Inverse Trogonometric Functions

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
BASIC CONCEPTS
INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS
Function Domain Range
LM S , S OP
1. y = sin-1 x iff x = sin y –1 < x < 1,
N 2 2Q
2. y = cos-1 x iff x = cos y –1 < x < 1 [0, S ]
FG S , S IJ
3. y = tan-1 x iff x = tan y f x f H 2 2K
4. y = cot-1 x iff x = cot y f x f [0, S ]
LM S .0IJ FG 0, S OP
5. y = cosec-1 x iff x = cosec y f, 1 [1, f]
N 2 K H 2Q
LM0. S IJ FG S , SOP
6. y = sec-1 x iff x = sec y f, 1 [1, f]
N 2K H 2 Q
(i) Sin–1 x & tan–1 x are increasing functions in their domain.

(ii) Cos–1 x & cot–1 x are decreasing functions in over domain.
x = sin T
PROPERTY – I
§S ·
x cos ¨ T ¸
(i) sin–1 x + cos1 x = S/2, for all x [ –1, 1] ©2 ¹
Sol. Let, sin–1 x = T ... (i)
S
then, T[– S/2, S/2] [ ' x [–1, 1] ] cos1 x T
2
– S/2 dTdS/2
{ ' x [–1, 1] and (S/2–T) [0, S])
– S/2 d– TdS/2
T+ cos–1 x = S/2 ... (ii)
S
0d Td S from (i) and (ii), we get
2
S
S sin–1 x + cos–1 x =
2
– T[0, S] 2
Now, sin–1 x = T
@aakashallen
(ii) tan–1 x + cot–1 x = S/2, for all x R T+ cosec–1 x = S/2 ... (ii)
Sol. Let, tan x = T
–1
... (i) from (i) and (ii); we get
then, T(–S/2, S/2) { ' x R) sec–1 x + cosec–1 x = S/2
S S PROPERTY – II
T
2 2
S S §1·
T (i) sin–1 ¨ ¸ = cosec–1 x, for all x (– f, 1] [1, f)
2 2 ©x¹
S Sol. Let, cosec–1 x = T ... (i)

0 T S
2 then, x = cosec T
§S ·
1
sin T
¨ T ¸ (0, S) x
©2 ¹
Now, tan–1 x = T 1
{ ' x (–f, –1] [1, f) [–1, 1] {0}
x = tan T x
x = cot (S/2 – T) cosec–1 x = TT[– S/2, S/2] – {0}
S §1·
cot 1 x T { ' S/2 – T(0, S)} T sin 1 ¨ ¸ ... (ii)
2 ©x¹
S from (i) and (ii); we get

T cot 1 x ... (ii)
2
§1·
from (i) and (ii), we get sin 1 ¨ ¸ cos ec 1x
©x¹
tan–1 x + cot–1 x = S/2
§1·
S (ii) cos–1 ¨ ¸ = sec–1 x, for all x (– f, 1] [1, f)
(iii) sec–1 + cosec–1 x = , for all x (– f, –1] [1, f) ©x¹
2
Sol. Let, sec–1 x = T ... (i) Sol. Let, sec–1 x = T ... (i)
then, T[0, S] – {S/2} { ' x (–f, –1] [1, f)} then, x (–f, 1] [1, f) and T[0, S] – {S/2}
0 dTdS, TzS/2 Now, sec–1 x = T
– Sd– Td0, TzS/2 x = sec T
S S S S 1
d Td , T z 0 cos T
x
2 2 2 2
§S · ª S Sº S §1·
T cos 1 ¨ ¸ ... (ii)
¨ T ¸ « , , Tz 0
© 2 ¹ ¬ 2 2 ¼» 2 ©x¹
Now, sec–1 x = T ' x (f, 1] [1, f)

°
x = sec T ® 1
°¯ x [1, 1] {0} and T [0, S]
x = cosec (S/2 – T)
cosec–1 x = S/2 – T from (i) & (ii), we get
§S · ª S Sº S ½ §1·
®' ¨ T ¸ « , » , T z 0 ¾ cos1 ¨ ¸ sec1 (x)
¯ © 2 ¹ ¬ 2 2 ¼ 2 ¿ ©x¹
@aakashallen
1
° cot x , for x ! 0 §1·
(iii) tan–1 §¨ ·¸ tan 1 ¨ ¸ S cot 1 x, if x 0
1
® 1 ©x¹
©x¹ °̄S cot x, for x 0
Hence,
Sol. Let cot–1 x = T. Then xR, x z0 and T[0, S] ... (i)
Now two cases arises : §1· cot 1 x, for x ! 0
tan 1 ¨ ¸ ® 1
Case I : When x > 0 ©x¹ ¯S cot x, for x 0
In this case, T(0, S/2)
? cot–1 x = T
PROPERTY – III
x = cot T (i) cos–1 (–x) = S – cos–1 (x), for all x [–1, 1]
1 (ii) sec–1, (–x) = S– sec–1 x, for all x (–f, –1] [1, f)
tan T
x (iii) cot–1 (–x) = S– cot–1 x, for all x R
§1· (iv) sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1 (x), for all x [–1, 1]

T tan 1 ¨ ¸ ... (ii)
©x¹ (v) tan–1 (–x) = – tan–1 x, for all x R
from (i) and (ii), we get { ' T(0, S/2)} (vi) cosec–1 (–x) = – cosec–1 x, for all x (–f, –1] [1, f)
§1· Sol. (ii) Clearly, – x [–1, 1] for all x [–1, 1]

tan 1 ¨ ¸ cot 1 x, for all x ! 0.
©x¹ let cos–1 (–x) = T ... (i)
Case II : When x < 0 then, – x = cos T

In this case T(S/2, S) { ' x = cot T< 0) x = – cos T
S x = cos (S– T)
Now, T S
2 { ' x [–1, 1] and S– T[0, S] for all T[0, S]
S cos–1 x = S– T
TS0
2 T= S– cos–1 x ... (ii)
T– S(–S/2, 0) from (i) and (ii), we get
? cot x = T
–1
cos–1 (–x) = S– cos–1 x
x = cot T Similarly, we can prove other results.
1
tan T (i) Clearly, – x [–1, 1] for all x [–1, 1]

x
let sin–1 (–x) = T
1 then, – x = sin T ... (i)
tan (S T)
x
x = – sin T
1 x = sin (–T)
tan (T S) { ' tan (S–T) = – tan T}
x – T= sin–1 x
§1· { ' x [–1, 1] and – T[–S/2, S/2] for all T[–S/2, S/2]
T– S= tan–1 ¨ ¸ { ' T– S(–S/2, 0)}
©x¹ T= – sin–1 x ... (ii)
from (i) and (ii), we get
§1·
tan 1 ¨ ¸ S T ... (iii)
©x¹ sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1 (x)
from (i) and (iii), we get
@aakashallen
PROPERTY – IV PROPERTY – V
(i) sin (sin–1 x) = x, for all x [–1, 1] (i) Sketch the graph for y = sin–1 (sin x)
(ii) cos (cos–1 x) = x, for all x [–1, 1] Sol. As, y = sin–1 (sin x) is periodic with period 2S.
(iii) tan (tan–1 x) = x, for all x R ? to draw this graph we should draw the graph for one interval
of length 2Sand repeat for entire values of x.
(iv) cosec (cosec–1 x) = x, for all x (–f, –1] [1, f)
As we know,
(v) sec (sec–1 x) = x, for all x (–f, –1] [1, f)
S S
(vi) cot (cot–1 x) = x, for all x R °° x; dxd
2 2
Sol. We know that, if f : A o B is a bijection, then f–1 : B oA sin 1 (sin x) ®
S S§ S 3S ·
(S x); d S x ¨ i.e., d x d ¸
exists such that fof–1 (y) = f (f–1 (y)) = y for all y B. °¯ 2 2© 2 2 ¹
Clearly, all these results are direct consequences of this
property. S S
°° x, dxd
Aliter : Let T[–S/2, S/2] and x [–1, 1] such that sin T= or sin 1 (sin x) ®
2 2
°S x, S 3S
x. dxd ,
°̄ 2 2
then, T= sin–1 x
? x = sin T= sin (sin–1 x) which is defined for the interval of length 2 S, plotted as ;
Hence, sin (sin–1 x) = x for all x [–1, 1]

Similarly, we can prove other results.
Remark : It should be noted that,
sin–1 (sin T) zT, if [– S/2, S/2]. Infact, we have
S T, if T [3S / 2, S / 2] Thus, the graph for y = sin–1 (sin x), is a straight line up and
°
° T, if T [S / 2, S / 2] a straight line down with slopes 1 and –1 respectively lying
sin 1 (sin T) ®
° S T , if T [ S / 2, 3S / 2]
°¯ 2 S T, if T [3S / 2, 5S / 2] and so on. ª S Sº
between « ,
2 »¼
.
¬ 2
Similarly,
T, if T [S, 0]
° T, Students are adviced to learn the definition of sin–1 (sin x) as,
1 ° if T [0, S]
cos (cos T) ®
° 2 S T, if T [S, 2 S] 5S 3S
°¯2S T, if T [2S, 3S] and so on. ° x 2S ;
2
dxd
2
°
° S x 3S S
; dxd
° 2 2
°
° S S
S T, if T [ 3S / 2, S / 2] y sin 1 (sin x) ® x ; dxd
° T, ° 2 2
° if T [S / 2, S / 2]
tan 1 (tan T) ® ° S 3S
° T S, if T [ S / 2, 3S / 2] ° Sx ; dxd
° 2 2
°¯ T 2S, if T [3S / 2, 5S / 2] and so on.
° 3S 5S
°̄ x 2S ;
2
dxd
2
... and so on
@aakashallen
(ii) Sketch the graph for y = cos–1 (cos x). FORMULAS

Sol. As, y = cos–1 (cos x) is periodic with period 2S.
xy
? to draw this graph we should draw the graph for one interval (i) tan–1 x + tan–1 y = tan–1 , xy < 1
1 xy
of length 2Sand repear for entire values of x of length 2S.
As we know; xy
(ii) tan–1 x – tan–1 y = tan–1 , xy > – 1
1 xy
x; 0dxdS
cos 1 (cos x) ®
¯ 2S x; 0 d 2S x d S, 2x
(iii) 2 tan–1 x = tan–1 ,|x|<1
1 x2
x; 0dxdS
or cos 1 (cos x) ®
¯2S x; S d x d 2S, 2x
, | x | d1
(iv) 2 tan–1 x = sin–1
1 x2
Thus, it has been defined for 0 < x< 2Sthat has length 2S.
So, its graph could be plotted as;
1 x2
(v) 2 tan–1 x = cos–1 , x t0
1 x2
(vi) sin–1 x + sin–1 y = sin–1 (x 1 y2 y 1 x 2 )
(vii) sin–1 x – sin–1 y = sin–1 (x 1 y2 y 1 x 2 )
(viii) cos–1 x + cos–1 y = cos–1 (xy – 1 x 2 1 y2 )

