalay * and he called aly th 0S future, ¢ andi te +t Simla, the. Ne hills, wigh vie Gandhi, now seventy. and he wanted the younger leaders tw k meeting in Simla failed. Jinnah would ne, : ACCEL the Congress leaders and he even refused to shake Avag He wanted the Muslim League to have contro} votes, and he asked all Muslims to work foy Pakistan, There was a new British government wh; that Britain would leave India. In March 19. government sent a team to India to plan for Bovernment and to solve the Pakistan problem. ‘The Viceroy asked Gandhi to come to Delhi to meet the team, As the Congress leaders negotiated with the British Gandhi was still involved. But at one meeting, Gandhi advised the Congress leaders not to accept the ideas ofthe British. There was a long silence and no one spoke Finally, Gandhi got up and left the meeting The British agreed to a new Indian government, and Jawaharlal Nehru became head of this government. India ‘would become completely independent in 1947. There had been violence in Calcutta in August 1946, and ty Hindus and Muslims were killed. And in September, there was violence in Bombay, and in the provinces of Punjab, ond Bh, Most violence was in the cities, but in aL ngs Miolence in the villages of Noakhali, in East Be : a vena, where Muslims killed Hindus, Then, in revenge, Na killed Muslims in Bihar. Nehru th : nn “to Bihar to talk to the People there. Gandhi Mountains, WS oy untains, fhe "Shang OF all Mastin ich promisey 46 the Brits, Laughing with Nehru st by train to wo to Noakhali, He went first by: Sra: At ke dene th agh the city with Hasan Shaheed 1, Gandhi saw the burned Calcutta, As he drove the suhrawardy, the leader of Ben oa I troyed shops, with rubbish everywhere on the houses and destroy eee sets, Subrawardy belonged to the Muslim L pee : Gait for years and called him Bapu. Gandhi left for Noakhali with a group of companions on er. He was going as God's servant, he said. He cd by the pain of others, by ‘the madness that i mal’, He believed that 6 Now was sadder can turn a man into less than ai ad probably e e: he .e was partly responsible for the violence . slemetakes and he blamed himself, and so he had to work co the situation. He did not know what he would be able to do in Noakhali, but he knew that he had to go there to be at peace with himself.Gandhi went by train a land of rivers : and trees, wher, w lived together for centuries, ie For four months, Gandhi w, a vel travelling by bo: nt from y illage ather « ge he at Or on foot, Th, © We, each vill house of stayed 2 Muslimy aad Pray and listen ¢, Ps Every day he rey, Qur'an, did his wrote lette Pinnin, rs. Usually for only four hours ey, : '® and a slepe Manu cooked for a nigh, im, and Professor Ni 7 irmal Be : Se, fro 1 ent with and began to eat ‘" speak Bengali, me The others in his tea cam Icutta, also we Pyarelal and his sister canal Garp eclipses wife Abha — were all sont separately to different villages to teach about peace. It was dangerous for all of them Gandhi knew he could be killed and he was ready to die, But, in all the villages they stayed in their work resulted in peace. In those four months, Gandhi visited forty-nine villages. Hindus met him with gid not vers vo promise HOt 1944-1946, a mas wore usually friendls although some ym the Qur'an. In & to murder othe ‘children, and met Untes chables. Wy feer were covered With chim co read fre oe oden arrow wood and “walk alone’ had Tagore’s Sones: song that he Christia sone ste| sang one of words from the south Africa: p enough for andhi for advi Nehru travelled 1 London ‘ an leaders continued t0 ask G: mber, India n Noakhali, In Dece about the recent meetings 1 Som while he was 3 from Delhi to tell him about Pakistan. March 1947, was special he had worke Noakhali and travelled cause it was the Gandhi left 1 to Gandhi be ‘d to help the indigo farmers need revenge for the in November 1946, In to Bihar. Bihar province where Fe y9t7. The Hindus in Bihar had wa nce in neighbouring Noakhali: about 7,000 Muslims. four months since the violence, said. Gandhi immediately began visited Muslim families and listened ‘dus to help Muslims return £0 to help Muslims to to join Gandhi, and