HI GH SCHOOL ALGE B RA

COMPL E TE

BY

M AR Q U I S J E W E LL , A M
.

E . .

I N S TRU CTOR IN M AT H MA
E TI C S , H H IG SC H OOL ,

E VA N S TON , I LLI NOI S

AN D

G E OR G E A H AR PE R , A B
. . .

I N S TRU CTOR I N M AT H E M ATI C S , NE W TRI E B TOW N S H I P

HI GH SC HOOL , K E N I LW ORT H , I L LI N OI S

CH I CAGO NE W I
’OR K

R OW, PE TE R S ON AND COM P ANY

COP Y RI G H T, 1920
R OW , P E T E RS ON
AN D COM PAN Y

6 3 2 3 03

(1
 P R E F AC E

Th at t h e re a re so m e g od
o t t b o o ks
i n b e gi nn in g a l geb ra
e x -

may b e fre e ly gran t e d , a n d ye t t h ose w h o a re fa m i li ar

'

w it h the w o rk o f fi rst y e a r hi gh sc h o o l stu de n ts kno w th a t

- -

m a n y fa i l i n t h a t sub ec tj . S e v e ra l c o n d i t i o ns c o n t ri b u t e

to t h e se fa i lu re s, b u t t h e re i s n o do u b t t h a t th e te xt b o o ks -

in u se ar e p a rt l y resp o nsi b l e . E x te nsi v e e xp e rie n ce in

t e ac h i n g th e j
sub e c t a n d in su p e rv isi n g t h e wo rk o f o th e r

t ea c h e rs h as c o nv i n ce d th e a u th o rs th a t a b o ok c an b e m a de
th a t i s d i st i n c tly b e tt e r i n a n u m b e r o f re sp e c t s th a n a ny

b e gi nn i n g te xt h e re to fo re p u bl i sh e d .

Acc ordi ngly , th e a i m h a s b e e n t o m ake a b oo k in wh i c h

th e e x p l a n a t i o n s a re so cl ea r a n d th e e xe rc i se s a n d p b
r o

l e ms w e l l gra de d t h a t a st u de nt o f
so a v e ra ge a b i l i ty a m b i
,

ti o n a n d i n du st ry , c o u l d by p riv a t e st u dy w o rk th ro u gh
i t w ith l i ttl e o r n o a ssist a n c e fro m a t e a ch e r ,

Wi th th i s i d e a i n m i n d t h e a u th o rs du ri ng som e y e a rs

ke p t n o t e s o f th e m o re si gni fi c a nt e x p e ri e n c e s i n t e a ch i n g
a nd su p e rv i si n g th e su b e c tj . Gr a du al ly a m a nu sc ri pt wa s
de v e l o p e d , a nd th e m a te ri al , on m i m e o gra p h e d sh ee ts , u se d

as a re gul a r t e xt i n se v e ra l c l a sse s . Wh il e i t w as be i n g
te st ed i n t h i s w a y th e re su l ts w e re c h e ck e d , e x e rc i se s a n d

p rob l e m s re - a rra n ge d a s se e m e d de si ra b l e , and th e w h o l e

wo rk i n th e li gh t o f t h e resp o nse o f th e st u de nt s
re v i se d .

Fo ll o wi n g a re so m e o f th e sp e c i al fe a tu re s o f t h e b o o k
1 .E xp l an a ti o ns a n d i ll ust ra t i on s a re si m p l e a n d c l e a r .

2 . Th e fun da m en t a l a l ge b ra i c i de a s a re b a se d u p on an d

e volve d fro m th e a ri t h m e t i c a l i de a s a l re a dy fa mil i a r .

3 . In a si m i l a r w ay , e v e ry i m p o rt an t ne w p r in c i p l e is
a pp ro a c h e d by th e u se o f i de as al re a dy w e ll kn ow n to t h e
l e a rne r . Th e st u de nt s n e ve r c o m e to a bl ank w al l .
 P RE F ACE

4 . Di vi si o n a nd fa c t o r i ng a re p re se n te d c on c u rre ntl y

wi t h m ul ti p li ca t io n so th a t w h e n fa c to ri ng i s t ak e n u p as
a s p e c i a l su b j e c t th e p u p i l s a re a l re a dy fa m il i a r w i th m an v

of t h e p ro c esses i nv o lv e d .

5 . Th e e xe rc i se s b e gi n w i th th e si mp l e st p o ss i b l e

e xa m p l e s a n d , as th e di ffic u l ty i s gra du ally i n c re a se d , h i nts

a n d su gge st i ons a re given t h a t e na b l e th e st u d e nt t o m ake

a maxi m um of p ro gre ss w i th a m i n i m um of hel p . F ra c

t i c a lly a ll of th e ex a m p l e s i n th e se e xe rc i se s h a ve b e e n
wo rke d by a l a rge n u mb e r o f fi rst y e a r stu dents
-
.

6 . Ge n e ra lly th e e xa m p l e s a t t h e b e gi nni n g o f a se t o f

e x e rc i se s a re so si m p l e th a t th e y m ay b e t a ke n u p o ra lly
du ri ng th e c l a ss p e r i o d ,
so t h a t t h e s t ud e nt c a n go o n wi th
t h e w o rk b e t w e e n re c i t at i on s w i th e n t i re sa t i sfac ti o n .

7 . Th ere i s .
an u nu su ally l a rge n u mb e r of c a re fully

g ra d e d v e rb a l p ro b l e m s, th a t i s , p r ob l e ms t o b e t ransl a te d
i nto e q u a t i o ns and solve d . Th ese i n clu de e ve ry p o ssib l e

v a ri e ty w i t h i n th e ra nge of
first y e a r stu th e a b i l i ty of -

de n t s Geo m e try su p p l i es a gre at v a ri e ty o f e xa m p l e s a n d

. ,

t h i s w o rk re p re se n ts mo re th a n 20 % o f th e wh o le c o u rse .

8 . S p e ci al h a s b e e n g i v e n t o th e u s e o f t h e
a tt e n t i o n

g p
r a h a n d i t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h i s p art o f t h e c o u rs e i s m o re

t h a n u su a l ly i nt e re st i n g a n d sa t i s fa c to ry t o t h e st u de nt s .

9 . Th e so l u t i on of th e si m pl e r fo rm s of th e q u a dra ti c
e q u ati on i s i nt ro du c e d e a rly a n d t h u s p rovi de s fo r i ts a p pl i

c ation to a gre a te r v a ri e ty o f typ e s of p ro b l e ms .

10 . P ro v isi o n i s m a de fo r fre q u e n t an d v e ry c o m p re

h e n si v e re v i e w s . Th e re are tw o se t s o f re vi e w ex e rc i se s in
Ch a p t e r I , o c c u p yi n g si x p g
a e s . I n Ch a p te rs I t o X th e re
a re e i gh t o f t h ese re v i e w l ist s . Ch a p te r X I i s a c u m ul a t i ve

re v i e w . Th i s ma t e ri al m a y b e u se d fo r su pp l e me n t a ry
w o rk as t h e cl ass a dv a nc e s du ri n g t h e ye a r fo r w ri tt e n ,

te sts a t any sta ge o f th e wo rk , o r a s a re vi e w o f th e w h ole

j
su b e ct at th e e nd o f t h e y e ar . It c o ul d a l so be u se d a s
 P R E F AC E

t h e b a si s f o r a ge n e ra l re vi e w at a ny t im e , i f a st ude nt

d esi re s to t a ke an e xa m i na t i o n , an d it sh o u l d be u se d as
“ ”
an i nt ro du c t i o n to t h e S e c o nd C o u rse .

“ ”
Th e S e c o n d Co u rse i n Al ge b ra , b e gi n ni ng p a ge 2 4 1 ,
is desi gne d fo r use i n th e se c o n d o r t hi rd y e a r o f th e h i gh
sc ho o l c o u rse .

In c omm o n p r ac t i c e th e ma th em ati c s c o u rs e s i n h i gh
s c h o o l s re q u i re a y e a r o f g e o m e t ry fo ll o win g th e fi rst y e a r

a l ge b ra , b u t th is c o u rse do e s n o t a ssu m e a kn o w l e d ge of

g e o m e t ry; i t m a y fo ll o w i n a c o nt i n u o us stu dy o f th e sub

jc e t t h ro u g h a y e a r a n d a h a l f o r t w o y e ars ,
a s r e q u i r e d
in so m e sc h o o l s .

Ch a pt e r X I p ro vides fo r a th o ro u gh re vi e w o f t h e e s
s e n t i a ls t a u gh t i n t h e fi rst y e a r c o u rse Th e e xt e nt to .

w hi c h th i s c h a p te r w i ll b e u se d i s l e ft t o th e d i sc re t i o n o f
t h e te ac h e r . M a ny o f t h e e xa m p l es sh o ul d b e w o rke d o ra ll y

d u ri n g t h e fi rst fe w d ays o f t h e t e rm I n t h i s w a y th e
.

p u p i ls re v i v e t h e i r kn o w l e d ge o f a l ge b ra i c fac ts a n d p ri n
c i p les , and re n e w t h e i r h a b it s of th i n k i n g i n a l ge b ra i c

t e rm s ; w h i l e th e t e a c h e r h a s a n o p p o rt u ni ty to stu dy th e
r
p p
e a ra t i o n a nd p o w e r o f h i s p u p i ls a nd to d e c i d e w h e re
h i s t e a c h i ng sh o u l d b e gi n .

Th e w ork fo ll o w s t h e sa m e p l a n as th e fi rst y e a r c o u rs e

1 . Th e re i s th e sa m e ski l l i n i n tro d u c i n g e a ch ne w

t o p i c , th e sa m e i n gra d i n g e xa m p l es
c a re a nd p ro b l e m s ,

the sa m e u se o f h e l p fu l h i n t s , fre q u e n t a n d a m p l e re v i e w s,

a nd e xt e n si v e u se o f v e rb a l p ro b l e m s . wh ich c h a ll e nge at

t e nt i o n an d fost e r i n t e re st th r o u gh o u t t h e c ou rs e .

2 . Lo ga ri th m s a re p re s e n t e d e a rl y a n d th e i r a p p l i c at i o n

m a de a t t ra c t iv e , a f e a t u re of g eat
r p ra c t i c a l v al ue .

3 . Te a c h e rs w i l l fi n d i t ra re l y n e c e ssa r v t o u se a ll t h e

e x a m p l es in o ne e x e rc i se to e nsu re m as te ry o f ru le s a nd

p r i n c i l
p se .

TH E AU T H OR S .
 S U GG E S TI ONS TO TH E TE ACH E R

1 . P ro c e e d slo wly a t fi rst . Assi gn sh o rt l e sso ns so t h at

e v e ry t op i c of Ch a p te rs I a nd II ca n b e th o ro u gh l y di s
c u ss e d du ri n g th e c l a ss p e ri o d a n d b e w ell mast e re d by a ll .

2 . R ev i e w a ll e sse n ti a l t o p i cs a ga i n and a ga i n—nc t

'

o nl y su c h as c o m e ea rly i n th e c o u rse b ut i n a ll th e w o rk
of t h e ye a r . U se fre ely th e l i st s gi ve n for t h i s p u rp o se
w h e nev e r u
p p i l s s e e m u n ce rt a i n as t o i m p o r t a n t p ro c e ss e s .

3 . No c l a ss w i ll nee d to w o rk a ll of th e p ro bl e m s of

th e t e xt , b ut n o th i n g sh o u l d be om it t e d from Ch a p t ers
I an d II . B e gi n n i n g w i th Ch a p t e r I I I ,
l e t th e t e a c h e r
se l e c t fro m th e l on ge r e x e rc i se l i sts su c h a n um b e r of

e xa m p l e s as m ake a re a so n ab l e l e sso n , l e av i n g th e re

m a i n de r fo r b o a rd w o rk , for
. a ssi gn m e n t to sp e c i a l p u p il s,

or to b e o m i t t e d e n t i re l y fo r t h e y e a r F o r i n sta n c e ,
.
§ 7 3
h a s 48 e xa m p l e s . Th e a ssi gn m e n t m i gh t w e l l b e 1 15 -
a nd

te n o dd n umb e re d e x a m p l es b e gi nn in g with 17 , m aki n g 25

in al l .

4 . E xp ec t t h e a ve ra ge st u d e nt t o grow m o re an d m or e
se l f- re l i a n t i n gr a sp i n g w i th o u t a ss i sta n ce n e w e x p l an a
t i on s a n d i ll u st ra t i v e e xa m p l es , a n d i n t a k i n g a dv a nt a ge

o f su c h h i nt s a n d su gge st i o n s as a re gi v e n i n t h e e x erc i se

l i sts . Ca ll on h im t o d o h i s own e xp l a i n i n g , n o t o nl y o f

n ew v a ri e ti e s of p ro b l e m s as th e y a pp e ar in th e se li sts
but a l so of ne w p r o c e sse s .
E n c o u ra ge h i m t o fee l th a t
th e c o u rse w o u l d h av e no v al u e
,
if th e re w e re no di fii
c u l ti e s , b u t t h at i t i s e xp e c t e d th a t a stu de nt o f fa i r a b i li t y

a d se
n l f-
re sp e c t c a n o v e rc o m e th e m all .

5 .Th e l a rge st p o ssib l e nu m b e r o f th e v e rb al p ro bl e m s

sh o u l d b e w o rk e d a n d th e gra p h u se d fre el y .

6 .Al ge b ra re q u i re s a c cu ra c y o f w o rk, an d a c c u ra c y
de p e n ds u p on n e a tn e ss an d o r de r . P rev e nt or c h e ck

h a b i t s t h at co m e fro m l a ck of o rd e r in re c o rdi n g st e p s

in th e th i nki n g p ro c e ss .
 C ONTE NTS

PA E G
IN TRODUCTI ON 9
LI TE R AL NU M B E RS 11
E QU ATI ON S 28
P OS I TI VE AN D NE GATI VE NU M B E R S 39
F UN DAM E N TAL PROCE SS E S 60
ADDI TI ON AN D S UB TR AC TI ON 61
MUL TI P LI CATI ON AN D D I VI S I ON 67
S PE CI AL P R OD U C TS AN D F AC TORI N G 88
F ACTOR I N G 96
Q U A D R AT I C E Q U AT I ON S 106
H I GH E S T COM M ON F ACTOR 110
LOW E S T COM M ON M U L TI PL E 1 12
F RAC T I ON S 11 6
R ATI O AN D PROP ORTI ON 13 8
S I M UL TANE OU S E QUATI ON S AN D G RAP H I N G . . 144
P ROB L E M S F ROM GE OM E TR Y 1 66
S Y S TE M S PARTI AL L Y Q UAD RATI C 1 72
FORM UL AS AND LI TE R AL E Q U ATI ON S
.
1 78
POW E RS AN D ROOT S 197
RAD I CAL S 205
Q U AD RAT I C E QU ATI ON S 220
RATI O AN D P ROP ORT I ON 234
E SS E N TI AL R E VI E W S 2 41
XI I . ADDI TI ONAL F UN D AM E N T AL P ROCE S S E S 257
DE TACH E D COE F F I CI E N T S 259
F RAC TI ON S 2 68
XI I I . TH E F U N C TI ON , E Q U AT I ON S , AN D GR AP H I N G . . 2 75
E XPON E N TS , RAD I C AL S ,
‘
AN D I M AG I N AR I E S 2 95
 LOGAR I T H M S
Q U AD R AT I C E QUAT I ON S
Q U AD R A T I C E QU A TI ONS TH AT I N VO L VE
VAR I AB LE S
RATI O, P ROP ORTI ON , AN D V AR I AT I ON
P ROGR E S S I ON S
TH E B I N OM I AL TH E O RE M
CU M U L AT I VE RE VI E W
XXI I . S UP P LE M E N TAR Y TOP I C S
I N TE R P R E TAT I ON OF I MAGI NAR I E S .

TH E I NDE T E R M I N AT E F OR M S
TR I GON OM E TR I C R AT I OS
TAB L E S
I NDE X
 A Y E AR OF AL G E B R A

C H AP T E R I

I NTROD U C TI ON

1 . S ymb o ls of a ri t h me ti c . At t h e b e gi nn in g o f o ur
st u d y o f a r i t h m e ti c , w e we re t a u gh t t o w ri te n u m be rs b y
t h e us e of th e sym b o l s, 0, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4, 5 , e tc .

Th e n w e l e a rn e d t o u se su c h n u m b e rs i n th e p ro c e sse s
of a ddi t io n , sub trac t i o n , m u lt i p l i c a ti o n a n d d i vi si o n .

L a t e r, w e sp e n t m uc h t im e fi n d in g re l a t i o ns a nd de t e r
mi n i n g ru l e s fo r so lv i n g m a ny p ro b l e ms o f e ve ry da y l i fe -
.

Th e se p ro b le ms i n vo lv e d c o m m o n f ra c ti o ns, de c i m a l fra c
t i o n s , p e rc e n ta ge , de n o m i n a t e n u mb e rs , a nd o th e r com

p li c a t e d fo rm s .

We a l so l e a rn e d t o u se so m e v e ry c o nv e n i e n t sy m b o ls

to i n d i c a t e Op e ra t i o n s a n d e x p re ss re l a t i o ns, a s fo r p l u s
o r a d d i t i on , f o r m i nu s o r su b t ra c t i o n , X fo r t im e s o r
m u lt i p l i c a ti o n , or (t h e b a r of t h e fra c t i o n ) fo r
d iv i d e d b y or d i v i si o n , a nd fo r e q u a li ty .

Th e s y m b o l s o f a ri t h m e t i c as we us e th e m to da y a re re l a t i ve l y

mo d e m Th e so c a l l e d
-
Ara b i c N o ta t i o n, —th e u se of th e n i ne
—se e ms
.

d i g i ts w i th 0 in th e d e c i ma l or pla ce syste m , to h a ve
re c e i v e d i ts fi na l d e v e l o p m e n t i n I nd i a a b o ut th e s e v e nt h c e nt u r y

A . D . We k n o w t h a t t h i s n o t a t i o n w a s no t i n ve ry g e n e ra l u s e

in W e s t e rn E u ro p e u nt i l a b o u t 1 2 00 A . D . a nd t h a t mo s t of th e
s y mb o l s of o p e ra t i o n h a ve b e e n a do p te d si nc e th a t d a t e .

Th e i nt ro d u c t i o n of t h e Ara b i c N o t a t i o n m e a nt m uc h to a ri t h

me t i c , fo r t h e re i s a l w a ys g re a t ga i n i n t i me a nd in e a se of

9
10 A Y E AR OF AL GE B RA
w h e n p ro p e r symb o l s a nd me th o d s a re e m p lo ye d i n a ny
o p e ra t i o n

l i ne o f sc i e nt i fic th i nk i ng Th i s i s e v i d e nt if th e s tud e nt a t
.

t e mp ts t o so l ve th e fo l lo w i ng p ro b l e m s, us i n g b o th t h e mo d e rn
Ara b i c N o ta t i o n a nd th e ol d R o ma n No ta ti o n, —th e o nl y no ta t i o n
kn o w n t o t h e s c h oo l b oy o f a nc i e n t t i me s .

(1 ) Fi nd th e s um o f tw e nt y-fo ur, o ne h und re d th i rty-s i x, a nd

o ne th o usand t wo h und re d s i xt y
-
tw o .

Ara b i c
24
13 6
1 2 62

(2 ) M ul t i p l y t w o h und re d fo rty -
se ve n b y th i rt y-fi ve .

Ara b i c R o ma n
247 C CX L VI I
35 XXX V

Th e st ud e ntma y b e i n t e re ste d i n re a d i n g in so me go o d h i sto ry

o f m a t h e m a t i c s h o w t h e sc h o o l b o y o f a n c i e nt R o me so l ve d t h e se
p ro b l e ms .

2 . S ymb o ls o f a l ge b ra . Al ge b ra is c o n c e rn e d e ss e n

t i a lly w i th sy mb o l s i
; t sp e a ks in a l a n gu a ge o f sym b o l s .

Ar ith m e ti c , by th e us e o f a fe w sy mb o ls, e na bl es u s to
so l ve q u i c kl y a n d a cc u ra t e l y m a ny p ra c t i ca l p ro b l e ms .

Al geb ra , b y a m o re e xt e nsi v e u se o f sym b o l s , o p e ns to

u s i m p o rt a nt fi e l ds o f sc i e n c e and m a th e m a t i c s . I t te a c h e s
us to c h oo se sym b o ls w i se l y an d t o u se t h e m ski l fu ll y .

Ph ysi cs , c h e m i st ry , a n d o th e r sc i e n ce s , as well as t ri go
n o m e t ry , su rv ey i n g, an d a ll th e m a th e m a ti c s of th e
e ngin ee r, are c l o se d to t h e stu de n t w h o do e s not h a ve a

w o rki n g kn owl e dge of t h e l a n g ua ge of al ge b ra .

In algeb ra as in a ri th m e t i c t wo ki nds of sym b o l s a re

u se d : (1 ) symb ol s th a t r e p r e se n t n u mb e rs ,
a nd (2 ) sym

b o ls th a t i nd i c a t e re l a t i o n s a n d o p e ra t i o ns .

All th e rul e s a n d sym b o l s w h i c h w e re l ea rn e d i n a ri th

m e t i c w i ll b e ne e d e d in a l ge b ra .
12 A YE AR OF AL GE BRA

4 . S ymb o ls tha t in di c ate op c re ti c us and re la ti o ns .

In a ri t h m e ti c th e su m of 5 a nd 3 i s wri t t e n 5 3 , th e
d i if e re nc e b e tw ee n 5 a nd 3 , t h e p ro d u c t
3 is 5 of 5 a nd 3
is 5 X 3, th e q u o t i e nt o f 5 d iv i d e d b y 3 i s 5 —
3 or
g ,

a nd t h e f ac t th a t t w o sy m b o ls fo r n u m b e rs a re eq u a l is
i n d i c at ed by t h e si gn o f e q u a l i t y , as 5 3 8 .

Th e se sy m bo ls a re u s e d in a l g e b r a as in a ri th m e t i c .

5 . E q uali ty and i ts si gn. Th e sy m b o l of e q u a li t y ,

i s t h e m o st i m p o rt a nt sym b o l o f a lge b ra . I t is u se d to
s t a te the re l a ti o n b et w e en t wo nu m b e rs th at a re kn own
t o h a v e t h e s am e v a l u e .

No t i c e t h e b re vi ty of th e a l ge b ra i c s ta t e m e nts fo r th e
fo l l o wi n g i llu stra t iv e p ro b le m s i n m e nta l a ri t h m e t i c :

I . Wh a t n u mb e r a d de d t o 8 gi ve s 2 0 ?
In a l ge b ra i c s ym b o l s th i s p r o b l e m i s , (1 ) 8 n : 20 .

( H e re it re p re se nt s t h e nu m b e r t o b e fo un d .
)
II . Tw ic e wh a t n um b e r m i nu s 6 gi ves 1 2 ?
Th e a l ge b ra i c p ro bl e m i s , (2 ) 2 n 6 1 2 .

III . One n um b e r i s 8 l a rge r th a n a n ot h e r a n d th e i r s um

is 3 2 . Fi nd th e n u m b e rs .

Let n b e th e l a rge r n um b e r .

Th e n it 8 is th e sm al l e r n um b e r .

Th e n (3 ) n + n or 2n
an d ( )
3 a re kn o w n a s e q uat i ons a n d the v a l ue

of n m a y b e fo u n d b y t ri a l . F ind th e v al u e o f n in e a ch .

E xerc ise 1

F i nd by i nsp ec ti o n th e v a l ue o f th e li te ra l n um b e r i n
e a c h o f th e fo ll o wi ng e q u a ti o n s :

1 . n + 5 = 7 . 4 . x 7 . 2x + 2 = 24 .

2 . n 5 . 3n = 30. 8 . 2a
3 . n + 6 = 11 6 . 3u + 3 = 33 . 9 . 5 m+ 7 z 17 .
 I NT R O DUC T I ON 13

d i ff e re nc e b e tw e e n t h e p i l e s i s m n .

I f a t h i rd p i l e c o nt a i ns l a p p l es , t h e su m of th e a p p le s

in a ll t h re e i s m + n + l . m +n —l i s th e su m of th e
a pp l es i n th e fi rs t t wo m i n u s t h e nu m b e r i n t h e t h i rd .

I f th e re w e re t wo p i l e s o f b a p p l e s e a c h , th e t o t al n u m b e r
i n th e t wo p i l es w o ul d b e b b o r 2 b , j ust as i n a ri t h m e ti c
1 0 i s 2 ti m es 10
’
10 + or tw o 1 0 s .

7 . M ul ti pli c a ti on Th e p ro d u c t o f t w o l i t e ra l n u m b e rs
.

s u c h as m a nd n m ay b e writ te n m X
n , ru n , o r b e t te r m n .

“ ” “ ”
Th e sym bo ls , X an d fo r t i m es , or m u l t i p l i e d b y,
will b e use d o nly w h e n n e c e ssa ry .

S i n c e 2 X 3 gi ve s th e sam e re su l t a s 3 X 2 a nd 2 X 3 X 4 ,

is th e sa me as 3 X 2 X 4 o r 4 X 2 X 3 , e tc , we h av e t h e .

f o ll o w i ng : 0

Rul e . In fi ndi ng th e p ro d u c t o f s e v e ra l nu m b ers th ey

m a y b e ta k e n i n a n y o rd er .

Th e re fo re m X n is th e s a m e as n X m, or mn i s t h e sa m e

a s nm .

B u t it i s u su ally m o re c o nve n i e nt t o w ri te th e l i t e ra l
num b e rs of a p ro d u c t i n th e i r al p h a b e t i c a l o rd e r . Th e

p ro du c t o f a , b, and c is w rit te n a bc a n d re a d as a w o rd i s
“ ”
S p e l le d a -
b -
c .
14 A YE AR OF ALG E B RA
L e t th e stud e n t be ve ry su re t o n o ti c e th a t t h e d ec i ma l or

p la c e s y st e m i s no t to b e use d w i th l i t e ra l numb e rs ,
—th at a bc

is a p ro d uc t . We h a v e no t h i ng l i k e th i s i n a ri t h m e t i c wh e n us
i ng th e Ara b i c num e ra l s , fo r 2 w ri tt e n b y 3 i n 2 3 i s no t 2 3
x .

I t is a lso c o nv e ni e n t w h e n w e wi sh to w ri te th e p ro d u c t
of b o th Ara bi c a n d l i t e ra l nu m b e rs t o p l a c e t h e Ara b i c

nu m b e r, o r th e p ro d u c t of t h e Ara b i c numb e rs , fi rst and

t h e n t h e p ro d u c t of th e l i t era l n umb ers .

F o r i nst a n c e th e p ro d uct
( )
1 o f 2 a n d a i s wri tte n 2 a (to b e re a d two a

(2 ) o f 2 a , a nd b is 2 a b , ,

3
( ) o f 2 a a n d 3 b i s 6 a b a n d ,

(4 ) 2 t i m es a t im es b ti m e s 3 t im es 0 i s 6a bc .

8 . Di vi si on . Th e q u o t i e nt of m d i v id e d b y n ma y b e
n
w ri tt e n m n, to be re a d m divi d e d by n, or l to be
n
“ ” ”
re a d t h e fra c ti o n m di vi d e d by n, or m o ve r n .

Th e f rac t i o n a l fo rm i s th e m o re co nv e ni e nt o ne fo r
li t e ra l num b e rs .

Th e v a ri o u s c o mb i n a t i o n s of li t e ra l n u m b e rs s uc h a s,

a b, a b, mn, 2 a bc , ”
iii e tc .
,
a re c a ll e d al geb rai c e x

p re ssi ons, o r si m l
p y, e xp re ssi o ns.

E xercise 2 . Formi ng Al ge b ra i c E xpres si ons

1 . Wh a t i s th e p ro du c t of a an d 3? of 2a and 5b ? of

a, b, c, a nd 3 ?

2 . Wh at i s t h e q u o t i e nt w h e n a: i s di v i de d by 3 ? b y a ?
by 2 a ?
3 . Wh a t i s th e q u o t i e n t w h e n 2 a i s d i v i d e d by 3 ? by b ?
by 5 b ?
4 . W h at num b e r i s 3 mo r e t h a n 8 ? 3 m o r e t h a n at ?
Ans 3 . x .
 I NT R O DU CT I ON 15

5 . Wh a t n um b e r is a mo re th a n a ? 2 a m o re t h an
6 . Wh a t n um b e r i s 3 l ess t h a n 8 ? 3 l e ss t h an at ? Ans .

a: 3 .

7 . Wh a t numb e r i s a less th an (0 ? ab l e ss th a n 2 m ?
8 . Wh a t i s th e su m o f a b , ,
c, a nd d? of 2 a , 3 b, 4 c ,
a nd 5d ?
9 . Joh n h as 0 c e nts and e a rns 5 m o re . H o w m a ny
c e n ts h as h e ?
10 . If a b oy w a l ks 4 m i l e s an h o u r, h o w m a ny m i l es
w i l l h e w al k i n 3 h o u rs ? i n h h o u rs ? i n 2 h h o urs ?

11 . An a u to t rav e ls 2 0 mi l es p e r h o ur . H o w many m i le s
w ill i t go i n 4 h ou rs ? in h h ou rs ? i n 2 h h o u rs ?

12 . Ja m es h as 0 ce n ts a n d sp e n ds 5 c e nt s fo r a p e n c il .

H o w m a ny c e nts h a s he ? An s . c 5 .

13 . Jo h n g s
o e t o th e st o re w i th i n h is p oc ke t
0 c e n ts .

H e sp e n ds 5 c e nt s fo r a p e n c i l a n d b c e n t s fo r a b o o k H o w .

m a ny c e n ts h as h e l e ft . Ans . c 5 b .

14 . If a m an h a s d do l l a rs on h an d at th e b e gi nn i n g of

t h e m o n th , e a rn s e d o l l a rs du ri n g t h e m on th , a n d sp e n d s l
do ll ars fo r l i vi n g e x p e n se s , h o w m u c h h a s h e l e ft at the
e nd o f th e m on th ?

15 . If o ra nges c o st 3 c e n ts e a ch , h o w m a ny can be
bo u gh t fo r 3 0 c e n ts ? fo r a c e nts ? for 2 a c e n ts ?
16 . If a t ra i n r un s 3 0 m i l e s p e r h o u r , h o w m a ny h o u rs
w ill b e re q u i re d to ru n 8 0 m i le s ? t o ru n m m il e s ?
17 . H o w m a ny a p p l es c o s ti n g a c e n ts e a c h c an b e b o u gh t
fo r b ce nts ?
18 . W r i te th e n um b er th at i s 3 m o re t h a n 2 time s n .

Ans 2 n . 3 .

19 . W ri te th e n u m b e r t h a t i s a m o re t h a n 2 t im es b ; n

mo re th a n a t im e s c ; 2 a m o r e t h a n a: tim e s y .
16 A Y E AR OF AL GE BR A

20 . Wri te th e n u mb e r ne xt h i gh e r th an 8 ; th e next

hi gh e r t h a n 33
. Ans . a: 1 .

Not e . Co ns e cuti ve numb ers a re t h o se t h a t f o l l o w in

o rd e r in th e nu m b e r syst e m , a s 4, 5 , 6, etc . Conse cuti v e
e ve n n u m b e rs a re e v e n n u m b e rs in o rd e r, a s 4, 6, 8 , e tc .
,

a n d co nse c uti ve o d d n u m b e rs a re o d d nu mb e rs in o rd e r

as 5 , 7, 9, e tc .

21 . B e gi nn i ng w i th a: wri te th e co nse c u t i ve nu m b e rs in
o rd e r to a: 10 . Th e c o ns e c u t i v e n um b e rs do wn t o a: 8 .

22 B e gi nn i n g w i th 5 by 3 to 3 2
’
. c o unt s .

23 B e gi n ni n g w i th by 3
’
. a: co u n t s to a: 18 .

24 B e gi nn i n g w i th
’
. n 1 c o unt by 2 s to n 15 .

25 . If n is an odd n um b e r, wri te th e ne xt five od d

°

n u m b e rs .

26 . If n is an eve n n u m b e r, wr i t e t h e n e xt fi ve e ve n

n u m b e rs .

27 . W ri t e t h re e c o n se c u t i v e ev e n nu m b e rs of w h i ch a

i s t h e l e a st .

28 . W ri t e th ree c o n se c u t i v e o dd n u m b e rs o f w h i ch n is
the se c o n d n u m b e r .

29 . W ri t e t h re e c o nse cu t i ve e ve n num b ers of wh i c h n

i s t h e l a rgest .

Tra nsla te the f o l l o wi ng e q u a ti o ns i n to p ro bl e m s o f m e n ta l

a ri th m e ti c a n d fin d th e v a l ue o f th e lit e ra l n u m be r :
30 . 2 7: 1 15 .

T ra n s l a t e d g i v e s , twi c e w h a t numb e r a dde d t o 1 gi ve s

32 . 4n 4 20 . 35 . 2n 15 21 .

33 . 2n 12 52 . 36 . 4n 10 30 .
 I NT RO DUCT I ON 17

Tra nsla te th e f o l lo wi ng p r o b l e ms i n to e q ua ti o ns a n d fi nd

th e a nsw er by i nsp ec ti o n :

37 . I f 3 is a d ded to 2 t i m e s a c ert a i n n u m b e r, th e su m
is 2 1 . Wh a t is the n u mb e r ?
S olut i on . Le t n re p re se nt t h e nu mb e r .

Th e n 2 n + ( B y th e c o n d i ti o n s of t h e p ro b
le m )
.

Wh e nc e n = 9 , th e re qu i re d nu m b e r .

38 . I f 5 is a dde d to 3 t im es a c e rt a i n n umb e r , th e sum

is 3 5 . Wh a t i s th e num b e r ?

39 . I f 3 is sub tra c t e d fro m 2 t i m e s a c e rt a i n n umb e r,

th e re m a i n d e r is 7 . Wh at i s th e nu m b e r ?
H i nt . Th e e q ua ti o n i s 2n 3 = 7 .

40 . Fi n d two n u mb e rs su c h t h a t th e sec o n d is 3 m ore

t h a n th e fi rst and th e sum is 3 5 .

S olut i o n . Le t n re p re s e n t th e fi rst n umb e r .

Th e n n 3 re p rese nts th e s e c o nd nu m b e r .
(Wh y ? )
Th e n n + n 3 = 35 .
(W h y ? ) Or 2n
W h e nc e n 16 , t h e fi rs t n u m b e r .

a nd n 3 19, t h e s e co n d nu mb e r .

41 . F i n d t wo n um b e rs su c h t h a t t h e sec o n d i s 5 m o re
t h a n th e fi rst and the ir su m is 2 3 .

42 . F i n d t wo n u m b e rs su c h t h a t th e se c on d i s 4 l e ss
t h an th e fi rst a nd th e i r su m i s 14 .

43 . F i n d two n u m b e rs su c h t h a t th e se c o n d is 3 m o re
t h a n t wo t i m e s th e first a nd th e i r su m is 2 7
Qu e st i o n : If n re p re se n t s th e fi rst n u m b e r, wh a t w i l l re p re s e nt

th e se c o nd ?

44 . F i nd tw o c o nse c ut i v e num b e rs w h ose su m i s 13 .

45 . F i n d t h re e c o ns e c u t i v e n u m b e rs wh o se su m i s 42 .

H i nt . Th e e q ua t i o n is n n 1 n 2 42 .

46 . F i n d t h re e c o nsec u t i v e nu m b e rs w h o se su m is 3 6 .
13 A YE AR OF A L G E B RA

47 . A h o us e a nd l ot a re w o rt h I f th e h o use is
wo rt h 3 t im es as m uc h th e l o t , fi nd th e val ue o f e ac h
as .

S o luti o n. Le t v re p re s e n t t h e nu m b e r o f d o l l a rs t h e l o t i s w o rt h .

Th e n 3 v th e numb e r o f do l l ars th e h o us e is w o rth .

Th e n 1) 3v 8 000 .

Wh e nc e v 2000, th e numb e r of d o ll a rs th e l o t i s
w o rth , a nd 3v 6000. th e numb e r of d o l lars t h e h o us e

N o t i c e i n th e a b o ve so l ut i o n th a t v a nd 3a are numb e rs a nd no t

ac t ua l va l ues or p ro p e rt y .

48 . Ro b e rt b o ugh t t wo b oo ks th at c ost to ge th e r 90 c e nts .

If o ne o f th e b o o ks c ost 2 t i me s as m uc h as th e o th e r, wha t
di d ea c h book c ost ?

49 One of tw o num b e rs i s 5 t i m es th e o th e r a nd th e i r

sum 18 48 . Wh a t a re t h e nu m b e rs ?

su m of th re e n um b e rs i s 6 6 Th e se c o n d is 2
’

50 . Th e .

t i m es t h e fi rs t an d th e t h i rd is 3 t i m es th e first . Wh a t
a re t h e num b e rs ?

51 . Jam es is 2 t im es a s o l d as Joh n an d H e nry i s 3 t i m es

as o l d as J o h n . Th e sum o f the a ges o f th e th re e bo ys is
3 0 y e a rs . F i n d th e a ge o f e a c h .

52 . A boo k a nd kn i fe c o st t o ge th e r 80 c e nts . Fi nd t h e
c ost o f e a ch if th e kn i fe c ost 20 c e nt s m o re th a n t h e boo k .

9. Fac tors . Th e fact o rs o f a nu mb e r a re t h e nu mb e rs

wh i c h , wh e n m u l t i p l i e d t o ge th e r , gi ve th e o ri gi n al n um b e r .

F or e xa m p l e , 2 , 3 , a nd 5 a re fac to rs o f 3 0 s inc e
2 3
-
3 an d 10 a re al so fac tors of 3 0, a nd al so 5
a nd 6 .

S i mil a rly, 3 , a , a nd b a re fa c to rs of 3 ab . Also 3 a and b

as we ll as 3b an d a .

6a b h a s th e fo ll o w i n g p a i rs o f fa c to rs : 2 an d 3 a b , 3 a nd
'

2 a b, 2 b a nd 3 a , 2 a a n d 3 b , a a n d 6 b , b a n d 6 a , a b a nd 6 .
20 A YE AR o r A L GE B RA
12 . Commo n fa cto r . I f tw o n u m b e rs h ave th e sa m e

fa c t o r, t h a t f a c t o r i s c a ll e d t h e i r co mmo n facto r .

For e xa m p l e , 4 an d 6 h a ve t h e c o mm o n fa cto r , 2 . 3a
a nd 5 a h av e t h e c o mm o n f a c t o r, a . 3 a bc: an d 6bxy h a v e
s e v e ra l c o mm o n f a c to rs , 3 , b, and x .

Th e p r o du c t o f a ll t h e c o m m o n p ri m e fa c t o rs o
f se v

e ra l n u m b e rs i s c a l l e d t h e i r h i gh est common fact o r .

(I n

a r i th m e t i c , gre a te st co mmon di visor ) .

For e xa m p l e , th e h i gh e st c ommo n fa c t o r of 3 a m: and GM } ; i s

3 bz .

E x erc ise 3

F i n d th e gre a te s t c o mm o n d i v is o r f
o th e f o l l o wi ng

1 . 36 an d 64 . 6 . 2 0, a nd 75 .

2 . 45 and 105 . 7 . 1 2 , 1 8 , 2 7, a nd 45 .

3 . 108 and 144 . s . 2 6 , 65 , 91 , and 15 6 .

4 . 85 an d 15 3 . 9 . 45 , 75 ,
1 05 , and 13 5 .

5 . 11 5 an d 1 61 . 10 . 3 6 , 4 s, 64 , 1 08 , .
and 144 .

Na m e a t si g h t a com mo n f a c to r f o r ea c h o f th ese

11 . 4a c and 5 bc . 14 . 1 8 a b , 2 4 by, an d 3 2 bz .

12 . an d 10xz . 15 . 3 6a m, 54yz
w, an d 72 x yw .

13 . 3 a bc a nd 5 bc d . 16 . 4 5 mm, a nd 4 8 xyz
u .

C F ( gi c o mm o n f
'
F i nd th e I I . . . h h e s t a c to r ) th e s e

17 . 8 a b c , 1 2 bc , an d 2 4a o .

18 . 2 4m u r, 3 2 u rs, an d 4 8 m rs .

19 . 9a bc d, 1 2 bc d , 1 8 a bd, and 3 6a d .

20 . 3 5 hkl, 2 5 a h h l, and 6 5 hl .

21 . 1 05 a b c , 1 3 5 b c d , and 1 5 0b c .
 I NT R O DU CTI ON 21

13 . Addi ti on a nd sub t ra c t i o n of num b e rs ha vi ng a

co mmo n fact or .

H ow m a ny t im es 5 i s th e su m o f 3 t im e s 5 a nd 4 ti m es 5 ?
H ow m a n y t i m e s a i s th e su m o f 3 ti m e s a a nd 4 times a ?
Or, c om b i n e 3a 4 a i n to a S i n gl e n um b e r . Ans 7 a . .

H o w m a ny t i m e s 5 i s t h e re m a i n de r w h e n 2 ti m es 5 i s
s u b t ra c t e d fr o m 6 t i m e s 5 ?
H o w m a ny t i m es a i s th e re m a i n d e r w h e n 2 t im e s a is
s u b t ra c t e d from 6 t i m e s a ? Or, co m b i n e 6a 2 a i nt o a

s i n gl e n u m b e r . An s 4a . .

Rul es . Th e su m o f n u m b e rs h a vi n g a c o m mo n f ac to r is
th e su m o f th e fil i f th e c om m o n f m ul ti p li e d
‘
coe c e n ts o a c to r

by th e c o mm on f ac tor .

Th e di fie re n c e b e twe en two n u m be rs h a vi ng a c o mm o n

fa c to r i s th e difi er e nc e o f th e c o e fii ci e n ts c om m o n
’
f th e
‘
o

fa c to r m u l ti p li e d b y th e c o m m o n fa c to r .

For e x a mp l e , (1 ) 4a 5a 6a l 5a .

(2 ) 2a b 4a b 7a h 13 a b .

(3 ) 7a 3a 4a .

4) 1 0a b 7a b 3ab .

E xe rc i se 4

C o m bi n e th e o ll o w i ng
f
1 . 4a 7a . 5 . 7n n 3n . Ans 1 1 h
. .

2 . 1 0a 3a . 6 . 3a 4a 2a . An s 5 a . .

3 . 2a b 3 ab 9a b . 7 . 2x 5x 6x . Ans . v
. .

4 . l 2a b 5a b . 8 . 5m 3m 7m . An s 9m . .

9 . 10a a ~
12a m 1 8a m .

10 . 2d 5d d 3d . An s 3 d . .

11 . 5m 4m 8m . 14 . 2 a bo 3 a bc 4 a bc .

12 . 2x 3x 7x . 15 . 4:1: yz 3 ryz
. 9 1: yz
. .

13 . 12 a m 7d x Ba r 16 . 18m n 4m n 5mn .
22 A YE AR OF AL G E B RA
14 . E xp onents . I f th e p ro du c t o f 2 a a nd 3 b i s 6a b
(se e t h en th e p ro d u c t o f 2 a a n d 3 a i s 6a a .

”
F or c o nv e ni e n c e , 6aa i s w ri tte n 6a , wh i c h i s t o b e re a d
“
si x a e xp o ne n t 2 S im i l arly , aua i s w ri tte n a ,
w h i ch
“
i s t o be re a d a e xp o n e n t

An exp o nent is a nu m b e r w ri t t e n t o t h e ri gh t an d

a b o ve a s eco n d num b e r t o i n d i c a t e h o w m a ny t i m e s th e
se c o n d n um b e r i s t o b e t a ke n as a fa c t o r .

“ ”
6a m ay a lso b e r e a d six a squ a re
2
an d a
3
m ay b e re a d
” “ ”
a t o t h e t h i rd p o w e r or a cub e .

z
Th e f a ct o rs o f 6a a re 2 3 a an d a , , , .

N ot e . Wh en th e e xp o n e n t i s 1 i t is o m i tte d ; 6a i s th e sa m e

as 6a ‘
.

E xercise 5

R ea d a nd f
ac to r e a c h o f th e f o ll o wi ng

1 . 8a 2
5 . 2 4a 3
x
‘
z . 9 . 6a b ‘ ‘
.

2 . l 2a b . 6 . 2 1a b 3 ‘
c
2
10 . 9c d 8 "
.

3 . 12 x y 2
. 7 . 3 2x y w ‘ 3 2
. 11 .

4 . 1 5a b 2 2
x z
. 8 . 5 7w 3
xy z s
. 12 . 1 8hl m 3 4
n
2
.

F i n d th e H . C F in
. . ea c h o f th e fo ll o w i ng

13 . 12 a b 2
a nd
-
1 6a b . 18 . 18a b 3 2
0 and 48a b 2
c
3

14 . 1 0a b 2
a nd 15 a b 2
. 19 . 2 4x y 5 3
an d 3 6x y 2 2
.

15 . 1 8 a bc 2
a n d 2 4a c
z . 20 . 42 m y 8 5
an d 5 6x y 5 8
.

16 2 0a bc , 2 z
25ab o a n d 3 5 a be
z 21 x
15 1°
an d
.
,
. .
y
17 3 z z
1 5 x y z a n d 3 5 :1: y z3
22 . and
. .

15 . Di vis i o n . Gi v e n on e o f t h e t w o f a c t o rs o f a nu m

b e r, di vi si on i s t h e p ro c e ss of d e t e rm in in g t h e o th e r

f a c to r .

F or e xa m p l e , 2 4 d i vi d e d by 8 gi ve s w h a t q u o t i ent ?
i s th e s am e as 8 t im e s w h at n u m b e r e q u al s o r, i n
“
sy m bols, 8 X
 I NTRO DUC T I ON 23

Wh a t is t h e q u o ti e nt o f 6 a b di v i d e d by 2 a ? is th e
sa m e a s, Wh a t n u m be r m u lti pli e d by 2 a gives 6a b ? ”

Th e re fo re , i n di v i si on se p a rat e , i f p ossi bl e , th e di vid e nd

i nto tw o fa c to rs o ne of wh i ch i s t h e divi so r .

E xerci se 6

F i nd th e q uo ti e n t i n ea c h o f th e o llo wi ng
f
1 . 12 r y 4g . 11 . 2 733 3122
3 x2 .

2 . 1 8 a bc 3 ao . 12 . 3 0a b 2
c 3 a bc .