Thus, the curve y = cos–1 (cos x).
(iii) Sketch the graph for y = tan–1 (tan x).
(ix) cos–1 x – cos–1 y = cos–1 (xy + 1 x 2 1 y2 )
Sol. As y = tan–1 (tan x) is periodic with period S.
1 (x) If tan–1x + tan–1y + tan–1z = tan–1
? to draw this graph we should draw the graph for one interval
2 ª x y z xyz º
of length Sand repeat for entire values of x. « »
¬1 xy yz zx ¼ if, x > 0 , y > 0, z > 0 &
S S½ xy + yz + zx < 1
As we know; tan–1 (tan x) = ® x; x ¾
¯ 2 2¿ Note :
(i) If tan–1 x + tan–1y + tan–1z = S then x + y + z = xyz
S S
Thus, it has been defined for x that has length S. (ii) If tan–1 x + tan–1y + tan–1z =
π
then xy + yz + zx =1
2 2 2
So, its graph could be plotted as; REMEMBER THAT :
3π
(i) sin–1 x + sin–1 y + sin–1 z =
2
x=y=z=1
(ii) cos–1x + cos–1 y + cos–1 z = 3S x = y = z = -1

(iii) tan–1 1 + tan–1 2 + 2 tan–1 3 =
1 1 π
tan–1 1 + tan–1 + tan–1 =
2 3 2
Thus, the curve for y = tan–1 (tan x), where y is not defined
S
for x (2n+1) .
2
@aakashallen
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example – 1 § 1 § 3 · ·
§ 3 ·
= 2 sin ¨ sin 1 §¨ ¸· ¸ cos ¨ sin ¨ ¸ ¸
© © 5 ¹¹ © © 5 ¹¹
§ 3· S
Prove that (i) sin –1 ¨¨ ¸¸ 3 , (ii) cos –1
© 2 ¹ 2
3 §3·
= 2u 1 ¨ ¸ ( ' cos (sin–1 x) = 1 x 2 for | x | d 1)
5 ©5¹
§ § 5S · · S
¨ cos ¨ ¸ ¸ .
© © 3 ¹¹ 3
3 4 24
= 2u u
5 5 25
§ 3· ª S Sº 3
Sol. (i) Let sin–1 ¨¨ ¸¸ T so that T « , » and = § § 4· § 4 ··
© 2 ¹ ¬ 2 2¼ 2 (ii) sin ¨ 2 sin 1 ¨ ¸ sin ¨ 2 sin 1 ¸ ¸
© © 5¹ © 5 ¹¹
sin T
( ' sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1 x)
S § S· S ª S Sº
sin T= – sin = sin ¨ 3 ¸ note that 3 « 2 , 2 »
3 © ¹ ¬ ¼ = – sin §¨ 2 sin 1 ¨§ 4 ¸· ¸·
© © 5 ¹¹
S § 3· S
T= – sin–1 ¨¨ ¸¸
. § 4 ·
3 © 2 ¹ 3 = – sin ¨ 2 sin 1 §¨ ¸· ¸
© © ¹¹
5
§ § 5S · · § § S ··
(ii) cos–1 ¨ cos ¨ ¸ ¸ = cos–1 ¨ cos ¨ 2S ¸ ¸ §4·
© © 3 ¹ ¹ © © 3 ¹¹ = – sin 2 T, where T= sin–1 ¨ ¸ = 2 sin Tcos T
©5¹
§ § S ·· S
= cos–1 ¨ cos ¨ ¸ ¸ , § 4 · § § 4 ··
© © 3 ¹¹ 3 = – 2 sin ¨ sin 1 §¨ ¸· ¸ cos ¨ sin 1 ¨ ¸ ¸
© © 5 ¹¹ © © 5 ¹¹
S
note that [0, S] = range of cos–1 x. 2
3 §4· § 4·
= 2 ¨ ¸ 1 ¨ ¸
©5¹ ©5¹
Example – 2
( ' cos (sin–1 x) = 1 x 2 )
Evaluate
§ § 3 ·· § 8 3 24
1 § 4 · · u
(i) sin ¨ 2sin 1 ¨ ¸ ¸ (ii) sin ¨ 2sin ¨ 5 ¸ ¸ 5 5 25
© 5 ¹¹ © © ¹¹
§ § 3 ·· § 3·
§ § 3 ·· § § 2 ·· (iii) sin ¨ 2 cos 1 ¨ ¸ ¸ = sin (2 T), where T= cos–1 ¨ ¸
(iii) sin ¨ 2cos 1 ¨ ¸ ¸ (iv) sin ¨ 3sin 1 ¨ ¸ ¸ © © 5 ¹¹ © 5¹
© © 5 ¹¹ © © 5 ¹¹
= 2 sin Tcos T
§ § 3 ·· §3· § 3 · § 1 § 3 · ·
Sol. (i) sin ¨ 2 sin 1 ¨ ¸ ¸ = sin 2 T, where T= sin–1 ¨ ¸ = 2 sin ¨ cos 1 §¨ ·¸ ¸ cos ¨ cos ¨ ¸ ¸
© © ¹¹
5 © 5¹ © © 5 ¹¹ © © 5 ¹¹
= 2 sin Tcos T
2
§ 3· § 3·
= 2 1 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ (' sin (cos–1 x) = 1 x 2 for | x | d 1)
© 5¹ © 5¹
@aakashallen
§ 4 · § 3· 24 9 64 3 8 4 15 3 8 84
2 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ . 1 1 u u u
© 5 ¹ © 5¹ 25 25 289 5 17 5 17 5 17 85
§ § 2 ·· –1 §
2· §3· § 8· § 84 ·
(iv) sin ¨ 3 sin 1 ¨ ¸ ¸ = sin 3T, where T= sin ¨ 5 ¸ sin 1 ¨ ¸ sin 1 ¨ ¸ cos 1 ¨ ¸ .
© © ¹¹
5 © ¹ © ¹
5 © 17 ¹ © 85 ¹
= 3 sin T– 4 sin3 T (ii) We know that
§2· §2·
3
3 S 8 S §3·
3¨ ¸4¨ ¸ 0 dsin–1 d and 0 d sin–1 d , therefore, 0 d sin-1 ¨ ¸ +
©5¹ ©5¹ 5 2 17 2 ©5¹
§8·
§ 1 § 2 · 2· sin–1 ¨ ¸ dS
¨' T sin ¨ ¸ , ? sin T ¸ © 17 ¹
© ©5¹ 5¹
We compute
6 32 118
. § §3· § 8 ··
5 125 125 cos ¨ sin 1 ¨ ¸ sin 1 ¨ ¸ ¸
© © ¹
5 © 17 ¹ ¹
Example – 3
§ 1 § 3 · · § 1 § 8 · ·
Prove that = cos sin ¨ ¸ ¸ cos ¨ sin ¨ ¸ ¸
© © ¹¹
5 © © 17 ¹ ¹
§3· § 8· § 84 ·
(i) sin–1 ¨ ¸ – sin–1 ¨ ¸ = cos–1 ¨ 85 ¸
©5¹ © 17 ¹ © ¹ § 1 § 3 · · § 1 § 8 · ·
– sin sin ¨ ¸ ¸ sin ¨ sin ¨ ¸ ¸
§ 77 ·
© © 5 ¹¹ © © 17 ¹ ¹
§3· § 8 ·
(ii) sin–1 ¨ ¸ + sin–1 ¨ ¸ = sin–1 ¨ 85 ¸
©5¹ © 17 ¹ © ¹
2 2
§3· § 8· 3 8 4 15 3 8 36
1 ¨ ¸ 1 ¨ ¸ u u u
Sol. (i) Since sin–1 x is an increasing function in [–1, 1] and ©5¹ © ¹
17 5 17 5 17 5 17 85
3 8
! , therefore, § 2 ·
5 17 §3· § 8· § 36 · ¨ 1 §¨ 36 ¸· ¸
sin–1 ¨ ¸ + sin–1 ¨ ¸ = cos–1 ¨ ¸ = sin–1
©5¹ © 17 ¹ © 85 ¹ ¨ © 85 ¹ ¸
© ¹
§3· § 8· §3· §8·
sin–1 ¨ ¸ > sin–1 ¨ ¸ sin–1 ¨ ¸ – sin–1 ¨ ¸ > 0.
©5¹ © 17 ¹ ©5¹ © 17 ¹
( ' cos–1 x = sin–1 1 x 2 for 0 dx d 1)
§8·
sin–1 §¨ ¸· – sin–1 ¨ ¸ [0, S] = range of cos–1 x
3
§3· § 8· § 77 ·
©5¹ © 17 ¹ sin–1 ¨ ¸ + sin–1 ¨ 17 ¸ = sin–1 ¨ 85 ¸ , as desired.
©5¹ © ¹ © ¹
§ 1 § 3 · S 1 § 8 · S·
¨' 0 d sin ¨ ¸ d and 0 d sin ¨ ¸ d ¸ Example – 4
© ©5¹ 2 © 17 ¹ 2 ¹
§ 4· §5· § 16 · S
§ 3· § 8 ·½ Show that sin–1 ¨ ¸ + sin–1 ¨ ¸ + sin–1 ¨ ¸ .
Now cos ®sin 1 ¨ ¸ sin 1 ¨ ¸ ¾ ©5¹ © 13 ¹ © 65 ¹ 2
¯ © ¹
5 © 17 ¹ ¿
§ § 3 ·· § 1 § 8 · · § 1 § 3 · · § 4· §5·
= cos ¨ sin 1 ¨ ¸ ¸ cos ¨ sin ¨ ¸ ¸ + sin ¨ sin ¨ ¸ ¸ sin Sol. Let T= sin–1 ¨ ¸ + sin–1 ¨ ¸
© © 5 ¹¹ © © ¹¹
17 © © 5 ¹¹ ©5¹ © 13 ¹
§ 1 § 8 · · then 0 < T< S

¨ sin ¨ ¸ ¸
© © 17 ¹ ¹
@aakashallen
§ 1 § 4 · S 1 § 5 · S· § 21 13 · §1·
¨' 0 sin ¨ ¸ , 0 sin ¨ ¸ ¸ = tan–1 ¨ ¸ + S– tan ¨© 8 ¸¹
–1
© © 5 ¹ 2 © 13 ¹ 2¹ © 13 u 21 1 ¹
§ 4 5· § 34 · §1·
Now cos T= cos ¨ sin 1 sin 1 ¸ = tan–1 ¨ ¸ + S– tan
–1
¨ ¸
© 5 13 ¹ © 272 ¹ ©8¹
= S= R.H.S.
§ 4· § 1 5 · § 1 4 ·
= cos ¨ sin 1 ¸ cos ¨ sin ¸ – sin ¨ sin ¸ sin Example – 6
© 5¹ © 13 ¹ © 5¹
§ 1 5 · Prove that tan–1 1 + tan–1 2 + tan–1 3 = S

sin ¸
© 13 ¹
Sol. L.H.S. = tan–1 1 + tan–1 2 + tan–1 3
( ' cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B)
§S 1 · §S 1 ·
2 2
= tan–1 1 + ¨ cot 2 ¸ ¨ cot 3 ¸ ,
§ 4· §5· 4 5 ©2 ¹ ©2 ¹
1 ¨ ¸ 1 ¨ ¸ .
©5¹ © 13 ¹ 5 13
S
( ' tan–1 x = – cot–1 x x R)
1 2
(' cos (sin x) 1 x ) 2
= tan–1 1 + S – (cot–1 2 + cot–1 3)

3 12 20 36 20 16 § 16 ·
. ?T cos 1 ¨ ¸
5 13 65 65 65 © 65 ¹ S § §1· § 1 ··
S ¨ tan 1 ¨ ¸ tan 1 ¨ ¸ ¸
4 © © 2 ¹ © 3 ¹¹
§ 4· §5· § 16 ·
Hence sin–1 ¨ ¸ + sin–1 ¨ ¸ + sin ¨ 65 ¸
–1
©5¹ © ¹
13 © ¹
§ 1 1 ·
¨ ¸
S
1 § 4 · 1 § 5 · ½ 1 § 16 · S tan 1 ¨ 2 3 ¸
= ®sin ¨ ¸ sin ¨ ¸ ¾ sin ¨ ¸ 4 ¨¨ 1 1 u 1 ¸¸
¯ ©5¹ © 13 ¹ ¿ © 65 ¹
© 2 3¹
§ 16 · § 16 ·
= cos–1 ¨ ¸ + sin–1 ¨ ¸
© 65 ¹ © 65 ¹ § 1 1 § xy · ·
¨' tan x tan y tan 1 ¨ ¸ for xy 1 ¸
© © 1 xy ¹ ¹
S
( ' sin–1 t + cos–1 t = for – 1 d t d 1)
2
S S
S S
S 4 4
=
2 = R.H.S.
Example – 5 Example – 7
Prove that cot–1 (13) + cot–1 (21) + cot–1 (–8) = S.