violet crowds had killed Although it was in Bihar were still af towns and villages. He to them, and he asked Hin omes, Many Hindus gave money s, Ghaffar Khan came Muslims tov their he rebuild their lives helped with his work there. Gandhi was now seventy-s hhe would not rest, nor let others rest: there ir him, and he could have no peace until problem of the violence. seven years old, and he said that was a fire burning he could solve thele "My Life is py message’ 1947-19, 8 Sin March 1947 + the India, Vicero y of Mountbatt r atten, ord arrived Delhi and immediately jy.” meeting Indian leader invited Gandhi to cone come ang sce him, and ¢ 1, and Gand 800 kilometres by ‘ travelled “The Punjab in the west and Bengal in from . But he did ce ere divided, part ro remain 1? India, and par" akistan. d to accept Bihar. ; cto i become the new nation P also met Lord nah . ord Mountbatte Pakistan Gandhi’ met Nehru and ay Gandhi felt alo e Gandhi met the Vj Congress vote several times, and J Only Ghaffar Khan and his brother other Congress leaders, by agreed with him. His heart burned w ith pain. Th they did not accept his ie wt ‘was not with Gandhi, and he disagreed with what his friends pian were doing, And other Hindus were angry with him because for C: peaceful answer to the he could not prevent India from being divided. e nation andhi with Lord and Percy question of Pakistan, A fan, Among . other ideas, he suggested thee Gandhi travelled to Calcutta at the beginning of August. vein Minter Jinnah should becomethenee * He did not want to be in Delhi when Pakistan became a saa mer Mountbatten nor the Congres nation on 14 August 1947 and India became independent is idea. roe on 15 August. He pl: ed i So he went b: ° ei planned to go to Noakhali, which would ack. to Bihar 10 continue his work ther be in Pakistan, because the people there were afraid of re more violence. But when Gandhi reached Calcutta, Hasan ‘Twice in May he was lled back to Delhi 0 Delhi. He also we ward 0 stay Iso went to Shaheed Suhrawardy him to st use Mi us! Caleutta, to fo meet with leads ae aders there, Be indhenae . Bengal was going to be os stop this, re Calcutta were afraid. Gandhi aj afraid. Gandhi agreed, if Suhraward: live with him. yond4 : Gandhi They moved to an old Muslim f Ue, and Re parts of the cig On 15 August, while jawaherns mn le Jawaharlal yap Po I Nehry leader of the newly independent Ind in Delhi, Gandhi stayed quictly in the hanes the ith He wrote letters and prayed with a ve Rouse in ¢ Muslims, Abha and Manu Gandhi iow of Hin Late at night on 31 August, an anj ahi, broke the windows of the house in Caleutta ne ot Hina 2. Gandhi open. ed his door, and a stone and a stick were the mand ree hit Police one in the he spoke to all visitors. Together, they p they met Hin were able to move the crowd aw was injured. But in the morning, Gandhi he. Ouse had been killed in the sreets. Pe Gand aed ha pep Gandhi decided to stay in Caleutta and fase returned to the city, News of his fast immediat a Pee the situation. Groups of Hindus and Musiime boven ttt weapons to Gandhi and promised to stop the aes Hindus and Muslims walked together throu; h the ce ‘Young people started a peace group to work ee : the iy city, They asked Gandhi for a message, and he ae words for them: “My life is my message’. orate On the evening of 4 September, when there had beer ea er reas oe iene eee came to Gandhi with leaders of all the groups in cad They asked Gandhi to end his fast. He told them that a tus promis wo ge thee lies 10 prevent violence re they promised. et had fasted for seventy-three hours, and peace eae Caleutta, But the violence in the Punjab was coanke a offered to go there to help. On 7 bet, Gandhi left Calcutta ony Delhi, a journey of a |. He went by train first to (1947-1948 a fis mo rnessange” (LOE cl reed vo get rid of a — red that there WaS 1e city. Gandhi re liz ee : ali a ees Delhi f olence in Delhi, there rest of India was the ¢@ Ff ‘eno peace in the Geen > pee. 5. Golwalkat the chief of the extreme vevak Sangh (RSS). This Gi Swayams dus should live Hindu grouP Rashtriya group searzed in 1925 believed that Hi vr, Muslims and Untouchables: The group ks and knives. Gandhi