Motion in Two Dimensions: Physics For Scientists and Engineers, 10e Raymond A. Serway John W. Jewett, JR

Storyline
Chapter 4:
Motion in Two Dimensions
Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 10e

Raymond A. Serway 1
John W. Jewett, Jr.

PositionVector
  
∆r ≡ r f − ri
2
Velocity Vector
  
 ∆r  ∆r d r 
v avg ≡ v ≡ lim =v = v
∆t ∆t → 0 ∆t dt
3
Acceleration Vector
 v − v
 ∆v f i
a avg ≡ =
∆t t f − ti
 
 ∆v dv
a ≡ lim =
∆t → 0 ∆t dt
4
Quick Quiz 4.1
Consider the following controls in an automobile in
motion: gas pedal, brake, steering wheel. What are the
controls in this list that cause an acceleration of the car?
(a) all three controls
(b) the gas pedal and the brake
(c) only the brake
(d) only the gas pedal
(e) only the steering wheel
5
Quick Quiz 4.1
Consider the following controls in an automobile in
motion: gas pedal, brake, steering wheel. What are the
controls in this list that cause an acceleration of the car?
(a) all three controls
(b) the gas pedal and the brake
(c) only the brake
(d) only the gas pedal
(e) only the steering wheel
6
Two-Dimensional Motion
with Constant Acceleration

r= xî + yˆj
7
Motion in two dimensions can be modeled as two
independent motions in each of the two perpendicular
directions associated with the x and y axes.
8

 dr dx ˆ dy ˆ
v= = i+ j =vx î + v y ˆj
dt dt dt
vxi + ax t and v yf =
vxf = v yi + a y t

( ) ( )
v f = ( vxi + ax t ) î + ( v yi + a y t ) ˆj = vxi î + v yi ˆj + ax î + a y ˆj t
   
v=f v i + at ( for constant a )
9
1 2 1 2
x f =xi + vxi t + ax t y f =yi + v yi t + a y t
2 2
  1 2 ˆ  1 2 ˆ
r f =  xi + vxi t + ax t  i +  yi + v yi t + a y t  j
 2   2 
1 ˆ
( ) ( ) ( )
= xi i + yi j + vxi i + v yi j t + ax i + a y ˆj t 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
2
   1 2 
r f =ri + v i t + at ( for constant a )
2
10
  
v=f v i + at 
 
   1  2 ( for constant a )
r f =ri + v i t + at 
2 
11
Example 4.1:
Motion in a Plane
A particle moves in the xy plane, starting from the origin
at t = 0 with an initial velocity having an x component
of 20 m/s and a y component of −15 m/s. The particle
experiences an acceleration in the x direction, given by
ax = 4.0 m/s2.
(A) Determine the total velocity vector at any later time.
12
Example 4.1:
Motion in a Plane
20 m/s, v yi =
vxi = −15 m/s, ax = 4.0 m/s, a y = 0
  
v f = v i + at = ( vxi + ax t ) î + ( v yi + a y t ) ˆj
 î +  −15 + ( 0 ) t  ˆj
v=f 
 20 + ( 4.0 ) t 
  

vf =  20 + ( 4.0 ) t  î − 15ˆj
13
Example 4.1:
Motion in a Plane
(B) Calculate the velocity and speed of the particle at
t = 5.0 s and the angle the velocity vector makes
with the x axis.

( )
v f = ( 20 + 4.0 ( 5.0 ) ) î − 15ˆj = 40î − 15ˆj m/s
 v yf  −1  −15 m/s 
θ =tan −1
 =tan   =−21°
v  40 m/s 
 xf 

( 40 ) + ( −15 )=
2 2
v=
f v f= 2 2
vxf + v yf = 43 m/s
14
Example 4.1:
Motion in a Plane
(C) Determine the x and y coordinates of the particle
at any time t and its position vector at this time.
   1 2  1 2 ˆ  1 2 ˆ
r f =ri + v i t + at = rxi + vxi t + ax t  i +  rxi + vxi t + ax t  j
2  2   2 
  1 2ˆ  1 2ˆ
r f = 0 + ( 20 ) t + ( 4.0 ) t  i + 0 + ( −15 ) t + ( 0 ) t  j
 2   2 

r f =( 20t + 2.0t 2 ) î − 15tˆj
15
Example 4.1:
Motion in a Plane
What if we wait a very long time and then observe the
motion of the particle? How would we describe the
motion of the particle for large values of the time?
Path becomes more and more parallel to x axis.