'

3 . 2 4a bx 4a m . 13 . 40l m 2
n+ 2 0m n .

4 . 2 0xyz e -
14 . 2 xy .

5 . 3 0x31 10xy . 15 . 24 03 31 2 2
2 x 3]2
.

6 . 2 4a bc 2ao . 16 . 3 2 :1: y 2
f 2 xy .

7 . 18a a: 9a m . 17 . 3 0:0 y 2 2
1 0wy
8 . 3 6a 2
2a . 18 . 12 x 3; 3 z
fizy .

9 . 2 4a b 2
3 ab . 19 . 1 6x yz 3
2 xyz .

10 3 2a b z 8a b 20 3 6x y 3 "
4m z
. . .
y .

2
15a 16 8 a:
2
3 5z 2

Ans 3 a . .

5a b

24 . 25 .

5 6a bc
2 2

8 ao 25m 2

Sa y
27 . D i v i de by 3 a b . Ans .

3 ab
N ot e . I f th e d i vi so r i s no t a fa c t o r of th e d i vi d e n d , t h e q u o
83:
m a y b e w ri t t e n fra c t i o n , to b e re a d t h e fra c t i o n
‘

t i e nt as a

”
di vi d e d b y 3 a b , or o ve r 3ab .

5
28 . D ivi de I Oxy b y 2 m n . An s .

7 3:
29 . D i vi d e 1 2 a b b y 5 c d . 30 . D iv i d e 1 5 x y b V 3 a y 2
.
24 A Y E AR OF AL GE BRA
16 . E va l ua ti on of li t eral numb ers . I n th e f o rmu l a
A l w (s e e w h a t i s th e va lu e o f A w h e n l is 5 a nd w
is 3 ? Or, wh a t i s th e a re a o f a rec t a n gl e w h o se l e ngth i s
fi ve u n i ts a n d i ts w i d t h t h re e u n it s ?
Th e su b st i tu ti o n of a d e fi ni t e a ri t h m e t i c a l v a l ue fo r
e a ch l e tte r of a l i t e ra l n u mb e r i s kn o w n as t h e p roc e ss
.

o f e v a l ua ti o n .

E xerci se 7

1 . Gi v e n a z 2 and b = 3 , wh a t is t h e va l u e of a + b?
of ab
?
of 2a —b? of 2ab ? of 4b — 5a ? of 3 ab

Gi v en a 3, b 4, and c z 2, fi nd th e va lu e o f ea c h o f th e
f o l l o w i ng ex p re ssi o n s

2 . 3a + 2 b — 5c . 5 . a bc —a — b — c .

3 . 3 a bc ab ac . 6 . 4a b c 3 ac .

4 . 2a b ac bc . 7 . 7a b 2a o .

8 . If n = 3 , w h a t i s th e v a lu e of 3n 4n ? of 7 71 ?
9 . If w h a t i s th e va lu e o f 5x ? of

If a :
3 a nd b = 4, fi nd th e va lu e o f ea ch o f th e f o ll o w i n g

i n tw o w a ys : (1 ) by s ubs ti t uti ng i n th e p r o bl e m a s i t i s,
a n d (2 ) by c o m b i n i ng a s i n 1 3 , a nd th e n su bsti tu ti ng
10 . 3a 4a 2a . 13 . 4b 3b 2b .

11 . 7a 3a 4a . 14 . 4a b 2a b 30 6 .

12 . Qa b 3 ab ab . 15 . 6a b 4a b 2a h .

Gi v e n a = .
2, b = 3 , m = 5, a nd l ,
e va l u a te ea ch o f th e

fo ll o w i ng
16 . 2a b 2
. 19 . 1 2 a bm2
. 22 . 5a 2
b mx3”
.

z
17 . 5 a bx . 20 . 2 4a 3
a: 23 . 3a b 2
X 5 mm .

18 . 8 n1 2
. r
2
. 21 . 3 0a bm x 24 . 12a b 2 —
—
Z 3 ab .
 I NT R O DU CTI ON 25

17 . Formulas . Many ru l es of a ri th me t i c ma y b e c on

d e n se d i n to si m pl e , a l ge b ra i c fo rm ul as .
(F o r A z lw an d

d : tr, se e

Th e fo rm u l a fo r t h e a re a o f a sq u a re is A
The f orm u l a fo r t h e p e ri m e t e r o f a sq u a re is p
Th e fo rm ul a for th e p e ri m e te r of

a re c t a n gl e is p 2l 2w .

Th e fo rm ul a fo r th e are a of a

bh
t ri an gl e i s A
z .

Th e f o rm u l a fo r t h e a re a of a

c i rc l e i s A nr
z wh e re w i s a n um
,

be r u se d i n t h e fo rm ul as fo r c i rc l e s

a nd c i rc u l a r so li d s . I ts a p p ro x i

3 1
m a te v a l u e i s 7 , o r
Th e fo rm ul a fo r th e c i rc u m fe r

e n c e o f a c i rc l e is c z 2 arr .

Th e fo rm u l a fo r th e Vo l u m e of

a bo x i s v= lwh .

Th e fo rm u l a fo r t h e su r f a c e o f a

bo x i s s 2 lw 2 lh 2 wh .

Ex 1 . . Wh a t i s th e su m of th e

t wel ve e d ge s of th e b ox sh o w n in
th e a c c o m p a ny i ng fi gu re ?
26 A Y E AR OF A L G E BRA
E xe rc i se 8

F i n d th e f fi fi rs t e i gh t e xe rc i s e s
a re a s o th e g u r e s o f th e
1 . A re c ta n gl e w h ose ba se is 10 i n c h e s a n d a lt i tu d e 14
i nc h e s .

2 . A t ri a n gl e wh o se b a se i s 8 i n c h es an d a l ti t u d e 14
i n c h es .

3 . A sq u a re o n e o f w h ose si des i s 9 i nch e s .

4 . A c i rc l e w h o se ra d i us i s 5 i n c h es .

5 . A c i rc l e w h o se ra d i u s i s 1 0 fe e t .

6 . A r e c t a n gl e wh o se b a se i s 7 i nc h e s and a lt i tu d e a

i n c h es .

7 . A c i rc l e w h o se ra d i u s is a inc h es .

8 . A s q u a r e w h o se s id e is a i nc h e s .

9 . Fi nd th e n u m b er o f c u b i c i n c h e s i n th e v ol u m e of

a b o x t h a t is one fo ot l o n g, 8 i n ch es w i d e , an d 10 i n c h e s
h i gh .

10 . F in d t h e nu m b e r o f sq u a re i n ch e s o f c l o th re q u i re d

to l i n e t h e si d e s a n d bo t to m of t h e bo x of No . 9.

11 . How ma ny sq u a re y a r d s of p l a st e r i n g w i l l b e re

q u i re d f o r th e w a ll s a n d c e il i n g o f a ro o m t h a t i s 16 fe e t
l o n g , 1 2 fe e t w i d e , and 9 fe e t h i gh , i f a n a ll o w a n c e of 9
s q u a re y a r ds i s m a de fo r do o rs a n d w i n d ows ?
12 . Wh i ch h a s t h e gre a t e r a re a , a c i rc u l a r w in d o w w i th
a ra di us o f 10 i n c h es, o r a re c t a n gu l a r w i n do w t h a t i s 2 0

i nc h es l o n g and 1 6 i n ch e s w i de ?
13 . A go a t i s t i e d t o a st a k e w i th a ro p e 1 1 fe e t l o n g
and c a n fe e d 1 fo o t b ey o n d th e e n d o f t h e ro p e . F i n d th e
a re a o f th e sp a c e ov e r w h i c h h e m a y fe e d .

14 . A re c t a n gl e an d tri a n gl e h a v e t h e sa m e b as e , 1 4
i nch e s . Th e a l t i tu d e of th e re c t a n gl e i s 10 i n c h e s an d

th a t of t h e tri a n gl e i s 2 0 i n c h e s . F i n d th e a re a o f e a c h .
23 A YE A R OF A L G E B RA

16 . I f th e su m o f two n um be rs is 12 a nd o n e is 23, wh a t
i s th e o th e r ?

17 . I f th e sum o f t wo n u m b e rs is a a nd o ne is at, wh a t
is th e o th e r ?

18 . If b e ggs c o st 0 c e nts, w h a t i s th e p ri c e o f one ? of a

doz
en ?

19 . A b oy wo rks a h o u rs a t 0 c e n ts p e r h o ur a n d sp e n d s

h is e a rn i n gs fo r b o o ks t h a t co st b c e nt s e a c h . Ho w m a n y
bo o ks d o e s h e b uy ?
20 . H o w m a ny h o u rs w i ll b e re q u i re d t o w a lk m m i l e s
at r m i les p e r h o u r ?
21 . A m an i s y y e a rs o l d . H ow old w a s h e 6 ye a rs a go ?
at y e a rs a go ?

22 . A m a n is a: y ea rs o l d a n d h i s fa t h e r i s t w i c e a s o ld .

E xp re ss t h e a ge o f e a c h 5 y e a rs fro m now .

23 . Jam e s h as 12 c e nts . I f he s p e n ds 5 c e nts a n d e a rn s

5 ce nts , h o w m u c h w i ll h e t h e n h a v e ?
24 . S im p l i fy x n — —
l— a a .

25 . F a c to r c o m p l e t e ly 8a b ; 2 5 m
a ‘ 2
n
2 z
x ; 4 9a b
a
.

26 . D iv i d e 63 m i’
n
3
y b 3
y 7 m u y .

9b
27 . If a = 3 and b 2 , fi nd t h e valu e o f of
2 4a 3a b 2

28 . If and y = 3 , find t h e v alu e of x

3
y
3
and o f
3 “
1 y .

E QU ATI ON S
18 D efi ni ti o ns
. Th e s t a t e m e n t b y t h e u s e o f t h e
sy m b o l o f e q u a l i t y, th a t two num be rs a re e q u a l ;

i s c a l l e d a n e qua ti on ( S e e .

Th e S i gn d i vi d e s t h e e q u a ti o n i n t o t w o p a rt s c a l l e d
t h e l eft, or fi rst me mb e r, a nd th e ri gh t , o r se c o nd membe r .
 I NTR O DUCT I ON 0
h 9

Th e s t u d e nt h as a l re a d y b e c o m e fa m i l i a r w i th s uc h a n e x p re s

sion as n + a nd h a s fo un d t h e v a l ue of n . He has a l so

u s e d s e ve ra l fo rm u l a s , s uc h a s A = lw (S ee 5 s 3 a nd
'
.

An eq ua ti on of c o ndi t i on, or a c o ndi ti o na l eq ua ti o n,

is a n e q uat i on t h a t i s t ru e f o r c e rt a i n v a l u e s o n l y o f th e
l i t e ra l n u m b e rs .

n 3 7 i s tru e o nl y w hen n = 4 .

2h . 3 7 i s t ru e o nl y wh e n n 5 .

An i d enti ty, or an i denti ca l e q ua ti on, is an e q ua tio n

t h a t i s t r ue fo r a ll v a lu e s o f th e li te ra l n u m b e rs .

F or e xa m p l e , 2a 3a E 5 a, wh i ch is to be re a d ,
”
2a 3 a i s i d e n t i c al l y eq ual to 5 a .

H e r e a ft e r t h e si gn o f i d enti t y w i ll b e

19 . Th e so l ut i o n of an eq ua t i o n of co ndi ti o n i s th e
p r o c e ss of fi n d in g th e value , or val ues, of th e l i t e ra l
numb er, or n u m b e rs, th at sa t i s f y the eq u a t i o n . Th e se
va lu es a re c a ll e d th e ro o ts .

Th e so l u ti o n of an e q u a t io n ge n e r a lly re q u i re s the u se

of o ne or m o re of t h e fo l lo w i n g m a th e m a ti ca l t ru th s , or

a xi o ms

I . If e q u a ls a r e a d d e d to e q u a ls, th e s u ms a r e e q ua l .

Th e m o di fi e d f o rm of t h is a x i om th a t i s a p p li e d to th e
e q u a ti o n is
Th e s a m e n u m be r - m a y be added to bo th m e m be rs o f th e
e q ua ti o n wi th o u t d es t ro yi ng th e e q ua li ty
—4
.

Th a t is , if z
it th e n 56 4, or

II . I f e q ua ls a r e su b tra c te d f ro m e q ua ls , th e r e m a i nd e rs

a re e q ua l .

Th e m o d i fi e d fo rm 18

Th e sa m e n u m be r m a y be su b trac te d ro m
f bo th m e m b e rs
o f the e q u a tio n wi th o u t d es tro yi ng th e e q u al i ty
—4
.

Th a t is, if m+ th e n 27
+ 4 , or
30 A YE AR OF A L GE B R A

I II . If e q ua ls a re m u l t ip l i e d by e q ua ls , th e p ro d uc ts a re

e q ua l

Th e m o d ifi e d fo rm i s
E a c h m e m be r f o th e m a y b e m u ti
e q u a t ion
l l i
p e d b y th e
s a m e n um b e r w i th o ut d es tro yi ng th e e q ua li ty .

Th a t i s, i f % z= 4, t h e n 2 .

V 2 :c = 2 -4, or x = 8 .

IV . If e q ua ls a re di vid e d by e q ua ls, th e q u o ti e n ts a re

e q ua l .

Th e m o d i fi e d fo rm 18

E a c h m e m be r f o th e eq ua ti o n ma y b e d i vi d e d by th e sam e

n um b e r ( no t ze ro ) w i th o u t d e s troy i ng th e e q u a li ty .

T h a t i s, i f z
zz 8 , th e n 2 z+ z= s - 2, or

I ll us tra ti ve e xa mpl es.

1 . 3x 2 so 6 .

2x 2 6 .
(Ta k i n g x fro m b o t h s i de s . Axi om I I ) .

2 2 8 .
(Ad d i n g 2 t o b o t h si d es . Axi o m I ) .

Or, 8 .

a: 4 .
(Ax i o m I V ) .

Th e roo t , or a n s w e r, of an e q ua tio n m ay b e c h e c k e d,

or pro v e d , by sub st i tu t i n g th e a n sw e r fo r th e li t e ral

nu m b e r in t h e o ri g i n a l e q u a ti o n .

F or e xa m p l e , if we s u b st i t u t e 4 fo r a: i n th e a bov e

e q u a t io n , w e ge t 1 2 2 4 6, or 10 10 . S i nc e th i s
sa tisfi es th e e q ua t i o n , w e d e c i d e th at 4 i s a ro o t .

L e t th e s tu d e nt a tt e m p t to c h e ck th e e q ua t i o n w i th s e ve r a l

o t h e r nu m b e rs, s uc h a s, a : 2, a nd

2 .
+ 2x — 10 8 + 3 x
= —6 .

10 3x 2 (Co m b i n i n g . No a xi o m is us ed .
)
4 56 12 .
(W h a t t w o a x i o m s a re u se d ?)
a) : 3 .
(W h a t a x i o m i s

Ch e c ki ng, 1 5 6 10 8 9 6 . or 11 = 11 .

At t e m p t t o ch e ck w i th at : 2 a n d at : 4 .
 I NT R O DU CT I ON 31

E x er ci se 10

F i n d th e va lu e o f th e li te ra l nu m be r in ea c h o f th e

fo l l o wi ng e q u a ti o ns a n d c h e c k S tat e th e a xi o m s u se d

—
. .

1 . 6x 9 . 3 n + 5u 4n 1 3
= — 5 .

2 . 25 + 3n = 85 —n . 10 . 3 +2 a — a a .

3 . l7 + x —x . 11 .

4 . 2x + 3 —x = 1 1 —x . 12 . 5s —5 s .

5 . 13 .

6 . 14 . 3n + 7 = 49 —4n .

7 . 3y + 6 —y = 2 2 —2 y . 15 . 7x
8 . 3x + 5 16 .

I t i s fr e q u e n t l y n e c e ss a ry

in a l g e b ra t o use a nu m b e r e x p r e ss i o n a s a si n gl e nu m

b er Th i s i s i n di c a t e d b y t h e u s e o f o n e o f t h e
. si gn s o f

a ggre ga t i o n Th e se si gns a r e t h e parenth e si s

. th e
b rack et t h e b ra ce a n d t h e vi nc ulum For
“
e x a m pl e , 8 (a b ) i s to b e re a d , e i gh t t i m e s th e e x p re s

si o n a m i nus b
Th e s i gns o f a ggre ga t i o n m ay b e re m o ve d wh en t h e re

q u i re d Op e r a t i o n s a r e p e r f o rm e d .

If a p a r e n t h e si s c o nt a i n i n g tw o or m o re nu mb e rs c on

n e c te d by ori s t o b e m u l ti p l ie d by a gi v e n
si gns

n um b e r, i t i s ne c e ssa ry w h e n re m o vi n g th e p a re n th esi s t o

m u lti p ly e a c h o f th e n u m b e rs w i th i n th e p a re nth esis b y

t h e gi ve n nu m b e r Th a t i s,.
+ 4 2 ) —

Th is m a y b e v e ri fie d by fi rst a ddi n g 5 an d 4 a n d sub

t ra c t i n g 2 a nd th e n m ult i p ly i n g th i s re su l t b y 6 .

S i m p l i fy 3 (
a b) (
a b) 5 (2 a b) .

Re m o vi n g p a re nth e se s, 3 a 3b a b 1 0a 5b .

Co m b ini n g 14 a 7b, .
32 A Y E AR OF AL GE BR A
E x e rc is e 11

R em o ve p a r e n th e se s a nd c o m b i ne i f p o ssi ble
1 . 5 . 5 (3 a 2b — — c) .

2 . 6 . 7 (2 a —b
3 . 3 (2 — b)a . 7 . 2 (a + b)

4 . 4( + b
a — c ) . 8 .
—y ) .

9
—b )
.

10 . .

11 2(

F i n d th e va l u e o f th e l i te ra l n um be r i n eac h o f th e f ol

lo wi n g e q u a ti o ns a n d c h e ck

12 . 5 x + 3 (2 x —3 ) 1 8 + 2 (x
= —2 ) —5 .

S ol ut i o n . 5x 6x 9 18 2x 4 5 .
( E xp l a i n )
l 1x 9 2x 9 .

9x 18 .
( Wh a t a x i o m s a re use d h e re ?
)
at 2 .
(W h a t a xi o m i s u se d ? )

Ch e c k i ng : -
2) —5
—4
.

-
5 .

13 . 13 + 2 (2 a
14 . 6x + 3 (3
15 .

16 . 3r + 7
17 . 3 (m + 2 ) + 2 (m
18 .

19 . 4x + 3 x — 2x = 2 5 .

20 . 3 (y
21 . 5 (2 x
22 . 2 (2 x —3 ) = 2 x — 3 .
 I N T RO DUC T I ON 33

E x erc is e 12 . Pro b l e ms

S tu dy th e fo ll o wi n g su ggest i o ns fo r p ro b l e m so lv i n g

1
( ) R e a d th e p r o bl e m a tte n ti v el y .

2
( ) F i n d a li te ra l n u m b e r e xp r essi o n f
o r e a c h u nkn ow n .

( )
3 F ro m th e nu m b er exp re ssi o ns o f 2
( ) a nd th e co n

d i ti o ns o f th e p ro bl e m , fi nd tw o e xp ressi ons f or th e sa m e

t h i ng a n d use th e m as th e m e m be rs o f a n e q u a ti o n .

(4 ) S o lve th e e q ua ti o n a nd d e te rm i ne th e u n kn ow ns .

( )
5 C h e c k b y sh o w i n g t h a t th e r esu l ts sa ti s fy th e co n

d i ti o ns sta te d i n th e p ro b l e m .

1 . Th e l a rger of t w o nu m b e rs i s 2 m o re th a n 3 t im e s
t he sm a l l e r a n d th ei r su m is 2 6 . F i n d th e nu m b e rs .

S ugge st i o n . If n re p re s e nt s th e s m a l l e r n u m b e r, wh a t w i l l re p

r e s e nt th e l a rg e r ? Th e e qua t i o n is n 3n 2 26 .

2 . F i n d tw o co nsec ut iv e n u mb e rs s uc h th a t t h e su m

of 2 t im es th e s m a ll e r a d d e d t o 3 t i m e s th e l a rge r i s 3 3 .

S ug ge st i o n . U se x a nd x 1 fo r t h e n u m b e rs . H o w d o yo u
r e p re s e n t 3 t i me s x 1 ?

3 . Th e su m of two nu m be rs i s 1 2 . Twi c e t h e fi rst is

3 m o re th a n th e se c o n d . F i n d th e n u m b e rs .

S u ggest i o n . If x re p re s e n t s th e fi rs t n u m b e r a nd t h e i r s u m is
1 2 , w h a t w i ll re p re se n t th e se c o n d ?

4 . Th e su m o f tw o n u mb e rs is 2 0 and th e fi rst is e qu a l

t o 3 t im e s th e se c o nd . F i n d th e n u m b e rs .

5 . Th e nu m b e r o f b o ys i n a c e rt a i n a l ge b ra c l a ss is 7
l e ss th a n tw i c e t h e n u mb e r o f i
g srl . F i n d th e n u m be r o f

e ac h if th e re a re 2 3 p u p i ls i n th e cl ass .

6 .A b oy h a s i n d im es an d q u a rt e rs I f h e h as .

t w i c e as m any d i m e s as q u a rt e rs h o w m a ny o f e a c h h a s h e ?
,

S u gge st i on T h e e qu a t i o n i s l 0 ( 2x )
. 25x = 2 2 5 .
34 A Y E AR OF AL G E B RA

7 . A groc e r w ish e s t o m i x 4 0 p o un ds o f c o ff e e a t a to t al
c o st o f I f he u se s t w o gra d e s o f c o fi e e , o ne c os ti n g

35 c e n ts an d th e o th e r 15 c e nts p er p o un d ,
h ow m a n y
p o u n ds o f e a c h m us t h e us e ?
S ugge st i on . Le t x a nd 40 — 2: re p re s e nt t h e nu mb e rs of p o und s .

Th e e q ua t i o n is 1 5 ( 40 x) 1 200 .

8 . A m a n m a de a w i l l , l e a vi n g to b e di v i d e d
a mo ng th re e d a u gh t e rs an d t wo so ns . E a c h d a u gh t e r w a s
to re c e i ve $ 5 00 m o re th a n e a ch so n . H ow m u ch d i d e ac h

of th e c h i l d re n re c e iv e ?
9 . F i n d two c o ns e c u t i v e e v e n n u m b e rs su c h t h a t i f th e
fi rs t be su b t ra c t e d f ro m tw i c e th e se c o n d , th e re m a i n d e r

i s 18 .

10 . D iv id e b e tw e e n B and C so th a t B m ay
re c e i ve m o re th a n C .

11 . S e p a ra t e 4 7 i n t o t wo p a rts su c h th a t on e p t
a r is 2
m o re t h a n 4 t i m es th e o th e r p a rt .

12 . Ch arl e s , J am e s ,
and H e n ry h a ve 42 m a rbl e s . Jam e s
h a s t wi c e as m a ny as Ch a rl e s and H e n ry h as as m a ny as

Ch a rl e s an d Ja m es to ge t h er . H o w m a ny h a s e a ch ?
13 . Th e l e n gth o f a re c t an gl e i s 3 t i m e s i t s w i d th , an d

t h e p e ri m e t e r i s 2 0 i n c h es . F in d th e l e n gth and w i dth .

14 . Th e l e n gth o f a re c t a n gl e i s 5 i n c h e s m ore th an th e
wi dt h , and th e p e ri m e te r is 5 0 i n c h e s . F i n d t h e d i m e n si o n s .

15 . Th e h e i gh t of Wa sh i n gt o n M o nu m e nt i s 1 05 fe e t
l e ss t h a n 3 t i m e s th e h e i gh t of B u nke r H ill Mo n u me n t .

Fi n d th e h e i gh t o f e a ch i f th e su m o f th e i r h e i gh ts i s 7 75
fe e t .

16 . Th e w e i gh t o f a cub i c fo ot of i ro n i s 10 p o un ds m o re
t h a n th re e t i m e s th e w e i gh t of a c u b i c fo o t o f l i m e st o n e .

Th e su m o f t h e t wo w e i gh ts i s 610 p oun ds . F i n d th e w e i ght

o f e ach .
36 A YE AR OF A L GE BRA
14 . F i nd t h e a re a of a c i rc l e w h o se ra d i us i s 5 i nc h e s .

U se A = 7r7
‘ 2
.

15 . F i nd t h e a re a of a t ri a n gl e w h o se b a s e i s 10 f e e t
a nd a l t i tud e 1 2 fee t .

16 . Th e di st a n c e a st o n e o r o th e r h e avy a rt i c l e w i ll f a l l
in any n u m b e r o f se c o n ds is e xp re sse d a pp ro x im a t e l y by
t h e f o rm u l a d = 1 6 t w h e re d i s th e nu mb e r o f fe e t th e
2
,

j
o b ect falls and t i s th e n u m b e r o f sec o nds . H ow fa r w il l
a w e i gh t f a ll i n 5 s e c o n ds ? In a se c o n d s ?

17 A b oy d rop s a st o n e fro m th e t o p o f a c l i fi
'

. o ve r

h a n gin g a ri v e r i n t o th e w at e r b e l o w B y th e a i d . of a

st p w a t c h
o -
h e d e te rm i n es t h a t i t is s e c o n ds fro m t h e
t im e t h e s to n e l e a v e s h i s h a n d t i ll h e sees i ts sp l a sh in
th e w a t e r . H o w h i gh i s t h e c l i ff a b o v e th e w a t e r ?

A m e rc h a n t b uys p o t a t o e s a t b c e n ts a b u sh e l and

s e l ls t h e m fo r p c e n ts a p e e k H e ga i n s g . c e nt s on o ne

b u sh e l . E xp re ss t his f a c t b y a f o rm u l a .

19 H e n ry h a d 5 x m a rb l es
. an d b o u gh t 2 x — 3 m o re .

H o w m a n y di d h e t h e n h a v e ?

F in d th e n u m e ri c a l v a l ue s o f th e l i te ra l n u m b e rs a nd

c h ec k :

20 . 3n —
l )
3 5n 20 .

21 . 7n 2 ( n 3) = 7 2 (n

22 . 3 (2 x 3) = 4 (x 1) 1 .

23 . n ) 4n = 28 .

24 . 3 (2 a + 5) 7 = 2 (a
.

25 . I h a ve i n m in d t w o n u m b e rs . On e i s 3 (x 2 ) a nd
th e oth e r is I f th e fi rst i s 6 m o re th an th e
se c o n d , fi n d th e v a l u e o f x a n d e v a l u a te th e n u m b e rs .

26 . I f 7n 3 i s 1 6 m o r e th a n 5 n 1 , fi n d th e v al u e

o f n .
 I NT R O DU CT I ON 37

27 . S im p li fy 13 3)
28 . S i m p l i fy 8 x 5y 2 (3 x 6) 3 (2y

If a = 2, b = 3 , a nd find th e va lu e o f th e o l lo wi ng
f
29 . 3 a bc —a b —ao —a —b —c .

30 . 5a b 2 2
2ab z .

31 2a 2
5ac 30 2

—2 a b —2a c
. .

32 . a
2
+ b 2
+ 0
2
+ 2 bc .

33 Wri te th e p ro d u c t o f 2 a 3 a b a n d
.
2
, , 50 2
.

3 4 Wh a t i s th e q uo ti e n t w h e n 2 4 xyzi s
. d i v i de d by 8 r e ?

35 . D i vi d e 3 2 a b 2 2
0 by 4a bc .

36 . F ac to r 12 bc i n t o t w o fa c t o rs . Ca n yo u d o th i s i n
m o re t h an o ne way ? Wh at a re th e fa c t o rs o f 1 2 bc w h e n i t
i s fa c t o re d c o m p l e t e ly ?

37 . F ac to r co m p l e t e ly 8a bc ; l 0rs ; 1 6xyz; 2 4p h .

38 . Wh a t c o m m on f ac to r d o y o u fi n d i n 8 a bo and 1 2 bc k ?
39 . Co m b i n e 3 xy 7 xy 4x y 2 xy 8 xy .

40 . Th e gr e a t e r o f t w o n u m b e rs i s 5 ti m e s th e l ess a nd

t h e ir su m i s 90 F i nd th e n u m b e rs
. .

41 . D i v i de 3 5 i n t o t w o p a rt s , su ch th a t t h e l a rge r i s 5
m o re t h a n t h e sm a l l e r .

42 . Th e su m of t h re e n u m b e rs is 3 1 . Th e seco n d is 2
m o re t h an t w i c e th e fi rst a nd th e t h i rd i s 1 l e ss t h a n t h r e e
t i m es th e fi rs t . W h at a re t h e n u m b e rs ?

43 . In a c l ass c o n t a i n in g 2 5 p u p i l s t h e n u mb e r o f gi rl s
i s 5 l ess t h a n t w i c e t h e n um b e r o f b o ys H o w m an y gi rl s.

a re t h e r e i n th e c l ass ?

44 . A num b e r p l u s t w i c e i t s e l f p l u s t h r e e t i m e s i ts e l f
e q u al s 102 . F i n d t h e n umb e r .

45 . Th e di ff e re n c e b e tw e e n tw o n um b e i s is 5 a nd th e ir
sum is 29 . What a re th e n u m b e rs
?
33 A YE AR o r AL GE BRA
46 J am es h a d
. i n di m e s a nd q u a rt e rs I f he ha s .

3 m o re q u a rt e rs th an h e h as di m e s, h ow m any o f e a ch ki n d
o f c o in h as h e ?
47 . Ma ry is 3 y e a rs o l d e r th a n H ele n and E l iza b e th i s

5 ye a rs o l de r t h an Ma ry F in d t h e . ag e of ea c h i f th e
sum o f t h e i r a ges i s 3 8 yea rs .

48 A re c t a n gl e i s 3 fe e t l o n ge r th a n wi de
. . Find i ts
dim ens i o ns i f i ts p eri m e t e r i s 2 6 fe e t .

49 . Th e sum of t h re e c o nse c u ti v e e v en num be rs is 4 8 .

Fi n d th e n um b e rs .

50 . Th re e m e n c o nt ri b u t e to th e Re d Cro ss . Th e se c o n d

c o nt ri b u tes tw i c e as m uch as the fi rst an d th e t h i rd gi v es

m o re th an th e fi rs t a n d sec o n d t o ge th e r . F i nd th e
amo unt e ac h gi v e s i f t h e su m of th ei r c o nt ri b u t i o n s is

51 . I f to t wi c e a c e rt a i n n um b e r we a dd 11 , t h e resul t

i s 1 7 m o r e t h a n th e n u mb e r i ts e l f . Wh at i s th e nu mb e r ?

52 . I f t o 3 t i m es a c e rt a i n nu m b e r we a dd 10, th e res ul t

i s 100 . Wh a t i s th e n u mb e r ?

53 . F i n d th re e c o nse c u t i v e n u m b e rs su ch th a t t h e fi rst
p l u s t wi c e t h e se co nd p l u s 3 t i me s t h e t h i r d eq u als 44 .
 CH APT E R I I

P OS I TI VE AND NE GATI VE NUMB E R S

21 . A rea son for ne gati ve numb ers. If a man o w ns

p p
r o e rt y w o rt h and h as d e b ts a m o un t in g to
w h a t wi l l b e t h e va l ue of h is p ro p e rty a ft e r h is
d e b ts a re p a i d ? Or, w h a t i s h is p res e n t w o rt h ?
E v i d e n t ly t h e so l ut i o n o f su c h a p r o b l e m in a ri th m e t i c

is i m p o ssi b l e si nc e h e d o e s n o t h a v e sufii c i en t p ro p e rt y t o
‘

a
p y hi s d e b t s ; b u t i n a l g e b ra w e e x p r e ss t h e a ns w e r b y
t h e use o f a n e w n umb e r, c a ll e d a ne gati ve nu mb er, and

say th at t h e v a lu e of h i s p r o p e rt y i s (r e a d
“
n e ga t i v e wh i c h m e a n s th a t h is p re se nt wo rth i s
l ess th a n n o t hi n g . I n o t h e r w o rds, h e w i ll h a v e
to e a rn in o rd e r t o p a y hi s d e b ts .

22 . Th e th ermo met e r . Th a t t h e re is mu ch t o b e
g a i n ed by th e use o f a nd t o i n di ca te a p p
ro e rt y o f
n um b e rs d i ffe re nt fro m th e o p e ra t i o ns of a ddi t i o n an d

s ub t ra c t io n is e vi de nt from t h e stu dy o f t h e t h e rm o m e t e r .

Th e p o i nt a t wh i c h th e m e rc u ry sta n ds i n a th e rm o m e t e r
u n d e r a c e rt a i n a gree d c o n d i t i o n i s m a rke d a s 0 (z
e ro ) .

Th e gl ass c o l umn a b o ve a n d b e l o w t h i s p o i nt i s m a rke d o ff

i nt o e q u a l d i visi o ns c all e d d e gr e e s a n d th e se a re n u m
b e re d fro m th e 0 p o i nt u p a n d do wn t h e c o l umn Wh e n .

th e t e m p era ture i s a b o ve 0, t h e re a di n g is re c o rde d as

a nd w h e n b e l o w, as Th u s a t e m p e ra tu re of 20 °

me a ns t h a t t he t op of t h e m e rc u ry c ol umn st a n ds j ust
20 d e gre e sp a ce s ab o ve 0 and on e of 20 °
m e a ns th a t
39
 A YE AR OF AL GE BRA
th e m e rc u ry st a n ds th e sa m e n um b e r of

s p ac e s be l o w 0 . E v i de n t ly 20 °
do e s no t

n ame a q u a n t i ty to be su b t ra c te d but
l o c a te s a p o i n t o n th e c o lu m n th a t i s at th e
sa m e dist a n c e f ro m 0 20 b ut i n t h e
°
as +
o p p os i t e di re c t io n .

I t is n ot c u sto m a ry t o p ri nt t h e i n
Sg
b e fo re t e m p e ra tu res a bo ve z
e ro . Wh e n no

s i gn a p p e a rs b e fo re a rea di n g it is a ssu m e d

to b e abo v e ze ro ,
or a re a d i n g .

Th e fo ll o w i n g is th e wea th er re p o rt fo r a

da y i n Ja n u a ry , 1 92 0 :

TE M P E R A TU R E I N CH I CA GO
[ L a s t 2 4 h o urs ] .

Wa m .
8 | 7 p . m .

a . m 2 1 1 2 N o o n . . 9 ! 8 p . In .

m
m 1 8 } 9 p
I

U a . . .

m 6 l 10 p m
Q a . 1
] . .

Q a . In 3 ! 3 p .
p .

O
O a. m 5 4 p . 2 i M i d n i gh t
O m 7 | 0 | 1 a
—2 |
C a . .

HQ e. m 8 | 2 a .

Th ere i s a l so a n o th e r w ay of a p p ly i n g

t h e se t wo s i gn s to th e n u m b e rs of th e
th e rm o m e t e r . I f we c a ll mo ti o n up th e
co l um n p o s i t i v e ,
or m o ti o n , a nd m o t io n
do w n t h e c o lumn ne ga t i v e , or m oti o n ,
th e m o v e m e n t of t h e m e rc u ry can be i n
d i c a t e d b v th e u se of a nd Th e
m o ve m e n t fro m 3 A M to 6 A M i s do wn . . . .

w a rd 1
°
or F ro m 6 A M to 9 A . . . . M .

i t is u p w a rd 6
°
or
 P OS I TI VE A N D NE GAT I VE N UM BE R S 41

E xe rc is e 14

1 E xp ress w it h p o si ti v e o r n e ga ti ve v al u es th e m o v e
.

m e nt o f th e m e rcu ry fro m 6 A M t o 1 0 A M . . . .

2 . E xp ress t h e m o ve m e nt f ro m 3 A M t o 3 P M . . . .

3 . E xp ress t h e m o v em e nt from 9 A M to 9 P M . . . .

4 . On th e p i c tu re of a t h e rm o m e te r lo c a te t h e p o i n ts

5 . Lo c at e th e p o in t 3
°
and m o ve 8
°
fro m i t .

6 . L o c at e t h e p o i n t 7
°
an d m ove 10
°
fro m i t .

7 . B e gi n at th e z
e ro p o i n t an d m ove th e n
th e n and th e n

Te mp e rature Re c o rd Ja n 8 1918 , .
,

2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8

8 . Th e a c c o m p anyi ng Tem p era tu re Re co rd fo r Ja n 8 t h , .

1 91 8 , i n di ca t e s th a t th e th e rm o m e t e r st oo d at 3
°
at 2
A M. . a n d at at 4 A M . . Co m p l et e t h e r e a d i n gs
42 A YE AR OF AL G E BR A
fo r e a c h t wo h o u r p e ri o d -
unt il m i d ni gh t .
(E st i m a t e t h e

re a d i n g to n e a re st

9 . Wh at w as th e t e m p e ra t u re at 9A M ? . . at 9P M ?. .

10 . Re a d th e Rec o rd fo r e a ch h o u r fro m 8 A . M . to
4 P M . .

11 . Re a d t h e R e c o rd fo r e ac h t h re e -h o
u r p e ri o d f ro m

m i dni gh t to m i dni gh t .

12 . H o w m a ny d e gre e s d i d th e th e rm o m e t e r r is e o r fa l l
du ri n g th e a ft e rn o o n ?
E xp l a i n h o w a S i gn or a si gn m ay be u se d to
i n di c at e th i s m o v e m e n t .

13 . Wh a t w a s t h e m o v e m e n t fro m mi d ni gh t t o 6 A . M ? .

fro m 6 A . M . t o n oo n ?

23 . Oth er uses o f and E a st l on gi tud e i s d i s

t i n gu ish e d fro m w est l o ngi t u d e by th e u se o f fo r e ast

a nd fo r w est . S im i l a rly , n o rth l a t i t u d e i s disti n gui sh e d

fro m so u th l a t i tu de by th e us e o f fo r n o rth a nd fo r
so ut h . A sh i p i n l o n gi tu de 12 °
is at th e sa m e di st an ce
e a st o f t h e p ri n c i p al m e ri di a n t h a t i n l o n gitu de 12
°
o ne

i s w est . Th e first is 24 °
e a st o f th e se c o n d .

Ex . 1 . H ow m a ny de gre es of l a t i tu d e a p a rt are t wo
sh i p s, i n l a ti t u d e 10 a nd th e i n l a t i tu d e
°
one o th e r

8
°

Ex 2 . . H o w m a ny d e gre e s of l o n gi tu de a p a rt a re t wo
sh i p s, o ne i n l o n gi tu de 27 °
a nd th e o th e r i n l o n gi t u de
If on e i s i n l o n gi t u de 27 a nd th e o th e r i s in
l o n gi t u de
Ex . 3 . Wh a t d i re c t i o n i s th e first fro m th e s e co n d in
each i nst a nc e of E x 2 i f i n th e
. sa m e l a t i t u de ?
Ex 4 . Th e ye a r si n c e th e b i rth o f Ch rist i s m a rke d
. as

to di stingu ish i t fro m tim e b e fo re Ch ri st m arke d

44 A YE A R OF AL GE B R A

Th e s tud e n t sh o u l d m a ke a sc a l e , f o l l o wi ng th e p la n o f
th e p re c e d i ng fi g u r e ,
th a t e x te n ds f ro m 20 to + 20 .

If m o vi n g p o i n t sta rts a t 0 a n d go e s 6 sp a ce s to t h e
a

r i gh t , o r m o v es 6 , i t re a c h e s t h e p o i nt 6 I f i t t h en .

m o ve s 2 , i t re a c h es th e p o i n t 8 I f, sta rti ng a t 0, i t .

m o ves 5 , th e n 2 , th e n 3 , i t will b e a t th e p o i nt 4 .

26 . Ad di ti o n o f si gne d numb e rs . B y th e use of th e

n u m b e r sc a l e , i t i s p o ssi b l e to co m b i n e , o r a d d , a nd

n u m b e rs . To c o m b i n e su c h a gro u p as 6 3 2 5
3 8, w e st a rt at 0, m o v e 6 sp ac es t o th e r i gh t al o n g
th e nu m b e r sc a l e , th e n 3 to th e l e ft , th e n 2 t o t h e l e ft , 5
t o th e ri gh t , 3 to th e l e ft , a nd 8 to t h e ri gh t . Th e re sul t

i ng p o i nt , 1 1 sp a c e s to th e r i gh t , giv es t h e a nsw e r 11 .

E xerc is e 15

Co m bi n e by th e n um b e r s c a l e th e f o l l o wi ng a nd r e a d e a c h

a n sw e r a s a p o si ti v e o r n e g a ti v e n u m b e r :

1 —5 — 4 6 2
—5 —2 —7
. . .

2 + 4 —6 —5 7 + 3
—3 — 1 —7 — 5
. . . .

3 . 3 . 8 .

4 .
+ 8 —3 —5 . 9 .
—9 .

5 . 4 —1 . 10 . 8
N ot e . Th e s t u d e nt w i ll o b se rve th a t i n a ny o n e o f th e s e o xe r

c i se s th e re s u l t may b e o b ta i n e d b y ma k i n g t h e p o s i t i ve m o v e
all

m e n ts t o g e th e r a s o ne m o ve m e n t , a n d t h e n a ll th e n e ga t i ve m o ve
m e n t s as o n e m o v e m e nt Th i s w o ul d re d u c e th e fi rs t e x e rc i s e to
—
.

8 9 a n d t h e m o ve m e n t s w o ul d b e
, 8 , th e n 9, w h i c h g i v e s
th e re s u lt 1 .

Do e a ch o f th e o t h e r e xe rc i se s in a si m i l a r m anne r .

27 . Rul es . Th e p re c e d i n g e xe rc i se s i l l u st ra t e th e fol
l o w in g
( ) o
1 T c o m bi n e n u m be rs h a vi ng th e s a m e s i g n, fi nd th e
su m o f th e i r n u m e r ic a l v a l u e s a n d g i v e i t t h e co mm o n si gn .
 P OS I T I VE AN D N E GAT I VE N U M E R S B 45

2
( ) To c o m bi n e two n um b e rs h a vi ng op p o si te si g ns , fi nd

th e diffe re nc e of th ei r n ume ri c a l va l ue s a nd gi ve i t th e si gn

o f th e o ne th a t i s n u m e ri c a lly th e la rg er .

(3 ) To c o m bi n e a se ri es o f p o s i ti v e a n d n ega ti v e nu m

b e rs, fi nd th e d iffe re nc e b e tw e en th e n um e ri c a l s um o f th e

p osi ti v e s a n d th e n u m e r i c a l su m o f th e n ega ti v es a nd gi v e

i t th e si gn o f tha t s um th a t is n u m e ri c a ll y th e la rg e r .

E xercise 16

P e rfo rm th e fo ll o wi ng a ddi ti o ns by p r e c e di ng
w i th o u t th e u se o f th e num be r sca l e :

1 . 4 .

8 + 7
3 6
10 + 3
8 + 2
12 10
46 A YE AR OF AL GE B RA
28 S ub tracti o n o f
. and numb ers E xp ress th e .

a m o un t s o f th e fo l l o wi n g p ro b l e m i n t e rm s o f an d

n um b ers a n d i nt e rp re t t h e re sul ts

At th e be gi n ni n g o f th e m o n th a m an s fi n anc i al sta n d
’

i ng i s as fo l l o w s : on dep osi t i n a b a nk $ 95 , i n h i s p u rs e
$ ,
2 7 d u e t h e gr o c e r $ 3 1 ,
a n d d u e f o r re n t $ 3 5 H e e a rn s
.

du ri n g t h e m onth $2 40 an d p a ys o ut fo r c l o th i n g $5 5 f o r
,

a m u s e m e n ts $12 , and fo r o th e r e xp e ns e s $ 100 . Wh at is

h is s t a n din g a t th e e nd o f t h e m o n th ?

D isc ussi on . I f t h e $ 2 7 i n his p u rs e w e re n o t i n c lu d e d

i n th e a c c o u nt , h i s m o n e y o n h a n d a t th e e n d o f t h e

m onth wo ul d b e de c re ase d by $2 7 Th at i s, i f a p o si ti v e
.

or q u a n t i t y i s re m o v e d f ro m t h e a c c o u nt ,
h i s p rese n t
w o rth i s de c re a se d . In o th er w o rds, t h e t a ki n g a w ay o f a

q u a n t i ty i s th e s am e as th e a ddi ti o n of a q u a n t i t y .

In sym bo l s th i s w o u l d b e $2 7 )
We re a d $2 7 )
“
m i n us th e e x p r e ss io n p o si t i v e
“
Also $2 7 ) i s re a d p l u s th e e xp re ssi o n ne ga

t i ve
I n l i ke m a n n e r i t ap p e a rs th a t th e re mo val , o r sub t ra c

t io n , of a num b e r i s th e sa m e as th e a d di ti o n of a

nu m b e r I f t h e $5 5 th a t h e p a ys o u t fo r c l o t h i n g w e re
.

re m o ve d f ro m th e a c c o un t (i f n o c l o th i n g w e re p urc h a se d ) ,

h i s p rese nt wo rth w o ul d b e i nc re ase d by $55 .

I n sym b o ls $5 5 ) (H ow a re th e s e
e xp re ssi o ns to b e re a d ?)
S u pp o se w e u se th e n u mb e r sc al e
to te st th e ap p a re n t
c o n cl us i o n s o f th e p re c e d in g st a t e m e n ts I f we wi sh t o .

su b t ra c t -
5 fro m 7 , we a sk h o w fa r i n s p a c e s i t i s
on th e sc al e from th e p o int 5 t o t h e p o i nt 7 . We
n oti c e th a t i t i s n e c e ssa ry to m o ve fro m 5 to 0, or a

m ov e m en t of 5 , th e n to 7 or a m ov em ent of 7,
maki n g a t o tal m ov em e nt t o th e ri g h t o f 12 sp a c es, or 12 .
 P OS I TI VE AN D N E GAT I VE N U M E R S B 47

5 su b trac t e d fro m 7 gi v es t h e sam e re su lt a s 5

a dd e d to + 7 I n . sy mb ol s, + 7 + 5)
12 .
(R e a d c a r e fu lly .
)
E xe rcise 17

M a ke a n um be r sc a le si mi la r to th e on e i n th e p rec e di ng
fi g u r e th a t e x te n d s to th e ri gh t 15 or m o re sp a c es an d to
th e l e ft 1 5 or m o re sp a c e s . B y m e a ns o f th e sc a l e you
h a ve m a d e su b tra c t th e fo ll o wi n g

1 . 10 fro m 7 . 7 . 8 from 9 .