separately £0 trained young Hindus t wanted the RSS leaders £0 1 simple life in Bil: and to talk to visitors. He slept lay he walked 0 use sticl prevent thei followers from using jolence against Muslim la House. He sat Gandhi lived his usual ‘on the floor to spin, to eats on side, with his companions nearby. Every a. through the garden for a prayer meeting which was open rreveryone. He spoke ro the small crowd, and always read some words from the Qur'an. vove and more eefugees came ro Delhi from Pakistan: The Every day Gandhi went violence in Delhi itself continued.Gandhi at Birla House = across the city, listening to the sad sto meeting with Muslim leaders, injured } i : ‘ ; Muslims in hospital and tried to persuad, a rade leave their homes, but they were afraid to s It was Gandhi’s seventy-ci on 1947. Messages came from ries of the talking to crowds, He fuage visited em not ighth birthday on 2 October all over the w oa orld and a eae to see him: Nehru, Patel, Birla. But G andhis ae ull of pain. He fele helpless and he asked hi ce Pry that God would take him away: he did ‘other birthday with India still in flames m Nehru and Patel, | , leaders of Indi: Gisagred with aay ates oF India and o listened to him, aoe f Congress, often ther and came to talk to Gandhi. They but did not always follow his advice. ———, ked with Gandhi in Delhi since Brij Krishna, whe had w the 1920s, was living with him. Abha and Manu Gandhi so worked as his seeretar after him. Manu fe looking working in Noakhali. Pyarelal ame to because Pyarelal was W Peni in December 1947, and Gandhi was happy £0 see hin and talk to him about the situation there: © On 12 January 1948, den at Birla andhi decided to fast again, He had not told Nehro peace: he wanted as he sat in the & House, or the other leaders. € all Hindus, Muslims, 2 vandhi wanted real nd Sikhs in India and Pakistan to live at peace with each other. He lay on a bed outside Birla House, covered with a kbadi blanket. Dr Sushila Nayar looked after him, and her brother Pyarelal was with him, Visitors came to see him. Abul Kalam about Gandhi’s weakness and ‘Azad was extremely worried asked him to drink, but Gandhi found this difficult. ‘As soon as people knew that Gandhi was fasting, the situation began to change. The Sikhs in Delhi invited a group of Muslims to return to Delhi. Peaceful crowds walked and there was less violence in Pakistan. On ndhi sent Pyarelal to go through the city to through the ci 17 January, G find out if Muslims were safe yet Leaders of all groups met in the house of Rajendra Prasad, a lawyer from Bihar who had worked with Gandhi in Champaran in 1918, and who was now leading Congress. On the sixth day of Gandhi's fast, more than 100 leaders ‘came from Prasad’s house to Birla House. They were from all the different groups in Delhi ~ Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims. Nehru was there, and Azad, leaders from the RSS and from the Pakistan government. Rajendra Prasad told Gandhi that all the leaders had promised to help Muslims to return to their homes in Delhi.68 andhi In tears, ni em told them that h yecessary. : a essary. There ete prensa o Would fg as Azad gave Gandhi a gl mes. Nehru wa Bai Gandhi glass of orange FU was inf Sei we ered ea epee Mean after this fa s was carried to the evening prayer me . The nex, On 20 January, as he was speak ce day he eee the evening afraid, but Gandhi said to them, oe The crow happened.’ He did not realize that a bon ae ! Norhinghe towards him from the garden wall. ne : had been throws one of a group of young Hindus kh, ae Pahwa was Gandhi because of his views on Muslims a feed 10 kill afterwards, Gandhi was told about the bomb, Then day, he told the crowd that no one should oe The nex responsible for the bomb: that person probably b ae Gandhi was an enemy of Hindus and that G i eae to kill Gandhi. enn eas that many people hated him, He received aa accused him of working against Hindus, eee people shouted, ‘Death 0 ae refugees, wounded when escaping are co him that he should disappear, that he had done rough hem with his message of love and non- But inh Canch emained peaceful. There was no bitterness fic oenirun wanted to see