S § 4·
Prove that 2 tan–1 (–3) = – + tan–1 ¨ ¸ .
–1 –1
Sol. L.H.S. = cot (13) + cot (21) + cot (–8) –1 2 © 3¹
§1· § 1·
= tan–1 ¨ ¸ + tan–1 ¨ ¸ + S – cot–1 8 §1·
© 13 ¹ © 21 ¹ Sol. L.H.S. = 2 tan–1 (–3) = – 2 tan–1 3 = – 2 tan–1 3 = – 2 cot–1 ¨ ¸
©3¹
( ' cot–1 (–x) = S– cot–1 x, x R)
§ 1 1 · §S 1 § 1 · · §1·
¨ 13 21 ¸ §1· = 2 ¨ tan ¨ ¸ ¸ S 2 tan 1 ¨ ¸
© 2 © 3 ¹¹ © 3¹
= tan–1 ¨ ¸ + S– tan–1 ¨© 8 ¸¹
¨¨ 1 1 . 1 ¸¸
© 13 21 ¹
@aakashallen
2 (1/ 3) ½ §x·
= – S+ tan–1 ® 2 ¾ ¨a¸
¯1 (1/ 3) ¿ © ¹
§ · y § § x ··
1
tan 1
2x
for | x | 1¸ cos ¨ D cos 1 ¨ ¸ ¸
¨' 2 tan x b © © a ¹¹
© 1 x 2
¹
3 4 S §4· y §x· § 1 § x · ·
= – S+ tan–1 = – S+ cot–1 = – S+ – tan–1 ¨ ¸ cos D ¨ ¸ + sin D sin ¨ cos ¨ ¸ ¸
4 3 2 ©3¹ b ©a¹ © © a ¹¹
S §4· S § 4· 2
= tan 1 ¨ ¸ tan 1 ¨ ¸ R.H.S. y x §x·
2 © 3¹ 2 © 3¹ cos D= sin D 1 ¨ ¸
b a ©a¹
Example – 8
( ' sin (cos–1 x) = 1 x 2 for |x| d1)
S
Find x if sin–1 x + sin–1 2x = . §y x ·
2 § x2 ·
3 ¨ cos D ¸ = sin 2
D ¨1 2 ¸
©b a ¹ © a ¹
S S
Sol. Given sin–1 x + sin–1 2x = sin–1 2x = – sin–1 x y2 x 2 §y·§x· § x2 ·
3 3 cos2
D – 2 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ cos D= sin 2
D ¨ 1 2 ¸
b2 a 2 ©b¹©a ¹ © a ¹
§S 1 ·
2x = sin ¨ sin x ¸
©3 ¹ x2 2 xy y2
2 (cos D+ sin D) –
2 2
cos D+ 2 = sin2 D
a ab b
S S
2x = sin cos (sin–1 x) – cos sin (sin–1 x)
3 3 x 2 2xy y2
cos D sin 2 D
a 2 ab b2
3 1 x 3
2x 1 x2 x 2x 1 x2 Example – 10
2 2 2 2
On squaring the two sides, we get If cos–1 x + cos–1 y + cos–1 z = S, prove that x2 + y2 + z2 + 2 xyz
= 1.
25 x 2 3 3 3
(1 x 2 ) 28x2 = 3 x2 = 28 x .
4 4 28 Sol. Let cos–1 x = A, cos–1 y = B, cos–1 z = C
so that x = cos A, y = cos B, z = cos C and A + B + C = S.
3
(' x = – does not satisfy the given equation) ? x + y + z2 + 2xyz = cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C + 2 cos A cos B
2 2
28
cos C
Example – 9 1 cos 2A 1 cos 2B 1 cos 2C
= + 2 cos A cos B cos C
2 2 2
§x· §y· x 2 2xy
If cos–1 ¨ ¸ + cos–1 ¨ ¸ = D, prove that 2 cos 3 1
©a¹ ©b¹ a ab (cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2 C) + 2 cos A cos B cos C
2 2
y2
D = sin2 D. 3 1
b2 (–1 –4 cos A cos B cos C) + 2 cos A cos B cos C
2 2
§x· §y· §y· (Using a result from conditional identities)

Sol. Given cos–1 ¨ ¸ + cos–1 ¨ ¸ = D cos–1 ¨ ¸ = D – cos–1
©a¹ © ¹
b ©b¹ = 1, as required.
@aakashallen
Example – 11 Example – 13
2 sin–1 x = cos–1 (1–2x2), 0 dx d 1.

§ x · 1 § x ·
Prove that tan–1 ¨ ¸¸ sin ¨ ¸ , | x | < a.
¨ 2 2 ©a¹
© a x ¹
S S
Sol. Let sin–1 x = T x = sin T, – dTd
2 2
§x· S S
S Sol. Let sin–1 ¨ ¸ = T x = a sin T, and – T
But 0 d x d 1 0 d T d © ¹
a 2 2
2
Hence cos–1 (1–2x2) = cos–1 (1–2 sin2 T), 0 d2TdS (' | x | < a)
= cos–1 (cos 2T), 0 d2 TdS Now a2 x2 a 2 a 2 sin 2 T a 2 cos2 T = a cos T
=2T
cos–1 (1 – 2x2) = 2T= 2 sin–1 x. § S S ·
¨' T cos T ! 0 ¸
© 2 2 ¹
Example – 12
§ x · § a sin T ·
Hence tan 1 ¨ tan 1 ¨
1 ¨ 2 ¸¸ ¸
3 cos–1 x = cos–1 (4x3 – 3x), d x d 1. © a x
2
¹ © a cos T ¹
2
x
Sol. Let cos–1 x = Tso that = tan–1 (tan T) = T= sin–1 .
a
x = cos Tand 0 dTdS
Example – 14
ª1 º 1
As x « , 1» , therefore, d x d 1 § 1 x2 1 ·
¬ 2 ¼ 2 S 1
Show that tan–1 ¨ ¸ tan–1 x.
¨ x ¸ 2 2
© ¹
S
cos d cos Td cos 0
3
S S
Sol. Let T= tan–1 x x = tan T, – T
2 2
S
tT t 0 § 1 x2 1 · § 1 tan 2 T 1 · § sec T 1 ·
3 ? tan 1 ¨ ¸ tan 1 ¨ ¸ tan 1 ¨ ¸
¨ x ¸ ¨ tan T ¸ © tan T ¹
¹ © ¹
Note (that cos Tis decreasing in [0, S]) § 1 ·
¨ cos T 1 ¸ § 1 cos T ·
St3 Tt 0, i.e. 3 T[0, S] = tan –1 ¨ ¸= tan –1 ¨ ¸= tan –1
¨ sin T ¸ © sin T ¹
? cos–1 (4 x3 – 3x) ¨ cos T ¸
© ¹
= cos–1 (4 cos3 T– 3 cos T) § 2 T ·
¨ 2 cos 2 ¸
= cos–1 (cos 3 T) ¨ ¸
T T
¨¨ 2 sin cos ¸¸
= 3 T (Note that 0 d3 TdS) © 2 2¹
T § § S T ··
= 3 cos–1 x. = tan–1 §¨ cot ¸· = tan–1 ¨ tan ¨ ¸ ¸
© 2¹ © © 2 2 ¹¹
S T S 1
tan 1 x .
2 2 2 2
@aakashallen
Example – 15
2
Write the following function in the simplest form : ½
°° 2 1 x / 1 x °°
§ cos x · ® ¾
§1 x ·
tan–1 ¨ ¸. 1 ¨ ¸
© 1 sin x ¹ °¯ © 1 x ¹ °¿
§ cos x · 4 (1 x) (1 x)
Sol. tan–1 ¨ ¸
© 1 sin x ¹ = 1 – x2 = R.H.S.
(1 x 1 x) 2
§ x x · Example – 17
¨ cos 2 sin 2 ¸
= tan ¨ 2 2
–1
¸
2 x 2 x x x
¨¨ cos sin 2 sin cos ¸¸
© 2 2 2 2¹ § 1 x 2 1 x2 · S 1
Prove that tan–1 ¨ ¸ cos 1 (x 2 ) .
¨ 1 x2 1 x2 ¸ 4 2
© ¹
§§ x x·§ x x··
¨ ¨ cos sin ¸ ¨ cos sin ¸ ¸
tan 1 ¨ ©
2 2¹ 2 2¹¸
¨ § x x·
2 ¸ S S
¨¨ ¨ cos sin ¸ ¸¸ Sol. Let x2 = cos 2T so that 0 d2Td , i.e., 0 d Td .
© © 2 2¹ ¹ 2 4
Now, 1 x 2 1 cos 2T 2 cos 2 T 2 cos T