 20 ( 4.0 ) t  î − 15ˆj
v f =+ 16
Projectile Motion
17
Projectile Motion
   1 2
r f =ri + v f t + gt
2
= i cos θ i
vxi v= v yi vi sin θi
18
Projectile Motion
v yf= v yi − gt
x f= xi + vxi t
v yi + v yf
vy,avg =
2
1
y f =+ yi
2
( v yi + v yf ) t
1 2
y f =yi + v yi t − gt
2
2
v yf = v yi − 2 g ( y f − yi )
2
19
Quick Quiz 4.2 Part I
As a projectile thrown at an upward angle moves in its
parabolic path (such as in the figure), at what point
along its path are the velocity and acceleration vectors
for the projectile perpendicular to each other?
(a) nowhere
(b) the highest point
(c) the launch point
20
As a projectile thrown at an upward angle moves in its
parabolic path (such as in the figure), at what point
along its path are the velocity and acceleration vectors
for the projectile perpendicular to each other?
(a) nowhere
21
Quick Quiz 4.2 Part II
At what point are the velocity and acceleration vectors
for the projectile parallel to each other?
(a) nowhere
22
At what point are the velocity and acceleration vectors
for the projectile parallel to each other?
(a) nowhere
23
Horizontal Range and Maximum
Height of a Projectile
24
Height of a Projectile
vi sin θi
v yf = v yi − gt ⇒ 0 = vi sin θi − gt A ⇒ t A =
g
1 2
y f =yi + v yi t − gt ⇒
2
2
vi sin θi 1  vi sin θi 
=h ( vi sin θi ) − g 
g 2  g 
vi 2 sin 2 θi
h=
2g 25
Horizontal Range of a Projectile
x f = xi + vxi t ⇒ R = vxi t B = ( vi cos θ ) 2t A
2vi sin θi 2vi 2 sin θi cos θi
= (=
vi cos θi )
g g
2sin θi cos θi = sin 2θi
vi 2 sin 2θi
R=
g
2
vi
Rmax =
g 26
Trajectories of a Projectile
27
Quick Quiz 4.3
Rank the launch angles for the five paths in the figure
with respect to time of flight from the shortest time of
flight to the longest.
28
Quick Quiz 4.3
Rank the launch angles for the five paths in the figure
with respect to time of flight from the shortest time of
flight to the longest.
15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° 29

Problem-Solving Strategy:
Projectile Motion
1. Conceptualize
2. Categorize
vi sin θi
2 2
vi sin 2θi
2
h= R=
2g g
30
Problem-Solving Strategy:
Projectile Motion
3. Analyze
1
x f= xi + vx t y f =+ yi
2
( v yi + v yf ) t
v yf= v yi − gt 1 2
v yi + v yf 2
vy,avg =
2 v yf 2 =v yi 2 − 2 g ( y f − yi )
4. Finalize
31
Example 4.2:
The Long Jump
A long jumper leaves the ground at an angle of 20.0°
above the horizontal and at a speed of 11.0 m/s.
(A) How far does he jump in the horizontal direction?
vi 2 sin 2θi
R=
g
(11.0 m/s ) sin ( 2 ⋅ 20.0° )
2
=
9.80 m/s 2
= 7.94 m
32
Example 4.2:
The Long Jump
(B) What is the maximum height reached?
(11.0 m/s ) ( sin 20.0° )