Ghaffae Khan and his ee ee Pakistan, He would a for peace between all groups and to follow “a of the Nation beyond) ‘ather (1948-and ce up early as usual s new ideas ked on hi f che 1948, Gandhi ofl Then Vallabhbhai Patel and ate his dinner id Patel that he Gandhi did his spinning and fruit while ealking £0 Patel. Gandhi to! India needed both of ag continue ro work WHR Nebr ‘hem. Gandhi said that he planned to tell Nehru the same thing when he saw him Iater that day. ‘Their conversation was longer than for prayers, and he his room with Mani Gandhi expected: he was ten minutes late hated to be late. He walked quickly from uu and Abha, his their shoulders. ting, an he platform wher .d and touched their Jcome as Gandhi passe as he walked. he path and bent d Gandhi went up the steps e he sat for prayers. hands together .d them. He hands on The crowd was wall and along the path t0 ‘Men and women Stoo% in the usual sign of we replied by parting his hands together ‘saddenly, a man pushed forward into #eer down, as if he wanted to touch G. andhi's f man that they were hurrying because they th Olde man pushed her away. He ook out + wd ke: The three times in the chest. Slowly; Gandhi fe te the ahi Hey Rama (oh God), he said quietly as he gqyne Sn clothes quickly bec Brij Krishna, who had been following ¢ Gently, Gandhi was. carried back to his rox A doctor was soon there, Gandhi was dead. Patel was still nearby, fell. His ame stained with blood, vs fandhi, ran help OM in Birla House but there was nothing he could dy and he sat by Gandhi's be, Gandhi's companions until Nehru arrived. N Gandhi's body, and cried. Devad. soon arrived, followed by Azad Patel told Nehru about Gandhi's last message to them both. Their arguments were over; they ly with ichru knelt by las, Gandhi’s youngest son and other leaders, : would work together until Patel died in 1950. The two men went to, to India on the radio. Nehru spoke in Hindi and then in English gone out of our lives reether to speak “The light has and there is darkness everywhere. | do not know what to tell you or how to say it. Our [dear] leader, Bapu as we called him, the Father of the Nation, is no more.” Allover India and Pakistan, people heard the terrible news of Gandhi’s death and they were filled with sadness. On 31 January, Gandhi's body left Birla House and was taken slowly through the large crowds to the Raj Ghat, 10 Kilometres away. Gandhi’s body was put on a platform of stones and wood by the holy River Yamuna, as 1,000,000 People watched. Ramdas lit the fire, and prayers were sung for fourteen hours, until only ashes were left. Then, Gandhi's ashes were put on a special train, ina ‘Gandhi's funeral, 31 January 1948 |, where mmpartment, and taken to Allahabad, oe the holy Rivers Gan owds wi wi 1. him when he was cds waited, as they had waited for hi c aited alive. On 12 February, nd put in a ear, Nehru walked ee th cl, and Sarojini Naidu were wth jere put into the river, Gandhi's ashes were taken from the train behind the ear, as it drove 7 the river. Azad, as Gandhi's sons. The ashes w taken by the river to the sea. All ovr the word people were Hert © Gandli’s death, Messages came fom lenders and ' > had never met him. p ee ee ered Gandhi. Ido not a fs ere +r set foot in his country. And me Hed ocala gone near and dear ae ead ess] as if [ had lost someone near at same [sadn and were of je were hurt by the news any ind friends,Gandhi In Pakistan, Jinnah said th at Gandh Breatest men’ of India ie hi was 5 One oF ay The man who killed Gandhi as cl ; ‘ He and Mandanlal Pabwa (who heer thrown eT God Birla House) belonged to th. Same roy bom ne Gandhi's beliefs, but at his trial he said thay pot hated Gandhi, he ‘actually wished him welk Pi Tote he shoe Gandhi asked the government not wa tn Godse Sta Rovernment disagreed and he was put to deagh PM the And so Gandhi’ life ended in violence, hn, not end, and many people all over the weely have fol his ideas. Many of his fiends and comp ane and books about him. Gandhi had w his life that his words are collected into 100 books, Martin Luther King, in the United States Of America, read about Gandhi and chose the : Path of non-violence re fight against