2 . 1 0 fro m 0 . 8 . 9 from 8 .

3 . 10 from 9 . 9 . 10 fro m 0 .

4 . 1 0 from 9 . 10 . 1 3 fro m 14 .

5 . 8 fro m 12 . 11 . 13 from 14 .

6 . 6 fro m 12 . 12 . 3 from 11 .

N o t i c e t h a t th e sa m e re sul t c a n be o b ta i n e d in e a ch of

t h e p rec e d i ng e x e rc i se s by c h a n gi n g th e si gn o f th e su b t ra

h end a nd co m b i nin g i t w i th t h e m i n u e n d as in al ge b ra i c

a d d i ti on .

I n No . 1, 1 0 f ro m 7 i s th e sam e as 10 a d de d

to 7 .

I n No . 2, 10 fro m O i s th e sa m e as 10 a dd e d

to O .

I n No . 3, 10 from 9 i s th e sa m e as 10 a dd e d

to 9 .

S ub trac ti on i s t h e re verse o f a d di t i on. I t i s t h e p ro c e ss

of findin g w h a t nu mb e r a dd e d to a g v e n n u m b e r c a ll e d
i
t h e sub tra h end gi v e s a s e c o n d n u m b e r c a ll e d th e mi nuend .

I n No . 1, 17 a dd e d to 1 0 gi v es 7 .

S i m i larly, w h a t num b er a d d e d to 6 gives 9 ? Or,

in o th e r w o rds , su b t r a c t 6 fr o m 9 Not i c e th a t to
.
43 A Y E AR or AL GE B RA

p ass fro m 6 to 9 re q u i re s mo t i o n to t h e l e ft , or

n e ga t i v e mo tio n , of 15 s p ac es Wr i t t e n in s y m b o ls ,
—6 ) —15
.

—9 + 6 ) is t h e sa me as or .

We no w h ave two w a ys o f s ta t i n g th e sa m e p ro b l e m

(a ) —9
—9
29 Th e p re c e d i ng wo rk m a ke s c l e a r th e fo l lo w i n g
.

Rul e I n s u b tra c ti o n , c h a ng e th e sig n of th e s u btra h e nd

.

a nd p ro c e e d as in a d d i ti o n .

I f th e S i gn o f a n u m b e r is om i tt e d , th e S i gn is un de r

st oo d .

E xerc ise 18

S o l ve th e f o ll o wi ng

1 . 6 .
—2 .

2 . 7 .
—3 .

3 . 8 .

4 .
—6 . 9 .
—1 0 .

5 .
—2 . 10 .
—3 .

W r i te e ac h o f th e p rec e d i ng e x e rc i s e s i n th e a fo rm
a n d so l ve .

P e rfo rm th e o l l o wi ng s u b tra c ti o ns
f
11 . 5 14 .
—7
12 6 15 —8
—9
. .

13 . 4 16 .

17 . 14 18 . 14 19 . 14 20 . 14 21 . 5
7 7 7 7 8
 P OS I TI VE AN D N E GAT I VE N U M E R S B 49

C o m bi ne each o f th e f o llo w ing

30 . 12a b 3 ab) . 41 .

Ans 9a b. .

31 . l 2a b ( b)
3 a .

32 . l 2a b 3 ab ) .

33 . 7a + —2 a ) —6 a . 42 .

34 . 7 bc (9bc ) .

35 . 7 bc 9bc ) .

36 . 7 bc 9bc ) .

37 . 8 —8 ) —8 .

38 . 3 4 6 7
39 .
-
4n 40 .

E xerc ise 19 . Prob l ems

1 I f t o h is p rese n t wo rt h a t t h e b e gi n n i n g
. of a m o nt h ,
a m an a d ds h is sa l a ry o f $3 00, p a ys l iv i n g e x p e ns e s of

$ 13 0 ,
an d th e n h a s l e ft a p r es e n t w o rt h of $ 12 0 w h a t
,
w as
h e w o rth at t h e b e gi nn i n g of t h e m o n th ?

S olut i on . Le t x = t h e n umb e r of
d o l l a rs i n h i s p re se n t w o rt h
at th e fi rs t of th e m o n th .

Th e n x 3 00 13 0 1 20, a cc o rdi ng to th e c o nd i t i o n s

of th e p r o b l e m .

S o l v i n g fo r x g i ve s x 50, or th e nu mb e r of d o l l a rs
th a t h e w as w o rth at th e fi rst of t h e m o n th .

H e wa s , th e re fo re , $ 50 i n d e b t at t h e b e g i n n i ng of

t h e m o n th .
50 A YE AR OF AL GE B R A

2 . A ste a m e r m ove s 1 0 m il es p e r h o ur u p stre a m a gai nst

a c u rre n t wh ose ra te is m il es p e r h o u r . Wh a t i s th e
r a te o f th e st e a m e r in st i ll wate r ?
H o w fa r u p st re a m w o u ld t h e s te a m e r go in o ne hour
i f th e ra t e of th e c u rre nt w e re m ile s p e r h o u r ? 15
m i l e s p e r h ou r ?

3 .
‘

On a c e rta i n d ay i n Ja nu ary t h e th e rm o m e t er ris es

2 de gre e s p e r h o u r fo r e a c h h o u r a fte r 7 A M u nt il 1 . .

P M . I t re m a i n s st at i o n a ry u n t i l 4 P M , th e n f al ls 3
. . .

de grees p e r h o u r u nt il m i dn i gh t I t th en . re a ds

Wh a t was i t at 7 A M ? At 7 P M ? . . . .

4 . An a e ro p l a n e w h o se sp e e d i n q u i e t w e a th e r i s 90
m i l es p e r h o u r, can m a ke 3 0 m i l e s i n 2 h o u rs a ga i nst a
h u rri c a n e . F i n d th e v e l o c i ty o f t h e w i nd .

5 . On a no t h e r da y t h e sa m e m a c h i n e m a kes 3 60 m il es i n
3 h o u rs, fl yi n g w i t h th e w in d . F i n d th e v e l o c i ty of th e
wi nd .

6 . Th e th erm o m e t e r re gist e rs 3 d e gre e s h i gh e r o n Tu es

d ay th a n M o n d ay 3 d e gre es h i gh e r o n We dn e sd ay th a n
'

oh ,

on Tu e sd ay , a n d so o n fo r t h e re m a i n i n g d ays of t h e w e ek .

I f it re gi st e rs 75 S a tu rd ay, wh at w as th e t emp e ra tu re
°

M o n d ay ? We dn esday ?
7 . Tu esd a y th e t em p e ra tu re w as 12 °
h i gh e r th an i t w a s
M o n da y . We dn esday i t wa s 1 5 °
h i gh e r t h an Mo n d ay . If
su m o f th e t h re e t e m p e ra tu res w as fi n d Mo n d a y
’
th e s

t e m p e ra tu re .

8 . At th e b e gi nn i n g o f th e m onth A h a d 4 t im e s as m u ch
m on ey i n t h e b ank h e h a d i n h is p o ck e t
as He p aid .

se ve ra l b i ll s a m o u nt i n g t o $ 90 a n d h a d l e f t a l to ge th e r $85 .

H o w m u c h m o n ey d i d h e h a v e i n h i s p oc ket at t h e b egi nni ng

of t h e m o nt h ?
52 A YE AR OF A L GE B R A

30 . M ulti pli ca ti on of a nd numb e rs . We l e a rn e d

in a ri t h m e t i c th at m ul t i p l i ca t i o n is a sh o rt p ro c ess of

a d di n g n um b e rs th a t a re a ll a l i ke .

2) X 5 ) m e a ns t h a t t w o 5
’
s a re to b e a dd e d , o r

th a t we a re t o p e r fo rm t h e o p e ra t i o n of 5 5 . Th e re
fo re 2) X 5) 10 .

S im i l a rly 3) X 7) m e a ns 7+7 7, wh i c h
eq u a ls 21 .

Rul e . Th e p ro d uc t o f two p o si ti v e n um be rs is a p o si t i v e

n u m ber .

I n th e sam e m a nne r 3) X 7 ) is th e sam e as

7) —7 ) wh ich e q u a ls —2 1 .

Rul e . Th e p ro d u c t o f a p osi ti ve n um b e r a nd a n e ga ti ve

n u m ber i s a n ega ti ve n u m be r .

S i nc e —7 ) X i s th e sa m e as 3) X
w h ic h e q u al s 2 1 , w e h a v e th e ,
Rul e . Th e p ro d u c t of a n eg a ti ve n um be r a n d a p o si ti v e

nu m b e r i s a n ega ti ve n u m b e r .

2) X 5 ) _ m e a ns t h a t 5 is to b e su b t r a c t e d two
t im e s . I f w e do t his on t h e n um b e r sc a l e , st a rt i n g a t ze ro ,

w e fi n d t h a t th e re s u l t is 10 .

Rul e Th e p ro du c t
. o f tw o n eg a ti v e n u m be rs is a p os i
ti v e n u m be r .

Th e ru l e s fo r si gns i n m u l t i p l i c a t i o n m a y now b e w ri t t en
a s o ne .

Rul e . Th e p ro d uc t of t wo n u m b e rs h a vi ng like s i g n s i s
p o s i t i v e a n d th e p r o d uc t of tw o n u m b e rs ha vi ng u nl ike

s ig ns is n eg a ti v e .

N ot e . T h e p ro d uc t of t h re e or m o re fa c to rs ma y b e fo u n d b y
g e t t i ng t h e p ro d uc t o f t w o o f th e fa c t o rs a nd t h e n m u l t i p l y i ng

th i s re s u l t b y t h e t h i rd , e tc .
 P OS I T I VE AN D N E GAT I VE N U M E R S B 53

E xe rc ise 2 0

M u l ti p ly th e fo ll o wi ng :

1 . 7 2 . 7 3 .
—7 4. a 5 . a 6 .
— a

7 7 7 a a a

a 8 . 2a 9 . 2a 10 . 2a 11 . 2a
a 2a 2a 2a 2a

3x 13 . 2a 14 . 3ab 15 . 4a b 16 . 7a b
5x 3b 2a c 4a 7c x

6 bc d 18 . 2x yz
6 b cx 2 xyz

o l l o wi ng
F i n d th e a nswer f or ea c h o f th e f
21 .
(3 )
22 .

23 .
(2 x ) 3x) (z)
24 .
(3 ) —7 )
25 .
(2 a ) (3 b ) 6a )
26 .
(2 a b ) (3 a b) 4a b )

31 . D i vi si o n of p o si ti v e a nd ne ga t i v e numb e rs . S in c e
d i vi si o n i s th e p ro c e ss o f fi n d i n g wh a t n u m b e r t i m e s th e
divi sor gi v es t h e di v i de n d , th e ru l e s a re th e sa m e as i n
m ul t i pl i c a t i o n .

Fo r e x am pl e , i f 6 ti m es 7 eq u als 42 , th e n 42
d i vi de d b y 6 e q u al s 7 or 4 2 d i v i de d b y
,
7 e q u al s 6 .

Rul e I f th e d i vid e n d a n d d i vi s o r h a ve li ke si g ns, th e

.

i i i i I f t h h u nli ke si g ns ,
si g n o f th e q u o t e n t s p o s t ve e y a ve .

th e si gn o f th e q uo ti e n t i s n ega ti ve .
54 A Y E AR OF A L G E B RA

E xercise 2 1

the o ll owi ng
f d i vi si o ns

2 . 12 3 .
—12 4 .

—3 3

7 . 6a 8 . 60 9 24 a b c
. 10 12 a b
. 11 . 9a xy
3a 3a 6a b 3a 3 xy

13 . 1 5 a xy
3g

16 . 14a 2 z
b c z 17 . 2 0a b 3
18 . 2 0a b 2 2

7ac 4a 2
2a b 2

“ ”2
1 8a bcd 21 . 72 a b z ’
x 22 . 24xy Ans 2 4 .

6c d 9a bxz 5 xy 5

I n th e l a s t e x e rc i s e t h e n um e ra t o r c a n no t b e d i vi d e d b y th e
d e no m i na to r w i th o ut a re ma i nd e r, o r fra c t i o na l re s u l t Wh e n .

th i s o c c urs i t i s nec e ssa ry t o fo ll o w th e m e th o d fo r re d uc i ng. o r

s i mp l i fy i ng a fra c t i o n, w h i c h w e l e a rn e d i n a ri th m e t i c , b y divi d
i ng all th e c o mm o n fa c t o rs o ut o f b o t h nu m e ra t o r a nd d e no m i

fl
na to r.

I n No . 2 2, x a nd y a re c o mm o n fa c to rs .

S i m i l a rl y, =
4c d .
N o ti c e th a t —3 , a, a nd b a re a ll
9a b x 3x
of th e c o m m o n fa c t o rs .

23 . 1 3 xyz
5 xy

28x y z 33m 28 5 4k
3 3 8 ‘ i 2
26 .
2 ‘ 2
n
’
p . t s

l l bu z
2 4 ks t
2 1a xy
 P OS I TI VE AN D N E GAT I VE NU M BE R S 55

32 . E q ua ti o ns . Ne a rly a ll of th e e q u a t i o ns w hi ch w e
h a ve so lv e d so f a r h a v e h a d p o si t i v e ro o ts . B ut th e s ol u

t i on o f an e q u a ti o n fre q u e nt l y gi v e s a n e ga t i v e ro o t, an d ,

s i nc e th e n e ga t i v e ro o t m ay h av e a m ea ni n g u n de r th e
c o n di t i o ns o f th e p ro bl e m (se e we a re n o w re a dy to
s o lv e fo r b o th p os i ti v e an d n e ga t i v e ro o ts .

Co ns i d e r t h e fo ll o w i n g fo u r e q u at i on s w i th th e i r ro o t s .

I 3x = 6, II 3x —6 III —3 x = 6 IV —3 x —6
—2 —
. . . .
, , .

x= 2 . x . x 2 . x= 2 .

No t i ce th a t t o ob ta i n th e ro o t in I w e d i v i de d each

m e m b e r by 3 , i n I I by 3 , i n I I I b y 3, a nd in I V by 3 .

E x erc i se 22

S ol ve th e fo ll o w i ng e q ua ti o ns and ch eck

1 . 4x + 3 (x —2 ) = 9x + 1 8 .

S o lu ti n 4x + 3 —6 9 + 1 8 = Ho w
—2
o . x x . o b ta i ne d ?

x = 24 Ho w o b ta i n e d ?
—1 2
.

—12 ) 1 2 —2 )
x
—
.

Ch e c k 4( 3( 9( 12 ) 18
—
=

90 —90
. .

N 2 (x
P
P 3 (x + 2 ) —8 = 5 (x
F 3 x — 5 5x
= — 3 .

Q —x .

N —2 ) —4 .

P 2 (2 x —3 ) + 5 5 (x
= —1) + 2 .

P 12
10 .

11 .
—n ) = 18 — 6n .
56 A YE AR OF AL GE B R A

4 (2 n 3) 2 (2 n 4) = 5 (2 n

2 (2 x
2 (3 a
4 (2 r 1 8 = 2 (2 r
+ ) + r

3 (2 n —4n .

— 2n )
3 (m 1) = 3 m + 11 .

2x + 8
— 2x ) .

E xerc is e 2 3 . Re vi e w

1 . Fi n d t h e p ro du c t of a, —3b ,
a nd ab ; of 2a, 3 a,
and bc .

2 . F i n d t h e p ro d u c t of 2a , 3 b, a x, a n d 7 bx . An s .

42 a b 2 2
x
2
.

3 . W ri t e t e n p a i rs of fa c to rs of 48 , su c h as 1 and 48 ,
1 and 48 , 2 an d 24, e tc .

4 . H o w m a ny p a i rs of f a c t o rs of 1 44 can y o u w ri t e ?

5 . Wri t e as m a ny s e ts o f t h re e fa c to rs e a ch as p o ss i b l e

of 24 .
(4 2 , ,
a nd 3 ;
—4 ,
2 and — 3 °
—1 ,
8, and —3 ;
et c .
)
6 . W ri t e si x p a i rs o f f a c to rs of 42 a b 2 2
x
2
.

7 . F i n d t h e p ro du c t o f a bx, 2 a bx, a nd 3 a bx .

8 . W ri te fo u r se t s o f t h re e f a c t o rs e ach o f 6a b 3 3
x
3
.

9 . F i n d th e p ro d u c t of 4a x , 3 a b, 2cd, a nd 5 bc .

S e p a ra te t h i s p ro du c t i n t o t w o fa c t o rs ; t h re e fa c t o rs ; fi v e
fa c to rs .

F a c to r i t c o m p l e te l y . H o w m a ny fa c to rs i n e a ch se t

m ay b e n e ga t i v e ?
 P OS I TI V E AN D N E GATI VE N U M E R S B 57

If a 2, b 3, x 1, and y 4, e v al u a te t h e fo ll o wi ng

10 . ab 11 . ab
2
12 . a bx
2
13 . 4a bx
3
14 .
—2 a 3
b y 2

x y xy 3 xy 2y

15 . F i n d th e valu e of a nd

16 . Ad d b y us i n g th e n u m b e r sc a l e : (S e e 3 , 7,
2, 5, 3 , a nd 4 . Also 12 , 8 , 3 , 5 , 4, an d 2 .

17 . A m an s av e s $3 00 i n t h re e m o n th s . I f he sa v e s

$ 1 5 0 m o re th e seco n d m ont h t h a n th e fi rst and $ 15 0 m o re

the th i rd t h a n t h e se c o n d , w h a t w a s th e a m o u nt sa v e d

e a ch m o nt h ?
18 Ne w Orl e a i s 65 n o rt h o f B u e n o s Ai res an d St
°
.

n s .

P a ul is 15 n o rt h o f Ne w Orl e a n s I f th e sum o f th e l a t i
°
.

t u des of th e th re e c iti es is fi n d t h e l a ti t u d e o f e a ch .

19 . St Lo u is i s 1 5
.
°
w e st of Ne w Y o rk a n d S an F ra n
c isc o is 3 2 of S t Lo u is Th e su m o f t h e l o n gi t u d e s
°
w e st . .

of th e th re e c i ti e s is Wh a t i s th e l o n gi t u d e of

e a ch ?
20 . A w a te r t a nk wh ose c a p a c i ty is ga ll o n s h as
o ne i n fl o w p i p e d i sc h a rgi n g g a ll o n s p e r h o u r, a nd

t wo o u t fl o w p i p e s d is c h a rgi n g a nd g a l l o n s ,

r e sp e c t i v e l y , p e r ho u r . If a ll t h re e p i p e s a re Op e n e d a n d

t h e ta n k i s e m p ty i n w h a t t im e w i ll i t b e fill e d ? I f th e
t a nk w e re f u ll and a ll t h re e d i sc h a rgi n g, wh a t wo u ld
h a pp e n ?

21I f t h e i n fl o w p i p e i n No 2 0 w e re c l ose d a nd t h e
. .

t ank w e re ful l , i n w h a t t i m e w o u l d th e t a n k b e e m p t i e d i f
bo th o ut flo w i
p p e s w e re op ened ? th e sm a l l e r a lo ne ? th e
l a rge r a lo n e ?
22 . Th e sum of t h re e c o n se c u t i v e odd n u m b e rs is 3 9 .

Wh at a re th e y ?
53 A Y E AR OF AL G E BRA
23 . A ma n on a w a lki n g t ri p i s a bl e to m a ke 3 m il es
m o re t h e sec o n d d ay t h a n th e fi rst , 4 l ess th e t h i rd t ha n
th e se c o n d , a nd 5 m il e s m o re th e fo u rth th a n t h e thi rd .

I f h e w a lks 64 m i l es i n th e fo u r d a ys , fi n d h i s d ist a nc e
fo r e ac h d ay .

24 . On e of tw o nu m b e rs i s 5 ti m es as l a rge as a n o th e r .

I f 10 i s su b tra c t e d fro m t h e l a rge r a nd a dde d to th e

sm a ll e r, th e resu l ts a re e q u a l . Wh a t a re th e n um b e rs ?

25 . D i vi de $ 1 00 b e tw e e n tw o me n so th a t one sh al l

re c e iv e $ 1 0 m o re t h a n o n e -h a l f w h a t th e o th e r re c e iv e s .

N ote . L e t 2x a nd x 10 re p re s e n t th e re s p e c t i ve nu m b e rs o f
d o l l a rs .

26 . 1 8 is o n e -
h alf th e sum of w h a t t h re e c o ns e c u t i v e

e ve n n u m b e rs ?

27 . Th e su m of th re e numb e rs i s 4 . Th e sec o n d is 7
m o re t h a n th e fi rst and th e th i rd i s 5 m o re th a n t w i c e th e
fi rst . Fi n d t h e n u m b e rs . Answ e rs 2, 5, and 1 .

28 . J oh n i s tw i c e as ol d a s Ja m es . I f 3 yea rs a go he
w as th re e t im e s as ol d, wh a t a re th e i r p rese n t a ge s ?
S ugge st i o n U se 2 x a nd x fo r th e i r p re se n t a g e s. T h e n 2x 3
—3
.

a nd 43 w o u l d b e th e i r a ge s t h re e ye a rs a g o . Wh a t i s th e
e q ua t i o n ?

29 . A f a th e r i s t w i c e as o l d a s h is so n a n d 1 0 y e a rs a go

h e w as t h re e t im es as old . Wh a t a re th e i r a ge s ?

30 . A fa th e r i s 5 0 y e a rs old a nd h is so n i s 2 0 y e a rs o l d .

H ow l o n g si n c e t h e fa th e r w as t h re e t i m e s a s o l d as h i s
so n ? F our tim es as ol d ?

31 . F i n d th e a v e ra ge o f th e n u m b e rs 6 , 8 , 3, an d 5 .

Note . Th e avera ge o f s e v e ra l n u m b e rs is th e q u o t i e nt
of th e i r su m d i v i d e d by t h e n u mb e r o f n u m b e rs .

32 . F i n d th e a v e ra ge of the n u m b e rs 7 ,
3, 8, an d

10 ; of 3 a, 5a , and 1 1a .
 C H AP T E R III .

F UND AM E N TAL PR OCE S S E S

3 . D efini ti ons . A t erm i s a nu m b e r , o r a n a l g e b ra i c

e x p re ss i o n , th at d o es n o t c o n s is t of tw o or mo re p a rt s

c o nn e c t ed b y th e si gn s or
“ t e rm s
5 , 2a, 8 b and 9a 2
,
x a re .

A mono mi al i s a n e x p re ssi o n o f o n e t e rm .

A p o lynomi al i s a n e xp re ssi o n o f t w o o r m o re t e r m s
c o nn e c t e d by the s i gn s a nd

An e x p r e ssi o n of t w o t e rm s i s a ls o c a lle d a b ino mi al

a nd on e of t h re e t e rm s is c a lle d a tri no mi a l . Th u s
”
a b m ay b e re a d t h e b i n o mi a l a b ,
a nd x y z
“
m a y b e rea d th e t ri n o m i a l x y 2 .

Lik e o r si mi l ar te rms a re t e rm s t h a t h a v e t h e sa m e

l i te ra l fa c t o rs w it h t h e sa m e Th e y m ay h ave
'

e xp o n e n ts .

d i ffe re n t n u m e r i c a l co e ffic i e nt s . 2 a b , 7 a b 9a b , a n d a b a re
,

s i mi l a r t e rm s . L i k e w i se 2 a 2
x, 5 a x 12 5 a x a n d a x are
2 2 z
, ,

si m il a r t e rms .

An e xp re ss i o n e nc l ose d in a sym bo l of a ggre ga t i o n is

c o n si de re d a s a si ngl e t erm u n ti l th e o p e ra t i o n o f re m o v i ng

the si gn of a ggre ga t i o n is p e r fo rm e d (
a b) and
—2 b )
.

(2 a — 3 b + 4c ) a re su c h t e rm s . 8a (a is al so a
“ ”
si ngl e t e rm , t o be re a d 8 a ti m e s th e e x p re ss i o n a 2b .

“
3 b (x 3 i
y + ) s a si n gl e t e rm , t o b e re a d 3 b t im e s th e
”
e xp ressi o n x y 3
 F UN DAM E N TAL P R OCE S S E S 61

AD DI TI ON AN D SUB TR ACTI ON

34 . Addi ti on of polynomi al s . Th e stu d e n t has a l re a d y

l e a rned th a t h e m ay fin d t h e sum o f tw o or m o re p o ly
n o m i a ls b y e n c l os i n g th e m i n p a re nth e ses pre c e d e d by t h e

si gn . Th u s th e sum of 3a 5b and 8 a + 3 b i s fo u n d
as fo llows
(3 a + 5 b ) (8 a + 3 b ) = 3a + 5b
Th a t th e re i s a S h o rte r a n d m o re c o nve n i e nt m e t h o d fo r
fi n d i n g th e sum o f m o re p o ly no m i a ls i s
tw o or e vi de n t fro m
a s t u dy o f th e m e t h o d f o r a d d i n g de n o m i n a t e n u mb e rs

p o u n ds o u nce s

3 5 S i mila rly , 3a 5b
8 3 8a 3b
11 8 . Am . 11a 8b . Ans .

3a —2b Or th e sum o r c + 2 x c
-
2a + 3 b 2a —4x + 3 c

a + b Ans . .
— — 4a 5x + c

a 7x 3c . Ans .

Rul e . P la c e si m i l a r te rms i n th e sa m e c o lu m n .

F i nd th e a lg e bra i c su m o f th e te rms i n e a c h c o l um n a n d

w ri te th es e resul ts, e ac h wi th i ts p rop e r si gn, in a ne w

p y
o l n o m i a l .

E xerc is e 24

Ad d th e fo llo wi ng

1 4a —b 2 2x —3y 3 4m + 5 n 4 —3 s + 2 i
— —
. . . .

a +b -
x + 4y 3m n 4s 3t
3a . Ans .
m 3” 23 t

5 4m + 2 n 6 3x —4 e + 7u 7 2 ah —
5 od + 3 a x
— —2 —
. . .

2m + n + + 2 u a b + 2 c d + 2ax
— —5
x e
m 3n x + 3 z— 5 u 3 a b + 4c d — 7a x
62 A :

YE AR OF ALG E B RA

F i nd th e sum in eac h o f th e f o llo wing by a rra ng i ng in

c olum ns a nd a ddi ng

8 . ax + 2x y
—3 x z ax + 2 bx
,
—3 xy + z anxd , 4c x +
2 bx 3 x2 .

9 2a c + 3 b 3 xz+ d — 4a b —4 d+4 2a c
—b + 6
-
a c a, o a ,l
—b+
.

3 xz+ 3 c d, 4a + 3 ac a z
x , a nd ac a x z+ ca

10 . 2a z
+ 3a —4 ,
a
2 —3 a 2
+ , —
3 a
’
+ 5a —2 , an d

11 x
”
zz an d

x
z_ y
2

12 a
“ —3 a
’
+ 3 a —1 a
3
+ 3a
2
5, 3a ’ —2 — 2
+ 3
—
-
a a
—4a + 4
.
, ,

a
’
, 7a 3

13 . 12a 15 b 3 0, 12 b 5c 3a, an d 12 0
10a 5b .

14 . 2a + 3 b 4
+ ,
c 2 b + 3 c 4
+ ,
a a nd 2 c + 3 a + 4b .

15 . 8 6x 8
4x 2
3 x, 3 x 5x 3
3x 2
2, and x
2

x + 2 .

16 . w“
v.
” at
“ 2 963 2
W e
“ w’
v. my ”
x
’
v y
“
.

x
’
xy
’
3x y 2
3 xy x
8 “
an d xy
z 3x y ’
y , y , .

” “
17 A 3 AB
3 2
3A R ’
B A 3
B , 2A R
2
3 AR ’

—4A
.
, ,

B 8
2A H
’
33 3
,
a nd
3
4A B 2
4AB 2

B ’
.

18 2 (a b
+ ) —3 ( — d ) c 19 2 (m —n)
—d )
. .

(m
(c —d) — 3 (m

20 2 (a b) —4 ( a b) and
—b )
.

3 (a (c l d )- -
.
 F UN DAME NTAL P R OCE S S E S 63

35 . Sub tracti on of l
p y
o no mi a ls .

Rul e . Pla c e si mi lar te rms i n c ol umns, th e subtrah e nd

'

u nd e r th e mi nu en d .

Ch a ng e the sign of ea ch te rm o f th e su btra h e nd a nd c o m

b i ne a s i n a ddi tio n (S e e .

N ot e . I f t h e c h a ng e o f s i g ns c a n b e m a d e m e nta l l y, i t i s m uc h
b e tte r . B u t , i f ne c e s sa ry to w ri t e t h e n e w s i g ns, p l ac e th e m
u n d e rn e a t h th e o ld .

E xe rc ise

S u b tra c t th e fo l lo wi ng

1 2a —3b —7c —4 x 3
+ y z
—2x — 7y + 6z
.

-
3a + 2b c

5a 5b 60 . Ans .

3 . 2 a b + 3 ac —bc —5 4 .
—
2 xy + 3 xz 8
ab ac + 3 6x y -
6xz+ 9

5 . S u bt ra ct 2 a b 3 ao 7 be 2 fro m 4a b 4 ao 13 .

6 . F ro m x 2y 3 zt ake 2 x By 4x .

7 . x
3
3x y2
3 xy 2
y
3
t a ke n from x
3
y
a
l ea v es
wh a t ?
from a ”
8 . S u bt ra c t a
2
2ab b 2
2a b 2
b .

9 . S u bt ra c t a
s
3a b 2
3ab z b from
"
3a b
2

3 abz b 3
.

10 . F rom t h e sum o f a
2
2ab b 2
a nd a
2
2a b b 2

t a ke 2 a 2
2b 2

11 . F rom th e su m of zx a 3 x2 , 3 xx 2 xy, a nd

ax xx xy t a ke th e sum o f 2ax 2 xz
,
xy 2 xz a x,

and a x xz xy .

12 F ro m 3 (a
. b) (c + d ) t ake 2 (a b)
64 A Y E AR OF AL GE B RA
Gi ven M =a ’ —b+ b
a
2
,
R = a 2
+ b
2
,

”
a nd S a
2
b , fi nd th e f o l l o wi ng :

13 M+N —R 14 M —R —S 15 2M
— —R —S
. . . . .

16 . M+N R —S . .

36 S ub tracti on i ndi ca ted b y th e use of th e si gns o f

.

a ggre ga ti on A si gn b e f o re a ny o ne o f t h e si gn s o f
.

a ggre ga t i o n m e a ns t h a t t h e e xp re ssi o n w i th in t h e s i g n

o f a g gre ga t i o n i s t o b e su b t ra c t e d .

3 ab 2c c (6a b ac ) i s th e sa m e e xe rc is e as , fro m
3ab 2ac su b tra c t 6a b ac . Or 3 a b 2 ac (6 a b ac )
= 3 ab + 2 ac 6a b ac : 3ab ac .

I f th e re i s a co e ffic i e nt
b e fo re th e S ign o f aggre gat i o n ,
m u l t i pl y e a c h t e rm w i t h i n t h e S i gn b y t h i s c o e ffi c i e n t .

No t e . S ee 2 0 fo r p a re n t h e s e s p re c e d e d by t h e s i gn .

Rul e . To rem ove a n e xp re ssi on fro m a si gn o f aggreg a

tio n p re c e d ed by th e mi n us si g n , m ul tip ly ea ch te rm by th e
c i e nt i h i a nd c h a ng e th e sign of e a c h
coe ffi (f t e r e s o ne ) ,
.

res u l ti ng term .

E xerc ise 2 6

R e m o ve th e p a ren th eses a nd c o m bi n e terms

1 (5 —3 ) —7 . Ans 5 . .

—2A )
.

2 . A + 3 (B .

3 .
—3 )
4 13 — 3(
—
.

5 . 5 (2 x — 3) —3 (3 — 2) x (5 x ) .

6 . 5x ( x
2 3 2
+ y) + y .

7 . 18
8 . 21 —4( —1
9 . 3n —2 (2 n
 F U N D A M E N T AL P R OC E S S E S 65

( + b)
a —2 (2 a —b ) + 8 a .

11 .
—5 (x —y
12 . 7 (m —n) —3 ( m
13 . 4 (x —3) —5 (y — 3 ) + 6 (z
14 . u (m n ) m (2 n 3m ) 9m n .

15 .
+ 5 b ( b c ) — 4c (a b) .

S o lve th e fo l lo wi ng e q u a ti o ns a nd c h e c k

16 . 2 (x + 5 )
17 . 3 (n + 2 ) 2
+ (n — 3)
18 . 5 (x —2) = 8 —x .

19 . 5 (n + 8 )
20 . 2 (x — 3) = 4 — l 1x .

21 . 2 (2 — 4)a —a ) .

22 . x (15 — 13 )
23 .
—n ) 14 .

24 . 2 x + 3 (x —5) —2 (2 x
25 . 5 (a + 4 ) — 4 (a —1 )
26 . 7x — 2 x ) = 72
27 . 13 + 3 n 1 2
= — n) .

z— x 2x
Gi v e n s + l, a nd S = x 2
+
1, nd
fi th e o l lo wi ng
f
28 . 2K 29 . 3R —2 (2 K S) .

37 . Pl ac ing t erms wi thi n a p a re nt h esis .

If (6 a b ac ) is t h e s a m e as 6a b ac , t h e n , wh e n
t h e p ro c ess i s re ve rse d , 6a b ac (6a b ac ) .

S im i l a rly , a + b c i s th e sa m e a s a b

Rul e . If a n exp ressi o n i s p la c e d wi th i n a s ig n o f a ygre

g a ti o n p r e c e d e d by the si g n, th e s i g n of ea ch te rm o f th e
ex p re ssi on m us t b e c h a ng e d .
55 A YE AR OF A L GE B RA
E xerci se 27

1 I nse rt th e l ast th re e t e rms o f th e e xp re ssio n s

3a b 2
. a

3ab z b i n a p are nth esi s p re c e d e d b y th e

8
si gn .

in
'

2 . I nse rt a ll th e e x p ressi o n a
2
2a b b2
a p a re n

t h esi s p re ce de d b y a s i gn .

I ndi c at e th e d i ff e re nc e b y m e a ns o f
3 . a p a re n t h e s i s

wh e n a b i s sub t rac te d fro m c d . A118 . 0 d

( a b) .

4 . S i m i l a rly, i n di c at e th e d i ff e re nc e by m e a ns of a

re n t h e s i s wh e n a
3
3a b 2
3abz b 3
is t ak e n f ro m
p a

a
8
b“ R e m o v e t h e p a re n t h e s i s a n d c o m b in e .
.

I ns e rt th e la st th re e te rm s o f ea c h o f th e f o llo wi ng in a

p a r e n th e si s p re c e d e d by a si gn :

5 8 x
z —y + 2y 2
s

— z—b —2 b
. .

6 x + y z —5 9 a
2
c

—
. . .

7 m + 2 — k u rs 10 4x 2 —9y 2
+ 6yz
—
. . .

11 . a
2 —2 ab + b 2 —m 2
+ 2 m n n
’
.

12 . 2t

R em o v e th e f o l lo wi ng p a r e n th e s es ,
c o l l e c t li ke terms, a nd

th e n re wri te th e e xp ressi o ns wi th th e las t two term s o f

ea c h in a p a r e n th e si s p r e c e d e d by a si g n :

13 . a —(b — ) —d c .

14 x
2

—
.

15 . 23 ( —b — ) a c

—
.

16 24 2( a —) c

—5z
. .

17 . 2c + 3 ( c —2 b )
18 . 100 —) r —2 r }
19 . 8 (a —2 b ) + 3 (4b + c ) (3 c d) .
68 A Y E AR OF A L GE B R A

40 . E xpo nents in multi pli cati on; D e fin e e xp o nent .

”
in a ? in “
H o w m a ny ti m es i s a us e d a s a fac to r a ?

N ot e . W h e re no e xp o ne n t i s w r i t t e n th e exp o n e nt is a ss u m e d
t o b e 1, i s th e sa me as a
‘
a .

Th e p ro du c t o f a a i s t h e sa m e ( ) ( )
" - 2 - - - -
as a a a a a ,
or a

t a ke n fi ve tim e s a s a f a c to r, w ri tt e n a
“ .

S im il a rly, th e p ro d u c t o f M e i s (a a a to m fac t o rs ) "

.
- -

t im es (a a a- -
t o n fac to rs ) , o r a a a a
- - -
to m
fa ctors, w ri tt en a
'"

Type form I . c
m-
a
"
a m ” .

Th e u se of t h e m ost ge n e r a l e x e rc i se as a typ e form,

or formul a, i s a c o nve n i e nt m e th o d o f st a ti ng a rul e .

Wh at i s th e p ro d u c t o f a a a ? o f 2 - 3 - ‘
a
2 -
a
s -
a
4 -
a
5
?
z i - s t - “ z
Th e p ro d u c t o f a b a h a b i s t h e
'
sa m e a s (a a - -
bb -
b
a c - ‘
a
'

b b b b
- - - -
d
~ -
a a
-
b b ) , i n whi ch
-
a is t a ke n + 3 ,

or 8 t ime s as a f a c t o r, and b, 3 4 2, or 9 t i mes as a

fa c to r . Th e re fo re th e re q u i r e d p ro d u c t is a
s
b
°

Rul e . Th e e xp o n e n t o f ea ch li te ra l nu m be r in a p r o d u c t
of m o n o m i a l s i s e q u a l to th e sum o .
f a ll th e exp o n e n ts o f
th a t n u m b e r i n th e fa c to rs .

41 . E xp onent s i n di visi o n Divi si on i s th e inv e rse of

m u l ti p li c a t io n S in c e a
'
-
a
5
a
’
th e n a 7 z
a z a
”
.
.
,

a a a a aa a
a
"
a
2
m ay al so b e w ri tt e n I f the c o mm o n
aa

f ac to rs a re d ivi de d o ut of n u m e r a to r an d de no mi n at o r,
“ re m a i n s .
a a aaa , o r a
" 2
, wh i c h i s a ,

Typ e form I I . a m a
”

D ivide b by a b z An s D i vi de Ans
y by
fi 2 " 5 ° 3 ‘
a . . a . x x y . .

x
z z
y .

Rul e . Th e e xp o n e n t o f e a ch li tera l nu m b e r in a q u o ti e nt
o f m o no m i a ls i s e q ua l t o i ts e xp o n en t i n th e di vi de n d m i n us
i ts e xp o n e n t i n th e di viso r .
 F U N DA M E N T AL P R OC E S S E S 69

E xerc i se 2 8

F i n d th e f o ll o wi ng p r o d u c ts or q u o ti e n ts

1 . 2a b 2 a
c
‘ ~
3b 2
0
2 ~
4a 4
0
3 z
ab o .

2 . 3x y 3 3
z 2x3 - 2
y
2
3
2
4xyz .

3 . 2a b 2 2
0
3
d 3a b - 3 3
e
z
3 ae d 2
.

4 . 2 a bc 2
4a b d 2
3 bc d 3
.

5 . 9m 2
x ~
3 mx 3
2 m ux 4
3n 2
x .

6 . 2a ” —3 b 2 “

46 2 “

a bc “ ? “

ac .

7 . 3 x 2x °

x 5x ax bx .

8 . 2 3 5
2 2 2 -
2 3 5 2 5
3 3 - 2 5
. Ans 2 3 5 .
7 5 8

9 2a z
b c 13
.
2
. . 3 0a b i‘ i’ 3
c 6a b2 3
c.

10 . 8 a bo 2 a c -
4a b 14 . 2 2 2
2 3
2 4
. Ans . 2 2
.

11 . 4a 2
5a 10a ‘
. 15 . 2 3 5
4 4 4
3 5 3 3
.

12 . 3 9a b 2 2
c
3
d 4
3ab d 2
. 16 . 2 2 °
3 2 °

4 3
2 3 .

42 . M ul ti pli cat i o n mi a l by a m onomi al of a p y

o l no .

Wh a t i s t h e p ro du c t o f 2 (a b) (S e e
S im i l a rly th e p ro d u c t o f m (n
, l) mn ml .

Th e a c c o m p an y i n g fi g u re w i ll s e rv e t o i l l u s t ra t e t h e m e a ning
o f su c h a p ro d u c t .

If m i s th e nu m b e r of

u ni t s i n t h e wi d t h of th e
re c t a n g l e AB CD a nd n th e
n um b e r i n i ts l e n gt h , i ts
a rea i s mn s qua re u ni ts .

S i m i l a rl y th e a re a o f D CE F
i s ml s qu a re u ni t s a n d th e
s um of th e t wo , or re c

t a n g l e AB E F , h a s a n a re a mn ml s qu a re u ni t s . T h e re fo re th e

p ro d u c t o f m (n l) mn ml .

M ake a re c t a n gu l a r fi gu re wh i ch w i ll i llu st ra t e th a t
70 A Y E AR OF AL G E B RA
Wh at i s th e p ro du ct of 2 a (3 b 2c ) Ans 6a b . 4 ao .

The fo ll o wi ng is a c o n ve n i e n t fo rm fo r suc h a p ro du c t

(Ch e c k wi th a = 2, b = 3 , and c = 4 .
)
3 b + 20 9+
2a 4
6a b + 4 ac

Try seve ral ot h e r s e ts of n umb ers fo r c h e c ki n g t h is

p ro du c t As th e alge b ra i c e xe rc ise s i nc reas e i n di ffi c ul ty,

.

a c h e c k o f so m e ki n d w il l b e c o m e a n e c essi ty I n ge neral .

th e st u d e n t will be ab l e to c h e ck h i s wo rk b y sub s ti tu ti n g
i n th e gi v e n e xp re ssi o ns a c on ve n i e nt se t o f v al u es f o r t h e

l i te ral n um be rs , p e rfo rmi n g on th e re sul ts th e sa m e o p e ra

t io n a s re q u i re d in th e e xe rc i se , an d th e n su bst i tu t i ng th e
sa m e se t o f v a l u es i n th e a n sw e r o f th e exe rcise . I f th e
re sul ts a re th e sam e f ro m b o th o pe rat i o ns, (68 68 ) we
“
sa y th a t t h e w o rk ch eck s.

Rul e . I n m ul tip lyi ng a p y

o l nom i a l by a m o n o m i a l,
m ul tip ly eac h te rm f th e p ool y n o m i a l b y th e m o no m i a l a n d
w ri te th e suc c essi ve p ro d u c ts i n a ne w p olyno m i a l , e a c h

wi th i ts p rop er si gn .

E xerc i se 2 9

P e rform th e f o ll o wi ng m u l tip li c a ti o ns a nd ch e c k in ea c h

1 . 2 + a 2 . a + h 3 . a + c 4 . b + c
2 3 a 2b

10 . ab be
2b

11 .
(a b ac ) ~
a c. 12 .
(a b ac ) ~
a bc.
 F UN DAME NT AL P R OC E S S E S 71

13 .
(3 a b 4a o ) 2 bc -
. 14 .
( b
3 a 4a o ) 3 a bc-
.

15 .
(3 xy 5 yz) 5 xyz
~
. 16 .
( x y z) -
xy z .

17 . 3 2x 3y 4x 18 . 4a b 3 cd 2ad
2x 3 ax

19 4x y 2
5 xy z 20 . 3a 3
2a 2
21 . 3a b 3
3ab s
.

2 yz 4a a b
’ z

z —3 a
°

22 . 2e b 3
c 23 . xy xx y z
2 a bc
2 2
xy z

24 . 2x 3y 4x 25 . 2 mn 3m 2n
3 mn

26 .
(2xy 3 x3 4yz) 2 xyz ~
.

27 . (a
2
. 2a h b ?
) ab . 30 .
(x
3
x
2
x 1) -
x .

28 .
(x
2
2x 1) 2x . 31 .
(d
a
b 2
c
?
) a bc
-
.

-
a bc . 32 .
( x
z —x + l ) —x ) .

33 .
(a:
2
xv my ) .

”
34 (x
a
x
i
v my $10
-
xv .

” ”
35 .
(a: 13
x
i
v xv y ) my ) .

36 z
(2 a b 3 ab )
2
. ab ) .

37 .
(4a b cd ) a bc d ) .

38 .
(9a b
2
c 6a b 2 2
c ) ~
a bc .

39 .
(xy yz z
w) xy z
w)

40 .
(2a 2
2b 2
2c 2
)3 a b
2 2
c
2
.

41 2a z
.
( y 3b 2
c 4c 2
) 2 a b c y .

42 . (a a —a 2
b + ab
z —b 3 —
)( a 2
b 2
) .

43 z z “
(a b a b
s
ab b )
8
.

44 . 22 —3 2
45 . 46 .
—3 3
5 °

2 3
2
2 3 4 2 3 4
2 3 5
2 2 2

An s . 2 3 2 3
.
72 A Y E AR OF A L GE B R A

43 . Di visi on of a p y
o l no mi a l by a monomi al .

D i vi si on i s t h e invers e of mul ti pli ca ti on, t h e re fo re t h e

Rul e I n d i v i d i ng
. a p o l yn o m i a l by a m o no m i al , d i vi d e e a c h
te rm f
o th e d i vi d e nd by th e di vi sor a nd wri te the p a r t i a l
q uo ti e n ts , e a c h wi th i ts o w n sig n , in a ne w p y
o l n o m i a l .

Th e fo ll o w i n g is a c o nv e n i e n t fo rm fo r th e w o rk w i th i t s
c h ec k , u s i ng a 2, b 3, c 4, a nd d 1 .

2 a ) 6a b + 4 a c — 10a d = 3 6 + 3 2
35 + 20 5d : 9+ 8 48

E xerc ise 3 0

D i vi d e th e f o l lo wi ng a n d c h e c k in ea ch

1 .
( b
4 a 6a c ) by 2 . 4 .
(Sub 1 2 a c ) by 4 a .

2 .
(4 a b 6a c ) b y a . 5 .
(2 a bc 3 a c d ) by ac .

3 .
(4 a b 6c c ) b y 2 a . 6 .
(4 a
2
6 a ) by 2 a .

7 z An s
( b
4 6 ab ) 2a b ) 2a 3b
2
. a . . .

8 . 6a b 9a o 9. 4a s
10 . 9a b
2
12a b 2

3a 3ab

11 . l 2a c 15 cd 6a e d 12 . 1 0b c 2 00 d 60 2

3c

13 . 9a bc 12 a c d 15 a b c d 14 . 2a b 3
4a 2
b z

3ao 2a b

15 .
(3 0xy 3 5 xz 2 5 x ) by 5 x .