§ x x· § x·
1
¨ cos 2 sin 2 ¸ 1
¨ 1 tan 2 ¸
tan ¨ ¸ tan ¨ ¸
¨¨ cos x sin x ¸¸ ¨¨ 1 tan x ¸¸ and 1 x2 1 cos 2T 2 sin 2 T 2 sin T
© 2 2¹ © 2¹
§ § 1 x2 1 x2 · § 2 cos T 2 sin T ·
§ S x ·· S x
= tan–1 ¨ tan ¨ ¸ ¸ . Hence, tan–1 ¨¨ ¸ = tan–1 ¨
¸ ¨ 2 cos T 2 sin T ¸¸
© 1 x 1 x
2 2
© © 4 2 ¹¹ 4 2 ¹ © ¹
Example – 16
§ 2 cos T 2 sin T ·
§ 1 x · ¨ ¸
Prove that sin2 ¨ 2 tan 1 2 cos T § 1 tan T ·
¸¸ = 1 – x where – 1 d x < 1. ¨ ¸
2
¨ 1 x = tan–1 ¨ ¸ = tan–1 ¨ ¸
© ¹ 2 cos T 2 sin T © 1 tan T ¹
¨¨ ¸¸
© 2 cos T ¹
§ x ·
Sol. L.H.S. sin2 ¨ 2 tan 1 ¸¸ = sin2 (2 T),
¨ 1 x
© ¹ ª §S ·º S S 1
= tan–1 « tan ¨ T ¸ » T cos 1 (x 2 )
¬ ©4 ¹¼ 4 4 2
2
where T = tan–1 1 x § 2 tan T ·
¨ ¸ , 1
1 x © 1 tan T ¹
2
[ ' cos 2T = x2 2T= cos–1 (x2) T= cos–1 (x2)]
2
1 x
where tan T=
1 x
@aakashallen
Example – 18
1 1 x2
1, 0, 1 1, 0,1
tan (2 tan 1 x) 2x
§ x 1 · + tan–1 § x 1 · S
Solve the equation tan–1 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ,
© x2¹ © x2¹ 4 1 x2 1 x2 1 x2
1, 0 or 1
|x| < 1. 2x 2x 2x
x2 – 2x – 1 = 0, x2 = 1 or x2 + 2x – 1 = 0
§ x 1 · –1 §
x 1 · S x=1± 2 , ± 1 or – 1 ± 2 .
Sol. Given equation is tan–1 ¨ ¸ + tan ¨ ¸
© x2¹ © x2¹ 4
Example – 20
§ x 1 x 1 ·
¨ ¸ § 1· § 1·
x2 x 2 ¸ S Find the value of : tan–1 (1) + cos–1 ¨ ¸ + sin–1 ¨ ¸ .
tan 1 ¨ © 2 ¹ © 2¹
¨ § x 1 · § x 1 · ¸ 4
¨1 ¨ x 2 ¸ ¨ x 2 ¸ ¸
© © ¹© ¹¹
§ 1· § 1·
Sol. tan–1 (1) + cos–1 ¨ ¸ + sin–1 ¨ ¸
½ © 2¹ © 2¹
§ xy ·
' tan 1 x tan 1 y tan 1 ¨ ¸ for xy 1
© 1 xy ¹
® ¾ § S· ª § 1 · § 1 ·º
§ x 1 · § x 1 · 1 x
2 = tan–1 ¨ tan ¸ «cos 1 ¨ ¸ sin 1 ¨ ¸ »
© ¹ ¬ © ¹ © 2 ¹¼
° and for | x | 1, ¨© x 2 ¸¹ ¨© x 2 ¸¹ 4 x 2 1 °
4 2
¯ ¿
S S

(x 1) (x 2) (x 1) (x 2) S 4 2
tan
(x 2) (x 2) (x 1) (x 1) 4
S
( ' cos–1 x + sin–1 x = for | x | d 1)
2
2x 2 4
1 2x2 – 4 = – 3
(x 4) (x 2 1)
2
3S
4
1 1
2x2 = 1 x2 = x = ± . Example – 21
2 2
Example – 19
§ 1 x 1 x · S 1
Prove that tan–1 ¨¨ ¸¸ cos–1x, where
–1
Solve the equation sin {2 cos (cot (2 tan x))} = 0. –1
© 1 x 1 x ¹ 4 2
1
Sol. Given equation is sin {2 cos–1 (cot (2 tan–1 x))} = 0 d x d 1.
2
2 cos–1 (cot (2 tan–1 x) = n S, nI cos–1 {cot (2 tan–1 x)} =
nS
, nI 1
2 Sol. Let x = cos 2T T cos–1 x where T[0, S]
2
S
cos–1 {cot (2 tan–1 x)} = 0, ,S
ª 1 x 1 x º
2
L.H.S. = tan–1 « »
( ' cos–1 x lies in [0, S]) ¬ 1 x 1 x ¼
S ª 1 cos 2T 1 cos 2T º
cot (2 tan–1 x) = cos 0, cos , cos S
tan 1 «
2 »
¬« 1 cos 2T 1 cos 2T ¼»
@aakashallen
2 cos2 T 2sin 2 T ª § S x ·º S x
tan 1 tan 1 « tan ¨ ¸ »
2 cos T 2 sin T
2 2 ¬ © 4 2 ¹¼ 4 2
Example – 23
1 ª cos T sin T º
tan « cos T sin T »
¬ ¼ Solve : 2 tan–1 (cos x) = tan–1 (2 cosec x).
(Dividing numerator and denominator by cos T)
Sol. Given that,
ª1 tan T º ª §S ·º 2 tan–1 (cos x) = tan–1 (2 cosec x)
tan 1 « » tan 1 « tan ¨ T ¸ »
¬1 tan T ¼ ¬ ©4 ¹¼
§ 2 cos x ·
tan–1 ¨ –1
¸ = tan (2 cosec x)
© 1 cos x ¹
2
S S 1
T cos–1 x = R.H.S.
4 4 2
2 cos x
= 2 cosec x
Example – 22 1 cos 2 x
§ cos x · S S 2 cos x 2
Express tan–1 ¨ , x in the simplest
© 1 sin x ¹ 2 2 sin 2 x sin x
form.
cos x
1 (' sin x z 0)
sin x
Sol. tan 1 §¨
cos x ·
¸ S
© 1 sin x ¹ ª S Sº
cot x = 1 x = as x « , »
4 ¬ 2 2¼
ª x x º
« cos 2 sin 2 » Example – 24
1 2 2
tan « x x x x »
« cos 2 sin 2 2sin cos »
¬ 2 2 2 2¼ S
Solve for x : sin–1 (1 – x) – 2 sin–1 x = .
2
ª§ x x·§ x x ·º
« ¨ cos 2 sin 2 ¸ ¨ cos 2 sin 2 ¸ » S
tan 1
« © ¹ © ¹»
Sol. We have sin–1 (1–x) – 2 sin–1 x =
« § x x · » 2
« ¨ cos sin ¸ »
¬ © 2 2 ¹ ¼
S
sin–1 (1–x) = + 2 sin–1 x
2
x x
cos sin
tan 1 2 2
x
cos sin
x 1 – x = sin §¨ S 2 sin 1 x ¸·
2 2 ©2 ¹
1 – x = cos (2 sin–1 x)

x
1 tan 1 – x = 1 – 2 sin2 (sin–1 x)
tan 1 2
x 1 – x = 1 – 2 [sin (sin–1 x)]2
1 tan
2
1 – x = 1 – 2 x2
x 2x2 – x = 0
(dividing numerator and denominator by cos )
2
x (2x –1) = 0
@aakashallen
Example – 26
1
x = 0,
2 Express each of the following in the simplest form :
° 1 cos x ½°
1 (i) tan–1 ® ¾, – S < x < S
For x = , sin–1 (1–x) – 2 sin–1 x
2 °¯ 1 cos x °¿
§ 1· 1 § cos x · S S
= sin–1 ¨ 1 ¸ – 2 sin–1 (ii) tan–1 ¨ , x
© 2¹ 2 © 1 sin x ¹ 2 2
§ cos x · S S
1 1 (iii) tan–1 ¨ ¸, x

–1
= sin – 2 sin–1 © 1 sin x ¹ 2 2
2 2
§ cos x sin x · S S
1 S (iv) tan–1 ¨ ¸, x
= – sin =–1
z R.H.S. © cos x sin x ¹ 4 4
2 6
1 Sol. (i) We have,

x= is not a solution of given equation. Hence, x = 0 is the
2
° 1 cos x °½
tan 1 ® ¾
required solution. ¯° 1 cos x ¿°
Example – 25 2x ½
1
°° 2 sin °° ° x ½° § x·
tan ®
2
¾ tan 1 ® tan 2 ¾ tan 1 ¨ tan ¸
x ¯° 2 °¿ © 2¹
If tan x + tan y + tan z = S, prove that x + y + z = xyz.
–1 –1 –1 2 cos2
¯° 2 ¿°
Sol. Let tan–1 x = D, tan–1 y = Eand tan–1 z = J 1 § x·

°tan ¨ tan 2 ¸ , if S x 0
° © ¹
x = tan D, y = tan Eand z = tan J ®
§ x ·
tan 1 ¨ tan , if 0 d x S
°¯ © 2¹
Now, given that,
tan–1 x + tan–1 y + tan–1 z = S

§ x ·½ x
tan 1 ®tan ¨ ¸ ¾ , if S x 0
D+ E+ J= S ¯ © 2 ¹¿ 2
®
x½ x
tan 1 ®tan ¾ , if 0 x S
°¯ ¯ 2¿ 2
D+ E= S– J
tan (D+ E) = tan (S– J) (ii) We have,
tan D tan E x x ½
tan J
§ cos x · sin 2
cos 2
1 tan D tan E 2 2
tan 1 ¨ ¸ tan 1 ® ¾
© 1 sin x ¹ 2 x
cos sin 2 x x
2 sin cos
x
Cross multiply, we have ¯ 2 2 2 2¿
tan D+ tan E= – tan J+ tan Dtan Etan J

§ x x·§ x x ·½ x x½
tan D+ tan E+ tan J= tan Dtan Etan J ° ¨ cos sin ¸ ¨ cos sin ¸ ° cos sin
°© 2 2¹© 2 2 ¹° 2 2
tan 1 ® ¾ tan 1 ®
§ x x·
2
x x¾
x + y + z = xyz. Hence, the result. cos sin cos sin
°¯ ¨ 2 ¸¹ °¿ ¯ 2 2¿
© 2
@aakashallen
x½ x½
°1 tan 2 § S x ·½ °1 tan
2
tan 1 ® tan 1 ® tan ¨ ¸ ¾ tan 1 ®
x¾ ¯ © 4 2 ¹¿ x¾
1 tan 1 tan
¯ 2¿ ¯ 2¿
S x § S x ·½
tan 1 ® tan ¨ ¸ ¾
4 2 ¯ © 4 2 ¹¿
ª S S S x S S x Sº S x
« ' 2 x 2 4 2 4 0 4 2 2»
¬ ¼ 4 2
ALITER We have,
ª S S S x S S x Sº
«' 2 x 2 4 2 4 0 4 2 2 »
¬ ¼
§S · ½
sin ¨ x ¸
§ cos x · ©2 ¹ ALITER We have,
tan 1 ¨ ¸ tan 1 ® ¾
© 1 sin x ¹ §S ·
1 cos ¨ x ¸ ° § cos x ·
°¯ ©2 ¹ °¿ tan 1 ¨ ¸
© 1 sin x ¹
§S x· § S x ·½
2 sin ¨ ¸ cos ¨ ¸ ° §S · ½
©4 2¹ © 4 2 ¹° § S x ·½ sin ¨ x ¸
tan 1 ® ¾ tan 1 ®cot ¨ ¸ ¾ ©2 ¹
§ S x · ¯ © 4 2 ¹¿ tan 1 ® ¾
2 sin 2 ¨ ¸ §S ·
¯° ©4 2¹ ¿° 1 cos ¨ x ¸ °
°¯ ©2 ¹ °¿
S § S x · ½½ § S x ·½ S x
tan 1 ® tan ® ¨ ¸ ¾¾ tan 1 ® tan ¨ ¸ ¾ §S x· § S x ·½
¯ ¯ 2 © 4 2 ¹ ¿¿ ¯ © 4 2 ¹¿ 4 2 2 sin ¨ ¸ cos ¨ ¸ °
tan 1 ® ©4 2¹ © 4 2 ¹°
¾
(iii) We have, 2 §S x·
2 sin ¨ ¸
°¯ ©4 2¹ °¿
§ cos x ·
tan 1 ¨ ¸
© 1 sin x ¹
§ S x ·½
tan 1 ®cot ¨ ¸ ¾
¯ © 4 2 ¹¿
x x ½
sin 2
cos2
1
tan ® 2 2
¾ ª S § S x · ½º
x x x x tan 1 « tan ® ¨ ¸ ¾»
cos2 sin 2 2 sin cos
¯ 2 2 2 2¿ ¬ ¯ 2 © 4 2 ¹ ¿¼
§ S x ·½ S x
§ x x·§ x x ·½ tan 1 ® tan ¨ ¸ ¾
° ¨ cos sin ¸ ¨ cos sin ¸ ° ¯ © 4 2 ¹¿ 4 2
°© 2 2¹© 2 2 ¹°
tan 1 ® 2 ¾
§ x x · (iv) We have,
¨ cos sin
°¯ © 2 2 ¸¹ °¿
§ cos x sin x ·
tan 1 ¨ ¸
© cos x sin x ¹
x x½
sin
cos § 1 tan x ·
tan 1 ® 2 2 tan 1 ¨
x x °¾ ¸
© 1 tan x ¹
cos sin
¯ 2 2¿
@aakashallen
(ii) Putting x = a cos T, we have