racism in his country The Dalai Lama, leader of Tibet, visited Raj Ghat when years old. He wondered what Gandhi would have for a young leader, f told him to follow the path of peace, to accept violence he was twenty-one th He felt that Gandhi and he decided never In South Africa, many Africans followed Gandhi's beliefs, Desmond Tutu in South Africa belie is the only one that can bring p The world still waits for pe violence, es that Gandhi's path € to the world. ace, but wherever there is there ate also people working for peace, and Gandhi's life and message continue to help them to be strong. Many tourists visit India. Pe fone day, and see the house in Karamchand Gandhi w haps you, too, may go there Porbandar where Mohandas 8 born. You can visit his ashram in nd beyond) _ (1948 —and bevone se Nation of e p prison ace, where he was inf son ga Khar sgriod< inia Fone & open pe as FF gon oe tn pla the his 100" honest and brave. He although that often at violence was tried to be y as he could, ed tha He pee 10 cRADES ' mn or him. ‘a nd did not allow e alw but he a : ted to show G' he was also ve ays tried to le ‘i fod that he fasted, he want im, When he voi by something sorrys and tha ie ge their lives. 1 was filled with d around him, but wg Per artis adness when he he kept his deep ears afer is death to the world suade people to chang adhi had doubts and .e saw what was haj Jesperate ppening, for all people. 1 and his love faith in God extremely th, Gandhi’s message is still important Pee ac ot Pr candGLOSSARY shimsacefusal to killor harm any living ash the grey powder that is left when som ashram a place where a group of people away from others things non.y thing hy live iolence 8 been, together pea bury ful, assembly a group of people who me : make laws and decisions Bhagavad Gita holy book of the Hindu faigh belief something that is believed campaign a plan to do a number of thi, special result St CoRether regulary ag 1 in Order to pet g Christian a person who believes in Jesus Christ compartment part of a train where people sit conference a meeting to discuss opinions and make plang corps a group of people involved in a particular job congress a political group court a place where trials happen divide to separate into different parts dhoti_a long piece of material, covering the legs waist, worn by men slection a rime when people choose their government by voting empire several countries governed by another nation faith a way of following God; a strong religious belief fast (n & v) to cat litle oF no food for a time force something that has a lot of power or influence govern to have legal control of a country; (7) government Hindu a person who follows Hinduism, the chief faith in India holy connected with a particular religion imprison to put somebody in prison independent (of a country) having its own government injustice something that is wrong and unfair Jew a person who follows the faith of Judaism hadi coro material made and tied at the ; by hand, not in a factory leprosy a serious disease of the skin , aa 4son or event ee ae to remember 4 Pe . maa gs sie omer es under the Bf oe »one who wer “se ae aith of Islam See ne who follows: the ‘ a ee eal ws and ery co real a vn ; aia of government 1 el nvolved with matters © : . ae k to God; (n) praye bsown (v) co sped Py which has some o| Pt eas pa 9 " ent officials vii an jy book of the Muslim a — a a ict ne group of people is bet she racism eli a ro leave their country Deca yo hance to do something, eet ey aw eae the hs to vote, go to school ete -violent f actice of non-vio satyagraba erath-force oF love-force; the practi resistance spin (v) 10 make te strike (n) atime when what they want suffer (v) to feel pain or sadness money paid to the government teatile. material made from thread in factories turban along piece of material worn round the head sho does not eat meat or fish vegetarian a person wl Vieror a pao governing a country, in place of the king or queen of another country ; violence use of great force in order to injure someone or damage thread from cotton by twisting it re people refuse to work, in order to get something vote to choose the person you want in an election