16 .
(1 5 a
4
2 5d a
3 0a ?
) by a
2
.

17 .
(4 a bc
2
10a b 2
) cd b y 2 a bc .

z
18 (15 z 1 8 xy z b
) y 3 yz
2
. x y x .

19 .
(4 a b 6 a c ) by a .

20 .
( b
4 a 6c c ) by 2a .

21 .
(4x
i
81 3
) by 2x 2
.
 F UN DAME N TAL P R OCE S S E S 73

”
22 .
(l 5 m a
2 0m ) by 5m 2
.

z
23 .
(1 0a b 2 3
c 15 a b c 2
2 5 a bc 3
) by 5 a bc .

z z
z z
24 .
(2 4 x y
2 3
z ‘
2 7x y 3
z 1 8 xy 3
) by 3 xy z .

25 . 3 00 b 2 2
x 3 6a b 2
x
2
48 a 3
x
2

6c x
26 . x
°

2
x

16m 2
n
3
24m u z 3
8 777 3
773 7
2

8m 2
n
2

4A 4
6A 3
SA 2

2A 2

29 .
(3 0x y
3 5
z ‘
1 2x y 5 ‘
z
3
18x y 3 3
z) ‘
b y 6x y 3 3
3
3
.

“
30 . 45 a b 3 "
6oa b ‘
75 a b 5 3
) by 15 a b 3 2
.

31 .
[ (
8 a b) 3
6 (a b) 2
4 (a b ) ] b y 2 (a b) .

32 1 2 x y (x 2
y)
2
9x (x y) ] by 3 x (x y)
—
. .

33 — 3 (a —
l l by

44 . Fac t oring . Wh a t a re th e fa c to rs of 3 b
a ? A ns 3 , . a,

a nd b Of 12 xyzwh e n f a c t o re d c o m p l e t e ly ? Ans 2 2 , 3 ,
. .
,

” 3 2
x, y, a n d 3 O f 2 4 a
2
b 2
c ? o.f 7 2 k m n o f 5 4 R 3 2
r ?
Wh a t are th e fa c to rs o f a x a y ?
F ro m a st u dy o f t h e p ro d u c ts o b t a i n e d so fa r i t i s ev i

d e nt th a t th e p ro d u c t o f a b i no m i a l a n d a m o n o m i a l i s a
n e w b i n o m i a l w i th t h e m o n o m i a l m u l t i p l i e r p re se n t i n e a c h

t e rm . I n th e e x p re ss i o n a x a y, i ns p e c t i o n sh o w s a a s th e
m o no m i a l mu lt i p li e r, and th e f ac to rs o f ax a y a re a a n d

(x 3 )
S i m il a rl y , th e fa c to rs of 2a b 4a y a re 2a a nd ( b 2y) .

Ex . 1 . D i v i d e 14 a 2
x 2 1a x b y 7a x
2
.

Ex . 2 . Wh a t a re t h e f a c t o rs of 14a 2
x 2 1a x ? 2
 4 A YE AR OF A L GE B RA

E xerc ise 3 1

F a c to r eac h o f th e f o l l o wi ng :

1 ab 10 ”
. ac. . 5 xy l ox .

2 . 2a o 2 ad . 11 . ab ac ad .

3 . 2 xy 4x2 12 . 4c d 6 bd 8d ”
. .

4 . a bc 2 a bd . 13 .
z
a bc
z
ab o .

5 5 xx 15 xw 14 x
’
x
’ 2
xy
z
. . .
y y .

6 . a
2
a b. Ans . a a nd (
a b) .

7 .
z
x y xy
’
. 15 . 2x 2
4x 3
l ox ‘
6x 5

8 . 3 xyz 6xyw 16 . 8 c
”
l 2 ub z 4a b “
. .

”
9 . 1 5h 2 okh . 17 . 5m a
10m 2
n 5 mn 2

45 . Arra ngem ent . A p o l yn o mi al i s sai d t o b e arra nged

w i th re sp ec t to a ny l i t eral n u m b er wh e n th e e xp o n e nt s o f

th a t n u m b e r e i th e r i n c re a se or d e c re ase i n su c c e ssive te rm s .

2x 2
x 3 is a rra n ge d i n desc endi ng p owe rs of x
“ n
an d 1 a , i asc e ndi ng p o w e rs o f a
2
a a .

E xerc i se 3 2

Arra nge th e f o ll o wi ng i n d e sc e n di ng p o w e rs
1 —2x 2

—1 —a — z+
. .

2 . a
s
a a
‘

3 . 3x — x + 2x
2 3

4 . 3n 2n 2
5n ‘
1 7n 3
.

A rra ng e th e o ll o wi ng
f in as c e n di n g p o w e rs o f a

5 . x
3
a
"
3 ax 2
3a 2
x .

6 . a
‘ — c
3
+ c
2 — +1 a .

7 . a
5 — a x

8 ‘
6a b 2
b ‘
4a b
'’
- 3
. a
76 A Y E AR OF AL GE B RA

E xercise 33
F i nd th e f o l lo wi ng p ro d u c ts :

1 .
( x 4) (x 15 .
(2 x 3 y ) (2 x 3 y) .

'

2 .
(x 5) ( x 16 , (a + b ) (a c ) .

3 .
(x —2 ) ( x An s .

4 .
(x —4 ) (x 17 .
—k ) .

5 .
(a —7 )( a

6 (x
—
.

An s . x
2
+ x 20 .

7 .
(x 3 0) (x
8 .
(a +
Ans . a
2
2ab b 2

9 .
(a —b )( —b ) a .

10 .
(a b ) (a + b) .

11 . (III 18 .
(a + b )
12 .
( x 12 ) (23 1 0) Ans . ac be ad bd .

13 .
(2x 3 y ) (2 x 3 y) .
(S e e fi gure ) .

14 .
(2 x 3 y ) (2 x 3 y) . 19 .
( a b c )(
a b) .

20 .

21 .

22 ( 2 ax )( )
2 ?
. x a x a .

23 (a 2a h b ) (a b)
2 ?
. .

24 .

25 .

26 .
( c
s —3 0
2
+ 3 c —l ) (o
27 (2 2ax ) ( )
2 2
. a x a x .

28 z ”
b
(a b ab )( )
2 2
. a .
 F UN DAM E N T AL P R OC E S S E S 77

29 .
—2
N ot e : Arra n g i ng w i th re fe re nc e t o x g i ve s

Ch e c k i ng w i t h x = 2
—2 —
.

x 3 1 x 8 2 = 4
x
2
+ 2x —1 —1 7
x
‘
x
‘
+ (v i —2 x
2
28 ( p ro d u c t )
2x ‘
2x 3
2x 2
4x
z
+ 2
’
+ x x x

x
‘
+ x
‘ —2x“+ x
‘

A rra ng e te rm s befo re m u l ti p lyi ng th e fo l lo wi ng

30 .
( b z —b + b s —b ) .

z b“ b)
31 (3 a b 3a b )(
2 3
. a a .

32 .
( +
1 2 m 2 — 2 m —m ) 3

33 .
(a
2
b 2
3 a b ) (a 2
b 2
3 a b) .

34 .
(d + 3 d
a —2 d ) .

47 Di visi o n of a p y
o l n o mi al by a p y
o l n o mi a l .

S i n c e d ivis i o n i s th e i n v e rs e of m u l ti p li c a t io n , c o m p a re

t h e fo ll o w i n g p roc ess w i th t h a t of 46

D i v i de x
2
5x 6 by x 3 . Ch e c k w i th x 5

d ivi d e n d 56
x
2
+ 3 x )x + 2 An s . divis o r 8
2x + 6 q u o t i e n t 7 .

2x + 6 56 8 7 .

S in c e th e fi rs t t e rm of t h e d i v i d e n d , i s th e p ro d u c t of
2
x ,

th e fi rst t e rm of th e d iv i so r an d th e fi rst t e rm of th e

q u o t i e n t ,
th ere fo re t h e fi rst t e rm of t h e q u o t i e n t is x Mul .

t i p l yi n g x 3 by x we ob ta in x
2
3 x, w h i c h we rec o gni z
e

as one of th e p a rt i a l p ro du c t s of 46 . S ub tra c t i n g th is
p r o d u c t a n d re p e a t i n g th e p ro c e ss , w e obta in th e n e xt t e rm
of t h e q u o ti e n t .
73 A Y E AR OF A L GE B R A

Rul e . I . Arra ng e th e d i vi d e nd a nd d ivi so r i n th e sa m e

o rd e r o f p o w e rs o f so m e c o m mo n l i te ra l n um b e r .

II . D i vi d e th e fir s t te rm o f th e d i vi de nd by the firs t te rm
o f th e di vi so r, a nd w r i te th e re s u l t a s th e fi rs t t e rm o f th e

q u o ti e n t .

III . M u l ti p ly th e wh o l e di vi so r by th e first te rm o f th e

q u o ti e n t,
a n d s u b tra c t th e p ro d uc t f ro m th e d i vi d e nd .

IV . Arra ng e th e re m a i n d e r i n th e sa m e o rd e r o f p o w e r s

as th e d i vi d en d, c o nsi d e r it as a n e w d ivi d e nd , a nd p ro c e e d
as befo re .

V R ep e a t the p ro c e ss u n ti l th e re i s n o re m a i nd e r, o r
.

u n ti l n o t e rm o f th e re m a i n d e r w i l l c o n ta i n th e firs t te rm

o f th e d ivi so r .

E xe rc ise 3 4

D i vi d e i n ea c h o f th e fo ll o wi ng c h ec k r e s u l ts

n u m e ri c a ll y

" f
6a 8 by 2
l a + + a + .

»
g m + 7m + 1 2 b y m + 4
2
.

n
i n
2
+ 7n + 10 b y n + 2 .

w a
2 — 5 a + 6 by a — 3 .

e x
2 — 9x + 14 b y x — 7 .

n 2 —8 + 1 5 by — 3

—
r r r .

e a
2 — 1 0a + 2 1 by a —3 .

r x + x
2 — 1 2 by x + 4 .

I x
z— x — 12 by x — 4 .

H m z— 2m — 15 by m + 3 .

M z
a + 3a — 2 8 by a — 4 .

M
 F U N D AM E N T AL PROC ESSES 79

a
2 —2 ab + b by2
a —b .

m 2 —6m n -
9n 2
by m —3 n .

r
2
+ l 1 rs + 3 08 2
by r + 5s
—3
.

x —9 by
2
fc . 19 . n
2 —2 5 by n + 5
z—bzb a —
.

a y b . 20 . x
2 —y by x Jf y2 - -
.

I nsp ec t th e f ol l o wi ng a nd w ri te th e q uo ti e n ts wi th o u t
p l a c i ng th e w o rk on a
p p e r

( N o t i c e th a t i n N o 1 .
, a nd

21 .

22 .

23 . a
2
+ 10a + 24 b y a + 4 .

24 . r
2
+ 12 r + 3 6 by r + 6 .

25 . x
z —2x —8 by x + 2 .

26 x
2
+ 5 x —2 4 b y m
—w — 20 by
.

27 x
z x 28 n
2 —16 by n + 4
—
. . .

29 . m 3m — 3
40 by m —8 . 30 . 4 —b 2
by 2 + b .

Arra ng e wh e n n e c e ssa ry i n d esc e ndi ng p o w e rs o f th e

sa me li te ra l nu m be r a n d di vi d e

(T h e re su l t s s h o ul d b e p ro ve d b y c h e c k i ng or b y m ul t i p l y i ng
t h e d i v i so r b y t h e quo t i e nt ) .

31 . 6a 2 —4 a
3
by a
2
+ 1 —2 a .

S o lut i o n . Arra ng i n g i n d e sc e n d i n g p o w e rs o f a

a
‘ —4 a
‘
+ 6a ’ —4 a + 1 a—
l —
2 ’
a 1
‘ ’ ’
a 2a a ’
2 a a + 1
“ ”
2a 5a 4a
—2 '
a i 4a
G'
'

s
—2 a
C h ec k i n g W i th a z g
,

quo t i e nt = 9 —6
16
so A YEA R OF A L G E B RA
32 . a
a —b 3
by a —b .

S o l ut i o n .

a s
b “ Ch ec k i n g w i t h a 5, b 2,
d i v i d e nd 12 5 8 1 17
= d i v i so r 5 2 3
a o b
’

a
z
b ab
quot i e n t 25 10 4 39 .

z
ab
3
b

3a + 3a + 2
a
3
+ 1 by a + 1 .

3x —3 x
2
+ x
3 —1 by x — l .

3a b 2 —
3ab z —a 3
b 3
by a
2
b 2
+ 2 ab .

2 2a:y —15 y 2
by 3y
—2 6x —
.

6x 2
i 2 8 -
by 3x — 7 .

6a 2
+ 6b 2
+ 1 3 a b by 3 b + 2a
—
.

1 —c "'
i 2 -
c by c + l .

8 + c
3
+ 12 c + 60 2
by a + 2 .

a
“ -
b 3
by a + b . 42 . m a
8 by x —2 .

27 — 8 b by 3
a —2b
3 3
a .

a —b b y a —b
4 ‘
. 45 . a
‘

1 2 st 2
2 5 :1:y 12 y 2
by 41; 3y .

“
x
‘
4x v 3
650 34 2 2
4a y y
‘
by $
2
2 61631 y
?

n
4
+ 2n 3
+ 2n 2
+ n —2 by n
2
+ n —1 .

x
4
2x y 3
650 111 2 2
2 6 try /
.
3
15 y 4
by x
2
4a y

40 3 — a
2
+ 4a 4 — 2 + 7a b y 2 + 2 a — a 2
.

.1
f
' 2 — 2 az
y
- h
{ y
2 —z b y x —y —z
2
.

a
" —2 bc —c 2
by a + b + c .

4x 9y 2
+ 1 2 y z— 4 2
2
by 2 x 3
+ y — 22 .
 FUND AM E NTA L PROC ESSES 81

48 . Fac to ri ng tri no mi a l s . Th e t w o b in o m i a l fa c t o rs of

c e rt a i n t ri n o m i a l s m ay b e o b ta i n e d b y i n sp e c t i o n .

In x
2
5x 6, 6=2 3 -
a nd 5 2 3, t h e re fo re i ts
f a c to rs 2 a n d a: 3 Th e fa c t o rs of x 5x 6
3
a re x .

a re a: 3 Test b y t a k i n g t h e i r p ro du c t
a n d a: 2 . .

S i m i l a rl y in fa c t o ri n g x 2
a; 6 , no ti c e t h a t 6 e q u al s
_
e i th e r 3 2 or 3
-
2 , but a: re q u i re s t h a t t h e
°
fa c t o r
o f 6 b e 1 l a rge r t h a n t h e fa c t o r , t h e re fo re x 6
2
a:

( a: 3) (
a: Ch ec k b y m u l t i p l i c a t i o n .

E x e rc ise 3 5

F a c to r th e o l l o w i ng
f by i nsp e c ti o n a nd ch ec k by m u l
t i p li ca ti o n
1 2
3x 2 10 b —7 b — 8
—
+ +
2
. x . .

—3
.

2 . x
2
x l— 2 11 . b 2 —2 b — 8
—
. .

3 . x
2
+ w 2 . 12 . b 2 —6 b + 8 .

4 z—w — 2 13 8y 15
+
2
. x . .
y + .

a
2
+ 7a + 6 14 y
2
2
+ y — 1 5
—5
. . .

6 . a
2
a + 6 15 .
y
2 —14y — 15
—2y — 15
. .

7 . a
2
+ 5a —6 . 16 .
y
2
.

8 . a
2
+ a - 6 . 17 .
y
2
+ y
— 2O .

9 . b + 2
9b +8 . 18 .
y
2 —8 y — 2 0 .

E xe rc ise 3 6 . Re vi e w

S i m p l ify th e o l lo wi ng
f
—3 ( —3
2 .
—16 ) —3 ( —2 — 7 ) —18 .

3 . 5a + 2 (3 a —2 b ) —2 7 .

4 . 3 ) (3 x 2) 2 (2 x 1 ) (a:
N ot e . F i rs t o b ta i n th e p ro d uc ts b e fo re re m o v i ng t h e p a re n th e
s e s e nt i re l y Th e sec o n d st e p of th e w o rk sh o u l d be :
—6 )
.

( 63 9
+ 5 33 Ans . 2 .
32 A YE AR OF A LG E B RA

5 . 3 (x
6 . 2 (2 a —3 ) (3 a + 1)

7 .
—2 )
8 + 3 (x

—3 ( —1 ) ( —1 )
.

9 3 (a a a

—
.

10 .
(m 2
u
z
2m + n ) — 3 (m n)

11 . 2 a (a b
+ ) —3 b ( b ) ( a a

S olve th e fol lowi ng e q u a ti ons a nd c h e ck

12 1 3
.
= 2x + 1 5 .

13 . 3 a + 2 (6 a ) 3 (2a + 3) = 18 .

14 . 2 (2 n + 5) = 8
15 .
(x —9) (. v -
l
-
li l .

N ot e F o ll o w th e p l a n o f N o 4 fo r
. . o b ta i n i ng th e p ro d uc ts a nd
re mo vi ng th e p a re nth e ses .

16
—3 ) —
.

17 . n =
2
3n —16 .

18 —2 ) + ( a 2
—
-
. .

19 (n -
I 4 ) (n — 2 )+ ( n u —8 ) + 7
—9
. .

20 .
(x x

—3 m
.

21 —5 ) —(m —
3 ) (m
—5 )
. . .

22
—5 )
.

23 ( k
2 + 3 ) (21 —3) 9 (4 k + 1) (
lo = 3 (k
—11 ) —(6 —9) (
.

24 . a a

25 .
—4 (n
26 .
—2 ) —2 (3 a

27 .
—2 ) —w 2 = x 2

28 5n 2
+ 3 (2
—7 )
.

29 .
-
4) (r
30 . 25 (5
84 A YEA R OF AL GE BR A
50 80 4
22a s
43 a 2
3 8a 24 by 4a 2
5a 6
—
. .

z
l l sz b
51 . 2x ‘
2y ‘
4wg s
x
3
y
2
y y 2y 2
2
+ yx .

S ugge st i o n . Arra ng e di vi d e n d a nd di vi so r i n th e o rd e r of th e
d e sc e nd i ng p o w e rs o f at.

52 15 — + 8
a —1 —1 9
4
a a
2
by 5 — 1 — 3 a
3
a
2
a

—
. .

53 c — —10 16 —3
‘
c
" -
by 0 2 4 2 c
2
0
2 -
0.

—1 by m + —1
.

54 . m + 3 mn +
3
n
3
n .

S o lve th e fo llowi ng p ro bl em s
55 . F in d th re e c o nse c u ti v e n u mb e rs whose s um is 4 5 .

56 . F i n d t h re e c o nsec u t i v e e v e n nu m b e rs su c h t h a t th e
fi rst p l u s 3 t i m es t h e se c o n d m i nus twi c e t h e t h i rd e q u als

26 .

Sugge sti on I f n, n 2, a nd n 4 re p res e nt t h e numb e rs, th e n

—2 (
.

n 3 (n 2) n 4) S tu dy ca re fu l l y th e use of th e
p a re nth e se s .

57 . Th e su m o f tw o n um b e rs i s 1 5 , and 3 t i m e s th e fi rst
m i n us 2 ti m es t h e se co n d e q u a l s 20 F i n d th e n um b e rs

—
. .

Su gge st i on Le t n an d 15 n re p re se nt t h e n u mb e rs H o w do
—n
. .

yo u w ri t e 2 t i m es 1 5 ?

58 . Joh n a nd Ja m es t o ge th e r h av e 38 c e n ts . I f tw i c e
th e am o u n t th a t Joh n h a s b e a dde d to 3 t i m e s th e a m o un t

th a t J am e s h as , th e resu l t i s 99 c e nts . H ow m u ch h a s
e a ch ?
59 . A su m of mone y ,
a m o u n ti n g to c ons i sts of

n i c k el s an d q u a rt e rs . I f th e re a re 12 c o i ns a l to ge th e r,

h o w m a ny a re th e re o f e ac h ki n d ?

60 . A is t w i c e a s o l d as B, and 1 5 y e a rs a go h e wa s 3
t im e s a s old . F i nd th e i r p re se n t a ges .

Sugge st i on . G e t n um e ri ca l e xp re s s i o ns fo r th e i r a g e s no w a n d

a l so fo r th e i r ages 1 5 ye a rs a go .

61 . A i s 4 t im es as ol d a s B, and i n 6 y e a rs h e wi ll b e
o nly 3 ti m e s as o l d . Wh a t a re th e i r a ge s ?
 A
FUN D ME NTA L PROC ESSES 35

62 . Th e se c o n d o f t w o n u m b e rs i s 2 m o re th a n 3 t im es
th e first . I f th e se c o n d be su b t ra c t e d f ro m 5 tim e s t h e
fi rs t ,
th e re m a i n d er i s 10 . F i n d th e num b e rs .

63 . Th e se c o n d o f th re e n u m b e rs i s 1 m o re th an t w i c e
th e fi rst ,
a nd th e th i rd i s 1 l e ss th an 3 tim es th e fi rst . F in d
t h e nu mb e rs i f th e i r sum i s 42 .

64 . Th e tot a l num b e r o f u i
p p sl i n t wo a l ge b ra c l ass e s

i s 43 . I f tw i c e t h e n umb e r i n th e se co n d c l ass be s ub t ra c t e d

fr o m 3 t i m e s t h e n um b er i n th e fi rst c l a ss, th e re m a i nd e r

is 3 4 . F i n d th e n um b e r in e a c h c l ass .

65 . F i n d t h re e c on se c u t i v e n umb e rs su c h th a t 3 t im e s
th e fi rst p l u s t h e se c o n d m i nu s t wi c e th e t h i rd e q u a ls 11 .

66 . Fi n d f o u r c o ns e c u t i v e n u m b e rs su c h th a t th e p ro d uc t
of th e fi rst a n d se c o n d i s 2 6 l e ss th a n th e p rod u c t of th e
th i rd an d f o u rt h .

S ugge st i on . U s i ng n, n 1, n 2, a nd n 3 to re p re se nt th e
n u m b e rs , th e e qu a t i o n i s n (u 1) 26 : (n 2 ) (n

67 . F i n d th re e co ns e c uti ve n um b e rs su ch th a t t h e sq u a re

of th e sm a ll e r i s 3 2 l e ss th a n th e p ro du c t of th e o th e r tw o .

68 . A re c t a n gl e i s 3 i nc h es l o n ge r th a n i t i s wi de . An
o th e r re c t a n gl e , w h o se d i m e n si o n s a re e ac h 2 i nc h e s m o re
th a n t h o se of th e fi rst
re c t a n gl e , h as 30 sq u a re

inch es mo re i n its a re a .

F ind th e d i m e ns i o n s of

e a ch re c t a n gl e .

+ S ugge st i on . Ge t nu m e r i c a l
7
2
e xp re s s i o ns to re p re s e n t th e
w i d th , l e ng th , a nd a re a of

ea ch re c ta ng l e . One w a y o f
w r i t i ng th e e q u a t i o n i s.

tar 2 ) (a + s) 3)
30 .
86 A YE A R o r AL G E B RA
69 . A rec tan gle is 5 i nc h es lo n ge r t ha n i t is wi de . If
th e wi dth is i nc re ase d 2 i nc h es a nd th e l e n gth i s in c re a se d
1 i nc h , t he a re a wi ll be inc re ase d 3 0 s q u a re i n c h es . F ind
t h e di me nsi o ns .

70 . Ch a rl e s h as a ga rd e n th a t i s 5 fee t l o n ge r th a n i t
is w i d e H e fi n ds t h a t i f h e in c re ase s t h e w id th a n d l e ngt h
.

e a c h 1 0 fee t , t h e re w i l l b e 6 5 0 sq u a re fe e t m o re i n t h e a re a .

F i nd t h e d i m e n s i o ns of th e ga rde n .

71 . A re c t a n gl e is 7 in ch es l o nge r th a n w i d e . I f th e
l e n gt h is de c re ase d 4 i nch es a nd th e w i d th i s i n cre a se d 3
i n c h es, t h e re s ul t i ng re c t a n gl e w i ll h a v e th e sa m e a rea as

th e ol d . Fi n d t h e d i m e nsio ns o f e ac h re c tan gl e .

72 A re c t a n gul ar d th a t i s 2 0 fe e t l o n ge r t h a n
‘

. g ar e n

w i de h as a b o rde r 5 fe e t w id e e n ti rely ar o u n d it . I f th e
are a o f t h e b o r de r a l on e is sq u a re fe e t , fi n d th e d i m e n
s io ns o f th e ga rde n .

73 . A gro u p of n b o ys p a i d n 5 c e n ts e a ch f o r th e
u se o f a bo a t and a gro u p o f 2 b oys p a i d n
n 1 5 fo r
t h e u se of a se c o n d b o a t th a t c o st 5 0 c e nt s m o re t h a n t h e

fi rst . F in d t h e n u m b er o f b o ys i n e ach g ro u p, w h at e a ch

p a id ,
a n d th e c o st o f e a c h b o at .

74 . A nu m b e r o f m en a gre e d to sh a re e q u a lly i n h i ri n g
a p ri va t e ra i l w a y c a r fo r an ex c u rsi o n . Th e y disc ov e re d
t h a t th e num b e r o f do ll a rs e a c h o ne o we d fo r t h e ca r w as
6 m o re th a n th e numb e r of m e n i n th e p a rt y On ano th e r .

o c c as i o n , wh e n th e num b e r o f m e n w a s 4 l e ss t h an b e fo re

a nd th e e n t i re e xp e nse th e s am e , e a ch m a n p a i d $8 m o re
th a n h e d i d th e fi rst t i m e . F i n d th e n um b e r o f me n i n

e ac h p a rty, what e a ch p a i d ,
a n d t h e t ot al e xp e nse .

75 . Th e se c o nd o f t wo n u m b e rs is 5 l ess th an t h ree t im e s
t h e fi rst . I f t h e fi rst i s su b t ra c t e d fro m 40 an d th e se co nd

from 49, th e re m a in d e rs a re e q u al . F i n d th e n umb e rs .

 F UND AM E NTA L PROC ESSES 37

76 . Th e su m o f two n um b e rs is 1 6 . I f 5 t i m es t h e se c o n d

is su b trac t e d f rom 5 0, th e re m a i n d e r i s 2 t i m e s th e first .

W h at a re th e n um b e rs ?

77 . S e p a ra t e t h e n um b e r 40 in to tw o p a rts su c h t h at t h e
sum of 3 ti m e s one p a rt a n d 5 t i m e s t h e o th e r p a rt m a y b e

1 50 .

78 . Th e sum o f th e a ge s o f A an d B i s 8 2 yea rs F i ve .

y e a rs a go A w a s 3 t im es a s Ol d as B F in d t h e i r p re se nt
.

a ge s .

79 . Th e sum o f two n u m b e rs i s 13 , a n d o n e Of t h e m w i th
30 a dd e d to i t i s e q u al t o 3 t i m es th e su m Of th e o th e r

n umb e r an d 5 . F i n d th e two n umb e rs .

80 . Th e re a re th re e num b e rs . Th e su m o f th e fi rst t wo
i s 12 a nd th e t h i rd e xce e ds th e fi rst by 3 . I f t h e p ro du c t o f
the fi rst an d se co nd is a dd ed t o th e p r o d u c t o f t h e fi rs t
a nd th i rd , t h e su m i s 75 . F i n d th e t h re e n u m b e rs .

81 . Writ e an a l ge b ra i c e xp ressi o n fo r th e n um b e r of

s q u a re fe e t i n th e w a lls a n d c e i l i n g o f a ro o m th at i s m f e e t
l o n g, n fee t w i de , an d k fee t h i gh .

82 . A roo m i s l fe e t l o n g w f e e t w i d e ,
, h fe e t h i gh
a nd .

I t h as t wo doo rs , 6 fe e t w i d e a nd a fe e t h i gh , a nd 3 w i n ,

do ws , b fe e t w i de a nd fe e t h i gh : Fi n d t h e n um b er o f
0

sq u a re ya rds o f p l ast e ri n g i n th e w a lls an d c e il i n g o f t h e

ro o m .

83 . A m a n h a s m q u a rt e rs ,
n d i m e s, a nd 0 ce n ts . He
b uys b bo oks th a t c ost k ce n ts e ac h , a n d p p e n c i l s th at c ost

3 c e nts e ac h . Wri t e a n a l ge b ra i c e x p re ssi o n fo r th e nu m

be r o f ce nts h e h as l e ft .

84 . Wh at i s th e area of a c i rcl e wh ose ra diu s i s 11

i n ch es l ‘

Hi nt . A WT ’
.
 CH APTE R I V

S P E C I AL PR OD U CTS AND F ACTORI NG

49 . Th e squa re o f th e su m o f two numb ers .

W h at is th e p rod u c t o f (a b) (a b) 1
E xp and t h e fo l l o w i n g by a c tu a l mu lti p l ica ti o n
( iv (m (M l (5 4
8

Type form (a b) E a 2ab Th e of th i s

‘
2
b i
. u se

t yp e fo rm e na b l e s t h e stu d e n t t o
w ri t e a t si gh t th e sq u a re o f a ny

b i n o m i a l th a t i s t h e s um o f t wo
te rms .

Th i s fi gu re w i ll s e rve to sh o w th e
m e a n i ng of t h e t yp e fo rm (a b) 2

a
2
2a b b ’
. Th e l a rg e s q u a re
c o n s i s ts o f tw o s m a ll s qua re s w h o se
a nd a nd two
2
a re a a re a b 2
re c t a ng l e s

w h o se a re a s a re e a c h ab .

Tra nsl a t e d i nto w o rd s t h is

ty p e fo rm gi v es th e fol l o w i n g
Rul e . Th e s q u a re o f th e s um o f tw o n u m b e rs e q ua ls th e
sq ua r e o f th e fi p l
rs tus tw i c e th e p ro d u c t o f th e fi rs t a n d

s e c o nd p l u s th e s q uar e o f th e s e c o nd .

E xe rc ise 3 7

r i te a t s igh t o l lo wi ng sq ua r e s
V
l th e f
1 .
——
(m l ) cv
2
4 . 7 .
(5 R + )
7 r
i
.

2 .
(m 5 .
(3 x 2y) 2
. 8 .
(3 x
3 .
(2 n D
2
. 6 . 9 .
( 0
1 2 5D ) ?

88
 SPE C I A L PROD U C T S A N D F AC TOR I N G 89

Th e f ol l o wi ng tri n o m i a ls a r e s q ua re s o f wh a t bi no mi a ls ?
10 . x
2
6x 9 . 15 . a
2
12 a 36 .

11 2
4a 4 16 10xy z
. a . .
y .

12 . x
2
8x 16 . 17 . n
2
1 4n y 4 911 2
.

13 . n
?
6n 9 . 18 . 9a 2
3 oa b 25b 2
.

14 . 9n 2
6n 1 . 19 . 3 6AR

Co m p l e te th e fo ll o wi ng tri n o m i a l s q u a r es by sup p ly i ng

t h e m i ssi ng te r ms
20 . x
2
+ 6x + t 23 . A + l + 16
2
.

21 . x
2
+ 8x + l 24 . 4x 2
+ t +9

fl
22 . m + 2 mn + 2
25 . R 2
+ 13 4
t h e di e rence o f two numb ers
‘

50 . Th e sq ua re o f .

Wh a t i s t h e p ro d u c t o f (a b) (a b)
E xp a n d th e fo llo wi ng by a c tu a l m u l t ipl i c a t i o n
m ”
( n) (2 0 b) ; (2 (
2
( iv a 5 a

Typ e form (a b) E a 2
2ab b 2
e na bl e s th e st u d e n t

t o wri t e a t s i gh t t h e sq u a re o f a ny

b i no m i al th a t i s t h e d i ffe re n c e of

t wo t e rm s .

Th e a c c o m p a n y i ng fi g ure w i l l h e l p to
e xp l a i n th i s sec o nd t yp e fo rm , ( a b) 2

2a b ’
T h e s qua re w h o s e si de
2
b
—b
a .

is a i s fo rm e d fro m th e s um of

th e tw o s qua re s w h o se s i d e s a re a a n d

b b y t a k i ng a w a y th e t w o re c ta n g l e s
I a n d 11 , ea c h o f w h o s e a re a s i s a b .

fl
Tra nsl at e d i n to w o rds th i s ty p e
f o rm giv es t h e fo l l o w i n g
Rul e f th e di
’
. Th e sq u a r e o er

e nc e o f two n u m b e rs e q u a ls th e
s q ua r e o f fith e rs t m i nu s twi c e th e
p ro d u c t o f th e firs t a nd th e s e c on d p l us th e sq u a r e o f th e
se c o n d .
90 A YE AR OF AL GE B R A

Wri te a t si gh t th e f o ll o wi ng sq ua res

(m 2 . 3 .
(3 a:
5 ”
m ”
4. (3 a .
(5 x 7g ) (4 Sn )
7 .
(5 R 8 .
(1 0A 3 1; l

9 .
(1 2 M 10 .
(2 a b 3c)

Th e f o ll o wi ng trin o m ia ls a re sq ua res o f wh a t bi no m i a ls ?
” ” ” ”
11 . m 2 mn n . 15 . 16C 2 4 CD 9D .

” ”
12 . 9 6a: x . 16 . 4N .
1 2N 9 .

” 17 ” ”
13 . a 6a 9 . . 3 6R 48 R r 16r .

” 64K ” ”
14 . l 00x 2 0a: 1 . 18 . 4 8 Kh 9h .

Co mp l e te th e f o l lo wi ng trino m i al s q ua res by s up p lyin g

th e m i ssi ng terms :
” ” ”
19 m 10m n l 27 9a 1 + 3 6b
‘
. .

” ”
20 . l
‘
2 8mn 4m 28 . 4 n 2 0a n l
‘

” ” ” ”
21 . b i 3 6a 29 . 9a b i 1 .

” ” ”
22 . 4 n l
‘
30 . x y 4a bxy l
23 . 4x ” —4x + l
‘
31 . 4y ‘

” ”
24 . 4n l 2n t 32 . 16a ‘
3 2a l
‘

25 8n 16 ” ”
l 33
‘
. . . 9x a
‘
i 4b
26 10n ” ”
l 34
‘
l 12 a b b
‘
. n . . .

51 . Th e pro duct of th e sum and th e M e m es of tw o

Wh at i s th e p ro duct of (a b ) (a b) 1

E xp an d t h e fo ll ow i ng by a c tu a l m ul t i pl i c a t i o n
—y ) ; —N ) ; —b ) ;
(n + 4 ) (i t 2
( + y) (
3 x 3 46
92 A YE AR OF AL G E B RA
52 . Th e prod uc t of tw o bi nomi al s h a vi ng a co mmo n

Fi nd by di rec t m u l t i p l i c a t i o n th e fo llo wi n g p ro d uc ts
( 3 — 3 ) (z
(a: 3 ) (a:
Wh at is t he p ro d uc t of ( 1: a )(z b) i
Typ e form
”
x (a + b ) :r ab .

Th e use of t h is ty p e fo rm e n a bl es the s t u d e nt to w ri t e
a t s i gh t th e p ro d u c t of tw o b i no m i als h a vi ng a c omm o n

te rm .

S t ud y t h e fig ure .

Tra nsl a te d i nt o w o rds t h is

ty p e form i
g es the
v fo ll o wi ng :
Rul e . Th e p r o d u c t o f t wo
b ino m i a ls h a vi ng a com mo n te rm
ma y be ta ken as a tr i no m ia l
wh os e te rms a re ,

( )
1 Th e sq u a r e o f th e com

mo n te rm,
2
( ) T h e p ro d uc t o f th e s um

of th e u nli ke te rm s a nd th e c o mm o n te rm , a nd

3 ) Th e p r o d u c t o f th e u nl ike te rms .

E xerc ise 40

Wri te a t si g h t th e f o ll o wi ng p ro d uc ts

1 . 7 .
(K
2 . 8 .
(R
3 .
(b — 3 )(b 9 .
(a

4 .
(c —5 )(c 10 .
(c
5 . 11 .
(c
6 . (d 12 . (t — l O) (t
 S PE C I AL PRO DUCTS A N D F AC TOR I N G 93

W ri te fro m i nsp e c ti on th e bi no m i a ls tha t we re ta ke n to

f o rm th e fo l lo wi ng p ro d u c ts
” ”
13 . a 6a 8 . 21 . c 5c 14 .

14 . 22 . x
” — x — 12 .

” ”
15 . n 7n 12 . 23 . s
o a: 12 .

” ”
16 . a 2a 8 . 24 . as 4a; 12 .

17 . d ” —d — 6 . 25 . a
” —8 a + 15 .

” ”
18 . c 3c 10 . 26 . a 2a 15 .

” ”
19 . c 50 14 . 27 . a 1 6a 15 .

” ”
20 . c 3c 10 . 28 . a 14 a 15 .

53 . Th e pro duct of tw o b i nomi als wi th si mil ar t e rms .

F i n d th e p ro d u ct of (2 x 3 y ) (411: 5y) .

+ 4 3 xy
-

2 5 xy ”
-
3 5y -

” ” ” ”
2 4x
-
(4 3 2 5 ) my 3 5y
-
8x 22 xy 15 g .

Ob ta i n b y d i re c t m u l t i p li c a ti o n th e f o llo w i n g p ro d u c ts

(2 x 3y) 3 y) 2a) ;
(2 93 3 y ) (3 9: (2 x 3 y ) (3 50 2y) ;
2
( 93 3y) 3 y) ; 3 y) 3 y) .

No t e t h a t e a c h p ro du c t is fo u n d a c c o rd i n g t o t h e fo l
lo w in g

Rul e . Th e p ro d u c t of tw o bi no m i a ls w i th s i m il a r te r m s
is a tri no m i a l w h o se te rms a re ,
( )
1 Th e p ro d u c t o f th e fi rs t t e r m s,

( )
2 Th e s u m o f th e c r o ss p r o d u c ts (firs t te rm o f fi rs t

t i m e s s ec o nd te rm f o s ec on d p l u s se c o nd te rm o ffi rs t t im e s

firs t te rm of se c o nd)
,
a n d
( )
3 Th e p r o d u c t o f th e se c o n d te rms .
94 A YEA R OF A L GE B R A

E xerc ise 41

Wr i te by i nsp e c ti on the f o llo wi ng p r o d uc ts

1 .
(3 1: 2 y ) (2 x y) . 8 .
(4 a 3 b ) (5 0 2b) .

2 .
(3 m 2 y ) (2 x 5y) . 9 .
(3 m 4m) (2 m 7n )
3 .
(3 x 2 y ) (2 x 5y) . 10 .
(5 1: 23 ) (3 13

4 .
(3 x 2 y ) (2 m 5y) . 11 .
(3 h 2 r ) (5 h 6r ) .

5 .
(3 x 2 y ) (41: 3 y) . 12 .
(2 a b ) (a b) .

6 .
(2 m 3 n ) (3 m 5n ) . 13 .
(40 1 ) (2 c

7 .
(4a 3 b ) (2 a 5 b) 14 .
(5 r 3 s ) (4r 3s) .

15 .Ca n yo u t e l l w h a t b i n o m i a ls w e re ta ke n to fo rm t h e
”
p ro d u c t 2 x 3 x 1 ?

A st ud y of th e ru l e c l e a rl y i nd i ca t e s t h a t w e must fi nd t w o
b i no m i a l s s uc h th a t t h e p ro d u c t of th e i r fi rst t e rms sh a ll b e
a nd o f th e i r s e c o nd t e rm s , 1, a nd th e s um o f th e c ro s s p ro d uc t s ,
3x . 2 3: 1 a nd a: 1 see m t o fi l l t h e se re q ui re me nts a nd th e i r
p ro d uc t g i ve s 8x 1 .

I t ma y b e ne c essa r y t o t ry o ut s e ve ra l se ts o f b i no m i a l s b e fo re
th e ri gh t o ne a pp e a rs I n fa c t o ri ng 2x ”
w —l i t i s d i ffi c u l t t o
—
.
,

t e l l b y i ns p e c ti o n w h e th e r t h e fa c t o rs a re 23: z l
—
1 a nd or

237 1 a nd a + 1 Onl y m ul t i p l i c a t i o n w i l l s e rve t o sh o w w h i c h

.

a re t h e fa c to rs .

F a c to r th e f o l l o wi ng

” ”
16 . 2x 3x 1 . 22 . 2x 5x 3 .

”
17 . a: 1 . 23 . 3x 2 .

” ”
18 . 3x 451: 1 . 24 . 3x a: 2 .

19 . 4x 1 . 25 . a: 2 .

” ”
20 . 3x 2 3: 1 . 26 . 3x 5x 2 .

21 ” 2 a: 1 27 4
. 3 x . . .

Ari thmeti ca l produc ts o b tai ne d at si ght

for sp ecia l p ro d uc t s .
96 A YE A R OF A L GE B R A

55 . Fact ori ng mo no mi a ls . F ac to ri n g in ari th m e t i c

c o n s ist e d e nt i re l y in fi nd i n g th e fa c t o rs of m o no m i a l s .

Wh i l e t h e re m a ny ty p e s fo r f a c to r i n g i n a l ge b ra , a n d
a re

the stu d e n t m u s t c u lt i va t e t h e a b i l i t y t o re c og n i z
e q u i ck l y

th e v a ri o us ty p es , y e t t h e s i m p le m o no m i a l e x p re ss i o n m us t
n ot be o ve rl o o ke d . As w e p ro c e e d w ith th e m o re di fiic u l t
p y
o l n o m i a l s ,
w e m u st ke e p i n m in d t h a t t h e fa c to rs Of
”
su c h n um b e rs as 3 a b m a y ra n k i n i m p o rt a nc e w i t h t h e
fa c t o rs of m o re d iffic u l t e x p re ss i o ns .

56 . Th e fi rst fi v e ty p e s fo r f a c t o r i n g p o l yno m i a ls h a v e
b e e n i n t ro d u c e d .

Typ e I . A p o l yno mi a l w i t h a mo no mi al fac t o r .

(S e e

E xe rc ise 43

Wri te a t si gh t a ll th e fa c to rs o f e ac h o f th e f o l l o wi n g

e x p re ssio ns . Ch e c k by m u l ti p l y i ng th e f a c to rs to g e th e r, i f
th e ac c u ra c y o f th e wo rk i s i n d o u b t .

”
1 . 3a 3b . 6 . a ab .

2 . am bx . An s . a and ( a b) .

”
3 . 2a 4b . 7 . 2a 2 ax .

”
4 . my 2x . 8 . a
s
2a .

”
5 . 7xy 14233 . 9 . 5x 1 0xy .

10 . 3 am 6a xy . Ans 3 .
,
a , r , and (1 2y ) .

” ” ”
11 . 3A B 9AB . 12 . c
3
y 3c y .

” ”
13 . 12 a bc 1 8 ab c . Ans 2 3 ,.
,
a, b, c, a nd (2 a 3b ) .

” ”3 ”
14 . 2n R 2 nR H -
. 15 . 3 t 3 si .

16 . 3y 33 . 17 . a s: ay as .

18 ” ” ”
. a 2a r ay . 19 . a t
2
£13 at .
 S P E CI A L P RO DU C T S AN D F A CTOR I N G

” ” ”
20 . a b ab ab . Ans . a, b, a nd (
a b
” ” ” ”
21 . a bc bc d a cd. 22 . x y x y my .

” ” ”
23 . a bc ab c a bc . Ans . a, b, c, a n d (
a b c ) .

” ” ” ”
24 . am be: c a: daz . 25 . 3a b ‘
6a b 3a b .

” ” ” ” ”
26 .
y 6xy 2 xy . 27 2 4a b 3 6a b 48 a b

28 . x (0 + b )
29 . a (2 a: y) b (2 :c y) y) .

30 ” ”
.
( + 93 y) 2 (ar y) a ( +3)
x

57 .Typ e I I . A trinomi al t ha t is th e sq ua re of a.

bi nomi al (S e e
. 49 and

E xercise 44

F a c to r th e f o l l o wi ng a t s igh t
” ” ”
1 . x 2 xy y 81 3 6m 4m .

” ” ”
2 . n 10n 25 . 64 a 3 2a m 4m .

”
3 . n l 2n 36 . 49 .

4 . 4n ”
4n 1 . 3 62 3 108 x y 8 1y
’

” ”
5 . 45 2
12 a b 9b . a
4
2a 1 .

” ” ”
6 . 4x 2 03: 25 . 4a 4
l 2a b 9b ‘
.

” ” ”
7 . 9a a b 2a b 1 .

” ” ” ”
4xyz
8 . 4m + 1 6m n l 6n . x y 43
” ” 18 x yz z
9 . 2 5m + 40xy 1 6y y
10 .

20 .
+ 1 .

Ans .

21 .
( x —y ) + 9
22 .
(a — a: ) + 36 .

23 . 4a ” —4a ( —y ) :c (a:
24
93 A YEA R OF A L G E B RA
58 Type I I I
. . A b inomi al th a t is th e diff erence of tw o
sq ua re s (S e
. e

E xercise 45

F a c to r th e f o ll o wi ng a t si gh t a n d c h e c k by m u l ti p l ic a ti o n

” m ” ”
1 . x 1 . 5 . 4 1 . 9 . 1 1 6a .

” ” ”
2 . a 4. 6 . 1 4m . 10 . 9 1 6b .

” ” ” ” ”
3 . b 9 . 7 . 9a b . 11 . l 6a 25b .

” ” ” ”
4 . a 16 8 . 4a 9b . 12 . 64a 1 .

” ” 14 ”
15 ” ”
13 . 8 1a l 6b . . 3 6b . 9B 16 r .

Ans ( ”
16 16a 1 4a (2 and (2 1)
‘
. . . a a

17 . 1 . 18 . 16 a "
8 1b ‘
. 19 . 8l y ‘
1 6b ‘
.

””
20 . a b 1 . AD S .
( ab 1) a nd ( ab 1)
”” ” ””
21 . 4a o 9 . 22 . a b c 1 . 23 . 1 6a b ‘ ‘
81 0 4
.

24 .
-
1 . An s (a + b + 1 ) . an d (a + b
25 .
(x —y)
” -
4 . 26 .
—9 .

” ”
27 .
( c d) a .