2 2
vi sin θi2 2
=h =
2g 2 ( 9.80 m/s 2
)
= 0.722 m
33
Example 4.3:
A Bull’s-Eye Every Time
In a popular lecture
demonstration, a projectile is
aimed directly at a target in
such a way that the projectile
leaves the gun at the same
time the target is dropped
from rest. Show that the
projectile hits the falling target
as shown in the figure.
34
Example 4.3:
A Bull’s-Eye Every Time
1 2 1 2
yT =yiT + ( 0 ) t − gt =xT tan θi − gt
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
yP =+
yiP v yiP t − gt = 0 + ( viP sin θi ) t − gt = ( viP sin θi ) t − gt
2 2 2
xP = xiP + vxiP t = 0 + ( viP cos θi ) t =
( viP cos θi ) t
xP
t=
viP cos θi
 xP  1 2
yP ( viP sin θi )   − gt
 viP cos θi  2
1 2
xP tan θi − gt
2 35
Example 4.4:
That’s Quite an Arm
A stone is thrown from the top of a building upward at
an angle of 30.0° to the
horizontal with an initial
speed of 20.0 m/s as shown
in the figure. The height
from which the stone is
thrown is 45.0 m above the
ground.
(A) How long does it take

the stone to reach the
ground? 36
Example 4.4:
xi = 0, y f =
yi = −45.0 m, a y =
− g , vi =
20.0 m/s
= cos θi
vxi vi= ( 20.0 m/s ) cos
= 30° 17.3 m/s
= sin θi
v yi vi= ( 20.0 m/s ) sin
= 30° 10.0 m/s
1 2
2
1
−45.0 m =0 + (10.0 m/s ) t + ( −9.80 m/s ) t
2 2
2
t = 4.22 s
37
Example 4.4:
(B) What is the speed of the stone just before it strikes
the ground?
v yf= v yi − gt
v yf =10.0 m/s + ( −9.80 m/s 2

) ( 4.22 s ) =−31.3 m/s
vf
= vxf 2 + v yf 2
(17.3 m/s ) + ( −31.3 m/s )

2 2
= 35.8 m/s
38
Example 4.4:
What if a horizontal wind is blowing in the same
direction as the stone is thrown and it causes the stone
to have a horizontal acceleration component ax =
0.500 m/s2? Which part of this example, (A) or (B),
will have a different answer?
Time does not change.

2
ax 0.500 m/s =
→ vxf 19.4 m/s and
= v f 36.9 m/s
Final speed will be larger.

39
Example 4.5:
The End of the Ski Jump
A ski jumper leaves the ski track moving in the
horizontal direction with a speed of 25.0 m/s as shown
in the figure. The landing incline below her falls off
with a slope of 35.0°. Where does she land on the
incline?
40
Example 4.5:
x f = d cos φ and y f = −d sin φ
(1) x f vxi t → ( 2 ) d cos φ =
= vxi t
1 2 1 2
( 3) y f =−
v yi t gt → ( 4 ) − d sin φ =
− gt
2 2
2
1  d cos φ 
−d sin θ =
− g 
2  vxi 
2vxi 2 sin φ
d=
g cos 2 φ
2 ( 25.0 m/s ) sin 35.0°
2
= 109 m
( 9.80 m/s ) cos 35.0°
2 2
= cos φ
x f d= (109 m ) cos =
35.0° 89.3 m
= −d sin φ = − (109 m ) sin 35.0° = −62.5 m
41
yf
Example 4.5:
Suppose everything in this example is the same except
the ski jump is curved so that the jumper is projected
upward at an angle from the end of the track. Is this
design better in terms of maximizing the length of the
jump? 1 2
= x ( vi cos
= θ ) t y ( vi sin θ ) t − gt
2
1 2
( vi sin θ ) t − gt = ( vi cos θ )( tan φ ) t
2
2vi
= t ( sin θ − cos θ tan φ )
g
2vi2
=x
g
( sin θ cos θ − cos 2
θ tan φ ) 42
Example 4.5:
2vi2
= x
g
( sin θ cos θ − cos 2
θ tan φ )
d  2vi2 
0 
dθ  g
( sin θ cos θ − cos θ tan φ ) 
2