1 §S ·½
tan ® tan ¨ x ¸ ¾
¯ ©4 ¹¿ ax
tan 1
ax
S
x
4 a a cos T
tan 1
a a cos T
ª S S S Sº
«' 4 x 4 0 4 x 2 »¼
¬ 1 cos T
tan 1
1 cos T
Example – 27
Write the following functions in the simplest form : T

2sin 2
2 § T·
tan 1 tan 1 ¨ tan ¸
° x ½° 2 T © 2¹
(i) tan–1 ® ¾ , –a < x < a 2 cos
¯° a x
2 2
¿° 2
§ T·
° a x ½° tan 1 ¨ tan ¸
(ii) tan ® –1
¾ , –a < x < a © 2¹
¯° a x ¿°
ª T Sº
«' a x a 0 T S 2 2 »¼
° ½° ¬
x
(iii) sin–1 ® ¾
°¯ x 2 a 2 °¿
T 1 x
cos 1
2 2 a
° x °½
(iv) cos–1 ® ¾ ª x xº
°¯ x a °¿
2 2
«' x a cos T cos T T cos1
¬ a a »¼
(iii) Putting x = a tan T, we have

Sol. (i) Putting x = a sin T, we have
° x ½°
1
° x ½° sin 1 ® ¾
tan ® 2 ¾ ¯° x a
2 2
¿°
°¯ a x 2 °¿
° a tan T ½
1 ° a sin T ½° sin 1 ® ¾
tan ® 2 ¾ ¯° a tan T a °¿
2 2 2
°¯ a a sin T °¿
2 2
a tan T ½
1 a sin T ½ 1 1 x sin 1 ® ¾
tan ® ¾ tan (tan T) T sin ¯ a sec T ¿
¯ a cos T ¿ a
= sin–1 (sin T)
ª xº
«' x a sin T sin T a»
x
« » = T= tan–1
a
« T sin 1
x »
«¬ a »¼
@aakashallen
ª x xº cos T= 1 x 2
«' x a tan T tan T T tan 1 »
¬ a a¼
[ ' cos T > 0 for T[–S/2, S/2]
(iv) Putting x = a cot T, we have ? sin 2 T= 2 sin Tcos T ... (i)
° x ½° sin 2 T= 2x 1 x 2
cos 1 ® ¾
¯° x a ¿°
2 2
1 1
CASE I When – dxd
° a cot T ½° 2 2
cos 1 ® ¾
°¯ a cot T a
2 2 2
°¿ We have,
1 1
a cot T ½ dxd
cos 1 ® ¾ 2 2
¯ a cos ec T ¿
S S
= cos–1 (cos T) = T= cot–1 a
x
dTd
4 4
ª x x º S S
«' x a cot T cot T cot 1 T» d 2T d
¬ a a ¼ 2 2
Example – 28
1 1
Also, dxd
2 2
Prove that :
–1 d2x 1 x 2 d 1
1 2 1 1
°sin (2x 1 x ) ,if dxd
? sin 2 T= 2x 1 x 2 [From (i)]
° 2 2
° 1
(i) 2 sin 1 x 1 2
® S sin (2x 1 x ) , if d x d1
° 2 2T= sin–1 (2x 1 x 2 )
° 2 1
°S sin (2x 1 x ) , if 1 d x d
¯ 2 2 sin–1 x = sin–1 (2x 1 x 2 )
1
CASE II When dxd1:
2
1 2 1 1
° sin (3x 4x ) , if d x d
2 2
We have,
°
° 1
(ii) 3 sin 1 x 1 3
® S sin (3x 4x ) , if x d 1 1
° 2 dxd1
° 1 3 1 2
°S sin (3x 4x ) , if 1 d x 2
¯
1
d sin Td 1
2
Sol. (i) Let sin–1 x = T. Then,
x = sin T,
@aakashallen
S S S
dTd 0 dS+ 2 Td
4 2 2
S 1
d2TdS Also,–1 d x d – –1 d 2x 1 x 2 d 0
2 2
S ? sin 2 T= 2x 1 x 2 [From (i)]

– Sd – 2 Td –
2
– sin (S+ 2T) = 2x 1 x 2
S
0 dS– 2Td
2 sin (–S–2 T) = 2x 1 x 2
1
d x d 1 0 d 2x 1 x 2 1 – S– 2 T= sin–1 (2x 1 x 2 )
Also,
2
2 T= – S– sin–1 (2x 1 x 2 )
? sin 2 T= 2x 1 x 2 from (i)
2 sin–1 x = –S– sin–1 (2x 1 x 2 )
sin (S– 2T) = 2x 1 x 2
(ii) Let sin–1 x = T. Then,
S– 2T= sin–1 (2x 1 x 2 ) x = sin T
? sin 3 T= 3 sin T– 4 sin3 T
S– 2 sin x = sin (2x 1 x )
–1 –1 2
sin 3 T= 3x – 4x3
2 sin–1 x = S– sin–1 (2x 1 x 2 ). 1 1

CASE I When – dxd
2 2
1
CASE III When – 1 dx < – We have,
2
1 1
We have, dxd
2 2
1
–1dx<–
2 1 1
d sin T d
2 2
1 S S
– 1 dsin Td– dTd
2
6 6
S S S S
dTd d3Td
2 4 2 2
S 1 1
– Sd2 Td– Also, d x d –1 d3x – 4x3 d1
2 2 2
? sin 3 T= 3x – 4x3

3 T= sin–1 (3x – 4x3)
@aakashallen
3 sin–1 x = sin–1 (3x – 4x3)

3S S
CASE II When 1/2 < x d1 d 3T d
2 2
We have,
S
dS+ 3TdT
1 2
< x d1
2
S
1 0 d– S– 3Td
< sin Td1 2
2
1 1
S S Also, d x < – – 1 d 3x – 4x3 d 1
Td 2 2

6 2
? sin 3 T= 3x – 4x3
S 3S – sin (S+ 3T) = 3x – 4x3 [sin (S+ 3T) = – sin 3T]
3Td
2 2 sin (– S– 3T) = 3x – 4x3
– S– 3 T= sin–1 (3x – 4x3)
3S S
d 3 T – S– 3 sin–1 x = sin–1 (3x – 4x3)
2 2
3 sin–1 x = – S– sin–1 (3x – 4x3)
S S
d S 3T Example – 29
2 2
Prove that :
1
Also, < x d1 –1 d 3x – 4x3 d 1
2
° 1 cos x 1 cos x °½ S x S
tan 1 ® ¾ ,0 x
? sin 3 T= 3x – 4x ¯° 1 cos x 1 cos x ¿° 4 2 2
3
sin (S– 3T) = (3x –4x3)

S– 3T= sin–1 (3x – 4x3) Sol. We have,
S– 3 sin x = sin (3x – 4x )
–1 –1 3
° 1 cos x 1 cos x ½°
3 sin–1 x = S– sin-1 (3x – 4x3). tan 1 ® ¾
¯° 1 cos x 1 cos x ¿°
1
CASEIII When – 1 dx < –
2
x x½
We have, 2 cos 2 2sin 2
tan 1 ® 2 2
¾
1 x x
–1 d x < – 2 cos2 2sin 2
°¯ 2 2 °¿
2
1
–1 dsin T< –
2 x x½
cos sin
tan 1 ® 2 2
¾
S S x x
dT cos sin
2 6 ¯ 2 2¿
@aakashallen
ª x S x x º
«' 0 2 4 ? cos 2 ! 0, sin 2 ! 0» x
2 sin
x ½
¬ ¼ 2 cos
2 2
tan 1 ® ¾
x x
2 cos 2 sin
°¯ 2 2 °¿
x½
1
°1 tan 2
tan ® x¾
1 tan
¯ 2¿
x x½
° cos 2 sin 2
1
tan ® ¾
§ S x ·½ ° cos x sin x
tan 1 ® tan ¨ ¸ ¾ ¯ 2 2¿
¯ © 4 2 ¹¿
S x ª 3S S x 3S º

4 2 « 'S x 2 ? 2 2 4 »
« »
«? cos x cos x , sin x sin x »
ª S S S x Sº « 2 »¼
¬ 2 2 2
«¬' 0 x 2 ? 4 4 2 2 »¼
Example – 30
x x½
sin
cos
1
tan ® 2 2
Prove that : ¾
x x
cos sin
¯ 2 2¿
° 1 cos x 1 cos x °½ S x 3S
tan 1 ® ¾ , if S x
°¯ 1 cos x 1 cos x °¿ 4 2 2
x½
° 1 tan 2
1
Sol. We have, tan ® ¾
x
1 tan
¯ 2¿
° 1 cos x 1 cos x ½°
tan 1 ® ¾
¯° 1 cos x 1 cos x ¿°
§ S x ·½
tan 1 ® tan ¨ ¸¾
¯ © 4 2 ¹¿
x x ½
2 sin 2
2 cos 2
2 2 S x
tan 1 ® ¾
x 2 x
4 2
2 cos 2
2 sin
¯° 2 2 ¿°
ª 3S S S x Sº
«' S x 2 ? 2 4 2 4 »
¬ ¼
@aakashallen
Trigonometry
     1
1. If sum of all the solution of equation 8cos x  cos  + x  .cos  − x  −  = 1 in [0, 𝜋] is k𝜋,
 6  6  2
then k is equal to: (2018)
20
(a)
9
2
(b)
3
13
(c)
9
8
(d)
9
2. PQR is a triangular park with PQ = PR = 200 m. A T.V. tower stands at the mid-point of QR.
If the angle of elevation of the top of the tower at P, Q and R are respectively 45°, 30° and 30°
then the height of tower (in m) is: (2018)
(a) 50 2
(b) 100
(c) 50
(d) 100 2
3. An aeroplane flying at a constant speed, parallel to the horizontal ground, √3 km above it, is
observed at an elevation of 60° from a point on the ground. If, after five seconds, its elevation
from the same point, is 30°, then the speed (in km/hr) of the aeroplane, is: (2018)
(a) 750
(b) 720
(c) 1440
(d) 1500
4. If tan A and tan B are the roots of the quadratic equation, 3x2 – 10x – 25 = 0, then the value of
3 sin2(A + B) – 10 sin(A + B).cos(A+B) – 25 cos2(A + B) (2018)
(a) – 25
(b) 10
(c) – 10
(d) 25
@aakashallen
5. If an angle A of a Δ ABC satisfies 5 cosA+3=0, then the roots of the quadratic equation, 9x2 +
27x + 20 = 0 are: (2018)
(a) sec A, cot A
(b) sin A, sec A
(c) sec A, tan A
(d) tan A, cos A
6. A man on the top of a vertical tower observes a car moving at a uniform speed towards the
tower on a horizontal road. If it takes 18 min. for the angle of depression of the car to change
from 30 to 45; then after this, the time taken (in min.) by the car to reach the foot of the tower, is:
(2018)
(
(a) 9 1 + 3 )
( )
(b) 18 1 + 3
(c) 18 ( 3 − 1)
(d) ( 3 − 1)
9
2
tan A cot A
7. The expression + can be written as (2013)
1 − cot A 1 − tan A
(a) sin A cos A + 1
(b) sec A cosec A + 1
(c) tan A + cot A
(d) sec A + cosec A
8. The number of ordered pairs (𝛼, β), where 𝛼, β ∈ (–𝜋, 𝜋) satisfying cos (𝛼 – β) = 1 and cos (𝛼
1
+ β) = is (2005)
e
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 4
1 1
9. Given both 𝜃 and 𝜙 are acute angles and sin  = , cos  = , then the values of  +  belongs
2 3
to (2004)
  