”
28 . a (b Ans [ + a (b + ) ] [ c
a
-
(b
—b —
.

or c ) .

” ” ”
29 . m 2mn n 1 . Hi nt .
(m n) 1 .

” ” ” ” ”
30 . 4a 4a b b 9 . 32 . a 2a b b 8 1a .

31 1 2x ” ” ” ” ”
. x y . 33 . x 2 xy y 64 b ‘
c .

” ” ”
34 1 a) 2 xy y Hint 1 (a: + 2 xy
—y )
.

—x
. .

Ans . a nd (l .

” ” ”
35 . a x 2 xy y
36 .
” ””
a b c a
” 2 xy y
”
.

”
37 .
( a b) (c
”
38 .
(2 a b) (3 c

39 .
—
(m y —z) ”
(a —b )
”
100 A Y E AR OF A L GE B R A

60 Typ e V
. A trinomi al th a t i s th e pro d uct
. of tw o
b i no mi a l s wi th lik e t erms S
( ee .

” ”
I . F ac t o r 4x 1 5 xy 9y .

A t ri a l b y m u l t i p l i c a t i o n of th e v a ri o u s p a i rs o f p o ss i b l e

b i n o m i al f ac to rs w il l de te rm i ne t h e c o rre c t p a i r .

I II
9y y
y 9a
9axy xy
4a y ” 3 6xy ”
9y 9y
4m” ”
l 3ay 9y'
3 7xy 9y
I nc o rre c t I nco rre c t

III IV
2 2: 3y 3y
2x 3y 3y
S e e Typ e I I 3 xy
12 zy 9y
”
4m 15 1 y '
9y
Co rre c t

I t w i ll b e o b se rv e d th at i t w a s n e c e ss a ry t o t ry tw o
bi n o m i a l s h a vi n g t h e s i gn s of th e se c o n d te rm s al i ke .

(Wh y ? ) A c a re ful i ns p e c t i o n of t h e tri no m i a l t o b e fa c

t o re d w i ll e n a bl e th e st u d e n t to di sc o ve r th e c o rre c t fa c t o r s
w i th a v e ry fe w t ri al s .

II ” ”
. F a c to r 3 e ab 10b .

E v i d e n tly th e s i gn s o f th e se c o n d t e rm s of t h e b i no m i a l
fa c t o rs a re u nl i k e .

3a + 2b 3a — 5b 3a + 5b
a —
5b a + 2 b a 2b — _
” ” ”
l 3 ab l 0b 3a ab l ob ab l ob
I n c o rre c t I nc o rre c t Co rre c t
 SPE C I A L PROD U C T S A N D F ACTOR I N G 191

E xerci se 47

F a c to r th e fo l l o wi ng
” ” ”
1 . 2x 5x 3 . 15 . 4a 2 1a d 5d .

” ” ”
2 . 2x 5x 3 . 16 . 4a ad 5d .

” ” ”
3 . 2x 5x 3 . 17 . 4 a 8a d 5d .

” ” ”
4 . 2x x 3 . 18 . 4 a 7a x 3 r .

” ”
5 . 2x x 3 . 19 . 5a 13 a 6 .

” ” ”
6 . 2x 5x 3 . 20 . 5a 3 l ad 6d .

” ” ”
7 . 3a 7a 4 . 21 . 5a l 7a d 6d
8 . 22 . 5a ” — a —6 .

” ”
9 . 3a 13 a 4 . 23 . 5a ax 6x
” ” ”
10 . 3a 11a 4 . 24 . 5a 7a x 6x .

” ” ” ”
11 . 3c l l ed 4d . 25 . 5a 13 a y 6y .

” ” ” ”
3c 4c d 4d 26 . 5m l 3 mn 6n .

” ” ” ”
13 . 3a l oa b 3b . 27 . 6a 1 1a b 10b .

” ” ” ”
14 . 3a 8a b 3b . 28 . Ga 7a b l ob .

29 . Make a nd fac to r as m a ny as p oss i b l e d i ff e re n t t ri o

n o m i a ls by su p p ly i n g t h e m i ss i ng n u m e ri c a l co e ffi c i e nt in
” ”
6x lxy 12g
‘
.

61 .Typ e VI . Th e pro duct of two b i no mi a ls th at h a ve

un l i k e t erms .

Ce rt a in p o ly n o m i als m ay b e f a c to re d b y a rra n gi n g i n
g ro u ps w h i c h h a v e a co m m o n b i n o m i a l f ac t o r I n t h e .

p y
o l n o m i a l ,
a x bx ay by, t h e b i no m i a l ax bx h a s
t h e fa c to rs x (a b) and th e b i n o m i a l ay by h as th e
fa c t o rs y( a b) Th e re fo re ax bx ay by
x ( a H? )
-
( x

No t i c e th a t t h e fi n a l f a c to rs a re o b ta i n e d by t re a t i n g th e
se c o n d e xp ressi o n as a b i n o m i al t h a t h a s th e m o no m i a l
f a c to r (a b) .
102 A YE AR OF AL GE B RA

F a c to r th e f
. o ll o wi ng

1 .

2 . ab —ax — by + xy .

3 . 2 mx 2 nx my ny .

2 ax 2ay 3 bx 3 by .

3 ax ay 9bx 3 by .

6m: 43 x 9ry 6sy .

11 .

bm — bn —7m + 7 n . 12 .

13 .

10 . 14 .
y
” — y + yz
x

15 . 4e x 6a y 10bx 15 by .

16 . 12 a m 8a n 3 bm 2 bn .

” ” ”n ”
17 . 3a m 3 mx a nx .

18 . 20a r 8 as 1 5 br 6 bs .

” ” ” ” ” ”
19 . 5a x 5 x 2a y 2y .

20 . S bm 6c m 12 bn 9on .

” ” ” ” ” ” ” ”
21 . m x m y n x n y .
(F i n d t h ree fac to rs .
)
” ” ”n ”
22 . 2 a m 2 b m 3a 3 b n .

” ” ” ”
23 . 2 r x 2s x 3r y 3s y .

T h e p ro c e ss u se d i n T yp e V I ma y b e m a d e t o a s s i s t i n th e
so l u t i o n o f t h e p ro b l e m s o f T yp e V i n th e fo l l o w i n g ma n ne r :

S i nc e ( 3 a 2 0 ) ( 4a 5b) 3 4a ’
3 5a b 2 4a b ”
- - - 2 5b .

1 a z 1 5a b z ab lO ’
8 b
1z
a
”
7a b
it is e vi d e n t th a t 7, th e num e ri ca l c o effi c i e nt of th e m i dd l e
te rm, i s th e sum o f tw o fa c to rs of 1 20, w h i ch i s th e p ro d uct
of th e nu me ri c a l coe mc i e nts of th e fi rst a n d l as t t e rms 1 20 —
—2
.

i s th e p ro d uc t of 3, 4 a nd 5 wh ile 7 i s th e s um of
—
, ,

a nd 2 -4 .
1 04 A YE AR OF AL GE B RA

62 . S uggesti ons fo r fac to ri ng .Th e gre a test difficul ty

t he st u de nt w ill e nc o u n te r in facto rin g w ill be that of
rec o g ni z
i ng un der w hi c h ty p e t h e g i ve n e x p re
ss i o n i s to be

fa c to re d . Th is te xt c o n ta i ns in i ts fi rs t t e n c h a p te rs no
e xe rc ise s i n fac to ri ng t h a t do no t co m e u nd e r o ne o r more
of the p rece d ing six typ es .

S tudy c a re fully th e fo l lo w i ng d i re c t io ns

1
( ) E xa m i n e t h e e xp re ss io n to d e t e rm i ne i f i t c o nt a ins

a mo no m ia l fac t o r .

(2 ) I f t he re ma i n i n g fa c t o r i s a b in o m i a l , se e if
Type I I I a p p l i e s ; i f i t i s a t rin o m i a l , t est i t fo r Typ es 11,
I V, a nd V ; i f i t i s a p o lyn o m i a l o f fo u r t e rm s , i t may
b e t h e di ffe re nc e o f two sq u a re s as a + 2 a b ” ” ”
b c
” ” i t m a y b e lo n g to Typ e VI
( a b) c ,
or .

3
( ) I t m us t b e re m e m b e re d t h a t th e e xp ress i o n is not

c o m p l e te ly fa c to re d u n t il a ll i ts p rime fa c to rs a re f o u nd .

( )
4 P ro ve t h e a c c u ra c y of y o u r w o rk by m u l ti p lying
to ge th e r th e re sul t i n g fa c t o rs to se e wh e th e r th e i r p ro duct
i s th e o ri gin a l e x p ressi o n .

I llust rati ve exampl es .

” ” ”
1 . x 4x 4x = x (x 4x + 4) = x (x 2 ) (x
” ”
2 . a 5 a 50 + 4) = d (a 4) (a 1)
3 . m ” —1 —2 mn + u m ” —2 mn + n” —1
”
(m n) 1
(m n + 1 ) (m — n
”
4 . x
‘
y =‘
(93
2
y ) (33
”
(a: )( 31)
2
y a: y) ( a:

Note . Th e st u d e n t m a y w ri t e th e re su lt s , as i n No 1 .

a b o ve , us i n g th e S i gn to sh o w t h a t th e o ri gi na l e x p re ssion
“
e q u a ls th e p ro du c t of th e f a c to rs , or h e m a y w ri t e , the
” ”
fa c to rs of x 4 x 4x a re x , (x a n d (x
 S P E C I AL PR O DUCT S AN D F ACTOR I N G 105

E xercise 50

R ed u c e th e f o l lo wi ng to p ri m e f a c to rs

1 .
”
12x y ”
8 . 5 0x 18 x”
. .

”
2 . 9 . b 9b 22 .

” ” ” ”
3 . 2a 4a b . 10 . a 20 a 44a .

” ” ”
4 . x 4x . 11 . 7 a l 5ab 2b .

” ”
12 ”
5 . 9r 12 rt 4 t . . 14x 2l x 7 .

” ”
6 . a o 2 a bc b c . 13 . xy x z yz z
”

”
7 . 25 x .

14 . 3 71i ”
12 m 3 mn l 2n .

” ”
15 . 4 9a 12 1 b . 18 . m 4
r
‘

” ”
16 . 98m 1 62 . 19 . 4n ‘
5 n 9 .

” ” ”
17 . x 100x . 20 . a
‘
b a b
5

21 . 6 mx 9nx 4my Guy .

” ”
22 . 25n 5
70n ‘
4 9n . 25 . 48x 2 3 xx 13 2
” ” ” ”
23 . x
4
5x 4 . 26 . c 2 cd d k .

” ” ” ”
24 . 2a 3 3 ax 3 1x . 27 . 9 n 3 0n 25 r

” ”
64c ”
28 . 3 6a 84 a b 4 9b .

29 . 25 An s 5 .
— c —d and 5 + c +d .

”
30 . 36 ( x 31 . 49x (3 y
32 . x
” —m ”—2 m n 33 . 25 — a ”+ 2 a b — b ”
” ” ”
34 . 36 r 9x 42 xy 4 9y .

”
35 ( x ( a b)

36 .
(x —y ) ”—4 ( — y ) + 4 x . An s . x —y —2 an d

x y 2 .

”
37 .
(m n) 1 2 (m n ) 36 .

38 .
—1 8
39 . a b
( + ) —2 0 .
106 A YE AR OF AL GE B R A

40 . 10
” 45 ”
m n ”
41 .
y
‘
2 6y 27 . . 9 3 0m n 25 .

” ” ”
42 . 1 12 a 2 8a . 46 . 5x 4x x .

” ” ” ”
48 . n 9
n 20 . 47 . 1OOR 12 1r .

” ” ”” ” ” ”
44 . 7 a b
‘
3 ab 4 . 48 3 a b
. 1 2a b 12 a b .

49 . mm 6 ns 4nr 15sx .

” ” ” ”
50 . 2a x 3 ny 3 nx 2ay .

” ” ” ”
51 x 2 xy y a 2a b b
— —
. .

”— —
52 (ab b) ( b) ( y) a x

—
.

58 (m — 2 (
nm — n

— —
.

54 .
(a b ) ” 2 ( —b) a .

QU ADRATI C E QU ATI ON S
63 . Defini ti ons .Th e degre e of a t erm i s d e t e rmi ned
by t h e nu m b e r o f l i t e ra l fa c t o rs t h a t i t c o nt a in s , p ro v i de d

t h a t no ne of t h o se f a c t o rs a re in t h e d e n o m i n a t o r .

t e rm s t h e first d e gre e ; ”
a, 3a, and 6c a re of a b, a ,
a nd

t e rm s of t h e se c ond d e gre e ; a nd ab c ,
”
3 xy a re a b, and
”
2 mn a re t e rm s of t h e t hi rd degree .

If a c e rt a i n l ite ral nu mbe r do e s not ap p e a r i n th e de

n o m i n a t o r, th e de gre e of a te rm w i th re sp e c t t o t h a t n u m be r
i s de te rm i ne d by i ts e xp o n e nt .

””
2 a x y i s o f th e se c o n d d e gree wi th re sp e c t to a, of t he
t h i rd d e gre e w i th resp e c t t o x, a nd of th e fi rst de gre e w i th
res p e c t to y .

F i n d th e de gre e ””
of 4a b wi th
4
c x re sp e c t to e a ch l i t e ral
nu mb e r .

Th e d egree o f a polynomi al i s d e t e rm in e d b y i t s t e rm
o f h i gh e st d e gre e Th e p o l yn o m i a l a x”
. bx c i s o f t he

h i ”
t rd d e gre e sin c e i ts t e rm o f h i gh e st de gre e , a x , i s o f the
t h i rd de gre e . I t is a l so o f th e sec o n d de gree w i th r e sp e c t to
x . Wh y ?
108 A YE AR OF AL G E B RA
E xercis e 5 1

F i nd th e ro o ts o f th e f o l lo wi ng :

1 (x —2 ) (x 3 (2 x
—l ) (
. .

2 . 4. ( x x

Ans .
—2 a nd 3 . 5 .

S o l ve th e f o l l o wi ng by fac tori ng a nd c h e c k

” ”
6 . x 8 . x

” ”
7 . x 9 . x

10 . x
” —4 x Hi nt .
(x
11 . x
” —9x
12 . x
” —2 x —1 . Hi nt . x
”
(W h y ?)
13 . x
” —2 x
14 x
”— 4x An s x= 0, and x —4
—4
. . . .

”— = 19 ”
15 . x x 0 . . a = O.

” —x = 0 20 4x”
16 . x . .

17 . x
” —2 x 21 . a
”

18 n
” —l 0 = 3 n 22 . 2n ”

—l ) (
. .

23 .
(
x (x x

S u gge st i o n . E xp a nd , c o l l ec t a l l te rm s i n t h e l e ft m e mb e r, a n d
so l v e b y fa c to ri ng .

24 . ( x (x
25 . < n —2 )(n —3 ) ( +
n a) = 5 .

26 Wri te th e e q u at i o n wh ose roo ts a re 3 an d 4

—3 )
. .

Suggest i on S h o w th a t th e e q
u at i on must b e (x (x 4)
—7x
.

”
0, w h i c h b e c o mes x

Wri te th e q ua dra ti c e q ua ti ons ha vi ng th e f o ll ow i ng ro o ts

27 . 1 a nd 5 . 29 . 3 a nd 2 .

28 . 2 and 4 . 30 . 3 an d 5 .
 S P E C I A L PR O DU CT S AN D F ACTOR I N G 109

E xe rc i se 5 2 . Pro b l ems I nvolvi ng Q ua dra ti cs

1 . Th e s q ua re of a c e rt a i n n u m be r p l u s t h e numb e r

i t se l f e q u a ls 6 . What is t h e nu mbe r ? An s 2 . or 3 .

2 . F i n d th e n um be r wh o se s q u a re a dde d t o i t se l f g i v e s 2 0 .

3 . Th e l e n gth of a c i ty lo t i s 1 ro d l e ss th a n t w i c e i ts
w i d th and it c o n t a i ns 28 s q u a re ro ds . Wh a t a re i ts
d i m e nsi o ns i n ro ds ?
S ug ge st i o n x ( 2x W h e nc e 2x ’ — x Or
—
.

( 2 x + 7 ) (x 4) = 0. An s . x = 4 or x =

Th e se c o n d a ns w e r o f th e a b o ve e qua t i o n d o e s no t s a t i s fy th e
c o n d i t i o ns of t h e p ro b l e m s i nc e t h e w i d th o f a l o t c a nn o t be a

n e g a t i ve n u m b e r o f ro ds . We m u s t k e e p i n m i nd t h a t w e a re

s o l v i ng th e p ro b l e m a nd a ny a n s w e rs th a t d o no t sa t i s fy th e
c o n di ti ons o f th e p ro b l e m m us t b e d ro pp e d e v e n t h o ug h t h e y m a y
b e t ru e a n s w e rs o f t h e e qua t i o n u se d t o so l ve t h e p ro b l e m Th e .

a n sw e r x 4 do e s sa t i s fy th e c o nd i t i o n s .

4 . A g a rd e n p l o t i n t h e sh a p e of a re c t a ngl e i s 3 fe e t
l o n ge r t h a n i t i s w i de a n d c o nt a i n s 40 s q u a re fe e t . Fi n d
i t s d im e ns i o ns . An s . 5 fe e t by 8 f e e t .

5 . F i n d t wo c o n se c u t i v e nu mb e rs w h os e p ro du c t i s 42 .

A ns 6 . a nd 7, or 7 a nd 6 .

6 . What nu m b e r m u st b e a d de d t o b o th 4 and 8 SO th a t
t h e p ro d u c t of th e re su l ts sh a l l b e 77 l
‘

S ugg e st i o n . (x 4) (x 8) 77 .

7 . Th e a re a o f th e flo o r of a c e rt a i n roo m w h os e l e n gt h
i s 3 y a rds m o re th a n i ts w i d th i s 54 sq u a r e y a r d s . F ind
i t s d i m e nsi o ns i n y a rds .

8 . Th e s um o f th e s q u a re s o f tw o co ns e c u t i ve n u m b e rs is
41 . F in d th e n u m b e rs . An s 4 . an d 5, or 5 and 4 .

9 . Th e su m o f th e sq u a re s o f w h a t tw o c o nse c u t iv e o dd

n u m b e rs i s 74 ?
 10 A YE AR OF AL GE B R A

10 . Th e s um of th e sq u a re s of wh a t t wo c o nse c ut i v e

e v e n n u m b e rs i s 100 ?
11 . A sh e e t o f p p
a e r i s 3 i nc h e s l on ge r th an wi de and

i ts a re a is 8 8 sq ua re i nc h e s . F i n d i ts d im e nsi o ns .

12 . Th e d i ffe re n c e b e t we e n tw o nu m b e rs is 6 and the

su m of th e i r sq u a re s i s 146 . F i nd t h e n u m b e rs .

13 . Th e s i d e o f o n e sq u a re is 5 fe e t lo nge r th a n th e side

o f a n o th e r sq u a re . F i nd t h e d im e nsi o ns of t h e two sq u a r e s

i f th e sum o f th e i r a re as i s 1 57 sq u a re fe et .

14 . Th e su m of t he sq u a re s of w h at th re e co nse c u t i v e

n u m b e rs i s 194 ?
15 . Th e su m of th e sq u a res of w h a t th re e c onse c u t i v e

e ve n n u m b e rs i s 2 00 ?
16 . Wh at num be r m u st b e su b tra c t e d fro m b o th 1 1 an d
9 so t h a t t h e p ro d u c t of th e re m a i n d e rs s h al l b e 63 ?
17 . Th e su m of th e a re a s o f tw o sq u a res is 74 sq u a re

fe e t and the su m of t h e i r p e ri me te rs i s 48 fee t . F i nd

th e i r re sp e c t i v e s i des .

Hi nt . Let x = th e n umbe r of f e e t i n th e S i de of o ne

sq u a re . Th e n 4x a nd 48 4x a re th e nu m b e r of fe e t i n
t h e p e r i m e t e rs of th e t w o sq u a re s . On e fo u rt h of 48 4x
or 12 x i s t h e l e n gt h i n fe e t of a s i de of th e s e co n d

sq u a re .

18 . Th e su m o f the a re a s o f t wo sq u a res i s 1 69 sq u a re
fe e t a nd t h e d i ff e r e n c e of th e i r p e ri m e t e rs i s 2 8 fe e t . Fi n d
th e i r re s p e c t i v e si de s .

HI G HE S T C OM lWON FA CTOR

65 . Th e hi gh est c o mmo n fac t o r (H C F

) . . . of tw o or
m o re i
g e n a l ge b ra i c e x p ressi o n s i s t h e a l geb ra i c
v e xp re ssi o n
1 12 A YE AR OF AL GE B RA
L OWE S T COW ON M UL TI P LE

66 . A multi p l e of a gi v e n nu m b e r is a n y n um b e r of

w h i c h t h e gi v e n n u m b e r i s a f a c t o r Th e l o we st c o mm o n .

mul ti pl e (L C M ) Of t w o o r m o re gi v e n a l ge b ra i c e x
. . .

p r e ss i o ns i s th e e x p re s s i o n w i t h t h e l e a s t n um e ri c a l co e ffi
c ie n t a nd o f l o we st de gre e th a t w i ll co n t a i n e a ch Of th e

g i v e n e xp re ss io ns a s a f a c to r .

If o n e n um b e r is d i v i s i b l e b y a n o th e r n u m b e r, t h e fi rst
n um b e r m u st h a ve a l l th e f a c t o rs o f t h e sec o n d nu m b e r .

Th a t i s, a ny nu mb e r t h a t i s d i vi s ibl e b y 1 2 m ust h av e t h e
fac to rs of 12 , or 2, 2 , a nd 3 Th e n , i n o rd e r to fi n d t h e
.

l o w e st c ommon m u l ti p l e Of tw o or m o re gi v e n n um b e rs s u c h

as 12 , 2 0, a nd 1 8 , we fi n d t h e fa c to rs o f t h e n um b e rs a n d

t a ke e ac h fac to r as m a n y t i m es as it o c c u rs in a ny o n e o f

t h e nu m b e rs . Th e re fo re w e u se th e fac to r 2 t w i c e , t h e
fa c to r 3 t w i c e , a nd th e fa c to r 5 on c e . Th e L . C . M . is
2 2 3 35 ,
or 180 .

” ” ” ” ” ””
Th e L C M . . . Of 5 0a b c, 2 5 a bx ,
and 75 c x i s 15 0a b c x
3

E xp l a i n .

E xerc i se 5 4

F ind th e L C .
'
. M . o f ea c h o f th e f o ll o wi ng g ro u p s

” ” ”
1 . a bx, a b x , a bx ,
a n d a bx .

2 . 3 a b, 6 bc , 8 a bc , 1 2 a b c d , an d

3 . a b, c d , e f , b
f , , e
b c d a nd f a .

”” ” ””
4 b b a nd a b c
‘ 3
. a c, a c

—b
,

5 . a
” —b” a ”—2 a b + b ,
2
a nd a .

”
6 . a ( x y) ,
b (x y) ,
x y ,
and (x
7 . x
” -
'

x —2 ,
x
”
+ 2 x — 8 ,
x
” —4 ,
an d x
” — 4x + 4 .

” ”
8 . x + 2 xy +y 9, ( x y a nd 3 ( +y
x

9 . n
” — n ,
n
” —n ,
n
” —2 n + 1 ,
and n
” — 3n + 2 .
 S PE CI AL P R ODU C T S AN D F ACTOR I N G 113

E xercis e 5 5 . Ge nera l Re vi ew

1 . D e fin e fa c t o r , c o mm o n fa c to r, c o e ffic i e nt , e xp o ne n t ,

term , l ike t e rms , de gre e of a te rm , de gre e o f a n e xp re ss i o n ,

bi nom i a l , p o lyn o m i a l , tri n o m i a l , e q u a t i o n , eq u at i o n o f con

diti o n , id e nt i ty , ro o t , an d a b so l ut e o r n um e ri ca l v al u e of a

numbe r .

2 . S t a te th e rul e s of si gn s fo r a d d i ti o n , su b t ra c t i o n ,

mu l t i p l i c at i o n , a nd d i v i si o n .

3 . Wh a t
i s t h e d e gre e ” ”
o f 3 a b o x w ith
‘
re sp e c t to a ?
wi th re sp e c t t o b ? to c ? to x?

” ” ”
4 . In 3 a b ‘
o x w h a t i s th e c o e ffic i e nt o f a ? of b ? o f a bc ?

5 . S t a t e th e f o u r a xi o m s w h i c h m ay b e u se d in s o lv i n g a n

e q ua t io n.

6 . Arra n ge i n des c e n di ng p o w e rs w i th r e sp e c t to a th e
fo ll o w i n g
” ” ” ”
2a ‘
3 c x 5 a x 7x 4
2 ax
Wh a t ca n y o u sa y o f th e re s ul t w ith re sp ec t to x ?

7 . E xp a n d a t si gh t th e fo ll o w i n g , st a t i n g e a c h tim e t h e
fo rmu l a use d

(3 y (n
(2 (a x — 3 x) .

8 . S u p p ly th e m i ssi n g t e rm i n e ach of th e fo ll o w i n g
t ri no m i a l sq u a res

” ” ”
9x 12 x 1 6a 2 4a b l 00n 2 0n
” ” ”
1 6h 9x , 49 20a n n .

9 . F a cto r e a ch o f t h e fo l l o w i n g

16 ” x”
9x ; 3x 2 8 ; 6x x
”
2; d x ” ”
d x
” ” —2 a x”;
” ”
6a 5e m 6m ; 29rs 2 13 ;
2
7x 12 ;
'

x
‘ —y ‘
; x
” — —bdx x + ab ; m ” — 2m n + n ”—
l .
114 A Y E AR OF AL GE B RA
10 . F i nd th e v al u e , or th e va l u e s , of t h e li t e ra l num
be rs i n e ac h o f th e fo l l o wi n g e q u a t i o ns a n d c h e c k

(a ) .
—x” .

(b ) .
(x
( )c .
- 15 .

d
( ) .

” ”
11 . F rom 3a 8e 3 6 t a ke a 2a 18 .

12 . S i m p l i fy 6y (4y 3z) 2
( y 4z) 2
+ y( —2 z) .

” ”
13 . Mu l ti p ly 1 2y 6y 2 by y 3y 1 .

” ”
14 . D i vi de 8 a 12a 6a 1 by 2 a 1 .

15 . P l a c e w i th i n a si gn o f a ggre ga t i o n p r e c e de d by a
” ” ” ”
si gn t h e l ast t h re e t e rm s o f a 3a b 3 ab b . The
l a s t two , a ” 2ab ”
b Th e wh o l e . e xp ressi o n a
”
2a b b ”
.

Ch ec k i n ea c h o f th e f o ll o wi ng

” ”
16 . Mu l t i p ly x y
”
z xy xx yzb y x y+ z .

17 . Mul ti p ly by a + b — 1 .

” ” ” ”
18 . M ul ti p l y 1 2a 2a a by 1 2a 2a a

” ” ”
19 . D i vi d e a 2a 1 by a 1 .

20 . D i v i d e 1 6x ‘
1 by 2x 1 .

21 . D i vi d e a
5 ‘5
b by a b .

22 . D i v i de a
ls
b by
'5
a b .

23 . S o l v e fo r a : 22 2a ) a 4 (a +
24 . S olv e fo r b : b) 2b ) = 0 .

”
25 . S o l ve fo r m (m 3 ) (m 5) m 31 .

”
26 . S o l ve an d c h e c k : 7w 15w 2 0 .

”
27 . S o lve a nd ch e c k : t t : 72 .

28 . F i n d fo u r c o n sec u t i v e n u m b e rs w h o se su m i s 66 .

29 . F i n d tw o c o ns e c u t i v e n u m b e rs wh o se p ro du c t i s 72 .
 1 18 A Y E AR OF A L G E B RA

m m 2 am
z_ 4a 2 ax + a
x
2

41 42
—
'
°
” ”
m 4m + 4
°
2 -
x + ex 2a
” ” ” ”
d (x 4y ) 3a x l 2x
43 ” ” ”
ax 5 a xy 6a y 2a 8a x 8x

69 . Th e th re e si gns o f a frac ti on . S inc e a fra c t i o n is

an i n d i c a t e d d i v i si o n , w i th d i v i de n d , d i vi so r , a nd q u o t i e nt
b e c o m i n g th e n u m e ra to r, de n o m i n at o r , an d v a lu e of t he
fr a c t i o n , t h re e si gn s m ust b e w ri tte n or u n de rst o o d .

Th ese a re , (1 ) t h e s i gn o f t h e n um e ra t o r ( or d i vi de nd ) ,
2
( ) t h e S i gn of th e d e n o m i n a to r (o r di v iso r ) , a nd (3 )
th e s i gn o f th e v al u e o f t h e fra c t i o n (o r q u o ti e n t ) , wri tte n

b e fo re t h e frac t i o n a nd o n t h e l in e of i ts b a r .

Th e va l ue o f th e fra c t i o n is + 4 ; t h e re fo re —1 2
—
3
12
4 i s to be re a d th e n e ga t i v e fra c tio n 12
‘

3
di vi d e d b y 3

S i m i l a rl y , 4 .
(S e e £5 4 ,
a lso

12
4 .

E v i d e n t l y,
3
16 16
Ca n y o u e xPl a i n wh y
2 2 2 2
Usi n g t h e n u mb e rs 16 an d 2, ca n y u
o w ri te fo ur fra c t io ns
w h os e v a l u e s a re a ll 8?
W ri t e th re e o th e r frac ti o n s, u si n g a an d b, e ach o ne

eq u al to

Write th re e o th e r fra c ti o ns e ac h e q ual to

12 0 A YE A R OF A L G E B RA

(2 1: D c

(1 4x ) b
’

a —b 1
(b .
a ) (b + ) c b + c

+ a 1 x + 2x + 1
2
°
16
a
2
+ 4 a + 3 x + 3x + 2
2

m 2
+ 3 m —1 0
19 .

m + 6m + 5
2

a
2
+ 2 a b + b — z ’ 2

a — 2 —
—
( t )
b z a
t
2
.

z — ”
7:c + 10

a
2
10a b 16 b 2
a
2
+ 8 a b
a
2
16a b + 64 b 2
a
2
+ 9 a b + 18 b 2

—
(z y )
c —rc
" 2
2a 2 —5 +3 a
24 — 12 a + 7
(y + z)
.

x
2 2
5a 2

70 . Frac ti ons c h ange d to e qui va l e nt fracti ons wi th a

gi v e n d e no mina to r o r numera t o r.

Ch a n ge E to a n e q u i va l e nt f ra c ti o n wh ose de no m i n a tor
2b
is 8 b .

I t is e vi d e nt l y n e c e ssa ry to su p p l y th e m i ssi n g t e rm i n
a a
_
2b 4 °
= 8 b, th e re fo re b o th t e rm s of mu st be
2b 8b 2b
a 4a
m ul t i p l i e d b y 4 .
(Wh a t a xi o m ?) Th e re fo re '

2b 8b

E xe rc i se 5 8

S up p l y th e m i ssi ng te rm s i n ea ch o f th e f o ll o wi ng

2 2x ‘
3 2x 1
‘

1 ° 2 ° 3 °

3 24 3y 9y 3 3) 1 2 xy

l
‘
a s: 3a
5 .

by by (m 41: 4 bx (a b)
 F RAC TI ON S 12 1

a i a i
a + h b z —a ’
a —b a
z— b

a a

a —b
_
b 2 -
a
2
(a —b ) (b — a) (b — c)

5x 1 i
”
5 + :c 25 1c 25

1 I
‘

a (x —l ) a
2
(1 — :c
2
)
a: 1
w+ y +z
”
a + b a 9
a —b a
,
15 .

a:

2
c
2
+ d 2

a — b —c
20 .

a + o — b

71 . M ix e d e xp re ssi o ns . A mi xe d e xp ressi o n is an ex

p e ss i o n
r c o n si st i n g o f t w o p a r ts , one i n t e g ra l , t h e o th e r

fra c t i o n a l .

3 z
a nd a a a re m i xe d e xp re ss i o ns
a
.

In a ri t h m e t i c c e rt a i n f ra c t i o n s c an be re d u c e d to an

eq uiva len t i n t e ger or a m ix e d e x p re ssi o n b y p e rfo r m in g

th e i n d i c a t e d d i v i si o n . S u c h f ra c t i o n s a re c a ll e d i mprop e r

12
d— 15
a re i m p ro p e r f ra c t i o ns Th e fi rs t e q ua l s 3 a nd th e
4
.

4
se co n d e q ua l s 3 2 w h e n th e nu m e ra t o r is d i vi d e d b y th e de
no m i na t o r .
120 A YE A R OF A LG E B RA

(2 x 1 )a
(1 4x )b
2

a — b 1
—a ) (b + c ) '

b+ c

a + 1 + 2x + l
16 .

+ 3 x + 2

m 2
+ 3 m —10 a
2 —3 a

m + 6m + 5
2
19 .

0
2 —6 + 9 a

a
2
+ 2 b+ b — a
’
:c
2
5 —x
”— — —7z+ 10
.

(b )
2 2
a :c x c

“—
1 0 b + 16 b 8 b l 2 b
’ 2 2
+ +
2
a a a a

a —
2
16a b 1 64 6 - - 2
a
2
+ 9 a b + 1 8 b 2 ~

(se — y)
— z 2 2
2a 2 —5 a + 3
24 .
— (y -
z
)
r
2
5a 2 —1 2 a + 7

70 . Frac ti ons c h ange d to e qui val e nt frac ti ons wi th a

gi v e n d e no mi na t o r or nume ra t or.

Ch an ge i to an e q u i v a l e n t f ra c ti o n wh ose de no m inator
2b
is 8 b .

I t is e vi de n tl y n e c e ssa ry to s up p l y th e m i ss i n g t e rm i n
‘

l
‘
a a
2b 4 - 8 b, th e re fo re both t e rm s of must be
2b
'

8b 2b
4a
m u l ti p l i e d b y 4 .
(W h a t a xi o m Th e re fo re
2b 8b

E xe rci se 58

S upp ly th e m i ssm g te rms i n ea c h o f th e f o l l o wi ng

2
‘
I 2x I
‘
2x I
‘

1 O 2 . 3 O

3 24 3y 9y 3y 12 xy

I
‘
ar
e 3a
by by (m
5
49; 4 bz
s (a —b )
12 2 A Y E AR OF A LG E B RA

A pro pe r fracti on in a ri th m e t i c ha s i ts n u m e ra t o r l ess

t h a n i t s d e n o m in a t o r .

An i mprop er al ge b ra i c fracti on m ay b e re d u c e d t o an
in t e gra l o r a mi xe d e xp r e ss i o n b y p e rf o rm i n g t h e indi
cated di v isi on .

o
’
+ u 2a + ’
a —1
a re i mp ro p e r fra c t i o ns . Th e fi rs t e qua ls
a a

a 1 a nd th e se c o nd e qua l s 2a + l —l -
wh e n th e i n d i ca t e d d i vi
s i o ns a re p e rfo rm e d .

E xerc ise 5 9

Ch a nge th e o l l o wi ng
f f
ra c ti o ns to i n tegra l or mi xed
e xp ressi ons

2
+ y Ans x
2
ar
>
.
y +
w+ v

a
2 —b 2
+ 4b
a + b

a
2
b 2
4a b
 F RAC TI ON S 12 3

x
3 _ 2 y3 a
‘
+ b ‘

x —y a + b

x
s _ y s
x
4
+ y
4
x _ y
4

21 .

w -
i x —y
.

x
2
+ y+y
x
’

72 Ch angi ng a mix e d e xp ressi on i nto an eq ui val ent

.

frac ti o n Th e ru l e fo r c h a n gi n g a m i x e d e x p re ssi o n i nt o
.

an e q u i v a l e n t i m p r o p e r fra c t i o n i s t h e sa m e in a l ge b ra a s

in a ri t h m e t i c .

Rul e . M u l tip l y th e i nteg ra l p a r t by th e d e n o m i na to r of

the f ra c ti o n, to th is p ro d u c t a d d o r su btra c t th e nume ra tor
ac c o rd i ng to th e va lu e o f th e fra c tio n , a n d wri te th e re su l t
o ve r th e d e no m i na to r .

E xerc ise 60

Cha nge th e foll o wi ng mi x e d e xp ressi o ns i n to e q ui va le n t

frac ti o ns

1 . l it . Ans 2 .
'

a +

3 4 . a:

7 3a + — 6b
‘

8 . a + 1
5

10 x + v+

11 2 13 + 12 . a —b +

14 . a —a b + b 2
15 . x
2 —2 x + l +
12 4 A Y E AR o r A LG E B R A

73 . Addi ti on and sub trac ti on o f fract i o ns . If se ve ra l

f ra c t i o ns h a v e a co mmon de nomi na t or, t h e i r a l ge b ra i c su m

may b e fo und b y t a k i n g t h e a l g e b ra i c su m o f t h e i r
num e ra t o rs a nd w ri t in g i t o v e r t h e c o mm o n d e n o m i n a t o r .

Fo r e xa mp l e ,

2a 3x a a: 2a + 3 r —a —x a + 2 r
+
by by by by by by

I f t h e f ra c t i o ns t o b e a dd e d do not h a ve a c o m m on

d e no mina t o r, i t i s n e c e ss a ry fi rst t o c h a n ge th e m to
e q u i va e nt l fra c ti o ns h a v i n g t h e l owe st commo n denomi
nator (L C . Th e c o
. m p l e t e Op e r a t i o n i s a s f o l l o w s

Rule . F i nd th e L . M . o f al l th e d e no mi na to rs for th e
L C I)
. . . Di v id e th is L C D by th e d e nom i na to r
. . . of eac h

f ra c ti o n a nd m ul t ip ly bo th te rms o f f th e ra c ti o n by th e
q u o ti e n t . D i vi d e th e a lg e bra ic s um of th e resu l ti ng

n um e ra tors by the L . C D . .

I ll ust rat i ve e xampl e

fix
F 1nd t h e a 1g e b ra 1c s u m o f
3a b 3 ¢z
’

b
-

Th e L . C . D of t h e d e no m i na t o rs i s 3 a b 2 ’
.

2$ 2 bx
_
3a b 2 '
. (Mul t i p l yi ng b o t h t e r ms b y w h a t nu mb e r ? )

S i m i l a rl y,
3ab

T h e re fo re ,
W l
- -

3 715
.

z
oa aby a r
’

3a b ’
2

E xerci se 61

Ad d th e fo ll o wi ng
1 1
1 .
+ 75 "
2 .

4
m ; A YE AR o r ALG E BRA

a —b
a b

— a

20
1
w+ y wz —v ’

’
y
-
J.

1 1 1
“Vl “ — 43 '
z —b +a —b
2w +b
2
ad - m
y y a a

a +2 1 1 3a + 2
44“
a
2
1 —a
Ans“
a
2
1—
N ot e Th e L C No 44 i s (a D of
1 ) (a 1 Th i s —l ) — ’

—
. . . . . , or a .

i s ma de p ossib l e b y c h angi ng 1 a to (a l) Th e n b y
—
-
.

mul ti p lyi ng th e de no mi na to r o f th e l a st fra c ti o n b y 1 a nd

c h a ng i ng th e s i gn o f th e fra c t i o n, we g e t th e fo ll o w i ng res ul t :

1 1

2 1 1
a t
a
T h e p rob l e m no w b ec o me s f 1 m a 1
 F R ACT I ON S

2 5
w - -
l y v
— x
+ —y ’

4s v 3!
—4y ’
a 2
+ y 2y —a:

48
a b a +b
°

a
2
b 2
b a a b

74 . Fra ct io nal eq ua ti o ns . If an e q u at i o n c o nt a i ns frac

tions , i t m ay be fre ed of frac t i o nal fo rms by m ul t i p lyi ng
both m em be rs o f th e e q u a t i o n b y th e L C M o f th e . . .

deno m in ato rs .
(Th is i s an a pp l i ca t i on o f wh a t a xi o m ? )
a
1 2 22
Th e e q ua t i o n
;
7 b ec o me s
: : 6
3 if e ve ry t e rm

or b o th m emb e rs i s c h a nge d to a frac t i o n w h o se d e no m i n a t o r

i s th e L . C . D . o f a ll t h e d e no m i na t o rs .

42
b e c o me s 3 4: 2a: 42 , i f b o th m e m b e rs a re m ul t i
6 6 T
— g
pl i e d b y 6 . T h e re fo re w = 42 . Ch e c k
% 7, or 21 14 7 .

E xerc ise 62

S ol ve th e f o ll owi ng a nd c h ec k :

2 1: 6
1 . a: An s . a: 2 .

5 5

2 a:
1 . Ans . a: 20 .

a: 1 3 a:
2 7

x + 5 ctr
7 . 2 .

4 9
S
( gu g est i o n M u l t i p l.
y i n g b y 3 6 gi ve s 91: 45 4a 8 72 .

E xp l a i n th e s i gns 4a: a nd
12 8 A YE AR OF AL GE B RA
413 —4 2 x—16
a
2 9 .
x +4 7 —z c
.

5 2 3 2

10 .

S uggest i on . M ul t i p l y i ng b y a g i ve s 2

5 4 12 3
11 _9 °

a: a: 3: a:

9 5 —2 Ans . a = 2
a a

3 1 11 3 2 I
5s 2s 30 4s 3 2! 12

3 5 1
Am ”
2a 4a 2

1 2 5 1 1 5
a
+ 30 12 3a
+ 2a 6

2 3
w+ 3 x + 6
3 (a: + 3 )
0

(a: 6 ) (x
v 3)
Th e re fo re 2 (w + E xp l a i n .

2 1 3 1
113 —3 (0 —2 2x + 1 x —l
5 3 6
—3 — —5
2z+ 4 x + 3 2 a) 4 r

+ 2 +4
—2
a a

a —l
—l ) —m
a

(a + 2 ) (a ( c + 4 l (a

Th e re fo re ( a 2 ) (a —l ) (a 4) (a

2
+ —2
3
1 . Ans . n —10 .

n + n
13 0 A YE AR OF AL GE B RA

E xe rci se 63

Fi n d th e p ro d uc t i n e ac h o f th e f
o l lo wi ng

2 3 4 5 a b z
X X X “

T s
‘ ‘

3 e b c

—
(w y )
’ Ans .

(w —v) 2 -3
-

2 3 -2
0

a
2 —b 2
0
2 —d 2
'

x
2
+ 2$ + 1
—d
d

c a + b 4x2

2x
+ 1 9 —ab
a
z a
z
+ 4a + 3
a (3 — b)
°

4x — 1 2
.

z
a + 2a + l
°

z 1 6 64
+
2
a + 4 a + 4 a + a

a
2
+ 1 0a + 1 6 a
2 —64
(x u )m
2 ’
2 xy v
2

2
+
2
:vv x
 FR ACTI ONS

z az
2
x a s: a )
24 .
2 a a: ( )
2 2 2
x + - a. a: a a :c

+ 1

S ol ut i on M i xe d e xp re s si o ns a nd i n te ge rs m ust b e c h a nge d to
.

e q ui va l e nt frac t i o n s b e fo re th e m ul ti p l i c a t i o n c a n b e pe rfo rm e d
.

a a
+ b .
( E xp la i n ) .

+1 :

b b
Th e re fo re ,

ab
“
ab 2b 2
a
13 2 A YE AR OF AL GE B RA

76 . Mul ti pli catio n wi th fracti onal cc

of p y
o l n o mi al s
em c ie nts S uc h p ro d u c ts a s (i s:
.
y ) (i n: y) may b e

fo u nd by e ith e r o f the fo ll o wi ng m eth ods

I . B y d i rec t mul ti pli c a tio n .

it r

fl
it 11
E xp l a i n eac h
iz
a
y y p a rt i a l p ro d uc t

— g—
.

3 3

tz
’
t-W ‘
il
’
f tfi E xp la i n .

II . By c o nsi d e ri n g e a ch fac to r as a m i xed e xp ression .

—2 3 z “L
'
” —6f
( 1z :
'

F i nd th e p ro d u c t in e a ch o f th e o ll o win g
f by both
m e th o ds
1 .
(i a 3 b ) (3 a —5b ) . s .
(l a —l b )
2 (t a -
ri b ) (a —i b l 7 (t a -
ri )
b (t a —l b)
3 ( a 11
3 )
1 (2 G 8 (ta i )
b (0 1b
l )

4 .
+ 3 x —16 9 . a

5 (i x 3 ) (i x

y + 2 31

—1 t +a

w t ab l b
134 A YE AR OF AL GE B R A

“
3 1!
Hi nt .

a
+ b

a_
_ b c

b 0 d

Hi nt . I nve rt i ng ea ch di vi so r gi ve s

2 3 4 5
3 4 5 6

2a 4a 2
3b 2m
3b 9b 2
8a 9n

12 z
cy
2
l 5x y’
1 0n m n
4b 25 °

7m
'

13 a b 2 6a b
2
5n

x
2
r —n o
”
my art/ + 31

a — — 2 a a
3 —1 a
2 —7 l 10
a - -

a —
2
3a — 10 a
2 —10 a l
- -
2 5 a
3
+ 3 a + 2

1 2 4
(at —3 ) (x —4) x —12 2
113 —9
1 1
l —a 1 + a
1 2
I n“
1 — + a 1 + a l — a
’

30 . z+ 3 + i x —3 +
x 3

+ y
 C
F RA T I ON S 13 5

2 and b 5 , wh at is th e val ue o f 3a b i ’
1 If a =
’

—
.

2 . D i vi de 6re 2
+ z 7 by
—1 e :e .

6 by ” 3n
3 . D i vi de n
‘
5n a
11 n 2
l 2n n 3 .

z ”
4 . D i vi de a
3
b 3
3 ab 3 a b by 2
a
s
2a b b

5 If 2 is fa ct o r of x 8 , wh at i s th e o th er ?
3
. a; o ne

6 .
z
I f siz —zy is l y
- - 2
is o ne fa c t o r of
3
+ y
‘

wh at IS th e o th e r ?

7 . D ivi de 64a a
2 7b b y 4a
8
3b .

Mul ti ply “
8 . a
2
ab b2
by a
3
3a b 2
3 011 3
b .

9 . S im p l i fy 13 a: 2( — :c 3) 3 (3 n 5) 8 .

Fi n d th e va lue o f the li te ral num be r i n ea c h o f th e f ol

lowi ng e q ua ti o ns . I f the e q u a ti o n re d uc es to th e q ua dra ti c

orm
f i t m u s t be so lve d by th e fac to ri ng p ro c ess.