2vi2
=
g
( cos 2
θ − sin 2
θ − 2 cos θ sin θ tan φ )
2vi2
=
g
( cos ( 2θ ) − sin ( 2θ ) tan φ )
1 1 1
τ= tan ( cot φ )=
−1
( 90° − φ )= 45° − φ
2 2 2 43
Example 4.5:
44
Analysis Model: Particle
in Uniform Circular Motion

 dv
a=
dt
45
Analysis Model: Particle
in Uniform Circular Motion
   
∆v ∆r  ∆v v ∆r
= a=avg =
v r ∆t r ∆t 46
Centripetal Acceleration
v2
ac =
r
47
Particle in Uniform Circular Motion
2π r 2π r
=v → T=
T v
2π
ω=
T
 v  v
ω = 2π   = → v = rω
 2π r  r
( rω )
2
=ac = rω 2
r 48
A particle moves in a circular path of radius r with speed
v. It then increases its speed to 2v while traveling along
the same circular path.
The centripetal acceleration of the particle has changed by
what factor? Choose one:
(a) 0.25
(b) 0.5
(c) 2
(d) 4
(e) impossible to determine
49
The centripetal acceleration of the particle has changed by
what factor? Choose one:
(a) 0.25
(b) 0.5
(c) 2
(d) 4
50
By what factor has the period of the particle changed?
Choose one:
(a) 0.25
(b) 0.5
(c) 2
(d) 4
51
By what factor has the period of the particle changed?
Choose one:
(a) 0.25
(b) 0.5
(c) 2
(d) 4
52
Analysis Model:
Particle in Uniform Circular Motion
2
v
ac =
r
2π r
T=
v
2π
ω=
T
53
Example 4.6: The Centripetal
Acceleration of the Earth
(A) What is the centripetal acceleration of the Earth as
it moves in its orbit around the Sun?
2
 2π r 
v 2  T  4π 2 r
a=
c = =
r r T2
4π 2 (1.496 × 1011 m )  1 yr 
2
−3 2
ac
=  = 5.93 × 10 m/s
(1 yr )
2 7
 3.156 × 10 s 
54
Example 4.6: The Centripetal
Acceleration of the Earth
(B) What is the angular speed of the Earth in its orbit
around the Sun?
2π  1 yr 
ω
=  7
=  1.99 × 10 −7 −1
s
1 yr  3.156 × 10 s 
55
Tangential and Radial Acceleration
   dv v2
a a r + at
= at = ar =−ac =−
dt r
=a ar 2 + at 2
56
A particle moves along a path, and its speed increases
with time.
In which of the following cases are its acceleration and
velocity vectors parallel?
(a) when the path is circular
(b) when the path is straight
(c) when the path is a parabola
(d) never
57
with time.
In which of the following cases are its acceleration and
velocity vectors parallel?
(d) never
58
with time.
In which case are its acceleration and velocity vectors
perpendicular everywhere along the path?
(d) never
59
with time.
In which case are its acceleration and velocity vectors
perpendicular everywhere along the path?
(d) never
60
Example 4.7:
Over the Rise
A car leaves a stop sign and exhibits a constant acceleration
of 0.300 m/s2 parallel to the roadway. The car passes over a
rise in the roadway such that the top of the rise is shaped
like an arc of a circle of radius 500 m. At the moment the car
is at the top of the rise, its velocity vector is horizontal and
has a magnitude of 6.00 m/s. What are the magnitude and
direction of the total acceleration vector for the car at this
instant?
61
Example 4.7:
Over the Rise
( 6.00 m/s )
2 2
v
ar =
− = − −0.072 0 m/s
=
r 500 m
=a ar 2 + at 2
( −0.072 0 m/s
= )
2 2
+ ( 0.300 m/s )
2 2
0.309 m/s 2
=
a  −0.072 0 m/s 2