(a)  , 
 3 6
@aakashallen
  2 
(b)  , 
2 3 
 2 5 
(c)  ,
 36 6 
 5 
(d)  , 
 6 
10. Which of the following numbers is rational? (1998)

(a) sin 15°
(b) cos 15°
(c) sin 15° cos 15°
(d) sin 15° cos 75°
4 2
( )
11. 3 ( sin x − cos x ) + 6 ( sin x + cos x ) + 4 sin 6 x + cos 6 x equals (1995)
(a) 11
(b) 12
(c) 13
(d) 14
12. The value of the expression 3cosec 20 − sec 20 is equal to (1988)
(a) 2
(b) 2 sin 20°/sin 40°
(c) 4
(d) 4 sin20°/sin 40°
  3      
13. The expression 3 sin 4  −   + sin 4 ( 3 +  )  − 2 sin 6  +   + sin 6 ( 5 − 6 )  is equal to
  2    2  
(1986)
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 3
(d) sin 4𝛼 + cos 6𝛼
   3  5  7 
14. 1 + cos 1 + cos 1 + cos 1 + cos  is equal to (1984)
 8  8  8  8 
1
(a)
2
@aakashallen

(b) cos
8
1
(c)
8
1+ 2
(d)
2 2
15. Given A = sin2 𝜃 + cos4 𝜃, then for all real values of 𝜃 (1980)
(a) 1  A  2
3
(b)  A  1
4
13
(c)  A 1
16
3 13
(d)  A 
4 16
4
16. If tan  = − , then sin 𝜃 is (1978)
3
4 4
(a) − but not
5 5
4 4
(b) − or
5 5
4 4
(c) but not −
5 5
(d) none of the above
    5   7 
17. If k = sin   sin   sin   , then the numerical value of k is ….. (1993)
 18   18   18 
(a) 1/2
(b) 1/4
(c) 1/8
(d) 1/12
 3 5 7 9 11 13
18. The value of sin .sin .sin .sin .sin .sin .sin is equal to (1991)
14 14 14 14 14 14 14
(a) 1/12
(b) 1/32
(c) 1/64
@aakashallen
(d) 124

19. If  +  = and  +  =  , then tan 𝛼 equals (2001)
2
(a) 2 ( tan  + tan  )
(b) tan  + tan 
(c) tan  + 2 tan 
(d) 2 tan  + tan 
20. If  +  +  = 2 , then (1979)

     
(a) tan + tan + tan = tan tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2
     
(b) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan =1
2 2 2 2 2 2
     
(c) tan + tan + tan = − tan tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2
(d) None of the above
n
21. Suppose sin 3 x sin 3x =  Cm cos nx is an identity is an identity in x, where C0 , C1 ,...., Cn are
m =0
constants and Cn  0 . Then the value of n is …. (1981)

(a) 3
(b) 6
(c) 9
(d) 12
 
22. Let    0,  and t1 = ( tan  ) , t2 = ( tan  ) , t3 = ( cot  ) and t4 = ( cot  ) , then
tan  cot  tan  cot 
 4
(2006)
(a) t1  t2  t3  t4
(b) t4  t3  t1  t2
(c) t3  t1  t2  t4
(d) t2  t3  t1  t4
23. Let a vertical tower AB have its end A on the level ground. Let C be the mid-point of AB and
P be a point on the ground such that AP = 2 AB. If ∠BPC = β, then tan β is equal to (2017)
@aakashallen
6
(a)
7
1
(b)
4
2
(c)
9
4
(d)
9
24. A man is walking towards a vertical pillar in a straight path, at a uniform speed. At a certain
point A on the path, he observes that the angle of elevation of the top of the pillar is 30°. After
waking for 10 min from A in the same direction, at a point B, he observes that the angle of
elevation of the top of the pillar is 60°. Then, the time taken (in minutes) by him, from B to reach
the pillar, is (2016)
(a) 6
(b) 10
(c) 20
(d) 5
25. If 5 ( tan 2 x − cos 2 x ) = 2 cos 2 x + 9 , then the value of cos 4x is (2017)

3
(a) −
5
1
(b)
3
2
(c)
9
7
(d) −
9
26. If 0  x  2 , then the number of real values of x, which satisfy the equation cos x + cos 2x
+ cos 3x + cos 4x = 0, is (2016)
(a) 3
(b) 5
(c) 7
(d) 9
 
27. Let S =  x  ( − ,  ) : x  0,   . The sum of all distinct solutions of the equation sec x +
 2
cosec x + 2 (tan x – cot x) = 0 in the set S is equal to (2016)
@aakashallen
7
(a) −
9
2
(b) −
9
(c) 0
5
(d)
9
   
28. If P =  : sin  − cos  = 2 cos  and Q =  : sin  + cos  = 2 sin  be two sets. Then,
(2011)
(a) P ⊂ Q and Q – P ≠ 𝜙
(b) Q  P
(c) P  Q
(d) P = Q
n
29. Let n be an odd integer. If sin n =  br sin r  , for every value of 𝜃, then (1998)
r =0
(a) b0 = 1, b1 = 3
(b) b0 = 0, b1 = n
(c) b0 = −1, b1 = n
(d) b0 = 0, b1 = n 2 − 3n + 3
30. The general value of 𝜃 satisfying the equation 2sin 2  − 3sin  − 2 = 0 , is (1995)

(a) n + ( −1)
n
6

(b) n + ( −1)
n
2
n 5
(c) n + ( −1)
6
n 7
(d) n + ( −1)
6
31. In a ∆ ABC, angle A is greater than angle B. If the measures of angles A and B satisfy the
equation 3sin x − 4sin3 x − k = 0,0  k  1 , then the measure of angle C is (1990)

(a)
3
@aakashallen

(b)
2
2
(c)
3
5
(d)
6
32. The number of solution of the equation tan x + sec x = 2 cos x lying in the interval [0, 2π], is
(a) 3
(b) 2
(c) 1
(d) 0
33. Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle whose perimeter is P and area is A, then
(a) P 3  27 ( b + c − a )( c + a − b )( a + b − c )
(b) P 2  3 ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )
(c) a 2 + b 2 + c 2  8 3 A
(d) P4  25  A
1 − 4sin10 sin 70

34. The value of the expression is
2sin10
(a) ½
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) none of these
1 − cos B
35. If tan A = then
sin B
(a) tan 3A = tan B
(b) tan 2A = tan B
(c) tan 3A = tan 2B
(d) none of these
 1 − sin x 1 + sin x
36. If < x < 𝜋 then the value of the expression + is
2 1 + sin x 1 − sin x
2
(a)
cos x
@aakashallen
1
(b)
sin x
2
(c) −
cos x
(d) non existing
37. If x = sin8  + cos14  then

(a) x  1
(b) 0  x  1
(c) 0  x  1
(d) none of these
3
38. If tan  = , then the sum of the series 1 + 2 (1 − cos  ) + 3 (1 − cos  ) + 4 (1 − cos  ) + ... is
2 3
2
2
(a)
3
3
(b)
4
5
(c)
2 2
5
(d)
2
1 a b
39. In ∆ ABC if 1 c a = 0 where a, b, c are lengths of sides of ∆ ABC, then value of sin2A +
1 b c
sin2B + sin2C
4
(a)
9
9
(b)
4
(c) 3 3
(d) 1
40. tan 20° + 2 tan 50° is equal to

(a) tan 70°
(b) cot 70°
(c) sin 70°
@aakashallen
(d) tan 30°
41. Least value of tan 4  + cos2  − 6sin  cos  + 3sin 2  + cot 4  + 2 is

(a) 4
(b) 5
(c) 6 + 10
(d) 6 – 10
6 5 4 3 2 
42. The value of cos + cos + cos + cos + cos + cos is
7 7 7 7 7 7
(a) ½
(b) – ½
(c) 0
(d) 1
 3 5
43. The value of sin + sin + + ... upto n terms is -
n n n
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) ½
(d) none of these
44. The equation 2cos  − 3sin  = k in  has real solution then -

(a) k = – 4
(b) |k| < 13
(c) |k| < 5
(d) |k| = 5
( ) (
45. Number of values of x  R which satisfy the equation cos  x − 4 cos  x = 1 is )
(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) 2
(d) none of these
 
46. If x   0,  then sin 5x + sin 3x + sin x = 0 is true for
 2

(a) x =
6
@aakashallen

(b) x =
12

(c) x =
3

(d) x =
9
47. The solution of inequality cos 2 x  − sin x is -

 
(a) x  ( 2n + 1)  ; n  I
 2
    
(b) x  ( 4n + 1)    2n − , 2n −  ; n  I
 2  2 6
  
(c) x   2n − , 2n −  ; n  I
 2 6
    
(d) x   2n − , 2n −   ( 4n + 1)  ; n  I
 2 6  2
48. General solution of sin x + sin 5x = sin 2x + sin 4x is

n
(a) ;n I
3
2n
(b) 2n , ;n I
3
(c) 2n ; n  I
(d) none of these
49. sin 3 = 4sin  sin 2 sin 4 in 0     has

(a) 2 real solutions
(b) 4 real solutions
(c) 6 real solutions
(d) 8 real solutions
 2 4 8 16
50. The value of cos cos cos cos cos is -
10 10 10 10 10
10 + 2 5
(a)
64

cos
(b) 10
16
@aakashallen

cos
(c) 2 – 10
16
10 + 2 5
(d) −
64

51. If 0    then 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 cos 4 is equal to -
2

(a) 2sin
2
(b) 2cos 2
(c) 2sin 
  
(d) 2  cos + sin 
 2 2
4 6 8
52. The value of cos cos cos is equal to -
5 5 5
−1
(a)
4 ( 5 −1 )
1
(b)
4 ( 5 −1 )
tan 72
(c)
16
(d) None of these
cos ( − 90 ) sec  tan (180 −  )

53. Value of is
sec ( 360 −  ) sin ( − 180 ) tan ( 360 −  )
(a) 1
(b) – cot 
(c) 0
(d) – tan 45° tan 15° tan 255°
54. If 1 + sin x + sin 2 x + ... upto  = 4 + 2 3; 0  x   then x is equal to


(a)
6

(b)
4
@aakashallen

(c)
2
2
(d)
3
55. A regular hexagon and a regular dodecagon are inscribed in the same circle. If the side of the
dodecagon is 3 − 1 , then the side of the hexagon is:
(a) 2 +1
3 +1
(b)
2
(c) 2
(d) 2
56. In a right angled triangle hypotenuse is 2 2 times the perpendicular drawn from the
opposite vertex. The other angles of the triangles are:
 