10 .
—2 ) (x + 7 ) + 2 5 .

11 .

12

13 . 3x —2 (2 —5) x — a: ) —15 .

14 .
—2 ) (x
15 .
(z (a
16 .
(3 x (3 a + 1 ) = 196 .

17 . (w (x

n 1 n —l _ —5 — — n
16 n .

5 3 a + 13
—
z 2
it w+ 2 (x
v —2 ) ( + 2)
a -
 36 A YE AR OF AL GE B RA
S i mp lify th e f o llo wi ng

x + 1 x —1 _ x + 2
20 '

x
z —9 x
2
+ z—6 c

3 n + 9u
3
9n '

21
n
’ —9n °

u
2 — 7n + 1 2 n
2 —6n + 9
22 . S ta te th e m et h o d fo r fi n d i ng th e H C F o f t wo o r . . .

a l ge b ra i c e xp re ssi o ns , a n d fin d i t fo r 6a b , 1 2a b ,
’ ’ 3 2
mo re
a nd 1 6a bc ° ’
.

F i nd t h e H C F of 7a b 20a b ‘
1 6a b 2 ’
23 . . . . 3a 3 ’ 2
,
a ,

and a
‘
4a b 3
.

24 . E xp l a i n h o w t h e L C M . . . of t wo or mo re a l ge b ra i c

e xp re ssi o ns is o b t ain e d .

I n wh at Op e ra ti o ns h ave yo u fo un d i t ne cessa ry to u se

th e Writ e o ne e xe rc ise i ll ust rat i n g e a c h cas e .

25 . S e p a rate 14 i nto tw o p arts su c h t h a t th e i r qu o t i e n t

is 6
—
.

S ugge sti on . Le t 3: re p re s e nt o ne p a rt a nd 14 :r th e o th e r .

26 . S e p arate 4 8 i nt Otw o p a rts su ch th at two -th i rds of

th e gre ate r sh a l l e q u al tw i c e th e l e ss .

27 . Wh a t nu m b e r mus t be su bt ra c te d fro m b oth t e rm s

of th e fra cti oa o th a t t h e re sul t i n g fract i on sh al l e q u al }
a ?
28 . F i nd t h re e c o nsec ut i ve num b e rs su ch th at o ne -h a l f

o f th e fi rst p l u s o n e - th i rd o f th e se co n d m i nu s o ne - fo u rth

of th e th i rd e q u a ls 8 .

29 . Two numb e rs di ffe r by 6 an d o n e -h al f o f th e l a rger

e xc e e ds o e th i rd o f
n -
th e sm all e r by 10 . F i nd th e numb e rs .

30 . A m e rch a nt st a rti n g in busi n ess sp en ds o ne -s i xth of

h is c a p i t al fo r fu rni tu re a n d e q u i p m e n t , o n e -h a l f o f i t for
st o c k ,
a n d o n e -
t w e l fth fo r re nt , i nsu ranc e , a n d a dve rti si ng .

I f h e h as l e ft w i th wh i ch to o p e ra te h i s b usi ne ss,
fi nd h i s o ri gi n al c a p i t al .
13 3 A YE AR OF AL GE B RA
42 . At w h a t t i m e b e twe e n 2 a nd 3
’
o clo ck a re t h e h a nd s
of th e c l o ck t o get h e r ?

E xp la na t i on At 2 o c l oc k t h e h o ur
’

h a nd i s at 2 a nd th e mi nute h a nd i s
at 12 . At so me t i me b e t w ee n 1 0 mi n
ut e s p a s t 2 a nd 1 5 m i nu t e s p a s t 2 t h e
mi nut e h a nd w i ll o v e rta k e a nd p ass
t h e h o ur h a n d . Th e u n i t of d i s ta nc e
in th i s a nd a ll s i mi l a r p ro b l e m s is
th e m i nute -
sp a c e , wh i ch i "
t h e di st a nc e
p a sse d ove r b y t h e m i nut e h a nd i n o ne
m i n u te I t i s a p p a re nt t h a t , s ta rt i ng
.

at 2 o c l oc k ,
’
th e m i nute h a n d m us t
t ra v e l 10 m ut
i n e -
s p a c e s m o re th a n th e

h o u r h a nd i n o rd e r to o v e rta k e th e h o ur h a nd . I t is a l so a pp a re n t

th a t th e m i n ut e h a nd t ra ve l s 1 2 t i m es as fa s t as th e h o u r h a n d .

S olut i o n . Le t or re p re s e nt th e nu m b e r Of m nu t e sp a ce s t h
i -
e

m i nu te h a n d m o v e s b e fo re th e y a re t o ge th e r .

3
And
12 th e n u m b e r o f m i nu t e sp a c e s th e h o ur h a nd t ra ve l s
-
.

—10 Wh e nc e . An s . m i n utes p as t 2 .

43 At w h a t ti m e b e tw e e n 3 and O c l o ck a r e th e h a n d s
’
. 4
o f a cl ock to ge th e r ?

44 . At w h a t t im e b e tw e e n 2 and 3
’
O c l oc k are t h e h a n ds
o f a c lo c k e x a c tly Opp o s i te e a ch o th e r ?
S ugge st i o n S ta rt i ng . at 2
’
O c lock , th e m i n u t e h a n d mus t ga i n
in a ll 40 m ut sp ac e s
i Ans 43 m i nute s pa st 2
n e
h
-
. .
t
.

45 . At wh a t t i m e b etw ee n 3 and 4 O cl o ck a re
’
th e h an ds
Of a w a tc h Op p osi te e a c h o th e r ?

46 . At wh a t t im e b etw e e n 12 an d 1
’
O cl o c k a re th e h a n ds
Of a c l oc k Opp o si te e a c h o th e r ?

47 At wh a t t im e b etw e e n 8 a nd
’
. 9 o c l o ck a re th e h a n ds
Of a c l oc k o pp osi t e e a c h o t h e r ?
48 At wh at ti m e b e tw e en 1 0 and 11 o c l o ck th e
’
. a re

h a n ds Of a c l oc k to ge th e r ?
 F R ACT I ON S 13 9

RATI O AND PR OP OR TI ON

78 . Rati o . In a ri th m e t I c th e rati o of two numb ers

g i v es i n si m p l est fo rm th e re l a t i o n b e t we e n th e m w h e n
th e y a re co mp a re d as to si e , z or m a gn i t u de . I t is t h a t
mul t ipl e Of th e se c on d n um b e r th a t gi v es th e fi rst as a

p r o d u c t a n d i s fo un d by di vi di n g th e fi rst by th e se c o n d .

Th e fi rst nu m b e r o f a ra t i o i s kn o w n a s t h e ant ec ed ent

an d th e s e c o n d nu m b e r a s t h e co nseq ue nt .

Th e symb o l o f ra ti o is t h e co lon (z
) Or th e b ar of th e
f ra c ti o n .

Th e e xp re ssi o n 6 in . 24 i n i s t o b e . re a d th e rati o o f
”
6 i n t o 24 i n
. . and i ts v a lu e i s th a t Of th e f ra c t i o n or i .

In o th e r w o rds , th e ra t i o Of 6 i n c h e s t o 2 4 i n c h e s is e q ual

t o th e ra t i o o f 1 to 4 , or 6 in .
4
-
24 i n .

A ra t io i s t rea t e d as a frac t i o n an d is si m pl ifi e d by
r e d u c i ng i t t o i ts l o w e st t e rms .

I f two deno mina te n u m b e rs are to be c o m p a re d in a

rat io th ey m ust b e in u n i ts o f th e sa me kin d, o r re d u c i b l e

t o un i ts of th e sam e ki n d .

F o r i nst anc e , th e ra t i o Of 8 i nc h e s to 1 y a rd c a n b e fo un d
o nl y w h e n 1 y a rd i s re d u c e d to i nc h es Th e n , 8 i n : 1 y d . . .

is th e sam e as 8 i n . : 3 6 in .
,
2 : 9 .

Th e rati o o f tw o ab strac t n um be rs i s fou nd b y di v i di n g

t h e fi rst b y th e se c o n d .

E xe rci se 67

1 . F i n d th e ra ti o Of 3 b ush el s to 6 b u sh els .

S o lut i on . 3 bu . 6 bu . i s th e sa m e as 3 6, or 1 2 .
(Ma y
a l so b e wr i t t e n

2 . Fi n d t h e ra t i o o f 4 q t to 2 bu. .

S ol ut i on . S i n ce 2 b u .
= 64 q t .
, th e n 4 q t . 2 b u i s th e
. sa m e a s

4 qt . 64 q t .
, or 1 16 .

3 . Fi n d t h e ra t i o Of 9 to 2 4 , Of 1 0 to 3 5 , of 1 5 to 3 6 .
14 0 A Y E AR OF A L GE B RA
4 . Wh a t is th e ra t i o Of 2 i n to 1 ft ?
. .

5 . Wh a t is th e ra t i o Of 4 y d to 7 ft ?
. .

6 . Wh a t is th e ra t i o o f 100 yd t o 1 m i le ? .

7 . Wh a t is th e ra t i o Of 75 lb . to 1 to n ? Of 4 t o ns to
2 5 0 lb ? .

8 . Wh a t i s th e r a t i o Of 1 0 q t t o 4 ga l ?
. . of 2 5 p t to 8 q t ?
. .

of 10 p t t o 10 ga l ? . .

9 . Wh at is th e rat i o Of 1 fo o t t o 1 ro d ? Of 1 fo o t to
1 i nch ?

10 . W ha t i s th e ra ti o Of 1 fo o t to 1 ya rd ? t o 1 m il e ?

11 . Wh a t is t h e ra ti o o f 1 i n c h t o 1 foo t ? 1 y ard ? 1 ro d ?
1 m il e ?
12 . If a foo t ru l e is cut i nto tw o p a rts o n th e l i n e
m a rke d 8 i nc h es , w h a t i s t h e ra t i o Of th e tw o p a rts ? Wh a t
i s th e ra t i o if it is c ut on th e 7 i n c h l i n e ?

13 . If a y ai nto tw o p a rts o n th e li ne
r d st i ck is c ut

m a rke d 1 5 i nc h e s , w h a t i s th e ra t i o o f th e t wo p arts ?
14 S t a t e t h e a n te c e de nt an d t h e co nse q u e n t Of e a ch o f
.

th e ra t i o s o f th e p rec e d i ng e xe r c i se s .

Note . Th e ra t i o Of tw o a l ge b ra i c e xp re ss i o ns i s fo und
b y d ivi di n g th e fi rst b y th e se co n d an d th e n re du c i n g th e
re sul t i f a f ra c t i o n t o i ts l o w e st t e rm s
, , .

15 . Wh a t is t h e rati o Of 4a bc t o 1 0a bc ? Of 4 a bc to 10bcd ?
16 . Wh a t i s th e ra tio o f 9a b c t o 2 1 b c d ?
z 2 3 3

17 . Wh a t i s th e ra ti o Of 1 8 x y zt o 2 4x y 2 ? 2 2 3 3 2

18 . Wh a t is th e ra tio Of x y to x my ? 2 2 2

19 . Wh at i s th e ra ti o o f th e c i rcu m fe rence Of a ci rcl e to

i ts ra d i u s ?

S ugge st i o n . S i nc e 0 2n r , th e n c r e qu a l s 2nr r
. R e duc e
th e re sul t i n g ra t i o t o l o w e s t t e rm s .
142 A YE AR OF AL GE B RA
27 . Fi n d th e ra t i o Of th e c i rc um fe re n c es Of two circles,

i f th e ra di us o f th e se c o n d i s t wi c e t h a t of th e first . Al so
fi nd th e ra ti o o f th e i r a re a s .

28 . F i nd t h e ra t i o Of th e c i rc u m fe re nc e s o f t wo c i rcles.

i f th e ra di us o f th e se c o n d is n t i m e s th at Of th e first . Find
th e ra ti o o f th e i r are as .

29 . Fi nd th e ra t i o of th e are as Of tw o sq u a re s, i f the
sid e of th e se c o n d is twi c e th at of th e fi rst ; i f i t is 3
t i m es t h at of th e first ; i f i t is n ti m es th a t o f t h e fi rst .

79 Pro po rti ons

. Th e e xp re ssi on o f e q uali t y b e tween
.

tw o ra ti os t h a t a re kn o wn t o b e e q u a l b y th e S i gn is
c a ll e d a pr
o p o rti o n.

If a b i s kn o wn to e q u al 0 d, t h e rel ati o n m a y be
6
wri tten a : b=c : d, or b e t t e r, '

17
In e i th e r c as e th e e x p re ss i o n is to b e re a d , th e ra tio o f
” “
a to b e q u a ls th e ra t i o o f c to d , or i n sh ort e r fo rm , a is
”
to b as c i s to d .

Th e fo u r n u mb e r s, a , b, c , an d d, a re c a l l ed : th e terms of
th e propo rti on Th e . fi rst an d l a st t e rm s , a an d d, a re

c all e d th e extre mes, a nd the se c o n d and th i rd t e rms,

b an d c , are c a ll e d th e me ans o f th e p p
ro o rt i o n .

A pre porti on i s a n e q uati o n, a nd th e re fo re j

sub e c t to
a ll th e a xi o m s o f the e q u a t i o n.

F rom th e ro
p p o rt i o n
2 , we de ri ve th e e q u al ity

ad = bo .

( N o t i c e t h a t w e c l e a re d th e e qua t i o n of frac t i o ns b y m ul t i p l y
i ng b o th m e mb e rs b y b d ) .

S inc e a, b, c, a n d d a re a ny fo u r n u m b e rs i n p ro p o rti o n,
we h av e th e fo ll o w i n g

Rul e . In a ny p p ti o n
r o o r th e p rod uc t o f th e e x tre me s is
e q ua l to th e p ro du c t o f th e m e a ns .
 F R AC T I ON S 143

E xerc i se 68

Test e ac h o f th e f o ll o wi ng to d e te rmi ne wh e th e r i t i s a

correc t ro
p p o r ti o n :

1 . 3 : 12 .

Te st . Do e s 3 4?
-

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

F i nd th e va lu e o f li te ra l n um b er in eac h o f
fo llo wi ng

13 . x : 10 .

An s . x= 2 .

14

15 .

16 .

17 .

18 . 8 : 24 : 5 zy .

27 . Wh a t n um b e r i s i n th e sa m e ra t i o t o 6 th a t 5 i s to 3 ?

Hi nt . i .

0 3

28 . Wh a t n um b e r i s i n th e sa m e ra t i o t o 1 0 th a t 1 2 i s
to 5 ?
144 A Y E AR OF AL GE B R A

29 . H o w ma y a fo o t ru l e be c ut i nt o t wo p a rts so th at
t h e t w o p a rts sh a l l b e in t he ra t io 1 :2?
S o lut i on Le t x = th e nu m b e r o f i nc h e s i n o ne p a rt,
—
.

a nd 12 x = t h e nu mb e r o f i nc h e s i n t h e o th e r p a rt .

x 1
Th e n
12 x 2
I t w i ll b e no t i c e d t h a t th e ru l e ma y b e c ut o n th e c ro ss l i ne
m a rk e d 4 i n c h e s or on t h e l i n e m a rk e d 8 i nc h es .

30 . H o w m ay a fo o t ru l e be c ut i nto two p a rt s so th a t
t h e p a rt s sh a l l h a ve th e ra t i o 1 : 3? 3 : 5?
31 . How may a y a rd s t i c k be c u t so t h a t th e t wo p arts
s h al l h a ve t h e ra t i o 5 : 7?
32 . Th e c o n c re t e in a w a ll is a m i xtu re of one p art
c e m e nt and fi v e p a rt s sa n d . H o w m u c h i s th e re o f e ac h

in a w a l l t h a t m e a su re s cu . ft ?
.

33 .TW O p a rtn e rs di v i de b e t w e e n th e m so th at
the sh a res a r e i n t h e r a t i o 3 : 5 . Wh a t d o es e ac h re c e i ve ?
I f th e ra t i o w e re 3 : 7 , wh at wo ul d e a ch re c e i v e ?
34 . Th e n u m b e rs 10, 2 3 , 50, a nd x a re i n p ro p o rti on
i n th e o rde r n am e d . F i nd x .

35 . D i vi d e a l i ne 20 i nc h e s l o n g i nto two p a rts th a t a re

to e ach oth e r as 3 : 7 .

36 . D i vi d e th e n um b e r 5 0 i n t o t w o p a rt s t h a t h a ve th e
sa m e ra ti o a s 9 16 .

37 H o w m a ny t ru e p ro p o rti o ns
. c an yo u wr i t e u si ng

th e nu m b e rs , 2 , 4 , 6 a n d 12 ? ,

38 . Wh at n um b e r m u st b e su b t ra c te d fro m e a ch o f th e
n um b e rs , 8 , 9, 1 1 , an d 13 so th a t t h e re m a i n de rs sh a l l be
i n p ro p o rt io n ?
39 . Th e ra t i o of t h e w e i gh t s of two b o ys is i . I f th e
l a rge r b o y w e i gh s 96 p o u n ds . w h a t do e s th e sm al l e r b oy
w e i gh ?
1 46 A YE AR OF AL GE B R A

IV . P robl e m s co nc e rn in g
w o rk d o n e .

Th e numb e r o f b ri c k s th a t a b ri c k l a ye r m a y p l a c e i n a w all
w i l l d e p e nd up o n h o w ma ny h e ma y b e a b l e t o la y e a c h h our
a n d th e n umb e r o f h o u rs th a t h e w o rk s .

S ta te th i s i n e q ua ti o n fo rm te ll i ng w h a t ea c h l i t e ra l numb e r
re p re se nts .

81 . D efini ti ons . I n I , if r i s 3 , th e e q u a ti o n b e c o mes

c 3 n, wh e re th e v al u e o f c is a n e xact m u l t ip l e , 3 , Of th e
v a lu e Of n .

I n I I , if r i s 2 0, th e e q u a ti o n be c om es d = 20h .

S in c e h , a nd t h e r e fo r e d , a r e c o n s t a n t l y c h a n g in g w h il e
th e c ar i s in m o t i o n , th e y a re c a ll e d va ria b l es . Th e ra t e ,

2 0 m il e s p e r h o u r, i s fi x e d fo r t hi s p a rt i c u l a r p ro b l e m
an d i s c a l l e d a co nst a nt .

A vari ab l e is an a l ge b ra i c n u m be r t ha t i s co n t i n u a ll y

c h a n gi n g i ts v a lu e t h ro u gh o u t a gi v e n p r o b l e m .

A consta nt is a nu m b e r tha t ke e ps a p a rt i c u l a r v a lu e

t h ro u gh o ut a gi v e n p r o b l e m .

Wh en o n e va ri ab l e depe nds u p o n a no th er f o r i ts val u e ,

i t is sa i d to be a functi on of t h e o th e r .

I n th e e q ua t i o n c = 3 n, t h e v a ri a b l e c is a func t i o n o f, or de
p e n ds u p o n, th e v a ri a b l e n . S i m i l a rl y i n th e e qu a t i o n d = 2 0h ,
d is a fu nc t i o n of h . I n th e e q ua t i o n t z p r t, i f p i s g i v e n th e
d e fi ni t e va l u e of 400 d o l l a rs, a nd r th e d e fi ni t e ra t e of th e n
i is a func t i o n of t, t h e t i m e .

E vi d e ntl y th e w o rd fu nc t i o n is us e d to na m e t h e i d e a t h a t
o ne u nk n o w n h as a d e fi ni t e va l ue fo r e ach va l u e gi v e n s o me

o th e r u nk n o wn n umb e r i n th e e qu a t i o n i n w h i c h th e t w o a re u se d .

82 Th e graph of an
. eq uat i on wi th two varia b l e s .

Wh e n one v a ri abl e i s a fun c ti on of a n oth e r it i s p o s

si b l e by us i n g c ro ss se ct i o n p p
a e r t o p i ctu re , o r gra p h ,
.

th e e q u at i o n wh i c h e xp re sses th e rel a t i o n sh i p b e tw e e n t h e
tw o .
 S I M U LTAN E OU S E Q UAT I ON S AN D GRAP H I N G 147

1 2 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
COS T I N C E NTS

A s t ud y o f t h e a b o ve g ra p h of C : 2n wi ll se rve to sh o w h ow a

t i c k e t se l l e r m i gh t d e t e rm i n e t h e c o st of a ra i l roa d ti c k e t at 2
c e nt s p e r mi le . Th e co st o f a t i c k e t fo r fi ve m i l e s i s fo u nd d i
rec tl y b e l o w th e p o i n t ( a ) w h e re t h e l i n e ma rk e d 5 m i l e s c ro sse s
th e g ra p h l i n e , c = Z n , a nd i s 1 0 c e n ts F i nd th e c os t o f a n 8 m i l e
.

ti c k e t ; of a 10 m i l e t i c k e t .

Such a h
g p ,
ra if c o n str uc t e d on a l a rge sc a l e , w o ul d
e nab l eh im t o d e t e rm i n e q u i c kly th e c ost o f a ti cke t fo r
a ny n um b e r o f m i l e s a nd , i f th e ra t e w e re 2 5 c e n ts , woul d
sa ve co nsi d e ra b l e c o m p u t a t i o n .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 12 14 1 6 18 20
COS T I N C ENTS

On th e gra p h o f c 2 l n, note t h a t th e c os t o f a 5 m ile

ti c ke t i s 1 2 } c e n ts . R e a d th e co st o f a 1 0 m i l e t i c ke t ; of

an 8 m il e t i cke t ; of a 7 m i l e t i c ke t .
14 3 A Y E AR OF AL GE B RA
On a l a rge sh ee t Of c ro ss se c t i o n p p
a e r si m i l a r t o th at
u se d for t h e gra p h o f c 2 411, c o n st ru c t th e gr a p h wh en
t h e ra te i s 3 4 c e n ts p e r m i l e , o r c = 3 4n, an d re a d th e c ost
Of a t i c ke t fo r 5 mil e s ; fo r 1 2 m i l e s ; fo r 18 m il es .

S tu dy c a re full y th e gra p h of th e eq u a t i o n d z 2 oh .
(S e e

II, Th e d i visi o ns a lo n g th e h o ri z
o nt al li n e a re n a m e d

in h al f h o u rs an d

h o u rs a nd th e re
fo re eac h fin e d i vi
si o n re p rese nts 3
m i nu t es . Th e di
v i si ons al ong
20
th e
v e rt i c al line at th e 5
l e ft re p re se nt 5
m ile sp a c es a nd

e ac h fine divi si o n
r e p r e se n t s 1 mi l e .

TO fin d th e n um

be r of m i l e s t ra v
cle d in 15 m in 15 m . 30 m . 1 ho u r
.
, TI ME
m o ve th e p e n c i l
up w ard on th e v e rt i c a l li n e r e p rese nt i n g 15 m i n .
,
u ntil

th e gra p h i s re a c h e d a n d th e n re a d t h e n u mb e r of m i l es at

th e l e ft , or 5 .

E xerci se 69

1 On t h e gra p h Of d z 2 ok, re a d t h e di st a n c e t ra ve l e d
.

in 14 h o u rs ; i n 45 m i n ; i n 75 m i n ; i n 5 4 m i n
. . .

2 . Co n struc t t h e gr a p h Of d = 1 5h an d re a d th e d is
ta n c e t rav e l e d i n 2 h o u rs ; i n 1 2 m i n ; i n 2 0 m i n . .

3 F in d from th e gra p h i n NO 2 h o w m any m i n u t es

. .

wi l l b e re q u i red t o go 8 m i l e s ; 2 0 m i l es ; 2 5 m il e s .
15 0 A YE AR OF AL GE B R A

L oc a te th e f o llo wi ng p o i n ts

1 . 1, 5 .
—9 ,
9 .
(0 ,

2 . 6 . 10 .
—3 ,

3 . 8, 7 . 6, 11 .
(0 ,

4 .
-
6, 8 . 12 .
—8 ,

13 L oc a te t h e p o in ts
. 4, 3) an d 4, + 3) a nd

t e ll h o w fa r t h e fi rs t i s fro m t h e se c o n d .

14 . H o w fa r i s th e p o i nt 4, 4 ) fro m th e po int

15 . Co nn e c t the p o i n t 4, 4) w i th th e p o i n t
4, 4 ) by a st ra i gh t li n e and n o t i c e t h a t t h is l i ne
p ass e s th ro u gh th e p o i nt 3,
Na m e fo u r o the r p o i n ts o n th i s li ne .

16 . Co nn e c t b y a stra i gh t l i n e t h e p o i nts (0, 6) a nd

6, 0 ) a n d n am e fi v e o th e r p o i n ts o n t h is li ne .

84 . Th e graph o f an e q uat i on o f th e fi rst de gre e i n two

Th e e q u a ti o n x y 5, wh e n l
p ce d
a in th e fo rm
x : 5 y (h o w m a y t h i s b e d o n e ? ) s h o w s t h a t x i s a

fu n c t i o n o f y, fo r t h e v al u e o f x w ill de p e nd u p o n wh a t
v a l u e i s gi ve n y .

I f p u t i n th e fo rm y 5 x, i
y s a fu n c t i o n Of x .

Ta ki n g th e fo rm x = 5 y, x= 3 w h e n y = 2 ,
x : 1 w h e n

y = 4, x= 0 w h en y = 5 . Cl e a rl y th ere i s a de fin i t e v al ue
Of x fo r e a c h v a l u e gi v e n to y .

S i m i l a rly , ta ki n g th e fo rm y 5 x, y 3 wh e n x 2 ,
y 0 w h e n x 5 , a n d t h e re i s a d e fi n i te v a l u e o f f
y o r e a ch
va lu e gi v e n x .
 S I M U L T AN E OU S E QUATI ON S AN D GRAP H I N G 15 1

Th ese p a i rs or se ts o f val u es may be t ab ul ate d as f ol l o w s

x 3 0 1 5 6
if y 2 5 10 11
Usi ng th e va l ue o f x as a bsc issa a n d th e c o rresp on d

ing v a lu e o f y as th e o rdi

n a te , l o c at e th e su cc es

si v e p o i n ts 3,
2.
e tc .
, as i n th e ac co m p a ny

in g fi gu re an d n oti c e th at
th ese po in ts all l i e al ong
a stra i gh t l ine . D raw
thi s l i ne E v e ry p o ssib l e
.

p a i r o f v al u es , i nt e gr al o r

fr a c ti o nal , th a t sa t i sfi es

th e eq u a ti o n x y 5
wi l l b e foun d to l i e on

th is li ne . Try se ve ral

fra ct i on al val u es .

Th e gra p h o f e a c h an d e v e ry e q u a t i o n o f th e first d e
g r e e i n t w o u nkn o w n s is a st r a i gh t l in e , a nd t h is fa c t

gi v e s ri s e t o t h e n a m e , li nea r e q uati on, or t h e e quati o n o f

a st rai gh t li ne .

E xerc i se 7 1

On la rge sh ee ts o f c ross s e c ti o n p p
a e r g p
ra h e ac h o f th e

fo l lo wi ng, fi nd i ng a t le as t f
o ur p a i rs o f va l u es

1 . 2x + y z 4 . 6 . 4x + 3 y = 12 .

2 . 2x + 3 y = 6 . 7 . 2x —5 y = 10 .

3 . x —y = 3 . 8 . x 7
+ y = 14 .

4 . 3x 9 . 2x —3 y = 6 .

5 . 3x 2y 12 . 10 . 6 3; 12 .
1 52 A YE AR OF ALGE BRA
11 P l.ac e t h e g p
r a hs o f x + y = 5 a n d x y = 3 on the
sa me a xes a nd n o t i c e th e i r p o i nt o f i nte rsec ti o n .

12 . Wh e re do e s t h e l i n e x y = 4 i ntersec t th e li ne
x y = 2 i f bo th a re p l a ce d On t h e sa m e a xe s ?

85 . D efini ti ons . S in c e e a ch lin e a r e qu at i on in t w o

u nkn o wn s h as a l i m i tl e ss nu m b er o f se ts of valu es th at
sat i sfy it , e vid e n tl y a si n gl e e q u at i o n t a ke n al o n e wi ll be
of l i t tl e se rv i c e in so lvi n g a p ro b l e m . F o r th a t rea son a

si n gl e l i n ea r e q u a ti o n is sa i d t o b e indet ermi na te .

I n th e fi gu re fo r N O 1 1 . of E x e rc i se 71 , th e t w o li nes
x y = 5 an d x y = 3 , i n t e rse c t atth e p o i nt (4 , 1 ) a nd

t h i s p a rt i c u l a r se t o f v a l u e s sa ti sfi es b oth e q ua ti o ns .

I f two l i n ea r e q u a t i o ns i nvo lv e th e sa m e two u nkn o wns,

th ey a re sa i d t o f o rm a syst e m o f eq ua ti ons , a n d , if b o th
e q ua ti o ns a re sa t i s fied by th e sa m e v alu e s of t h e nu
k n o w ns , t h e syst e m is c a ll e d a si mul taneo us syste m . Th e
sy ste m , x y 5 an d x y 3 , is a si mu l ta n eo us syst e m

w i th a si n gl e se t o f va l u e s , x = 4 and y 1, sa t i s fyi n g b o th
e q u a t i o ns .
154 A YE AR OF AL GE B R A

86 . Formal so l uti on o f a si multa neo us line ar syste m .

S i nc e a sys te m o f i n d e p e nd e nt l i n e a r e q ua ti ons i n tw o
u nkn o wns h as o n e a n d o n ly o n e p a i r o f v a l u es th a t sa t i sfi e s

bo th e q u a ti o ns , e vide ntly th e so l ut i o n of su c h a sy st e m

c o nsi sts i n fin di n g t h i s co m m o n p a i r o f v a l u es .

Wh il e th e s o l ut i o n by m e a ns of r
g p
a h s gi v es a c le a r

e xp l a n a ti on o f th e re l a t i o n b e t we e n t h e e q u a t i o ns , it do e s
no t gi v e th e e xa c t re su l ts i f th e va l u es a re frac t i o n a l , an d

t h e p ro c e ss re q u i re s c are fu l an d t e di o u s wo rk to ge t s a ti s

fa c to ry re sul ts .

F o rm al a l ge b ra gi ve s s eve ral m et h o ds as fol lows

87 M e th o d I E li minati on oi o ne of th e unkno w ns

fl
. .

by a d di ti on o r sub trac ti o n
—y
.

E xam e 1 . x (1 ) 1
( F o r c on ve ni e nce w e w i l l n a m e
=

x + y= 5 (2 ) th e e q ua ti o ns ( 1 ) a nd
I f w e a d d th e ri gh t me mb e rs o f ( 1 ) a n d ( 2 ) t o ge th e r a n d t h e
l e ft me mb e rs t o g e t h e r t h e t w o s ums w i ll b e e qua l und e r w h a t
,

a xi o m ? T h i s a ddi ti o n o f 1 ) a nd ( 2 ) g i ve s th e n e w e q ua t i o n
2x = 6 T h e re fo re x = 3 S ub s t i tuti ng 3 fo r x i n ( 1 ) g i ve s t h e
—
. .

e qua ti o n 3 y = 1 . S o l vi n g t h i s e q u a t i o n , y = 2 .

S ub st i t ut i ng th o se v a l ue s o f x a n d y i n b o th e qua t i o ns , g i ve s
3 a nd T h e re fo re x = 3 a nd y = 2 i s th e p a i r of

va l u es re qu i re d
—3 y
.

E xamMO 2 . Gi ve n (1 ) 4x = 11
3 33 + 2 u = 2 1 (2 )
M ul ti p l yi ng b o th me mb e rs o f (1 ) b y 2 8x 6y = 2 2 ,
— (3 )
Mul ti p l yi ng b o th m e mb e rs o f ( 2 ) b y 3 9x + 6y = 63 , (4)
Add i ng ( 3 ) a nd 1 7x = 8 5 Th e re fo re x = 5 . .

S ub st i tut i ng 5 for x i n y = 3 . Ch e c k i ng i n b o th (1 ) a nd

x= 5 and y = 3 sa t i s fie s b o th e qu a t i o ns .

Rul e . To so l v e a se t o f si m u l ta n e o us e q ua ti o ns o f tw o
unkn owns, m ul ti p ly th e m em be rs o f bo th eq ua tio ns by su c h

n um be rs as wi ll gi ve e q ua l a bsolute val ue s f or th e fi
c o ef

ci e nts o f one of the u nkno wns .

Add o r su btra c t th e resu l ti ng e q ua ti o ns to e li mi na te o n e

o f th e unknowns .
 S I M UL TANE OU S E QUATI ON S AN D GRAP H I NG 15 5

E xerci se 73

S ol ve th e f o l lo wi ng sys tem s by a ddi ti on or sub trac ti on

a nd c h e c k :

1 .
'

2x —y =9 2 . 3x —2y = 1 3 4x 3
+ y = 2
—
.

2x + y = 11 . 2x + 3 y = 18 . 5x 2 y = 14 .

4 x —3 y = 7 5 2x +y z 5 6 4x 3
+ y = 1

—5 y = 7
. . .

x . 3x 3
+ y z3 . 2x 4
+ y = 8 .

7 . 2x + 3 y 7 z 8 . 3x — 6y = 6 9 . 2x + 8y = 3
6x y = 1 — . 4x — 10y = 7 . 4x 4
+ y = 2 .

10 x + y = 0 11 6x + 4y = 4 12 3x + 2y = 5
—4y = 0
.

—
. .

3x — 2 y = 10 . 9x 2y = 2 . 9x .

13 . 2a + 3 b z 2 14 . 60 + 2d = 4 15 . 2b + c = 2
6a —
9b = 0 . d -9c = 4 . 4b

88 . M eth od I I .

E xa mpl e 1 . G i ve n 2x 4y = 12 (1 )
3r 2y 10 (2 )
F ro m —4y —
—2 ) —zu
2x = 1 2 and x = 6 2y .

S ub st i tut i ng th i s va l ue fo r x i n y = lo .

S o l vi ng, y = 1 S ub s ti tut i ng th i s v a l ue
. of y in x= 4 .

Ch e c k t h e se va l ue s i n b o th e qua t i o ns .

E xampl e 2 . G i ve n 3x 2 11 : 7 (1 )
5x 3y 1 .
(2 )
F ro m ( 1 ) 3 x = 7 —2 y a nd x =
7 2y
3

S ub st i t ut i ng th i s va l ue o f x in
5 7
—— 21 —3 i —1
l
3
S o l vi ng , y = 2 S ub st i tut i ng th i s v a l ue
. of y in x= 1 .

Ch e c k th ese va l ue s i n b o th e qua ti o ns .

Rul e . S o lv e o ne o f th e e q ua ti o ns f or on e u nkno wn in
terms o f th e o th e r . S u bs ti tu te th e resul t f or tha t unknown
i n the o th e r e q u a ti o n .
15 5 A YE AR OF ALGE B R A

E xercise74

S olve the fo llo wi ng syste m s by su bsti tu ti on a nd c h ec k

1 n + 2y = 8 2 2x + 9 3y= 3 4a —3 b = 7
—
. . .

3n = 3 5x 4y = 1 1 2 a + 5 b = 10

—
y . . .

4 2x 3y = 2 5 2m + 3u z 2 6 2a —9b = 4
—2y —2 —
. . .

3x . m 2n = 8 . 4a + 3 b = 1 .

7 c —5 d = 8 8 3 e + 2f = 1 9 4h + 2k = 10
—
. . .

2 03d = 9 . 8 f = 7 . 3h +

10 . h —2k -
8
Gra p h No 10 . a nd e xpl ai n th e resul t .

2h

S o lve ea c h o f the f b r
y g pa h i
o llow ing ng or by on e o f the
for mal m e tho ds a nd ch ec k th e resul ts :

11 2
+ y =7 17 3x + 1 =
—7
' x .
y
2x y = 4 , x + y =
= .

12 3x y = 9 18 5x = l2 —3y
—2y —14
. .

x = 8 . 5y = 3x .

13 2x —3 y = 6 19 x= 7y + 1 4
—
. .

2x + y 6
= .
y = 7x 2 .

14 5x —2y = 4 20 8x 5
+ y+ 1 =0

—4
. .

3x + 2y . 2y = 8 + x .

15 . x= 15 —5y 21 . 9x —l 4y z 27
x : 1 + 2y . 4x + 3 y = 12 .

16 x= 1 — 22 7x —5 y = 10
—2
y
—
. .

y 5
= x. 5x 7
+ y 14 .

23 —2 = y + 3 24 3 (x —y )
— —2 )
. .

y x . 5 (x

25 .
—4 ( —y ) x

5x = 8
153 A YE AR OF AL GE BRA
11 . A ch em is t h a s a n a ci d i n tw o fo rms su c h th a t i f h e
t a kes 4 o z o f th e . fi rst an d 6 o z of th e
. se co n d h e wi ll h ave
a n a c id 8 5 % p u re , b u t , i f h e t a ke s 4 o z o f th e fi rst a nd 1 .

o z o f t h e se c o nd , t h e resu l t w i ll b e 75 % p u re
.
W h at i s .

t h e p e r c e nt o f p u ri ty o f e a ch fo rm ?
Hint L e t x a n d y b e th e
. nu m b e r o f p e r c e n t i n th e p uri ty of

e a c h f o rm re s p e c t i v e l y .

4 62 85 10
—+ 75 5
Th e e qua t i o ns a re + 10 8 a nd
100 3
1 0
12 . A d ruggist h as tw o sol ut i o ns o f a c e rt a i n d r ug su ch

t h a t 10 o z o f t h e fi rst a nd 5 oz o f th e sec on d m akes

. . a 2 0%
so l u ti o n , w h i le 2 o z o f t h e fi rst a n d 6 o z o f th e
. . se c o n d

m a ke s a 3 0% s o l u t io n . Wh a t i s th e p e r c e nt o f p u ri ty o f
th e two o ri gi n al so lut i o n s ?
13 H o w m a n y p i n t s o f c r e a m t e s t i n g 4 % b u tt e r f a t a n d
.

o f c re a m t e st i ng 2 0% m ust b e ta ke n t o m a ke 1 2 p i nts o f

c r e am t e sti ng th e l e gal

14 . A p a rt of i s i n ve st e d i n a m o rt gage at 6%
i nt e re st and th e r e m a i n de r i n b o n ds t h at p ay Fi nd
th e su m i nv e ste d i n e a c h i f th e a n nu al i n c o me i s $ 45 0 .

15 . I f 1 0 lbs . o f su ga r and 8 lbs . o f c o fi ee c ost

a nd at th e sam e p r i c e 12 lb s . o f su ga r a n d 2 lb s . o f c o ffee

c ost w h a t i s th e c o st o f e a c h p e r lh ? .

Not e . Ou r n u m b e r sy s t e m w h i c h w e u se i n o rdi n a ry

t ra n s a c t i o n s is c a l l e d t h e d e cimal syste m . Th e v a lu e e x

p r e s s e d by o ne of th e fi gu re s o f a n u mb e r de p en ds u p on

i t s p o si t i o n in t h e n u m b e r . Th e se se p a ra t e fi g ure s of a

n u m b e r a r e c a ll e d di gi ts . I n the n um b e r 2 75 , w h a t
c h a n ge i s p r o du c e d b y c h a n gin g 5 t o 6 ? B y c h a n gi n g
7 to 8 ? B y c h a n gi n g 2 t o 3 ? B y i n t e rc h a n gin g 2 a n d 7 ?
16 . A n um b e r is c o m p ose d oftwo di gi ts Th e u ni t s .
’

di gi t i s 2 m o re t h a n th e t e n ’
s di gi t F i n d t h e numb e r i f i t
.

is e q u al t o 4 tim es t h e su m o f i ts di gi ts .
 S I M U L T ANE OU S E QUATI ON S AND GRAPH I N G 15 9

S o l ut i on L e t x = th e te n d i gi t ,
’
. s

a nd t h e u ni t di gi t
’
y = s .

Th e n l ox y th e n u mb e r .
( E xp l a i n ) .

Th e n 10x + y = 4 (x y) a nd y = x 2 .

S o l vi ng a: 2, y 4, a nd 1 03 y 2 4, th e nu mb e r .

17 u ni t s di git mb e r o f tw o digi ts i s 2 more

o f a nu
’
. Th e
th a n t h e t e n d i gi t Th e num be r i s 4 l ess th an 5 t im es
’
s .

th e sum o f t h e di gits . Fi nd th e num be r .

18 . Th e su m o f th e tw o di gi ts o f a c e rt a i n numb e r i s 1 2 .

I f 18 is a d de d to t h e num b e r, t h e o rder o f th e di gi ts i s re
v e rse d . Wh a t is t h e n um b e r ?

19 Th e d igi t i n un i t s p l ac e is 2 l ess th a n twi c e th e

’
.

d i gi t i n 10 s p l ac e Th e nu m b e r i s 2 l ess th a n 8 t i m es t h e
’
.

di gi t i n u n i t s p l ac e
’
Wh a t is th e num be r ? .

20 A num b e r i s c om p os e d o f th ree di gi ts wh o se sum is

.

9. Th e mi dd l e di gi t i s o n e h al f t h e su m o f th e o th e r two -

th e wh o l e nu mb e r is 1 17 t i m e s th e d i gi t i n h u n d re d
’
a nd s

p la c e . Wh a t i s th e n umb e r ?

21 . If a c e rt a i n n um b e r o f two di gi ts i s di vi de d b y th e
sum o f th e di gi ts, t h e q u o t i e nt i s 4 ; a n d i f 18 i s a d de d to th e
num b e r, th e o rde r o f t h e di gi ts i s re v e rs e d F i n d th e .

num be r .

22 . If a two di g it n u m b e r is d i vi de d b y th e su m o f i ts
di gi ts, th e i i i d i i
g t i s 3 l e ss th a n
’
q u o t e n t s 7 Th e u n t s .

th e t e n
’
s d i gi t . Wh a t i s th e n u mb e r ?

S o lve th e f o l lo wi ng p ro b l e ms by g ra p hi ng
23 . At 6 A . M . th e t h e rm o m e te r re giste red It
2 h o u r ti l l 11 A M
°
th e n 3 h o u r t ill
°
rose p e r ro se
. .
, p e r

4 P M . .
,
a nd t h e n fe l l 1
°
e ac h h o ur t i l l m i dn i gh t . S h ow
by a b roke n l i ne on th e c ross se c t i o n p a p e r t h e ch a n ges i n
te m p e ra t u re fo r t h e 18 h o u rs .

Sug gest i on . U se o ne h o ri z
o nt a l s p a ce fo r e a ch ho ur a nd l et
o ne ve rt i ca l sp a c e re p rese n t S ta rt w i th th e b as e l i ne as
1 60 A YE AR o r AL GE B RA

24 . Tw o t ra i ns st a rt o n e -h
alf ho ur a p a rt fro m th e sam e

st a t i o n a nd i n th e sa m e d i rec t i o n . Th e fi rst is ru nn i n g a t

th e r a te of 2 0 m i l es p e r h o u r , a n d t h e seco n d a t t h e ra t e
of 3 0 m i l es e r h o ur S h o w b y t h e gra p h wh e n t h e se c o n d
p .

t ra i n wi ll o v e rt ak e th e
fi rst .

S olut i on . N o t i c e i n th e ao

c o m p a ny i n g fi g ure th a t ea c h m
0
s m a ll h o ri z
o nt a l spa c e re p re
5
se nt s 10 m i nu te s , and ea c h
5 20
ve rt i c a l sp a c e re p re s e nt s 5 0

mi le s th e 10
. E xp l a i n gr a p h ,
a nd fi nd t h e t i m e a nd di s ta nc e
re p re se nt e d at th e p o i nt of
“ME
i n te rs e c t i o n .

25 . A re gi m e nt o f so l d i e rs st a rt s fro m c a mp , m a rc h i n g
at th e ra t e of 3 m i l es p e r h o u r Tw o h o u rs la te r a m e s
.

se n ge r fo llo ws th e m fro m t h e sa m e c a m p a t th e ra t e o f 5
m il e s p e r h o u r H o w m a ny m i l es wi ll th e m esse n ge r t ra v e l
.

b e fo re h e o ve rta ke s th e re gi m e n t ?
Hi nt . Ca re i s nec e ssa ry i n se l e c t i ng re a so na b l e va l ue s fo r th e
h o ri z
o n ta l , or t i me s p a c e s , a nd fo r t h e v e rt i c a l , o r d i s ta nc e sp a c e s .

26 . Two a u to m o b i le s a re go i n g i n th e sam e di re c t io n
and a re 20 m iles 1 00
a p art . Th e o ne

a head i s m aki n g 15 80
m
m i l e s p e r h ou r , a n d
2 60
t h e s e c o n d o ne , 2 0 {5
0
m il es p e r h o u r In .

h ow m a n y h o urs
wi ll t h ey be to
2 3
ge th e r . TI ME

S uggest i on . S t u d y th e a c c o m p a ny i ng fi gure a nd e xp l a i n . Re
w o rk th e e xe rc i s e w i th ea ch h o ri z
o n ta l sp a c e re p re se n t i ng 5
m i n u te s , a nd e a ch v e rt i c a l s p a c e re p r e s e n t i n g 10 m i l e s .
162 A Y E AR o r AL GE B RA
3 . G ra ph th e equ a ti on 5F 90 160 a nd by t h e us e

of th e gra ph d ete rm i ne th e Ce nt i gra de re a di n g w h e n th e

F a h re nh e it t h ermo me te r re gi ste rs

E xerci se 76

Cl e a r ea c h eq ua ti o n o ff rac ti o ns a nd sol ve, c h e c ki ng in

th e o rigi na l e qua ti ons :
 S I M U LT AN E OU S E QU AT I ON S AN D GRAP H I NG 16 3

x + y :c —y
7
4 2 3 8
2m + 3 y z+ y
15
y y —x

7 + 4 4 7

Som e syste ms of si mu l ta n e o u s e q u a ti o ns i nvolv in g th e

unkn o wn s i n t h e de n o m in a to rs m a y b e s olv e d by e l i mi na t i n g
o ne o f th e u nkno w ns w i th o ut c l e a ri n g o f fract i o ns , as

fol l o w s
1 1 _
1 Ad di ng ( 1 ) an d (2 )
(1 )
16 .
x y z
1 1 gi ve s 6 a nd x E xp l a i n
y
: .

+ 5 (2 )
a: 7 S o l v e fo r y a nd c h e c k .