φ=
tan −1 r =
tan −1  2 =−13.5°
at  0.300 m/s  62
Relative Velocity
and Relative Acceleration
63
Relative Velocity
and Relative Acceleration
64
Relative Velocity
  
rP=
A rPB + v BA t
 
drPA drPB 
= + v BA
dt dt
  
u=PA u PB + v BA
65
Relative Acceleration
  
   du PA du PB dv BA
u PA = u PB + v BA → = +
dt dt dt
  
dv BA du PA du PB
= 0→ =
dt dt dt
 
 du PA  du PB
= a PA = and a PB
dt dt
 
a PA = a PB
66
Example 4.8:
A Boat Crossing a River
A boat crossing a wide river moves
with a speed of 10.0 km/h relative
to the water. The water in the river
has a uniform speed of 5.00 km/h
due east relative to the Earth.
(A) If the boat heads due north,

determine the velocity of the boat
relative to an observer standing on
either bank.
67
Example 4.8:
ubE
= ubr 2 + urE 2
(10.0 km/h ) + ( 5.00 km/h )

2 2
= 11.2 km/h
 vrE 
θ = tan  
−1
 ubr 
−1  5.00 
tan  =  26.6°
 10.0 
68
Example 4.8:
(B) If the boat travels with the same speed of 10.0 km/h
relative to the river and is to travel due north as shown
in the figure, what should its heading be?
2 2
ubE
= ubr − vrE
(10.0 km/h ) − ( 5.00 km/h )

2 2
= 8.66 km/h
 vrE  −1  5.00 
θ tan  =
= −1
 tan  =  30.0°
 ubr   8.66 
69
Example 4.8:
Imagine that the two boats in parts (A) and (B) are
racing across the river. Which boat arrives at the
opposite bank first?
70
Assessing to Learn
Consider the following situations:
· a car slowing down at a stop sign
· a ball being swung in a circle at constant speed
· a vibrating string
· the Moon orbiting the Earth
· a skydiver falling at terminal speed
· an astronaut in an orbiting space station
· a ball rolling down a hill
· a person driving down a straight section of highway at
constant speed with her foot on the accelerator
· a molecule in the floor of this room
In how many of the situations is the object accelerating?
71
Assessing to Learn
A pendulum is released from rest at position A and
swings toward the vertical under the influence of
gravity as depicted below. When at position B, which
direction most nearly corresponds to the direction of
the acceleration?
72
Assessing to Learn
Consider the following situations:
· a car slowing down at a stop sign
· a ball being swung in a circle at constant speed
· a vibrating string
· the Moon orbiting the Earth
· a skydiver falling at terminal speed
· an astronaut in an orbiting space station
· a ball rolling down a hill
· a person driving down a straight section of highway at
constant speed with her foot on the accelerator
· a molecule in the floor of this room
In how many of the situations is the object accelerating?
73
Assessing to Learn
A pendulum is released from rest at position A and
swings toward the vertical under the influence of
gravity as depicted below. When at position B, which
direction most nearly corresponds to the direction of
the acceleration?
74

Motion in Two Dimensions: Physics For Scientists and Engineers, 10e Raymond A. Serway John W. Jewett, JR

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Motion in Two Dimensions: Physics For Scientists and Engineers, 10e Raymond A. Serway John W. Jewett, JR

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Storyline

Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 10e

John W. Jewett, Jr.

Path becomes more and more parallel to x axis.

2sin θi cos θi = sin 2θi

15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° 29

(11.0 m/s ) ( sin 20.0° )

(A) How long does it take

v yf =10.0 m/s + ( −9.80 m/s 2

(17.3 m/s ) + ( −31.3 m/s )

Time does not change.

Final speed will be larger.

(A) If the boat heads due north,

(10.0 km/h ) + ( 5.00 km/h )

(10.0 km/h ) − ( 5.00 km/h )

You might also like