(a) ,
3 6
 3
(b) ,
8 8
 
(c) ,
4 4
 3
(d) ,
5 10
57. The value of cot x + cot (60° + x) + cot (120° + x):

(a) cot 3x
(b) tan 3x
(c) 3 tan 3x
3 (1 − 3tan 2 x )
(d)
tan x ( 3 − tan 2 x )
cos 3
58. If cos 𝛼 + cos β = a, sin 𝛼 + sin β = b and 𝛼 – β, then equals.
cos 
(a) a2 + b2 – 2
(b) a2 + b2 – 3
(c) 4 – a2 – b2
@aakashallen
a 2 + b2
(d)
4
1 1
59. + equals
cos 290 3 sin 250
2 3
(a)
3
4 3
(b)
3
(c) 3
(d) None of these
60. If three angles A, B, C are such that cos A + cos B + cos C = 0 and if cos A cos B cos C = 𝜆
(cos 3A + cos 3A + cos C)
1
(a)
12
1
(b)
8
1
(c)
4
1
(d)
6
 3 5
61. sin .sin .sin equals
14 14 14
1
(a)
4
1
(b)
2
1
(c)
8
(d) 1
1
62. The maximum value of the expression is:
sin  + 3sin  cos  + 5cos 2 
2
(a) 1
(b) 2
@aakashallen
3
(c)
4
7
(d)
4
63. The expression tan  + 2 tan 2 + 22 tan 22 + ... + 214 tan 214 + 215 cot 215 is equal to
(a) 216 tan 216
(b) tan 
(c) cot 
(d) 216  tan ( 216  ) + cot ( 216  ) 
64. If A + B – C = 3𝜋, then cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C is

(a) – 1 – 4 cos A cos B cos C
(b) – 1 + 4 cos A cos B cos C
(c) – 4 sin A sin B cos C – 1
(d) – 4 sin A cos B cos C – 1
tan 3x − tan 2 x 
65. Statement-1: If = 1 then x = n + , n  I
1 + tan 3x tan 2 x 4

Statement-2: tan x is not defined at x = n + ,n I
2
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for
Statement-1
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True
3 +1
66. Statement-1: Value of sin 85° sin 35° sin 25° is
8 2
3
Statement-2: cos (60° + 𝜃) cos (60° – 𝜃) cos 𝜃 = cos3 𝜃 – cos 𝜃
4
Statement-1
67. Statement-1: Angel 8c is equal to 45810'48''
@aakashallen
Statement-2: To convert an angle of circular system into centesimal system, are used
(i) 𝜋 Radians = 180°
(ii) 1° = 60 minutes
(iii) 1 minutes = 60 seconds
Statement-1
| x − 1|
68. Statement-1: Number of solutions of the equation cos ( x − 1) = are 6.
10
Statement-2: Number of solutions of the equation f(x) = g(x) is equal to number of points of
intersection of graphs y = f(x) & y = g(x).
Statement-1
69. Statement-1: sin 2 > sin 3

 
Statement-2: If x, y,   ,   , x  y then sin x > sin y
2 
Statement-1
70. Statement-1: In any triangle ABC, which is not right angled  (cos A cosec B cosec C) is
equal to 2.
Statement-2: In any triangle ABC which is not right angled  tan A tan B = 1.
Statement-1
@aakashallen

71. The number of real solutions of tan −1 x ( x + 1) + sin −1 x 2 + x + 1 = is (1999)
2
(a) zero
(b) one
(c) two
(d) infinite
 2x  1
72. If tan −1 y = tan −1 x + tan −1  2 
, where | x | . Then, the value of y is
 1− x  3
3x − x3
(a)
1 − 3x 2
3x + x3
(b)
1 − 3x 2
3x − x3
(c)
1 + 3x 2
3x + x3
(d)
1 + 3x 2
 23 −1 
n

73. The value of  cot   2k   is
1 + (2013)
 n =1  k =1  
23
(a)
25
25
(b)
23
23
(c)
24
24
(d)
23
74. If x, y and z are in AP and tan −1 x, tan −1 y and tan −1 z are also in AP, then (2013)
(a) x = y = z
(b) 2x = 3y = 6z
(c) 6x = 3y = 2z
(d) 6x = 4y = 3z
75. If 0 < x < 1, then is equal to (2008)
@aakashallen
x
(a)
1 + x2
(b) x
(c) x 1 + x 2
(d) 1 + x 2
76. The value of x for which sin cot −1 (1 + x )  = cos ( tan −1 x ) is (2004)
(a) ½
(b) 1
(c) 0
(d) – ½
 4  2 
77. The value of tan cos −1   + tan −1    is (1983)
 5  3 
6
(a)
17
17
(b)
6
16
(c)
7
(d) none of these
78. Range of the function f(x) = sec–1 (2x – x2) is

 
(a) 0, 
 2
 
(b)  ,  
2 
 
(c)  ,    {0}
2 
    
(d) 0,    ,  
 2 2 
79. Set of all real values of x such that inequation sin–1 (sin 10) < x2 – 6x – 1 + 3𝜋 is satisfied, is
(a) R
(
(b) −,3 − 10 − 3 )
(c) R – {3}
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(d) 
 1  
−1 − 3

80. The value of cos −1   + cos  2  is
 2  
(a) 15°
(b) 75°
(c) 195°
3
(d)
4
81. Which is true?

(a) sin ( sin −1 x ) = x if x  R − ( −1,1)
(b) cos ( cos −1 x ) = − x if x   −1,1
(c) tan ( tan −1 x ) =  − x x  R
(d) sec ( sec−1 x ) = x if x  ( −, −1  1,  )
82. tan–1 2 + tan–1 3 is equal to


(a) −
4
(b) tan −1 ( −1)
1
(c) cos −1
2
3
(d)
4
 4  3 
83. tan cos −1   + cot −1    is -
 5  2 
5
(a)
7
17
(b)
6
7
(c)
16
6
(d)
17
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1 1 1
84. tan −1 + tan −1 + tan −1 + ... upto n terms is equal to
1 + x ( x + 1) 1 + ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) 1 + ( x + 2 )( x + 3)
(a) tan–1 x
(b) tan–1 (x + n)
(c) tan–1 (x + n) – tan–1 x
(d) n tan–1 x
1 1 1 1
85. sin −1 + sin −1 + sin −1 + sin −1 + .... upto n terms is equal to
2 10 50 170
1
(a) tan −1
n
(b) tan n − 
−1

(c)
n
(d) tan −1 n

86. If cos −1 x + tan −1 2 = , then x is equal to
2
1
(a)
5
5
(b)
2
2
(c)
5
(d) 1
1
87. If x + = −2 , then cosec–1 x is equal to
x

(a) −
2

(b)
2
(c) 0
(d) 𝜋
3 5
88. If x , then sin–1 (sin x) is equal to
2 2
(a) x − 2
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(b)  − x
(c) 3 − x
(d) 2 − x
89. If 3tan −1 x + cot −1 x =  , then x is equal to

(a) 2
(b) – 1
(c) 1
(d) 3
3
90. If sin −1 x + sin −1 y + sin −1 z = , then (x + y +z)2 is equal to
2
(a) 9
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 2
91. Evaluate cos tan–1 sin cot–1 x

x +1
(a)
x+2
x2 −1
(b)
x2 + 2
x2 + 1
(c)
x2 + 2
x2 + 1
(d)
x2 − 2
 4 2
92. Evaluate cos  sin −1 + cos −1 
 5 3
6−4 5
(a)
13
6−4 5
(b)
15
6+4 5
(c)
15
6+4 5
(d)
17
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 
93. Evaluate sin −1 cos cos −1 ( cos x ) + sin −1 ( sin x ) if x   ,  
2 

(a)
2

(b) −
2
(c) 
(d) −
1 9 25 49
94. Evaluate cot −1 + cot −1 + cot −1 + cot −1 + ... upto n terms
2 2 2 2
(a) tan–1 2n
(b) tan–1 (2n – 1)
(c) tan–1 n
(d) tan–1 2n – tan–1 1
 1   1 
95. tan  + cos −1 x  + tan  − cos −1 x  , x  0 is equal to
4 2  4 2 
(a) x
(b) 2x
2
(c)
x
x
(d)
2
1 + x2 −1
96. If tan −1 x = 4 , then:
x
(a) x = tan 2°
(b) x = tan 4°
(c) x = tan (1/4)°
(d) x = tan 8°
n 
97. If cot −1  , n  N , then the maximum value of ‘n’ is:
 6
(a) 1
(b) 5
(c) 9
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(d) none of these
1 −1  3sin 2  
98. If sin   = , then tan 𝜃 is equal to
2  5 + 4 cos 2  4
(a) 1/3
(b) 3
(c) 1
(d) – 1
 
1/2
99. If 0 < x < 1, then 1 + x 2  x cos ( cot −1 x ) + sin ( cot −1 x ) − 1
2
=
 
x
(a)
1 + x2
(b) x
(c) x 1 + x 2
(d) 1 + x 2
100. Statement-1: If 𝛼, β are roots of 2x2 – 3x – 2 = 0 and 𝛼 > β, then sec–1𝛼 exists but not sec–1
β.
Statement-2: Domain of sec–1 x is R – (–1, 1).
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-
1.
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for
Statement-1

101. Statement-1: If tan–1 x + tan–1 y + tan–1 z = , then xy + yz + zx = 1
2
1 
Statement-2: tan–1 + tan–1 + tan–1 =
3 2
1.
Statement-1
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102. Statement-1: tan 2 ( sec −1 2 ) + cot 2 ( cos ec −1 3) = 11
Statement-2: tan 2  + sec2  = 1 = cot 2  + cosec2
1.
Statement-1
a b 
103. Statement-1: If a > 0, b > 0, tan −1   + tan −1   = .  x = ab
 x  x 2
m  n−m 
Statement-2: If m, n  N , n  m, then tan −1   + tan −1  = .
n n+m 4
1.
Statement-1
2n 2n
104. If  sin −1 xr = n , then
r =1
x
r =1
r is equal to
(a) n
(b) 2n
n ( n + 1)
(c)
2
(d) none of these
 x 2 x3   x4 x6  
105. If sin −1  x − + − ...  + cos −1  x 2 − + ...  = for 0 | x | 2 , then x equals (2001)
 2 4   2 4  2
(a) ½
(b) 1
(c) – ½
(d) – 1
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 x x
106. If sin −1 x 2 + 2 x + 1 + sec −1 x 2 + 2 x + 1 = , x  0 , then the values of 2sec−1 + sin −1 is
2 2 2
equal to

(a) − only
2
 3  
(b) − , 
 2 2
3
(c) only
2
3
(d) − only
2
n n
107. If  cos−1 xr = 0 , then
r =1
x
r =1
r equals
(a) 0
(b) n
n ( n + 1)
(c)
2
(d) none of these
108. If cos−1 x  sin −1 x , then x belongs to the interval

(a) ( −, 0 )
(b) ( −1, 0 )
 1 
(c)  0, 
 2
 1 
(d)  −1, 
 2
109. The set of values of x satisfying the inequation tan2 sin–1 x) > 1, is
(a) [–1, 1]
 1 1 
(b)  − , 
 2 2
 1 1 
(c) ( −1,1) −  − , 
 2 2
 1 1 
(d)  −1,1 −  − , 
 2 2
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n 
110. If cot −1  , n  N , then the maximum value of n, is
 6
(a) 1
(b) 5
(c) 9
(d) none of these
111. If 6sin −1 ( x 2 − 6 x + 12 ) = 2 , then the value of x, is