2 3 11
+ 2 ( )
1
4
“ °

3x g
3 2 1
"
2
( )
435 79:

S ol ut i on .
1
5,
—4 33
(3 ) M ul t i p l y i ng ( 1 ) b y
g
l 8 2
(4 ) M ul t i p l yi ng ( 2 ) b y
w 3 1, 3
2
9 fi S ub t ra c t i ng ( 4 ) fro m
811 3g 4 3

Wh e nc e 27 64 1 98 11 1 6 11, and y l .

S o l v e fo r a: a nd c h e c k .

S ugge sti on M u l t i p ly
. (2 ) b y 2
a n d s ub tra c t fro m

1 1 1 1
+ + 7
2x 3 y a: 3;
1 1 2 3 2
+ 5 .

3 3: 9g 3 4x 3 y
1 64 A Y E AR OF A L GE B RA
90 S imul t aneo us eq ua ti ons of thre e varia b l es A s y s
. .
~

t e m o f si mult a n e o u s e q u a t i o n s o f m o re t h a n t w o v a ri a b l e s
'

c a n b e so l v ed b y t h e m e t h o d o f a dd i t i o n o r sub t ra c t i o n .

S uch a syst e m m ust c o nt a in a s m an y e q u a t i on s a s t h e re

a re un k n o w n s . Th e c o m ple te p r o c e ss is sh o wn in t h e
f o ll o w i n g illustra tive e xa mpl e :

23 3 11 23 7 (1 )
43 2 11 33 1 (2 )
53 —5 11 —73 —6 (3 )
M ul t i p l y i n g ( 1 ) b y 2 , 43 611 43 : 14
M ul t i pl y i ng ( 2 ) b y 3 , 1 23 6 11 93 3
Add i ng , 1 63 5z 1 7 4)
M ul t i p l yi ng ( 2 ) b y 5 , 2 03 1 011 1 5z 5
M ul t i p l yi ng ( 3 ) b y 2 , 1 03 1011 1 43 12
S ub t ra c ti ng, 1 03 z 17 (5 )
M ul t i p l y i ng 5 ) b y 5, 503 53 85
1 63 53 17
S ub t ra c t i ng, 3 43 68 Wh e nc e 2
—
3 .

S ub s t i t ut i ng in 20 s = 1 7 w h e nc e
,

S ub s t i t u t i ng a nd in 4
—3 —
11
Ch e c k i ng, 4 8 2 10 5 21

E xerc ise 77

S o lv e th e fo llo w ing si m ul ta ne o us sys te ms c h ec ki ng in all

th re e e q u a ti o ns

1 3 3
+ y+ 2 z= 13 2 4a + 2 b ~
4c —4
—3
. .

33 2
+ y+ z= 10 5a + b c = 14
23 + y + 3 z= 13 . 3a

3 2a + 3 b + 4c = 29 4 2m n + 4 t = 24
—
. .

a + b + 2 c = 13 m 2n + 2 t = 1 8
3a + 2b + 2 m —3n —2t = 5 .

5 . a + b + c = 3 e . 2h + 3 t +
a + 2 b + 3 c = 1 0 4h — 3 t + 1 2f = 4
2a + 2b + c 5 . h + 6 t + sf = a ,
 166 A YE AR o r AL GE B RA

PR OBLE M S R OM 0 3 0 MB “ ?

st ra i gh t lin e s
e xte nd from a p o i nt in di ffe rent di rec t i ons , the y a re sa i d

t o form an angl e . Th e p o int

is c al l e d th e vertex a nd th e
l in e s t h e si des o f t h e angle .

Th e z
si e o f an a ngl e de p e n ds
u p on h o w muc h t h e li n e s diffe r
in di recti o n an di t is me asu re d 0
b y th e a m o un t th a t i t is n oc es

sa ry t o t urn o ne o f th e si d e s a b o ut t h e v e rt e x a s a c e nt e r

t o b rin g i t in t o t h e p osi ti o n of th e o t h e r side . S e e fi gure 1 .

If a lin e th at e xt e n d s in one di re c ti o n fro m a p o int i s

s w un g a b o ut th e p o int (se e fi gure
2) un t il i t h as m a d e o n e c o mp l e t e

t urn a b o ut t h e p o i nt a n d a rri v e d
at i ts o ri gi na l p o s i t i o n , i t i s sa i d

t o h a ve t urned t h rou gh a n a n gl e

of or a p g
eri o n.

I f i t h a s m a de o n e -h al f o f suc h

a re v o l u t i o n (
see fi g ure 3 ) i t h a s turne d th ro u gh
a ngl e o f o r a strai gh t ang l e — se cal le d b eca use th e
tw o s i d e s e x t e nd in o p p o si t e

di re c t i o ns fro m t h e ve rt e x

fo rm in g a st ra i gh t l in e .

I f t h e m o v in g lin e sw in gs

t h ro u gh o ne -fo urth o f a c o m

p l e t e r e v o l u ti o n or a

rig h t angl e i s form e d . If

tw o lin e s m e et at ri gh t

a n gl es , t h e y a re sa i d to b e

p erpe ndi cul ar to one an

o th e r . See fi gure 4 .
 S I M U L TAN E OU S E QUAT I ON S AN D GRAP H I N G 1 67

Th e ri gh t a n gl e is a c on

v e n i e n t un i t o f m e a s u re .

I f tw o a n gl e s a re o f su c h s i e z
t h a t th e ir su m is a ri gh t a n gl e ,

th e y a re c a ll e d co mpl e me ntary
angl es. On e i s c a l l e d t h e c om

p l e ment of th e o th e r .

COM PLE ME NTARY ANGLES

I f tw o a n gl e s a re su c h th a t
th e ir su m is a s t ra i gh t

a n gl e , t h ey a re c a ll e d

suppl e menta ry angl es .

On e is c a lle d t h e suppl e
ment o f th e o th e r
G
.

S UPPLE ME NTARY AN LES

An a n gl e l e ss th an a

r i gh t a n gl e is c a ll e d a n ac ut e a ngl e .

E xe rci se 78

1 . Tw o an g le s a re su p p l e m e n t a ry a n d on e is t w i c e t h e
o th e r . F i n d th e n um b e r of de gree s i n e a c h a ngle .

S ugge st i on . Le t 3 b e th e nu m b e r of d e g re e s i n th e s m a l le r

a ng l e , th e n 2 3 w i l l b e t h e nu m b e r of d e gre e s i n th e l a rge r a n gl e

a nd 3 23 : 1 80 . S o l ve a nd ch ec k .

2 . Two a n gl e s a re c om p l e m e n t ary a n d o ne i s 10 de grees

m o re th a n t h e oth e r . F i nd e ac h a n gl e .

3 . Two a n gl e s a re c o m p l e m e n t a ry an d n
o e -h
al f o f o ne

e q u a l s o n e -se v e n th o f th e o th e r . F in d e ac h a n gl e .

4 . Wh a t a ngl e i s fo u r t im e s i ts c om p l e m e nt ? t h re e t i m e s ?

5 . Two a n gl es a re su pp l e m e nt a ry a n d o ne i s 3 0 d e gre es
l ess th a n th e o th e r . F i n d th e nu mb er o f de gre es i n ea c h

a n gl e .

6 . Two a n gl es a re c o m p l e m e nt a ry a n d t h e l a rge r i s th e
su pp l e m e n t o f fo u r t im e s th e sm a ll er. F i n d th e a n gl es .
1 68 A Y E AR OF AL GE B RA
7 . Two a ngl e s a re c om p le m e nta ry . I f th e first i s do ub l e d
a nd th e i nc re ase d by 5 0 de gree s, th e
se co n d resu l t i n g a ngl e s

a re su p p l e m e n ta ry F i n d th e a n gles
. .

8 . F i n d t wo co mp lem ent ary a n gl es wh o se sum i s 3 t i m es

t h e i r di ff e re nce .

9 . F i n d th e n l
a g e o n e -
h al f o f wh ose c o m p l e m e n t e q u a ls

o n e t of
-fi f h i ts su pp l e m e n t .

10 . Th e re a re t h re e a n gl e s w h o se su m
is 3 60 d e gre e s .

Th e fi rst is t h e s u p p l e m e nt o f o ne -
fi fth o f t h e se c o n d a n d
th e sum of th e fi rst two e xc e e ds th e th i rd by 8 0 d e gre e s .

Fi n d t h e a n gl es .

11 . Th re e ra d ii a re d ra w n i n a c i rc l e fo rm i n g e q u al

a n gl e s a t th e c e nte r . F i n d th e va l u e o f ea c h a ngl e .

12 . F our ra d i i a re d ra w n i n a c i rcl e fo rm i n g fo u r a n gl e s

at th e c e nt e r . Th e se c o n d o f th e s e a n gl e s is twic e th e fi rst
an d t h e th i rd i s t w i c e t h e se c o n d ; th e fo urt h e xc e e d s th e
fi rst by 40 de gre e s . Fi n d th e v a lu e o f e a c h a n gl e .

13 . F our ra d i i a re d ra w n i n a c i rc l e . Fi n d th e value o f

e ach of th e f o u r a n gl e s if t h e fi rst a n d s ec o n d a re su p p l e

m e nt a ry , t h e fi rs t an d fo u rth c o m p l e m e nt a ry , a n d th e th i rd
i s 8 0 d e gre es m o re th a n t h e fo u rth .

14 . F i n d two a n gl e s w h ose su m i s 1 3 0 d e gree s i f th e

c o m p l e m e nt of o ne is o n e th i rd
-
th e su p p l e m e n t o f th e o th e r .

92 . Tria ngl es a nd th ei r pro b l e ms

I f t h re e p o i nt s n o t .

i n a st ra i gh t l i n e a re c o nn e c t e d b y st ra i gh t l in e s, t h e
fi gu re fo rm e d i s c a ll e d a tri
ang l e . Th e p o in ts a r e c a ll e d
th e v e rt i ce s a n d th e lin e s t h e

si d es o f t h e t ri a n gl e . If no

s i d e s a re e q u al , th e t ri a n gl e
is c a l l e d sc al ene F
( gi . If
tw o s i d es a re e q ual , it is
170 A YE AR o r ALG E BRA

1 . Ho w ma ny de grees in e a c h a n gl e o f a t ri a ngle w h ose

a n gl es a re e q u a l ?

2 . Th e two a c u te a n gl es o f a r i gh t t ri a ngl e a re e q u al .

F i nd e a c h angl e .

3 . Two of th e an gl es of a t ri a ngle a re c o m p l e me n t a ry

an d one o f th e t w o i s t w i c e t h e o th e r . Fi n d th e a n gl e s .

4 . Th e se c o n d of th e th re e a n gl es of a t ri a ngle i s 10
d e gre es mo re t h a n t h e fi rst and t h e t h i rd i s 40 de grees m o re
th a n th e sec o nd . Fi n d t h e a n gl es .

5 . Ho w m a ny d e gre es a re th ere i n th e ang l e s o f a t ri

a n gl e i f th e seco n d is tw i c e t h e fi rst a nd th e th i rd is 2 0
d e gree s l e ss th a n th e se c o n d ?
6 . Fi nd th e a ngl e s o f a ri gh t t ri a n gl e i f o ne o f th e t w o
a c u te an gl es i s 5 0 de gre e s m o re th a n th e oth e r .

7 . Th e n um b e r o f d e gre e s i n th e angl e s o f a tri a n gl e a re

3 , 3 2 0, and F i nd 3 a n d e ac h an gl e .

8 . Th e n um b e rs o f de gre e s i n th e a ngl e s o f a t ri a n gl e
a re 33 , 3 35 , and 3
2
5 . F i nd 3 and th e a n gl es .

9 . Two of th e si des of a t ri a n gl e a re e q ual a nd th e

t hi rd si de i s 6 i n c h e s l e ss th a n t h e sum of th e ot h e r two .

F in d th e s i d es if t h e i r sum is 4 6 i nc h e s .

93
Th e quadril a t eral and
.

i ts prob l ems I f fo u r p o i n ts ,
.

no t h re e in th e sa m e

st ra i gh t li n e , a re a rr a n g e d

in c o n se c u t i v e o rd e r an d

c o nn e c t e d by st ra i gh t l in e s
as A, B , C, a nd D , i n Fi g .

1, th e fi gu re f o rm ed i s
c a ll e d a q ua dril a te ral .
 S I M U L TAN E OU S E QUATI ON S AN D GRAP H I N G 17 1

A q u a dri l a t e ral h as fo u r D
s i d e s an d fo ur a n gl e s .

I f two o pp o si t e v e rt i c e s

a re c o nn e c t e d by a s t ra i gh t

li n e i n Fi g 2 , t h e q u a d
as .

ri l a t e ra l is di v i d e d i nt o
t w o t ri a n gl e s, an d si n c e th e A
2
su m of the a n gl e s o f e a ch
°

t ri an gl e is two ri gh t a n gl e s , th e su m o f th e of th e
'

q u a d ril a t e ral i s f ou r ri gh t a n gl e s .

A q u a drila t e ra l e a ch of w h os e a n gl e s is a ri g h t a n gl e

is c a ll e d a rec tangl e .

E xe rci se 8 0

1 . Th e fo u r an gl e s o f a q u a d ri l a t e ra l are suc h th a t th e
s e c on d i s tw i c e t h e first ,
t h e th i r d t w i c e th e se co nd , a n d th e
f o u rt h t w i c e t h e fi rst . F ind a ll fo u r a ngl es .

2 . F in d th e a n gl e s of a q u a d ri l a t e ra l i f th e first a nd

s e c o n d a n gl es a re su p p l e m e n t a ry , th e sec o nd a n d t h i rd c om

p l e m e n t a ry, a nd t h e fo u rt h fiv e t i m e s t h e th i rd .

3 . F in d th e a n gl e s o f a q u a d ri l a t e ra l i f th e s ec o nd is 3 0
d e gre es mo re t h a n th e fi rst , th e t h i rd 3 0 de gree s mo re t h a n
th e se c o n d , a n d t h e fo u rt h t h re e t im e s t h e firs t .

4 . F in d t h e a n gl es of a q u a d r i l a t e r a l i f t wo o p p o s i te

a n gl e s are su p p l e m e n t a ry an d eq u a l and th e o th e r two

di ffe r by 40 de gre es .

5 . F i n d th e si d e s o f a q u a d ril a t e r a l i f th e fi rst i s 1 i n c h
l o nge r th a n th e se c o n d , th e se co n d 1 i n c h l o ng e r th a n th e
t h i rd , t h e th i rd 1 i n c h l o n ge r th a n t h e fo urt h , and th e
s u m o f all f ou r si d e s 3 4 in ch es .

6 . A c e rta i n q u a d ri l a t e r al h a s th re e e q u a l si d es an d th e
f ou rt h si d e i s e q u al to h al f th e su m of th e o th er t h re e . F in d
e a c h sid e i f t h e i r sum i s 2 7 i n c h e s .
rati o . If a syst e m of tw o e q u a t i o ns in t h e sa m e tw o
u n kno wns h as o ne e q u a t i o n o f th e fi rst d e gre e an d o n e o f
th e s ec o nd , th e syst e m m ay b e s ol v e d b y find i n g fro m t h e

fi rst de gre e e q u a t i on the v a l u e o f o ne o f th e u nkn o w n s i n

t e rms of th e o th e r an d su b st i tu t i n g th i s v al u e i n th e oth e r

g i v e n e q u a ti o n .

E xa mpl e 1 . G i ve n 3 11 1 8 (1 )
a nd 3

F ro m ( 2 ) —11 .

S ub s t i tut i ng t h i s va l ue of 3 i n (1 )
g i ve s (11 or lly
Th e re fo re y ’
11 11 18 0.

F a c t o ri ng , ( y 9 ) (y 2) 0 Th e re fo re 11 9 , o r 2
. .

S ub st i tut i ng th e se va l u e s of y in 3 2, o r 9 : .

N ot e . I t mu s t b e k e p t i n m i n d t h a t th e s e v a l ue s a r e i n p a i rs .

T h a t i s , w h e n 11 9, 3 2, a nd w h e n 11 2 , 3 9 .

C h e c k b o th s e t s o f va l ue s i n b o th e qua ti o ns .

E xa mpl e 2 . 3
’
3 11 ’
13
3 2 11 1 2)
F ro m 3 = 2y + 1 .

S ub st i tut i n g i n ( 1 ) ( 2 11 1) 2
3 11’
13 .

Wh e nc e 4y + 411 1
‘
if 4y
S o l v i ng , y 2, or 6, a nd 3 5, or 11 . Ch e c k .

E xe rc i se 8 1

S o lv e each o f th e fo l lo w i ng sys te m s

1 . x + y z 7 2 . 3 —y = 5 3 . 3 + y = 5
3
2
y
2
25 . 3 31 14 . 3
2
1 .

4 3 y = 18 5 3
2
+ y = 2
50 6 3 + 2y = 2 0
—y
.

—y = 6
. .

3 = 3 3 3 y = 48

7 . 3
2
+ y = 39 8 3
2
+ 3 y + y
2
= 19
 74 A YE AR o r AL GE BRA
o f h
b us e ls th a t c a n b e b o u gh t fo r $ 1 0 i s 3 m o re t h a n t h e

n u m be r o f do ll a rs p e r b ush e l .

28 . Th e d enomin ato r o f a c e rta i n frac t i on is 5 mo re th a n

th e nume ra to r . b e de c re ase d b y 1 , a n d
I f th e num e ra t or

t he d e nom in a tor b e de c re ase d by 7 , t h e p ro duct o f t h e

resul ti ng fra c t i o n an d th e o ri gi na l fra c ti o n is at F in d
th e fract io n .

27 . The sum o f t wo numb e rs is e q u al t o 6 time s th e i r

d i ff e renc e , an d th e d i ff ere nc e of th e i r sq u are s i s 24 . Find
th e numbe rs .

28 . A c erta i n re c t a ngl e i s 2 fee t lo nge r t h a n wi de . If

i ts w i dth we re i nc re ase d by 2 fe e t , a nd i ts le ngth w e re
i nc re ased b y 3 fe e t , th e a re a w o ul d b e dou b l ed F i nd t h e .

d i m e nsi ons of th e re c t a n gl e .

29 . Th e su m o f t h e l e ngth an d width o f a re c ta n gle is

1 5 fe et . I f th e wi dth were i n c re a se d 1 foo t , a nd th e l e n gt h
we re i nc re ase d 2 fee t , th e a re a wo ul d be 80 sq ua re fe et .

F ind th e d im e nsio ns .

30 . Th e di ff e ren c e of tw o n umb e rs i s 4 . Th e sq u a re o f

th e i r sum e xc e eds th e su m of th e i r sq u a res by 2 4 . Fi nd

t h e n umbe rs .

31 . Th e di ffe renc e of tw o n u m b e rs i s 2 . Th e sq u a re o f

the i r su m ex c e e d s th e di ff ere nc e of th e i r sq u a res by 4 8 .

F i n d th e nu m be rs .

32 . Jo hn ta ke s a l o n g w al k i nto t h e c o u nt ry . Th e n um

be r of mil es h e wal ks p e r h ou r i s 2 l ess th an th e n u m be r

o f h o u rs h e w a l ks I f t h e wh ol e j o u rn ey i s 1 5 m il es , fi nd
.

t h e nu mb e r o f h o u rs h e w al ks a n d th e ra te p e r h o ur .

33 . Jo h n p d
a i 85 c e nts fo r so m e o ran ges . H e di sc o v e rs
t h a t h e h a s 12 m ore o ra n ge s t h a n t h e n umb e r o f c e n ts he
p d
a i p e r o ra n ge . Wh a t w as t h e p ri c e of th e o ra nge s a n d

h o w m a ny o ra n ge s d i d h e b uy ?
 S I M UL TAN E OU S E QUAT I ON S AN D GRAPHI N G 175

95 . Pyt hagorea n Proposi ti on . On e of th e fa m o us

t h e o re ms o f ge o me t ry i s kn o w n as th e
Pyth agorean
Proposi ti on, so c a ll e d b e c a u se i t s fi rst p ro o f i s a c c re d i t e d
to Pyt h a go ras, Gre e k m a t h e m a t i c i a n w h o li v e d
a an d

t a u gh t a b o ut 55 0 B C . .

Th e t h e o re m is sta te d a s fo llo ws
Th e squ a re on th e h yp o te nus e of a rig h t trian gle is equa l

to th e su m o f th e sq ua res o n the two si d es abou t th e ri gh t

a n gle .

(F o r de fi n i t i o n of h yp o te nuse se e

Wh il e m a ny kn ow n p ro o fs
th e re a re of th is th eo rem ,
se ve ra l o f whi c h wi l l b e m e t i n th e st udy of o m t th e
ge e ry,
truth b e c om e s a p p a re nt

fro m th e stu dy o f th e ac

c o m p a nyi n g fi gu re .

Le t th e stu de nt cut

sq u a re s from c ro ss se c t i o n

a
p p ,
e r w h os e si des are re

sp ec t i v e l y 6, 8, a nd 10
u ni t s an d p l ac e t h e m so

th e i r si d e s e n c lo se a t ri
a n gl e .

S i m i l a rly , t ry 3 , 4 , an d
5 un i ts ; 5 , 12 , a n d 13
un i t s ; a nd 8 , 15 , a nd 17
u n i ts .

Th ese a re p a rt i c u l ar

ri gh t t ri a n gl e s, a ll o f w h o se si de s a re i nt e ge rs .

Ca n yo u th i nk o f o t h e r ri gh t tri a n gl es a ll o f w h ose si des

a re i nte ge rs ?

Ca n a ri gh t tri a ngl e h a ve i ts si d es 5 , 6, and 8, u n its ?

Le t th e stu d e nt l o ok up an d re p o rt on th e h isto ry of

Py th a go ras a nd o f t h i s th e o r e m .
17 6 A YE AR OF A LGE B RA

E xerci se 82

1 The hypo te nuse o f a righ t t ri angle is 13 i nch es and

.

t he sum of t he o ther t wo si des 17 i nc h es F ind th e si des . .

S uggesti on . Lot 3 a nd 11 b e th e l e ng th s o f th e two si de s a b o ut

th e ri gh t a ng l e .

Th e n y
’= 13 ’
fro m th e th eo re m,
a nd 3 11 : 17 fro m th e c o nd i t i o ns o f th e p ro b l e m .

2 . The d iffe re nc e b et wee n th e t wo si des o f a ri gh t t ri

a ngl e is 7 i nc hes an d t h e hy pote nuse is 17 i nch es F i nd
'

t h e si des .

3 . The h ypo te nuse o f a ri gh t t ri a ngle is 2 5 i nches a nd

t he d ilfe re nc e o f the o t he r t wo si des is 5 i nc hes Fi nd th e .

s i de s .

4 . Th e sum o f t h e t wo si des of a ri gh t tri angl e i s 3 5

i nc h es a nd its a ea
r is 1 5 0 sq u a re i nch es . Find th e s id e s

a nd t h e h ypo te nuse .

S ugge st i o n . Th e a re a i s o e h a l f th e p ro duct o r t h e t wo si de s
n -
.

5 . Th e h ypo te nuse o f a ri gh t t ri a n gl e is 8 i nc hes lo nge r

t h an o ne o f t he s ides a nd 4 i nc h es lo nge r th a n th e o th e r

F i nd the hy po te nuse a nd the s i des .

S uggest i on Le t t h e h yp o te n use b e i nc h e s l o ng a nd i
th e s de s
—8 —
. 3

3 a nd 3 4 i nc h es , res p e c t i ve l y
Th e n (3 (3
6 . Th e h ypo te n use o f a r i gh t t ri a ngl e i s 10 i nc h e s lo nge r
th a n o ne o f th e si des a nd 2 0 in c h e s lo nge r tha n th e o th e r .

F i nd t h e hy po te n use a nd t he s i de s,

7 .The p e rime te r (sum o f th e two si des a nd th e hy p o t

e nuse ) o f a righ t t ria ngl e i s 3 0 i nc h es The l e ngt hs i n .

i nc h es o f th e lo nge r si de a nd t he h ypo t e nuse a re c onsee u

t ive n um be rs . Find t he si des a nd t h e hypo te nuse .

S ugges ti on . I f th e l onge r si de is re p re se nte d by 3 , wh at i s th e

h ypo te nuse ? L e t 11 re p re s e nt th e s h o rt e r s i d e .

Th e n a nd + 3 8 30 .
 CHAPT E R VI I

F ORMUL AS AND LI TE RAL E Q UATI ONS

96 . Plac e and import ance of formul as . Th e s tu d e n t

wi ll rec a ll th a t a n umbe r o f rul es in a ri t hm et i c w e re c on

ve ni e nt ly sta ted i n th e comp a ct form kno w n as a formu l a .

Among th ese we re th e fo ll o w i ng :
1
( ) Th e a re a o f a c i rcl e w as e xp resse d as, A ur
- ’
.

(2 ) Th e a re a o f a re c ta n gl e w as e xp resse d a s, A = lw .

( )
3 Th e i nt e re st o n a no te w as e xp resse d a s , i = p ri .

A formul a i s e v i d e n tl y an e q ua t i o n of c o nd i t i o n , so

arra n ge d th at o ne l i te ral n um b er de p ends fo r i ts v a l ue

u po n, o r is a functi on o f, on e o r m ore o th e r l i t eral nu mb e rs .

Th e h i gh sc h ool t exts i n p h ysi cs co nt a i n ma ny fo rmu l as,

som e o f wh i ch wi l l b e m e t w i th i n th e p a ra gra p h s t h a t

fo ll ow .

97 . S ol uti on of a formula for differe nt li te ral numb e rs

In a n e q ua ti o n o f th e fo rm A l w, wh e re o ne l i te ral num

be r i s a fu n c t i o n o f se ve ral o t h ers , it is n ec e ssa ry th a t t h e

num e ri ca l va l ue o f e a c h o f th e l i te ra l num be rs i n th e ri gh t

m e mb er of th e e q ua t i o n b e known .

I f th e nume ri ca l v a lu e s o f A and l a re kno wn a nd w is

req ui re d , th e e q u a ti on A lw m ay b e t ra nsfo rm e d i nt o t h e
A
e q u at i o n w -
b y divi di n g b o th si de s o f t h e o ri gi na l e q u a
l

t i o n by l . S im i l a rly , sh ow h ow I
g m ay b e o b t a i ne d.

Th e transforma ti on of th e e q u a ti on A l w i n to th e

e qu ati o ns l 4 and
‘

w i s k n o wn as t h e sol uti on of th e
w
e q u at i o n f or l an d w .
 F ORM ULAS AN D LI T E R AL E QUATI ONS 1 79

E xerci se 83

S ta te th e necessa ry f o rmula a nd so lve th e f o l lo wing

1 . Th e area o f a fi el d i s 12 00 squa re ro ds and its wi dth

is 3 0 ro ds . Wh a t i s i ts l ength ?
2 . Wh at is t he wi dth of a bo a rd 6 fee t long, if i t con

ta i ns 4 b oa rd (o r squ a re ) fee t ?
Note . A bo a rd foo t fo r a ll t h i c kn esses of lumbe r o ne

i nc h or bo a rd wh ose l e ngth t im es i ts width gi ves

l ess is a

a p ro d u c t o f 1 44 s q u a r e i n c h e s ,
o r o n e s q u a re fo o t .

Le t 3 b e th e w i d th of th e b o a rd i n fe e t .

Th e n 63 : 4, a nd 3 m } . T h e re fo re th e b o a rd i s } of a foo t or

8 i nc h e s i n wi dth .

3 . F i ve bo a rds of th e sam e wi dth an d e a c h 12 fe e t long

a re so l d a s 40 b o a rd fe e t . Wh a t i s th e i r width ?
4 . Wha t i s th e le ngth of a bo a rd 9 i nch e s wide i f i t
c o nta in s 12 bo a rd fe e t ?
5 . Wh at i s t h e w i d th of a bo a rd 12 fee t lo ng i f i t i s sol d

as 10 bo a rd f e e t ?
Not e . Timb e rs a re so l d by th e nu m b e r o f bo a rd fee t th a t
lw t
the y c o nt ai n . Th i s i s d e t e rmi n e d by th e fo rm ul a A
12
wh e re l is th e le ngt h i n fe e t , an d w and t a re th e wi d t h
a nd th i c kn ess i n i nc h e s .

A s qua re t i mb e r 8 i nc h e s b y 8 i nc h e s a nd 1 8 fe e t l o ng co n
8 8 18 .

t a i ns or 96 b o a rd fe e t
12
.

6 . H o w lo ng must a 4 by 6 po st b e to c ont a i n 3 2 b oa rd
fe et ?
7 . Wh a t w i ll 40 2 by 8 s
’
ea ch 16 fe e t lo ng cost at $ 60
p e r M, or 1000 bo ard fe et ?
8 . How m a ny 2 by 8 ’
s, e ac h 1 6 fe e t l o ng , c an be p ur
ch as e d fo r i f t hi s l umb e r c o sts p e r M?
9 . H o w m any 2 b y 4 ’
s, 1 2 fee t l o n g, w i l l e q u a l one M?
18 0 A YE AR OF AL GE BRA

S olvi ng th e i nt eres t formul a i =

p r i fo r t giv es t

E x p l a i n h o w th i s re sul t is o b ta i n e d .

S i m i l arl y so l ve for p a nd r .

E xercise 84

S ta te th e f o rm u la a n d so lv e

1 . I f th e i nt e re st on a no t e fo r 2 years an d 6 m o nth s
at 5 % is wh a t i s th e p r i n c i p ,
a l o r fac e , o f t h e n o t e ?
2 . I n wh a t t i m e w i ll y i e l d $ 12 0 at

3 At wh at rate wil l
.
yi e l d $ 14 0 i n t e rest i n 1 e
y ra

a n d 9 mo nt h s ?

4 . Th e a mount o f a n ot e i s fo un d by a ddi n g th e i nte rest

to th e fa c e of t h e n o te . Th e fo rm u la i s a p p rt .

a p
S olve th i s fo r
m ul a fo r r. An s . r

S olve a lso for t an d p .

N ot e . In s o l vi ng fo r p i t i s ne c e s sa ry to ge t a ll th e te rms th a t
c o nt ai n p i nto th e l e ft m e mb e r th e n fa c t o r th i s m e mb e r i nt o
,

t wo fa c to rs , o ne o f wh ich is p .

Th e s te p s o f th e s o l u t i o n a re a s fo l l o w s

p + p r t = a, p (1 + rt ) = a .

a
a nd p = E xp l a i n ful l y
1 1
° .
1

5 At wh at ra t e w i ll a m o u nt to i n 2 ye a rs ?
—
.

a —p 2200 2000 200 5

U s i ng th e fo rmul a r
2 000 2 4000 1 00
pt X
j i s th e sa me a s
1 00
6 . I n wh at ti m e w i ll am o u nt to at

7 . Wh at p ri nc i p a l w i ll a m o u nt to i n 2 ye a rs an d

6 m o nt h s at

8 . Wh a t w i ll a m ou n t t o i n 1 8 m o nth s at
18 2 A YE AR OF AL GE BRA

I f t wo c i rc l es a re c onc e nt ri c

(h a ve a c ommo n c e n te r ) ,
th e
are a of th e ri ng be twee n th e i r
c i rc um fe re nces is fo und b y ta k
ing th e di ffe renc e b e twee n th ei r
a reas.

Th is gi ves th e fo rmul a ,
A «E
2 "
wh i c h m ay be
’

If f
‘
,

fa c to re d as fol lows
A = arR z ”
r ) = 1r (R ) (R
"
r! r r ) .

As s ume th a t w : 1 11, un le s s o th e rw i se i nd i ca te d .

E xe rcise 86

1 . F ind th e are a of th e ri ng be t we e n two co nc e n t ri c

c i rc l e s wh ose ra d i i a re 1 0 i nc h es a nd 4 i nc h es
—
.

S o lut i on. A = 1 1 ( 10 4) = 2 64. Ans 2 6 4

. sq . in .

’
2 . Wh at is th e a re a o f th e ri ng b e twe e n two co nc e n t ri c

c i rc l es wh ose ra d i i a re 12 a nd 9 i nc h e s, resp e c t ively ?

3 . Wh a t is th e a re a o f the ri n g b e tw e e n t w o c o nc e n t ri c

c i rc l es wh ose ra d i i a re 15 a nd 6 i nc h es, re sp ec t i vel y ?

4 . Th e di ffe re nc e b e tw e e n t h e ra d ii of t wo c o nc e n t ri c

c i rc l es is 2 i n ch e s a nd th e a re a o f th e ri n g b etwee n th e i r
c i rc um fere n c e s is 8 8 sq u a re i nc h e s . Wh at a re the ir ra di i ?

5 . Th e a rea b e tw e e n t wo co nc e n tri c c i rc um fere n c e s is

184 8 sq ua re i nc h es a nd the ra di us o f t h e l a rge r is 14 i nc h e s
m o re th an th at of th e sm a ll e r . F i n d th e i r ra di i .

6 . A c i rc ul a r flowe r be d wh ose ra di us i s 1 9 fee t i s su r

ro u n de d by a bo rde r 5 fe e t wi de . F i nd t h e are a of th e
bo rd e r .

7 . At 2 0 ce nts p e r sq u a re foo t wh a t will i t c ost to b u il d

a w a lk 3 fe e t wi de aro u n d th e b e d an d b o rd e r of No 6 ? .
 F ORM UL AS AN D L I T E RAL E QUATI ON S 18 3

101 . Mis cellaneo us formul as .

E xercise 87
1 H o w h i gh i s a c l i ff i f a st on e drop p e d from i ts to p
.

re a c h e s th e gro un d i n 3 se co n ds ?

I f a n o bj e ct i s dro p p ed from so m e el evat e d p o i nt a n d

i ts fall tow a rd t h e e a rth is no t i nt e rru p te d , th e n u m be r o f

fe e t, d, th rou gh wh i ch i t will fall i n t se c o n ds i s gi v en b y

th e fo rm ul a d : 16 t 2
.

2 A bom b d ro p p e d from an a e ro pl ane

. re ac h es th e

gr o un d i n 1 0 sec o n ds H o w h i gh i s t h e p l an e ? .

3 . I n ti me , ra t e , an d di st a n c e p ro b l ems, d tr Wh a t .

is t h e fo rm u l a fo r t i n t e rm s o f d an d r ? F or r i n t e rms
of d and t?

4 H o w l o n g w ill i t t a ke a n auto mobi le to go 90 m il es

.

i f i ts sp e e d i s 1 5 m i l e s p e r h o u r ? Wh at fo rm ul a i s u se d ?

5 . Wh a t i s th e ra t e o f an a u t om o b i l e i f i t goe s 90 m i l es .

i n 3 h ours and 3 0 m i nu t es ?
6 Th e h orse p o we r o f a st e am e ngi n e i s gi ve n by th e
.

p la n
fo rm ul a h wh e re p i s th e st e am p ressu re i n po un ds
3 3 000
p e r sq i n ,
l i s
. t h e.l e n gt h o f t h e st ro k e i n fee t ,
a i s t h e a re a

of th e p ist o n i n s q ua re i n c h e s, a nd n i s th e num b e r o f

st roke s p e r m i nu t e .

S o lve th e form ul a fo r l i n t e rm s Of th e o th e r nu m b e rs .

Fo r n .

7 . Wh at i s th e h o rse p o we r o f a n e n gi n e if p 60, l 2 :

(f e e t ), a i s t h e a re a o f a c i rc l e w h o se ra di us i s 8 i nc h e s, a nd
n 100 ?
8 . A m ari ne e n gi ne de v e l o p s 3 2 h o rse p ow e r wi th a
p i s t o n th a t h a s an a re a o f 3 1 4 3 sq u a re i n c h es , l e n gt h o f

stro ke 2 8 i n ch e s , an d 60 p o u n ds p ressu re p e r sq ua re i nch .

Find n .
18 4 A YE AR OF AL GE B RA
9 . I f in No . 8 t he le ngth Of th e st ro ke

we re 2 1 i nch es i nst e a d of 2 8 i n ch es , h o w
m any h orse p o we r w o uld th e e ngin e d e ve lo p ?
10 . Th e ac co mp a nyi n g c ut of a th e r
mo me te r h as t he Centi gra de sc a l e on th e
ri gh t a nd t h e F a h re nh e i t sc a l e on t h e l e ft
of th e me rc u ry co l umn . Noti ce th a t th e
fre e z i n g po i n t o f w a te r i s 0 Cent i gra de (C )
°

a n d the bo i li n g p o i n t i s wh il e th ese
p o i n ts a re 3 2
°
a nd 21 2 °
o n t h e F ah re nh e i t
F
( ) sc al e .

C a n yo u e xp l a i n w hy th e ra ti o o f 1 C to
°

1 F is 9
°
5?
Th e fo rm ul a fo r c h a ngi n g a Ce nti gra de
re a di ng i nto a F a h re nh e i t re a d i n g is F : 32
C, w h e re F an d C a re th e n um b e rs of

degre es i n t h e re a d i ngs on th e t w o sc a l e s

fo r th e sam e t e m p e ra tu re .

E x pl a in th e fo rm ul a a n d s o l ve fo r C .

11 . 50 °
F ah re nh e it i s th e sam e as wh at
re a d i n g Ce nt i gra de ? 0 F ah renh e i t i s th e
°

s am e as wh a t re a d i n g Cen t i gra de ?
C h e c k bo t h re a di n gs fro m th e fi gu re .

12 . Tra nsl a te 60
°
Ce nt i gra de i nto de
g ees
r F a h re nh e it . 40
°
Ce nti gra de i s th e
e q u i v a l e nt o f wh a t re a di ng F ah re nh e i t ?
13 . 1000
°
Ce nti gra de e q u a ls h o w m a ny
d e gre es F a h re nh e i t ? 1000
°
F a h re nh e i t
e q u a ls h o w m a ny de gre es Ce n ti gra de ?
14 . Ch ec k e a ch m ul t i p l e of 10
°
on e a ch

s c ale t o d e te rmi ne h o w a cc u ra t e ly th e en

g rav e r h a s d ra w n th e Ce nt i gra de s c al e wi th
r e fe re n c e t o t h e F a h re nh e it sc a l e .
[ 86 A YE AR OF ALGE BR A
“ 2
b,
8 . Ans . 3

9 a3 + ab = a
2
+ b3 Ans 3 = a

—)
. . . .

10 b (b 3 =a (a
—b
.

—
—5
S ol ut i on (1 ) b
’
3 = a
’

—b
. a3 .

( 2 ) a3
’ ’
=
—b )
3 a .

(3 ) 3 (a
(4 ) 3 : E xp l a i n each s te p a n d c h e ck.

11 . 3
2
b3 = (
3 Ans . 3 = b .

12 . S o lv e No 1 1 fo r b
—b )
. .

S ol ut i on . 3
’ -
b3 = (3
'

(1 )
’
3 b3 =3 ’
2 b3 b ’
.

(2 )
3
( ) b ’
b 3 = 0 —
—
.

4
( ) b ( b 3 ) 0
= , a nd b = o, or b =3 .

E xp la i n ea c h s te p .

13 .
( 3 a )( 3 b) a ) . Ans . 3 =a .

14 . S o l ve No 13 fo r . a f o l lo w i n g t h e p l a n of No 12
. .

15 .
( 3 a )( 3 a ) b) .

16 . S olve No 1 5 fo r b . .

17 .
—a ) 2
. 18 .

19 . a (3 b) 2
a3
2
+ a b3 . 20 . S o l v e No 1 9 fo r b . .

21 +
2
+ n
’

n 7 1:
3 3
22 + 2a 3
a

24 . c3 + c + Ans . 3
 FORM U L AS AN D LI T E RAL E QUATI ONS 13 7

E xercise 89

S o l ve f or 3 and y u n l ess o th erwi s e i ndi ca te d, a n d c h ec k.

S tudy the su ggest ion s .

1 . 3 + y = 3a ( )
1
:D y a

S o lut i o n . Addi ng ( 1 ) a nd 2
( ) g i ve s 2 3 = 4a .

Th e re fo re 3 2a , a nd y a (E xp l a i n )
. .

C h e c k i ng , 2 a a = 3 a in

2a — a = a in

2 3 + 3 y = 7a 4 3 +y £ a + b
—2y = 1 8 —
. .

53 a . 33 2y a= -
b .

3 a3 + by = 1 5 . 23 —y = 4 —3 b a

—by = 3
.

a3 .

6 . 2 a3 + 3 by l
= (1 )
3 a3 2 by 2
S ol ut i on . 6a 3 + 9by = 3 .
(3 ) Mul ti p l yi ng ( 1 ) b y 3 .

6a3 z
4b 1 = 4 (4) M ul t i p l y i n g ( 2 ) b y 2
+
—1
. .

5 by = . S ub t ra c t i ng ( 4 ) fro m
l 4
Ans y ---
a nd 3
33
.

5b

7 . 33 + 2y = 5a 8 . a3 = by
5 3 + 3 y = 8a . 3 + y = d .

9 . a3 + by = e (1 )
03 d
+ y f
=

Sol ut i on . ac 3 bcy = ce Mult i p l yi ng ( 1 ) b y c .

0 03 ad y = af M u l t i p l y i ng ( 2 ) b y a .

b oy a ay as af ( 5 ) S ub t ra c t i ng ( 4 ) fro m

2
cc a
Th e re fore y °

bc 0
S ol ve fo r 3 b y e l i m i na t i n g y i n a s i mi l a r m a nn e r .

10 m3 + ny = k 11 a3 + by = r

—ky —y
. .

a3 z r. 03 = n.
133 A YE AR OF AL GE BRA

E xerc ise 90

S o lve th e fo llo wi ng li teral q uad ra tic e q ua ti o ns by f ac tor

i ng, a nd c h ec k

1 0 $
2

S ol ut i on . F ac to ri ng gi v e s (3 2 a ) (3 a) = 0.

Th e re fo re 3 2a , a nd 3 a. ( E xp l a i n ) .

2 . 3
’
Ans . 3 = 3 m, or 3 = 2m .

3 . 3
3
+ m3 —6m ’
z 0 . Ans . 3 —3 m , or 3 = 2m .

4 3
2 —a3
— ) (b — b ) 0
.

S olut i on (1 ) (3
’
a3 ar a =
— ) —b ( — ) 0
. .

(2 ) a 3 a =

—b ) ( — ) 0 nd
.

(3 ) (3 3 a =
, a 3 = b, or 3 = a . A ns .

E xp l a i n e ac h st e p a n d c h ec k .

5 . 33 2 — a3 Ans . 3 = a , or 3

6 . 23 2
5 a3 2a 2
= 0 .

7 . 23 2

8 . a
‘i
m 2
a bm 2b 2
0 . S olve fo r m an d ch eck .

“
9 23 2
5 a3 3a 2
0 11 33 2
a b3 2a b 2
0
’
. . . .

10 . 6a 2
3
’
7a 3 20 0 . 12 . 23 2
7a3 15 a 2
0 .

13 2a am 15 m 0 S o lv e fo r m a n d c h e ck
2 2
. . .

14 3
2

—9
.

S ol ut i on. (1 )
’
2a3 ’ = 0
—)
3 a .

( 2 ) (3
’
a

( 3 ) (3 — —3 ) a (3 — + 3) a = 0,
a nd 3 = a + 3 , or 3 = a—3 E . xp l a i n ea c h ste p a nd

ch e c k .

15 . 43 2
4a 3 a
2
1 .

16 .

17 .
( 3 b) 2
= a ’
.
190 A YEAR OF ALG E BR A
E xerci se 92 . Ge neral Revi ew

v al u e o f a
”
1 . If a 3 an d b = 2 , fi nd t h e s
2b .

If
r +r
2 . a nd y 3, e va lua t e
my y 3
° ’

3 . Th e di me nsio ns of a b l o ck o f woo d are n, n 1,

a nd n 2 i nch es . F i nd e xp ressi o ns fo r ( ) a t he t o tal
a rea o f th e si x fac es , (b ) th e su m of th e e dges , a nd ( )
c th e
vol ume .

4 . F ro m th e sum o f 3
°
3 3] y
°
an d 23 °
3 3 31 y
’

su b trac t th e sum o f 43 a nd 3
° ° °
y 3 y
5 . E xp a nd
( 3
°
3 2 ) (3 °
3 2) (3
‘
53 °

6 Mul t i p ly (a
.
°
ab b ) (a
°
b ) by
(a
°
a b b ) (a
°
b) .

7 . S im pl i fy 18 b °
2 (b 3 (b 4 ) (b
8 D i vi de 43 ‘
93 °
3 03 2 5 by 2 3 °
33 5
— by
.

—b —
.

9 . D ivi de a
° °
+ 2 bc c
°
a + b c.

10 . D ivi de 3
‘
3
°
y
°
y
‘
by 3
°
3 y y
’
.

F a c tor th e f ollowi ng

11 . l 7a b s ‘ “
5 1a b8
6 8a b ‘ ‘
. 15 . 3a ‘
a
°
b °
2b ‘
.

12 . 3 63 y ‘ "
4 9a b ° °
. 16 . n
3
5n °
4n 20 .

13 . 9a 2
l 2ab 4b °
17 . 8 1a ‘
1 60 4
.

14 . a
4
2a b ° °
b ‘
. 18 . 83 °
5 0a °
3 .

R e duc e th e f o ll o wi ng f ra c ti o n s to lowe r terms

3 50 b ° ‘
c
7
l 2a b 3 °
12 a b ° ‘

19 ° 20 '

77 a b ° °
c
°
16a b ‘ °
1 6a b ’ 8

a3
°
ay
°
4m °
9n °

21 22
b3 °
2 b3 y by °
2m °
5 mn 3n ’

S upp ly th e mi ssing t erms i n th e fo l l owi ng

2a 33
23 24
35
° '

12 b °
c
°
3 y 3
°
 F ORMUL AS AND L I T E RAL E QUATI ONS 1 91

x
—y
“

25 .

3 y
— 3

S i mp li fy th e f o llowi ng

2a a 0
28 .
—3 i ’ .
g
4

5 1 3 n +5
23 6
+ 3
2
n +
u + 1 2n + 1 3n + 1
n
° —5n + 6 n
° — 4n + 3 n
° —3 n + 2
1 1 1 2
x y
+ w+ y w —y
1 3 6 8 12 5 bc 8a b
X “

X X 34 >< x N o“
E ? 7 3
‘ '
‘

i s 3b 6a °

m _ s
g
s
3
2

3
° -
53 y 3
°
+ 3 3 y
—4y
°

a3
° — a3
’

—6 a —6
b3 ° —4 b X 3
°
°

3
°

S o lve th e fo llo wi ng eq u a ti o ns a nd c h eck

38 ( —
a 5) ( — 2) a (a
—
.