(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) does not exist
112. Which of the following is the solution set of the equation sin–1 x = cos–1 x + sin–1 (3x – 1)?
 1
(a) 0, 
 3
 1 2
(b)  , 
 3 3
 2
(c) 0, 
 3
(d) none of these
 2x 
113. If log 2 x  0 , then log1/ sin −1 + 2 tan −1 x  is equal to
 1+ x 2

(a) log1/ ( 4 tan −1 x )
(b) 0
(c) – 1
(d) none of these
114. The value of ‘a’ for which ax 2 + sin −1 ( x 2 − 2 x + 2 ) + cos −1 ( x 2 − 2 x + 2 ) = 0 has a real
solution, is

(a)
2

(b) −
2
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2
(c)

2
(d) −

 1 
115. If tan ( sec −1 x ) = sin  cos −1  , then x =
 5
3
(a) 
5
5
(b) 
3
3
(c) 
5
(d) none of these
3
116. The number of solutions of the equation 2sin −1 x 2 − x + 1 + cos −1 x 2 − 1 = , is
2
(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) 2
(d) ∞
117. If  = 2 tan −1 ( )
2 − 1 ,  = 3sin −1
1
2
 1 1
+ sin −1  −  and  = cos −1 . Then,
 2 3
(a) 𝛼 < β < γ
(b) 𝛼 < γ < β
(c) β < γ < 𝛼
(d) γ < β < 𝛼
x 1  2
118. If f ( x ) = cos −1 x + cos −1  + 3 − 3x 2  , then f   equals
2 2  3

(a)
3
2 
(b) 2 cos −1 −
3 3
2
(c)
3
@aakashallen
2
(d) 2 cos −1
3
119. The trigonometric equation sin–1 x = 2 sin–1 a has a solution for (2003)
1
(a) a 
2
1 1
(b)  a 
2 2
(c) all real values of a
1
(d) a 
2
120. If 𝛼 is the only real root of the equation x3 + bx 2 + cx + 1 = 0 ( b  c ) , then the value of
1
tan −1  + tan −1   is equal to
 

(a)
2

(b) −
2
(c) 0
(d) non-existent
Answers
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (c)
13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (a) 21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (d)
25. (d) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (b) 30. (d) 31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (c)
37. (c) 38. (d) 39. (b) 40. (a) 41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (b) 48. (a)
49. (d) 50. (d) 51. (d) 52. (b) 53. (d) 54. (d) 55. (d) 56. (b) 57. (d) 58. (b) 59. (b) 60. (a)
61. (c) 62. (b) 63. (c) 64. (a) 65. (d) 66. (a) 67. (a) 68. (a) 69. (a) 70. (c) 71. (c) 72. (a)
73. (b) 74. (a) 75. (c) 76. (d) 77. (b) 78. (c) 79. (c) 80. (c) 81. (d) 82. (d) 83. (b) 84. (c)
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85. (d) 86. (c) 87. (a) 88. (a) 89. (c) 90. (a) 91. (c) 92. (b) 93. (b) 94. (a) 95. (c) 96. (d)
97. (b) 98. (b) 99. (c) 100. (a) 101. (b) 102. (d) 103. (b) 104. (b) 105. (b) 106. (c) 107. (b)
108. (d) 109. (c) 110. (b) 111. (d) 112. (d) 113. (c) 114. (b) 115. (a) 116. (c) 117. (b)
118. (a) 119. (a) 120. (b)
1. (c)
2. (b)
3. (c)
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4. (a)
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5. (c)
6. (a)
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7. (b)
@aakashallen
8. (b)
9. (b)
@aakashallen
10. (c)
11. (c)
12. (c)
@aakashallen
13. (b)
14. (c)
15. (b)
@aakashallen
16. (b)
17. (c)
18. (c)
@aakashallen
19. (c)
@aakashallen
20. (a)
21. (b)
22. (b)
23. (c)
@aakashallen
24. (d)
@aakashallen
25.
@aakashallen
26.
@aakashallen
27.
@aakashallen
@aakashallen
28.
29.
30.
@aakashallen
31.
32.
@aakashallen
33.
@aakashallen
34.
35.
36.
@aakashallen
37.
38.
39.
@aakashallen
40.
41.
42.
@aakashallen
43.
44.
45.
@aakashallen
46.
47.
@aakashallen
48.
49.
50.
@aakashallen
51.
@aakashallen
52.
53.
54.
@aakashallen
55.
56.
57.
@aakashallen
58.
59.
@aakashallen
60.
61.
@aakashallen
62.
63.
64.
@aakashallen
65.
66.
67.
@aakashallen
68.
69.
Obvious
70.
71. (c)
@aakashallen
72. (a)
@aakashallen
73. (b)
@aakashallen
74. (a)
75. (c)
@aakashallen
76. (d)
@aakashallen
77. (b)
78.
79.
80.
81.
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82.
83.
84.
85.
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86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
@aakashallen
92.
93.
94.
95.
@aakashallen
96.
97.
98.
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99.
100.
101.
102.
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103.
104. We have,
105.
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106.
107.
108.
@aakashallen
109.
110.
@aakashallen
111.
We have, x2 – 6x + 12 = (x – 3)2 + 3 ≥ 3 for all x
∴ sin–1 (x2 – 6x + 12) does not exist.
Thus, there is no value of x satisfying the given equation.
112.
113.
@aakashallen
114.
115.
116.
@aakashallen
117.
118.
119.
@aakashallen
120.
Let f ( x) = x3 + bx 2 + cx + 1. Then,
f ( 0 ) = 1  0 and f ( −1) = b − c  0  b  c
 lies between − 1 and 0.
 0
1
 tan −1   = − + cot −1 
 
1
 tan −1  + tan −1 = − + tan −1  + cot −1 

1  
 tan −1  + tan −1 = − + =−
 2 2
@aakashallen

Inverse Trogonometric Functions

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Inverse Trogonometric Functions

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INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Function Domain Range

(i) Sin–1 x & tan–1 x are increasing functions in their domain.

S Sol. Let, cosec–1 x = T ... (i)

S from (i) and (ii); we get

 0 dTdS, TzS/2 Now, sec–1 x = T

 – Sd– Td0, TzS/2  x = sec T

Now, sec–1 x = T ­ ' x (f,  1]  [1, f)

§1· (iv) sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1 (x), for all x [–1, 1]

§1· Sol. (ii) Clearly, – x [–1, 1] for all x [–1, 1]

Case II : When x < 0 then, – x = cos T

from (i) and (iii), we get

Hence, sin (sin–1 x) = x for all x [–1, 1]

(ii) Sketch the graph for y = cos–1 (cos x). FORMULAS

(vi) sin–1 x + sin–1 y = sin–1 (x 1  y2  y 1  x 2 )

(vii) sin–1 x – sin–1 y = sin–1 (x 1  y2  y 1  x 2 )

(viii) cos–1 x + cos–1 y = cos–1 (xy – 1  x 2 1  y2 )

(ii) cos–1x + cos–1 y + cos–1 z = 3S x = y = z = -1

= 3 sin T– 4 sin3 T (ii) We know that

§ 1 § 8 · · then 0 < T< S

§ 1 5 · Prove that tan–1 1 + tan–1 2 + tan–1 3 = S

= tan–1 1 + S – (cot–1 2 + cot–1 3)

Prove that cot–1 (13) + cot–1 (21) + cot–1 (–8) = S.

§x· §y· §y· (Using a result from conditional identities)

2 sin–1 x = cos–1 (1–2x2), 0 dx d 1.

Now, 1  x 2 1  cos 2T 2 cos 2 T 2 cos T

1 – x = cos (2 sin–1 x)

1 Sol. (i) We have,

Sol. Let tan–1 x = D, tan–1 y = Eand tan–1 z = J ­ 1 § x·

tan–1 x + tan–1 y + tan–1 z = S

tan (D+ E) = tan (S– J) (ii) We have,

tan D+ tan E= – tan J+ tan Dtan Etan J

(ii) Putting x = a cos T, we have

Write the following functions in the simplest form : T

(iii) Putting x = a tan T, we have

S ? sin 2 T= 2x 1  x 2 [From (i)]

 2 sin–1 x = S– sin–1 (2x 1  x 2 ). 1 1

? sin 3 T= 3x – 4x3

 3 sin–1 x = sin–1 (3x – 4x3)

 sin (S– 3T) = (3x –4x3)

10. Which of the following numbers is rational? (1998)

20. If  +  +  = 2 , then (1979)

constants and Cn  0 . Then the value of n is …. (1981)

25. If 5 ( tan 2 x − cos 2 x ) = 2 cos 2 x + 9 , then the value of cos 4x is (2017)

1 − 4sin10 sin 70

37. If x = sin8  + cos14  then

40. tan 20° + 2 tan 50° is equal to

41. Least value of tan 4  + cos2  − 6sin  cos  + 3sin 2  + cot 4  + 2 is

44. The equation 2cos  − 3sin  = k in  has real solution then -

47. The solution of inequality cos 2 x  − sin x is -

48. General solution of sin x + sin 5x = sin 2x + sin 4x is

49. sin 3 = 4sin  sin 2 sin 4 in 0     has

cos ( − 90 ) sec  tan (180 −  )

54. If 1 + sin x + sin 2 x + ... upto  = 4 + 2 3; 0  x   then x is equal to

57. The value of cot x + cot (60° + x) + cot (120° + x):

64. If A + B – C = 3𝜋, then cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C is

67. Statement-1: Angel 8c is equal to 45810'48''

69. Statement-1: sin 2 > sin 3

75. If 0 < x < 1, then is equal to (2008)

78. Range of the function f(x) = sec–1 (2x – x2) is

81. Which is true?

(b) cos ( cos −1 x ) = − x if x   −1,1

(c) tan ( tan −1 x ) =  − x x  R

0 dTdS, TzS/2 Now, sec–1 x = T

– Sd– Td0, TzS/2 x = sec T

Now, sec–1 x = T ' x (f, 1] [1, f)

§1· (iv) sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1 (x), for all x [–1, 1]

§1· Sol. (ii) Clearly, – x [–1, 1] for all x [–1, 1]

Hence, sin (sin–1 x) = x for all x [–1, 1]

(vi) sin–1 x + sin–1 y = sin–1 (x 1 y2 y 1 x 2 )

(vii) sin–1 x – sin–1 y = sin–1 (x 1 y2 y 1 x 2 )

(viii) cos–1 x + cos–1 y = cos–1 (xy – 1 x 2 1 y2 )

§ 1 § 8 · · then 0 < T< S

§ 1 5 · Prove that tan–1 1 + tan–1 2 + tan–1 3 = S

Now, 1 x 2 1 cos 2T 2 cos 2 T 2 cos T

1 – x = cos (2 sin–1 x)

Sol. Let tan–1 x = D, tan–1 y = Eand tan–1 z = J 1 § x·

tan (D+ E) = tan (S– J) (ii) We have,

tan D+ tan E= – tan J+ tan Dtan Etan J

S ? sin 2 T= 2x 1 x 2 [From (i)]

2 sin–1 x = S– sin–1 (2x 1 x 2 ). 1 1

3 sin–1 x = sin–1 (3x – 4x3)

sin (S– 3T) = (3x –4x3)