39 3 (2 n — l ) (5 n 9) —4 )
—b )
.

40 .
( + 3 a
°
(2 a S o lv e
for 3 .

41 .
(3 a ) °
(3 6a (3 S o l ve fo r 3 .

42 .
3 —1
6
3 — 8 .
192 A YE AR OF ALG E BR A
3 1
n + 1
+ n —1 ( n —l ) ( + 1)
u

y 1 2 y_ 1
4° _
2 y 1 2 10

S olve th e f ollo wi ng eq ua ti o ns by fac to ri ng a nd ch ec k a l l

ro o ts :

46 (23 —2 )
—2 ( —l ) (
.

47 .
(3 n —
l n n

48 ( + 2 ) (2 a + 3 )
S o (a 3) (2 a —4 ) 0
=

—5 —7
. .

s 2s
49 .

s
° —5 s + 6 s
°
—7 s + 12 s
° —6s + 8
2a + 1 c +l 1
3a 1 2a 1 12

S olve th e f o ll owi ng si m u l ta ne o us eq ua ti ons a nd c h ec k :

w+ y w —y
m
4 5

4
5 S
5Z i w+ ml —M — w 3= e

i (x —2 y ) +i (2 x + 1
1 ) = 1 6 .

3 2
m+ y y +3
4 2
3 + y
+ 3 —y 3
°

54 23 + 3 y e z 11
— —
.

33 2 y + 2z 1
43 — 3y 7zz 47 — .

55 . 2a + 3 b + 56 . 53 —2 y = 5
5a b + 3c 3 3 + 4z= l
3y — 2 z= 1 9 .
194 A YE AR OF AL GE B RA
71 . Th e t em p e ra ture on a c e rt a i n d ay at 8 A M w as . .

2 h o u r t i ll 1 1 A M an d th e n 3
° °
It ro se p e r . . ro se

p e r h o ur t i ll 4 P M . . F ro m 4 P M t i ll 8 P M t h e t e m
. . . .

fell of 4 D raw g ph
°
p e ra t u re at th e ra t e p e r h our . a r a

sh o w i ng t h e t e mp e ra tu re t h ro u gh o u t th e d ay .

S uggest i on U se th e ve rt i ca l l i ne fo r th e t e m p e ra t u re l i ne
. .

B e g i n w i th Th e gra ph w i l l b e a b ro k e n l i ne .

Th e temp e rature 6 A M w as 3
°
72 . at . . It ro se

h o u r fo r 5 h o urs, th e n 2 h o u r for 3 h o u rs , th e n
°
p e r p e r

re m a i n e d st a t i o n a ry fo r 4 h ou rs . D ra w t h e gra p h .

73 . On Ja nu a ry l st , Joh n h as $2 0 a nd he save s $5 p e r

mo nt h th ro u gh o u t th e y e a r J am es b e gi ns th e yea r wi th .

$5 an d sa ves $ 10 p e r m o nth th ro u gh o ut t h e y e a r D raw .

th e gra p h s o n t h e sa m e c ro ss se c ti o n p a p e r a nd de te rmi n e
wh e n t h e y h av e t h e sa m e a m o unt .

74 . Tw o to wns, A and B, a re 100 m i les a p a rt . An

a u to mo b i l e st a rts fro m A to w ard B at th e r a te o f 15 m i l es
p e r hour a nd a t th e sa m e tim e a mo to r t ru c k sta rts f ro m
B t o w ard A at th e ra t e . 10 m i le s p e r h o u r
of D ra w t h e .

g p
ra h s a n d det e rm i ne h o w far th e m a c h in es a re fro m A
wh e n th ey m e e t .

S ug ge st i on . Th e g ra p h re p r e s e n t i n g th e d i sta nc e of t h e m o to r
t ruc k b e g i n s a t t h e p o i nt on t h e d i sta n c e l i n e m a rk e d 100 m i l e s
a nd sl o p e s d o w nw a rd .

75 . A m a n w alks a ce rt a i n dista nc e and re tu rns . On

th e t ri p h e m a ke s 3 m il e s p e r h o u r a n d o n th e
o u t w a rd

h o m e w a rd t rip 2 m i l e s p e r h o u r Al to ge th e r h e w alks 10 .

h o u rs . F i nd th e n u mb e r o f m il e s .

S o lve the f o ll owi ng si m ul ta n e ous e q ua ti o ns by grap hi ng

76 3 + y = 8 77 3 3 + 2 y 12 = 78 23 + 3 y 6 —
—y —2y
. . .

3 = 2 23 + 3 y = 13 53 = 4
—5y
. . .

79 3 2
+ y = 9 80 33 = 9
—y —11
. .

23 = 8 . 43 + y = .
 FOR MU L AS AND L I TE R AL E QUATI ON S 195

S o lve th e f ol lo wi ng

81 . Th e se c o n d o f t wo n umbe rs i s 3 m o re th a n 2 t i m e s
th e fi rst ,
an d th e i r su m is 15 . F i n d th e n um b e rs .

82 . F in d fou r c o nsec u t i v e n u m b e rs wh o se sum i s 50 .

83 . F i n d fo u r co nse c u t ive e v e n num b e rs wh o se sum is

84 . F i n d th ree c o nse c u t iv e n u m b e rs su c h th a t if t h e
first be su b t rac t e d f ro m t h e sum of th e se c o n d an d th i rd ,
th e re m a i n d e r is 2 3 .

85 . Th e sum o f th re e numb e rs i s 5 9 . Th e se c o n d is 3
mo re th an twi c e th e first , an d th e th i rd is 2 m o re t h a n 3
t i m es t h e first . F in d th e n um b e rs .

86 . Th e se co n d o f th re e nu mb e rs i s 5 m o re t h a n t w i c e
th e fi rst and th e th i rd i s 1 m o re t h a n 4 tim es th e fi rst I f
,
.

th e first i s subt ra c te d from th e sum o f th e se c on d a n d thi rd ,

th e re m a i n de r wi l l b e 4 1 . F i n d th e n u m b e rs .

87 . I f th e t h i rd of th r e e co n se c u t i ve n um b e rs be sub

trac t e d fro m t h e sum Of th e o th e r tw o , th e r em a i n d e r is

29 . F i n d th e nu m b e rs .

88 . Th e se c o n d o f th re e n umb e rs i s 1 l ess th a n 2 t i m e s
th e first ,
an d t h e th i rd i s 10 m o re t h a n 2 t i m es t h e fi rst .

F in d t h e n um b ers , i f th e t h i rd i s e q u al t o th e sum of th e
first a n d se co n d .

89 . I t i s 2 06 mi l es f a rt h e r from Ne w Y o rk to B u ffa l o
th an from Ne w Y o rk to B o sto n , an d fro m Ne w Y o rk to
Ch i c a go i s 3 2 m il es mo re th an twi c e t h e di st an c e fro m
Ne w Y ork t o B u ff al o . F i n d t h e se th re e di st a n c e s i f th e i r
sum is 1 5 8 6 mil es .

90 . Th e Nil e Rive r i s 4 t im es t h e l en gth of th e Rh i ne ,

and t h e le ngth of th e Am a z
o n i s 100 l es s th an t h a t of th e
Nil e . F i n d th e l e n gt h of e ach ri ver i f th e su m of th e i r
lengths i s 75 5 0 .
195 A YE AR OF A L GE BR A
91 . If a c e rta i n n um b e r i s i n c reas e d by o n e h a l f o f -

itse lf a nd on e th i rd i tse lf,

- th e s um is 3 3 Wh at is t h e
.

num be r ?

92 . Fi nd t h a t num b e r di vi de d by 4 , i s
w h i c h , wh e n
eq ual to o ne -fi fth o f th e su m o f i tse lf and 8 .

93 . F i nd t h ree c o nse c u t iv e n um be rs such th at th e fi rs t

p l u s o n e -h a l f th e se c o n d m i n us o ne -th i rd th e th i rd w i l l
e q ua l 15 .

94 . Th e p ro duct o f tw o c o ns e c utive num be rs is 3 3 m o r e

th a n t h e sq u a re o f t h e sm a l l e r Wh a t . a re the n um be rs ?

95 . F i nd th re e co nse c u t i v e numbe rs suc h th at th e

sq u a re of th e fi rst i s 4 1 l ess t h a n th e p ro duc t of th e o th e r

t wo .

96 . A re c t a ngl e is 3 i nc h es longe r than wi de . I f th e

l e n gt h i s i nc re as e d 3 i nch e s a nd t h e wi dth is d e c re as e d 2
i nc h e s, th e a re a wi l l b e d e c re a se d 4 sq u a re i n c hes . F i nd
t h e d im e nsi ons .

97 . A p ic ture i s 3 i nch e s l o nger th an it is w id e . Th e

w i d th of th e fra m e i s 2 i nc h es a nd th e are a o f th e p i c tu re
a nd fra me is 100 sq ua re i n c h es mo re th a n t h e a re a o f th e

p i c t u re a l o ne . F i nd t h e d im e nsi o ns of th e p i c tu re .

98 . F i nd th re e c o nsec u t i ve num b e rs su ch th a t th e

p ro d u c t o f th e fi rst a nd s e c o n d i s 2 m ore t h a n 7 tim es th e

t h ird .

99 . F i nd th re e co n se c u t i ve n u mb e rs such th a t th e sum

of th e sq u a re s o f th e fi rst t w o i s 5 m o re th a n th e sq u a re

of th e t h i rd .

100 . A nu mb er is c o m po se d o f tw o digi ts . Th e
’
un i t s

di gi t i s 4 l e ss th a n t h e te n I f th e numb e r is
’
s digi t .

divi de d b y the sum o f t h e di gi t s , th e quoti e nt is 7 . F in d

th e n u mb e r .
193 A YE AR OF AL GE B R A

E xerc ise 93

S i m p lify th e f o llo wi ng by p erfo rmi ng th e i ndi c a t e d

op e ra ti o ns

1 z
. .
2 3 3; 2

14
2 8 3 3 yz)
° ° 3 °

. . .

3 .
(5 xy
3
z) ‘
9 . 4x y z
‘ °
) 15 .

2m °
u
°
y

5 . 11 . 17 .

6 . 12 . 18 .
3
.

5 b 19 .

7 / r r 13
23 . a
m m
20 ( ) .
. .
x
.
,
y

107 . Powers of b inomi als .

Q ui t e o ft e n i t h a s b e en
p o ssi b l e , a s i n t h e l a st se c t i o n, to so lv e a ge n e ra l p r o b l e m
o r e x e rc i s e an d c a ll th e r e sul t t h e typ e form Thi s t yp e .

fo rm, or fo rmul a , m a y b e us e d t o g e t t h e re sul ts o f a ll

o th e r e x e rc i s e s t h a t a re si m i l a r i n f o rm a nd o p e ra t i o n .

Al l typ e forms a re i denti ti es (se e 1 8 ) a nd t h e re fo re

t rue fo r a ll i b l v a l u e s o f t h e li t e ra l nu mb e rs
‘

p o ss e .

Th e stu d e nt is ac q u a i nte d wi th th e typ e fo rm (a b) °

a
°
2ab b ’
.

S i nc e a a nd b m ay h av e a ny va lu es , suc h as 23 a nd 3 y,
t his fo rm u l a m ay b e u se d to e xp a n d (23 3y) °
as fol l o ws
” ”
3 y) (2 1 0 °
2 (2 m) (3 y ) 4x 12 W
9y °
. Ch e ck t h e re su lt by a c tu al m ul t i p l i c a t i o n .

Any p o we r o f a ny b i no m i a l m a y b e fo u nd by ra isi ng th e
ge n era l b i n o m i al (a b ) to th e re q u i re d p o w e r, a n d th en
su bst i t u ti n g th e t e rms of th e gi ve n b i no m i a l fo r a an d b .

Th e foll o w i ng are th e po we rs of (a + b ) to (a +
Ve ri fy e a ch t yp e fo rm by a c tu a l m ul t i pli c at io n .
 POWE R S AND R OOT S 199

( a 2ab b °
.

(a b) 8 -
d
a
3a b
°
3 ab °
b 3
.

(a by s a
‘
4a b
°
6a b ° °
4a b a
b ‘
.

“
(a b) ‘5
E a
s
5a b‘
1 0a b 3 °
100 b ° °
5ab ‘
b .

And if (a b ) is ra i se d t o th e sa m e p o we rs ,
w e ge t

(a — b °
E a
° —2 ab b °
.

( a b) 3
5 3
3
3a b
°
3 ab °
b3
.

(a b) ‘
a
‘
4a b
i
6a b ° °
4a b 3
b ‘
.

“
(a b) ’s
a
‘s
5a b
‘
10a b 3 °
l 0a b ° °
5a b ‘
b .

Co m p a re th e typ e fo rms o f (a b ) w ith th ose of (a b)

and st a t e th e e vi d e nt l a w fo r t h e si gn s o f th e t e rm s .

H o w i s th e n um b e r o f te rms of th e exp a n si o n rel a t e d to

th e e xp o n e nt o f ( + b ) ? a

Ho w i s th e num e ri ca l c o e ffi c i e n t Of th e se c on d t e rm of

th e ex p a n d e d fo rm re l a t e d t o th e e xp o n e nt o f (a b)
Ca n y o u de te rm i n e su c c e e di n g n um e ri c a l c o e ffic i e nts ?
Wri te th e e xp a nde d p ro duc t o f (2 3 y)
3
b y s ub s t i tut i n g
in th e p ro p e r typ e fo rm a nd th e n re m ovi ng th e p a renth eses .

Asus 8 3 .
°
12 3 y °
63 y °
y
3
.

E xerci se 94

E 3 p a n d by su bsti tu ti ng i n th e typ e f o rms

1 . (
3 7 . (2 m 13 .

”
2 . (2d 8 . 2
( 3 14 .
(2a 3x )8 ?

3 . (2 m n)
a
9 .
(3 3 15 .

y
4 . ( 3 y) 10 .

5 . ( 3 11 .

6 . ( a 12 .
200 A YE AR OF ALG E BRA
108 . Roots o f numb e rs . Th e sq uar e ro o t o f a nu m b e r

is o ne o f th e tw o e q ual f a c t o rs of t h e nu mb e r .
Si m il a rl y ,
t h e cub e root o f a numb e r is one of t h e t h re e e q ua l fa c t o rs
of t h e numbe r I n ge ne ra l , th e nth root
. o f a nu m b e r is
one of th e n e q u a l fa c t o rs o f th e n u m b e r .

Th e c h a ra ct e r ( rf ro m t h e w o rd ra d i c a l , o r roo t ) a n d

t h e vi nc ulum ov e r th e n u m b e r i s u se d to i n d i c a te a

ro o t . A sm all fi gure abo ve th e sym bo l i n d i c a t e s wh a t roo t

i s t o b e ta ken . Fo r sq u a re ro o t th e fi gu re is o mi t t e d

V ,
2 5 V( a b) a re to be re a d , res p e ct i ve ly . th e
“ “
s q u are ro o t o f th e c u b e ro o t o f an d th e c ube
”
roo t o f th e e xp re ssi o n a b .

m
S i n c e th e sq u a re o f a is th e sq u a re ro o t o f is
or

Rul e . Th e sq ua re roo t o f a li te ra l nu m b e r is f o un d by
d i vi di ng th e e3 p o n e n t by 2 .

S i m i l a rl y, t h e c ub e roo t o f a l i te ral nu m b e r is fo u n d b y
d i vi di n g th e e xp o n e nt by 3 . Th at is, e tc .

Note . S i nce ( )( )
a a = a °
an d a ) —a ) a
°
,
th e
sq u a re ro o t of a
°
m ay b e e i th e r a or a . Th i s is
“ ”
e xp resse d by t h e symb o l to b e re a d p l us or m i nu s .

?
Unl e ss o th erw is e S p e c i fie d ,
we sh a ll use o nly a as V7?

Rul es . 1 . To fi nd th e i n di c a te d ro o t o f a m o no mi a l
e3 p re ss i o n, fi nd th e re q ui re d ro o t o f th e n um e ri c a l coe fii
c i e n t a nd di vid e th e e3 p o n e n t o f eac h o f th e li te ra l n um b e rs

by th e i nd e3 o f th e roo t .

II . To find th e i n d i c a te d roo t o f a rac ti o n,

f fi nd th e
r e q ui re d ro o t o f bo th n u m e ra to r a nd d e no min a to r .

Il l ust ra t i v e e xa mpl e s.

VW 3 ab °
1 .
= . a .

2 .
F
z= 5 vm 3 -5
° °
3 . V 8a .
=
2 02 A YE AR OF AL GE B RA
2 . F i nd o ne s q ua re ro o t of : a
‘
+ 1 1a ’ —6 —6 0 a
’
+ 1 .

Arra ng i ng i n d e sc e nd i ng p o w e rs of a,
’
a 3a 1

a
‘ -
6a ’
1 1a ’
6a 1
d
a
z
T ri a l di vi so r 2a ’
. 6a ’
1l o
”
C o m p l e t e d i v i so r 3a °
2a . 60 9a ’

Tri a l d i vi so r 2 (a ’
3a) 2a ’
6a . 2a ’
6a 1
Co m p l e t e d i v i s o r z
a
z
6a 1 . 2a ’
6a 1

E xerc i se 96

F i nd th e sq ua re ro o t o f ea c h o f th e f oll o w i ng

1 . 3
°
23 y y
°
. 2 . n
°
8n 16 .

3 . 4a °
l 2a b 9b °

4
—4 —4
.

5 . a
4
a
3
+ 6a °
a + 1 .

6 . n
‘
8n 3
l 2n °
l 6n 4 .

7 . a
°
2a b b °
2ao 2 bc
8 . 93 °
2 43 y 16y °
3 03 3 4oys
9 . 1 6a ‘
8a b3
23 a b ° °
6a b 8
9b *
.

10 . a
s
2a 7
3a 6
4a 5
5a 4
4a 3
3e °
2a 1 .

11 . 43 °
12 3 y 53 y°
l 03 y ‘ ° ° °
53 y ° ‘
23 y °
y
"

12 . n
°
6n 5
l 5n‘
2 0n °
l 5n °
6n 1 .

13 . a
6
12 a 5
60a ‘
1 60a 3
2 40a °
l 92 a 64 .

14 . 5n °
4n ‘
2n 1 4n a
.

fl
15 . a
"
b ‘
2a b 3
2a b °
3a b ° °
.

1 10 S quare . ro ot o f ari t hm i cal numb ers . An a ri t h

m e t i c al num b e r of two or m o re p l a c e s, or d i g i ts , m a y b e
c o nsi d e re d as a b i n om i al .

a nd ( 40 + 5 ) (5 ) + 5
’

1 600 400 25 E 202 5 .

N o te th a t th e q
s u a re o f a ny nu mb e r o f o ne d i gi t i s a nu m b e r

o f no t m o re th a n t w o d i gi ts a n d th a t th e s q ua re , o f a ny num b e r

of tw o d i gi t s i s a n u mb e r o f m o re th a n t w o a nd no t mo re th an
f o u r d i g i ts .
 POWE R S AND R OOT S 2 03

Ve ri fy th e a b o ve sta te me nt b y fi nd i ng th e s ua re s o f
q 1 , 9, 10,
a nd Al so s qua re 100 a nd 999
99 . .

H o w m a ny d i g i t s h a s th e squa re o f a n umb e r o f th re e p lac e s ?

The s qua re roo t o f a p e rfe c t squa re o f th re e o r f o u r d i gi ts w i l l

be an i nte g e r of t w o d i g it s, a nd t h e s qua re roo t of a p e rfec t
s qu a re of fi ve or s i x p l a c es wi ll b e a n i nt e g e r of t h re e di g i ts .

V e ri fy s i mi l a r c o nc l us i o ns fo r d ec i ma l numb e rs by find i ng
th e q
s ua re s o f, . 1, . 9, 01,
. a nd . 99 .

T h e num b e r of d i g i t s i n th e s ua re q ro o t of an a ri t h m e t i c a l

nu m b e r i s i ndi c a te d b y gro up i ng i nt o p e ri o d s o f two fi gi i i e s '

ea ch ,

to t h e ri g h t a nd l e ft fro m th e d e c i m a l p o i nt .

As , fo r e xa mp l e , v 47961 i s an i nte ge r of th re e pl a ce s .

I ll ust ra t i v e e xa mpl e s. 1 . F i n d th e s qua re ro o t o f 42 2 5 .

42 2 5 60 +
3 600
T ri a l d i v i so r 2 60 ) 1 20 625
C o m p l e t e d i v i s o r 1 20 5 125 62 5 ( 1 20 5) 5 .

Ob se rvati ons . ( 1 ) Th e ro o t wi ll be an i nt e g e r of 2 p la c e s
( 2 ) 422 5 i s b e tw e e n 3 600 an d 4900, th e re fo re th e q
s ua re ro o t

w i ll b e b e t we e n 60 a nd 70, or th e ro o t w i l l b e 60 n, w i th n
re p re s e n t i ng th e se c o nd d i gi t of th e roo t.

( 3 ) S ub t ra c ti ng l e a ve s 62 5 .

4 ) As wi t h l i te ra l p o l yno m i a l s th e se c o nd te rm o f th e ro o t i s ,

d e te rm i ne d b y d i vi d i ng th e re m a i nd e r b y t h e t ri a l d i vi so r w h i c h ,

is g i v i ng a s a qu o t i e n t 5 .

( 5 ) Th e c o mp l e t e di vi so r i s 5, or 125 . As th e re i s no

re m a i nd e r, V 42 2 E = G5 .

2 . F i nd th e q
s u a re ro o t o f 5 47 5 6 .

I f t h e u nn e c e s sa ry z
e ro s a re o m i tt e d , th e w o rk m a y b e ar
ra ng e d a s fo ll o w s :

23 4
4
T ri a l di v i so r 2 x 20 40 . 1 47
C o m p l e te d i v i s o r 40 3 43 . 1 29
T ri a l d i v i so r 2 x 230 4 60 . 1 85 6
Co mp l e te d i vi s o r 460 4 4 64 . 1 8 56

N ot e . Th e s qua re ro o t of is and t h e s qu a re
of is
 A YE AR OF A L GE B R A

E xe rc i se 97

F i nd o n e sq ua re ro o t o f ea ch o f th e f ollo wi ng
'

1 . 169 2 . 22 5 . 3 . 529 . 4. 168 1 . 5 . 2 809 .

6 . 722 5 . 7 . 64 5 1 6 . 8 . 1 5 6 816 . 9 . 1043 2 9 10 . . 1 2 82 3 5 61 .

11 . 12 . 13 . 14 .

15 . 1 65 649 . Ans 4 07 . . 21 . An s .

16 . 644 8 09 . Ans 8 03 . . 22 . Ans .

17 . 78 5 6 809 . Ans 2 803 . . 23 . . 3 9062 5 . Ans . . 62 5 .

18 . 16 2 16 72 9 . Ans 402 7 . . 24 . . 1043 2 9 . Ans . . 3 23 .

19 . Ans . 25 . . 002401 . Ans . . 04 9 .

20 . Ans . 26 . . 0001 5 12 9 . An s . . 012 3 .

F i nd th e sq ua re ro o t o f ea ch of th e fo llo wi ng c o rr ec t to
th e n e a res t h u n d re d th :
27 . 34 7 .

S o lut i on

1
2 x 10 20 2 47
20 8 28 22 4
2 x 1 80 3 60 2 3 00
3 60 6 3 66 2 1 96
2 x 1 8 60 : 3 7 20 1 0400
3 7 20 2 3 722 7 44 4
2 x 1 8 6 20 3 7 2 40 29 5 600
“
3 7 2 40 7 3 7 247 607 29
3 4 87 1
Th e a n sw e r is E xp l a i n w h y i t wa s n ec e s sa ry to fi nd t h e
th i rd d e c i ma l p l a c e in o rd e r to ge t th e re s u l t co rrec t to th e
ne a re s t h u nd re d th .

28 . 7 .

32 .
206 A YE AR OF AL GE BR A
Rul es . I . The ro o t o f a p ro d u c t ma y be o bta i ne d by
fi nd i ng th e sep a rat e ro o ts o f th e f ac to rs o f th e p ro d uc t a nd

m ul ti p lyi ng th e resu l ts .

II An i nd i c a te d ro o t ma y be si mp l ified by fac to ri ng
.

th e n um ber und e r th e ra dic al i n to two fac tors, on e o f w h i c h

is a p e r e cft p o w e r o f th e sa m e d egre e as th e ro o t, a nd th e n

fi n di ng th e ro o t o f th e p ower .

_ -
1 . V8 VT V2 VT
2 . we 2 v? E xp l a i n .

VF
"

8 . 2 v? = 2 .
v3 : 24: V3 .

4 . V503 y :
‘
v2 53
’
9 23 y : 5 3 v 23 y .

5 .

E xerc i se 98

S i mp lify th e oll o wi ng so
f th a t no f a c to r o f th e num b e r
und e r th e ra di ca l si gn is a p o we r o f th e sa m e de gre e as th e
ro o t :

1 .
V IS . 2 .
V2 8 . 3 . 4 . 5 .
9 40 .

6 .
9 2 4 . 7 . 2 V 5 0a °
. 8 . 3 V48 3
3
a
‘
.

9 .
W 10 . 11 . 5 e s .

13 “
12 .
9 a
3
b ‘
. .
9 3 2a 5
3 . 14 .
9 a
5
b °
c
7
.

15 . 16 . 2 V643 °
.

18 .

19 .

21 V9 ( 23 y ) (a b) 22 9 ( b)
° ° ‘
. 3 y . . a

23 V2 4a b 2b
° °
. a .

24 .

25 .

26 .
 POWE R S AN D R OOTS 2 07

surd is sim p l i fie d w h e n th e nu m b e r re m a i ni n g un de r th e
ra d i c a l is no t i n fra c ti ona l fo rm a nd c o nta i ns no fa c to r
t h a t is a p o we r o f th e sa m e de gree as t h e i ndi c a t e d ro o t .

In o rder to sim p l i fy a frac ti on al surd, it i s nec e ssa ry

first to c h ange th e frac tion unde r th e ra di c al to an e q ui va

le nt fra c ti on wh os e de n omi na to r i s a p e rfe c t p o we r Of t he

same de gree as the root . Th is is d one by m u l ti p lying t h e
nume rato r and deno m ina t o r of t h e frac ti o n by th e sa m e

numb e r.

I ll ustrati ve exampl es .

L v -
v1 vi 2= v 2
i 1
e : -
.

2
Vi = vr = v2 4 =
Vi V4 v s = M
3 ’

V b
— al
:
V b)
— (a

E xerc ise 99
S i mp lify th e

9.

V9
"

13 .
v7 . 14 . .

1 14 . Mi xed surds to enti re surd s. A mi x e d su rd ma y

be c h an ge d into an e nt i re sur d by re v e rsi n g th e o p e ra t i o ns

of th e p rec e d in g se c ti on .

_ -

3 v5 = v5 1 v5 VE
' ‘

V16
—)
1 . : . 2 . 2 9 2 :
V 8 -
9 2 = =

vi
" '

3 .
(a b :
v (o
z vzw
‘

4. v vi
i p q
r- -
,
203 A YE AR OF AL GE B R A

E xerci se 100

Ch a ng e th e fo llo w ing to e n ti re snr ds

1 . ave? 2 . ave . 3 . a \/ l o . 4 . 5 . 2 w .

6 . sea . 7 . 8 . 9 .
a n . 10 . a w ay .

_
11 . xy é
'
'
x . 12 . a Vb . 13 . 3 \/ a b 14 . 2m /
n yx .

15 .
( a: y) V2 . 16 .
( a b) F b
.

17 .
V a: y . 18 .
(m n ) V3 . 19 .

3
22
Z
‘ .

115 . Reducti on o f ra di c als to th ei r appro xi ma te d ec i

ma l e q ui va l e nts . Th e a p p ro xi m at e sq u a re ro o t o f a n um

b e r t h a t is not a p e rfe c t sq u a re m a y be fo und by sim p li fy

i ng th e ra d i c a l e xp re ss i o n and t h e n subst i t u ti n g t h e
de c i m a l eq u iv a le nt fo r th e re m a i n i n g ra d i c a l .

Fo r th e e xe rc i se s of this se c t i o n , use

v3 : a nd

I ll ust rat i ve e xampl e s.

1. vi ? v7 .
i
v. 3 :

vz
‘ ‘

2 .
v2 :

3 V v Vi v2
} a
. : ‘

4 . v
g g Vi
v : “
V6 :

M 2 4 49 )

E xerc i se 101
'

Re d u c e th e f o ll o wi ng to th ei r d e c i ma l e q ui va l ents

1 . 2 .
W 5 . 3 .
v3 2 . 4
.
v3 ; 5 .
V 00
2 .

Vi 10 i V?
11 .
v eo . 12 .
w e . 13 .
gv7 2 . 14 . 25 V} ? 15 .
V98
2 10 A Y E AR OF A LG E BR A

1 . F i nd th e le ngt h of t h e di a go n a l of a sq u a re wh o se
si des are e a c h 5 i n c h es .

Sugge st i on . D ra w a s qua re and no t i c e t h a t t h e d i a g o na l a nd

two si d e s fo rm a ri g h t t r i a ng l e . Th e n i f (2 re p re s e nts t h e nu m
ber of i nc h e s i n th e d i a g o na l , d ’
= 5 ‘
Ans . i nc h es .

2 . A re gul a t i o n b as e b all d i am o n d i s a sq u a re 90 fe e t
o n e a c h si de H o w fa r is i t fro mse co n d b a se to h o m e p l a t e ?
.

H o w fa r f ro m fi rst b as e to t hi rd b as e ?
3 A p ark is i n th e sh a p e o f a re ct a n gl e 200 fe e t by
.
,

3 00 fee t H OW m uc h sh o rte r i s a p a t h th at run s d i a go n a l ly

.

a c ross t h e p a rk th a n t h e w a l k a ro u n d th e tw o si d es o f t he

p a rk ?
4 . An a c re o f la nd is a n a re a o f 1 60 sq u a re ro d s . E a ch
sq u a re ro d is e q uiva l e nt in a re a to a sq u a re on e S i de of

w h i ch i s 1 ro d o r fee t . H o w m a ny sq u a re fe e t i n a

s q u a re ro d ? H OW m a ny sq u a re fe e t i n a n ac re ?

5 . A lo t i n th e sh a p e o f a p e rfe c t sq u a re h as a n a rea
Of o n e a c re .H o w m a ny ro ds i n th e l e ngth o f o n e si de o f
t h e lot ? H o w m a ny fe e t ?
6 A l o t i s tw i c e as l o ng a s i t i s w id e a n d h as
. a n a rea

o f o n e a c re H OW m a n y fe e t i n th e l e n gth o f e a c h
. si d e ?
S ugge st i on .
(at ) = 43 5 60 .

7 . H ow l o n g a st ra i gh t li n e c an b e dra w n on a sh e et

of p p
a e r 9 i n ch e s b y 14 i n c h es ?
8 . Wh a t is th e l e n gt h o f o n e si d e of a sq u a re w h o se
d i a go nal i s 100 fe e t ?
”
S ugge st i on .
’
:v x

9 . A p o n d i s in th e sh a p e of a c i rc l e and c o v e rs an

a c re o f l and . Wh at i s t h e l e n gth of i ts d i a m e t e r i n fe e t ?
3
S ugge st i on . vrf
'
= 43 560 . U si ng ft 3 , sh o w th a t
7
10 . Wh a t i s th e c i rc u m fe re nc e of th e p on d of NO 9 ?.

(U se c
 P OWE R S AN D R OOT S 2 11

11 . F in d t h e di am e t e r of a c i rc l e i n i nc h es w h o se a re a

is o ne sq u a re fo o t .

12 . A sq u a re a n d a c i rc l e h av e th e sa m e a re a , 100 sq u a re
i nch es . F in d th e d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n th e i r p e ri m e t e rs

c o rre c t to . 01 .

13 . Th e si de s of an e q u i l a t e ra l t ri an gl e a re e a ch 12
i nch es . Wh a t is th e a l t i tu d e o f th e t ri a n gl e ?
N ot e . I t i s p ro ve d i n Ge o m e try th a t
a l i ne d ra wn fro m th e v e rt e x of an

e qui l a t e ra l t ri a ng l e t o th e m i dd l e p o i n t
of th e b a se i s p e rp e n d i c ul a r t o t h e b a se .

T h e re fo re t h i s l i ne i s t h e a lt i t ud e o f
t h e w h o l e t ri a ng l e a nd d i v i d e s i t i n t o
two ri gh t t ri a ng l e s .

S h o w th a t h ’

14 . F i n d th e a re a o f th e t ri a n gl e
of No 1 3 . .

15 . Fi nd th e a l t i tu d e an d th e a re a of an e q u i l a te r a l

t ri a ngl e e ac h of w h o se si de s i s 8 i n c h es .

16 . I f th e a l t i t u de o f a n e q u i l a t e ra l t ri a n gl e i s 1 0 i nc h es ,
fi n d th e l e n gt h o f a side .

S ugge st i on . Le t a: re p re s e n t t h e n u mb e r o f i nc h e s i n h a l f th e
“:
l e ngt h o f a si de . S h o w th a t 10 ’
at

17 . One s i d e o f a ri gh t tri a n gl e i s tw i c e th e o t h e r an d

t h e h y p o t e n u se i s 1 2 f e e t . F i n d th e l e ngth s of th e t wo
s i d es .

18 . Th e t im e fo r th e f al l of a b o m b , wh e n t h e h e i gh t
fro m w h i c h i t i s dro p p e d i s kn o w n , is gi ve n by th e fo rm u l a

t
VB wh e re t i s th e t i m e i n sec on ds an d H
4 9000
th e h e i gh t in fe e t .

If a p l a n e i s fly i n g at a h e i gh t of 9000 fe e t ,
Wh a t w i l l
be th e tim e of fa l l of a b om b c o rrec t to . 1 o f a se c o n d ?
19 . If b o m b i s d ro p p e d fro m t h e h e i gh t
a of

fe e t, i n w h at t i m e w il l i t re a c h th e gro u n d ?
2 12 A YE AR OF AL G E B RA

1 17 . Addi ti on and sub tra c ti on o f radi cals.

S urd s of th e sa m e d e gre e a nd th e sa me ra d i c a n d a re

Va , 2 Va , a nd l Va a re s i m i l a r. s u rd s .

V2; 5 2 2 , a n d (a
"

L i k e w i se , 5) S i mi la r s urds a nd

s u rd s t h a t ca n b e c h ange d t o s i mi l a r s urd s ma y b e c o mb i n e d

i nt o a. s i ng l e s urd .

I l lust rat i ve e xa mpl e s.

1 . v2 + 5 v z
2 v1 2 + v 3 -
v75 ==2 V3 + v 3 —5 v3
—2 w
.

vs + v 26
’ '

3 . V5 + 2 V 5
4 . Va + b Va + ab Va =

E xerc ise 104

S i m p lify a nd c o m bi n e li ke te rm s
-

1 . 8 7 . 2 \/ a
2 . 2 v? 5 .
w a
s «
n x/ 9x

3 .
v5 0 9 .
\/ 4 b \/ 9 b
4 .
m s 6 x/ i . 10 . aw, v 2 4

5 . 2 v;
3 V8 11 .
3 2 5 54 3 16 .

“
6 9 x/ 2 v 7 5 12 3 e
2
.
i . . 5 a 5 5
2
5 3

“ z
\/ a b V4 a 4b V a u b .

75
N V3 “

118 . M ulti pli ca ti on o f mo no mi al surds

F ro m t h e p r e .

c e d i n g se c t i o ns i t w i ll b e Ob se rv e d t h a t su rds Of t h e sa m e

d e gre e m a y b e m ult i p l i e d and th e p ro du c t w ri tt e n as a

s i n gl e su rd o r as a ra t i on a l e xp re ssi o n .

I l lust ra t i ve e xampl e s .

1 .
Va .
vb = va b . 2 . v3 .
v 6 = v1 8 = 3 v2 .

3 . zvs 3 v20 6 Vl 00 60 . = .

4 v z vs V ?”
.
1
i t i v i 311

5 . V2 V 16 = V32 =
2 14 4 YE AR OF AL GE B R A

9 .
(6 V )
5 (6 V )
5 .

10 .
(V a V )
b (V a .

2 § 5
‘

n . 2
<V + V3 V5 ) < V V +V ) .

12 .
(2 V3 +V3
(3 V3 3 V )
2
‘‘

13 . F
(V l V + V ) (V
b c -
F V lf V ) a .

14 (2 v +V?
3 5 15 (5 VE 6 V )
b 2
. . .

12 0 . Di vi si on of ra di ca ls . Th e p r o c e ss Of d i vi si o n o f
ra di c a l e xp ress i o ns is acc o m p l i sh e d b y p l a c i n g t h e d i vi de n d

an d d i viso r i n fra c t i o n a l fo rm an d m u l t i p ly i n g nu m e ra t o r

and de nom i na to r of th e resu lt in g fra c t i o n by su c h a nu m

be r as wi ll m a ke th e d eno m in ato r a ra ti o n a l num be r .

As fo r e xa mp l e , i f w e m ul t i p l y b o th t e rm s
v3
, of th e fra c t i o n
V2

by v2 , th e re sul t b ec o m e s s E xp l a i n . H a s th e va l ue o f th e

h
fra c t i o n b e e n c a ng e d ? I f w e w i sh t o a pp roxi ma t e
V3 t o de c i
V2
ma l fo rm , w i ll i t b e e a si e r to s ub s ti t u te th e d e c i ma l va l ue s i n

th e o ri gi na l fra c t i o n or i n i ts e qui va l e nt ,

Th e ra ti ona li z
i ng fact o r of an i rra ti on al nu mb e r is a

n um b e r w h i c h , i f m u lt i p l i e d b y th e o ri gi n al nu mbe r, gi v e s

a ra t io n al re sul t .

Th e ra t i ona l i zi n g fa c to r of V 2 i s V2 , s i nce V2 V2 = 2 . Like

w i se th e ra t i o na l i zi ng fa c t or of V 8 i s V2 , of V4 i s V 2 , Of Va b
’

“
i s Vb , a nd o f 2 VT i s v3 .

M ul t i p l y Va Vy b y Va Vu . Wh a t i s th e ra t i o na l i z
i ng
fa c t o r o f z
V + Vy
r ? of Vz
A b in o m i a l rad i c a l e x p re ssi o n , w hi ch c o n t a i ns n o su rd

of a g a ter
r e d e gr e e t h a n t h e se c o n d , h a s fo r i t s ra t i o na l i z
i n g fa c t o r a b in o mi a l d i ffe rin g fro m t h e fi rst o nl y i n th e
si gn o f o n e o f t h e t e rm s . TW O su c h b i n o mi al r a di c a l e x

p re ssi o n s a r e c a ll e d con uga te surds . j

 POW E R S AN D ROOT S 2 15

I llust rat i ve e xampl e s .

V5 v5 .
v2 vm vs .
v2 vs
1
-
V2 2 vs -
vz 4

5 5 vs + 5 v z
3 °

V3 —V2 ( vs —v2 ) ( v 3 + v2 ) 3 2 —
Vx + Vil u s/ 5 + vii )
( v? + vir z+ 2 vxu + u

Vic —Vy (V i —Vii ) ( Viv V ll ) x —y

E xe rc ise 107

S i mp li fy th e fo l low i ng

1 . 2

12 1 . I rrati onal e q ua ti ons . E q ua ti o n s c o n t a i ni n g ra d i

c a ls m ay so m e t im e s be so l ve d b y th e a xi o m of § 116 .

I llustrat i ve e xampl e s.

1 . Va: 5 4 .

Th e n a: 5 16 . S qua ri ng b o th m e mb e rs .

W h e nc e a: 11 Ch e c k
—
. .

2 . Va '
11 1 = Vs .

Va: 11 Va: 1 . T ra ns p o s i ng .

a: 11 = a' 2 Va: 1 . S qua ri ng b o th m e mb e rs .

Th e n 1 0 : 2 Vx or 5 V:5 . W h e nc e a: 25 . Ch e c k .
2 16 A YE AR OF AL GE BR A
E xe rc ise 108

S o l ve a nd c h e c k th e f o l lo wi ng

1 . 3 3 .

2 .
V2 23 5 3 .

”
3 .
V s + 5 =x
+ 1 .

4 .

5 .
\/ x 1 .

6 .
\/ x —1 .

7 .
+ 1 1 — mz 1 .
V +
Sx 2 = 3 .

8 . 2 \/ x 6 V44 .
—3 —3 .

9 .
-
s 7 .
V 3]
1 0 13 =
V y
7 1 .

E xerci se 109 .

F i n d th e sq u a re ro o t o f
1 1 6a 6
24a “ 25 a 4
2 0a 3
10a 2
4a
. 1 .

2 . l 0r 2
4r 9r ‘
1 .

”
3 .
2
a. b c
2
2ab 2 ac 2 bc .

4 . a
2
+ b +
2
c
2
+ d 2 —2 a b + 2 ac —2a d —2 bc + 2 bd
2c d .

5 . 4 92 ‘
1 1bz ‘
73 5 5 2 2
1 93 3 5 3
12 6 a b 3
.

F i nd th e sq u a r e ro o t o f th e f o l l o wi ng to th e n e a re s t
h und re d th
6 . 13 . 7 . 8 . 9 . . 3 95 . 10 . . 03 3 7 .

R e d uc e th e o llo w i ng
f to si mp les t ra di ca l f or m
_
— V V 15 + V48
’ ‘

11 .
V550 12 .
v27 Y2 . 13 .
7
.

2 V¥ + Vs
' ‘

14 .
V? 15 .
V? 16 . E .

17 . 3 V3 1s .
V 5
2
5 .
19 .
2 13 A YE AR OF AL GE B RA
R ed uc e th e f o l lo w i ng to si mp l es t ra d i c a l fo r m a nd th en
a p p ro xi m a te th e res ul ts to d e c ima ls
( U se t h e ta b l e of s qua re roo ts .
)

V 2

3 2 V 3

V 3

“
12
61 4 Vi
V8

S o lve th e f o llo wi ng e q ua ti o ns a nd c h e c k

”
64 . 65 .
V2 1
5 1 7 .

66 . x= 8 67 .
\/ x
2 —x .

69 5 \/ n
°

68 . 7 .

1 1 1 x
2
2 7 11
a 1 a 1 12 5 6 30

3 1 a: 5
72 °

2: 5

73 .
(2 n

74 .

75 . (5 -
13 0 .

S o l ve th e f o ll o wi ng e q u a ti ons f or r

76 . AD S . r = +

77 . «P a : V . 78 . 4m "
S .

79 .
i ar
'
= V . An8 . r
80 .
g
nr
’
a .
 P OWE R S AN D R OOT S 2 19

S o lve th e f o l lo wi ng p ro b l e m s

81 . Fi n d th e d i a go na l o f a sq u a re w h o se si de i s 8 i n ch e s ;
1 0 i nc h es ; 2 5 i n c h e s .

82 . If d re p re se n ts th e d i a go n a l Of a sq u a re and s a

si de , S h o w th at d 3 V 2 .

83 . U se t h e fo rm u l a of NO 8 2 to
. so l v e th e t h re e p a rts
of No 8 1 . .

84 . F i n d th e s i d e o f a sq u a r e W h o se d i a go n al i s 6 i n c h e s ;
10 i n c h e s ; d i n c h e s
85 . Th e l e n gt h o f a re c t a n gl e i s t w i c e t h e W i d th an d th e
a re a i s 72 sq u a re i n c h es . F i n d t h e d i m e n si o n s and th e
di a go n a l .

86 . Th e fo o t of a l a d d e r i s p l a c e d 7 fe et fro m t h e w all
of a h o use a nd th e t o p j u st re a c h e s a W i n d o w 1 9 fe e t fro m
t h e gro u nd . Wh a t i s th e l e n gt h of th e la dd e r ?

87 A bo y W i sh es t o d e t e rm i n e t h e h e i gh t of a t re e . He
fin ds b y t h e a i d o f h i s kit e stri n g t h a t i t is 100 fe e t fro m
t h e t o p o f t h e t re e t o a p o i n t o n th e grou n d 80 fe e t fro m
th e fo o t of t h e t re e . Wh a t i s th e t re e
’
s h e i gh t ?
88 . F i n d th e a l ti t u d e a n d a re a o f a n e q u i l a t e ra l t ri an gl e
wh ose si d e is 4 inch e s ; 2 0 i nc h e s ; 1 1 i nch e s .

89 . If s i s th e numb e r o f i n c h es i n th e si d e o f a n e q u i

la t e ra l t ri a ngl e and A i s th e n u m b e r o f sq u a re i n c h es i n
2

th e a re a , S h o w th a t A

90 . U se t h e fo rm u l a of No 8 9 to
. so lv e th e th re e p a rts
of NO 88 . .

91 . Th e re i s a c e rt a i n n u mb e r su c h t h a t 9 m i n u s i ts
sq u a re roo t is e q ua l to t h e sq u a re roo t o f th e su m o f the
nu m b er a n d 9 . F i n d th e n u mb e r .

92 . If a and b r e p re se nt t h e le n gt h s of th e t wo si d es

of ri gh t t ri a n gl e a nd th e hyp o te n us e , sh o w th a t 2
a c a

(C —b )
 CH APT E R I X .

Q U AD RA TI C E Q U ATI ON S

122 . Defi ni ti ons . A qua drati c eq ua ti on h as b e e n d e

fin e d as a n e q u a ti o n o f the se c ond de gre e wi t h res p ec t to
th e u nkno wn num be r . S
( ee
A q u a d ra t i c e q ua t i on t h at c o nt a in s n o t e rm of the fi rs t
d e gre e of th e un k n o w n is c a ll e d a p ure q ua dra t i c

16 i s a p ure qua d ra t i c e q ua t i o n .

A q u a d ra t i c e q u a ti o n t h at c o n t a i ns t e rm s of b oth th e
fi rst and se c o n d d e gre e of t h e u n kn o w n i s c a ll e d an

affect e d q ua dra t i c e q ua t i o n.

w ’
6 a nd x =
’
3 a: a re a ffe c t e d qua d ra t i c e qua t i o ns .

A p ure q u a d ra t i c e q u a t i o n i s s o m e t i m e s c a ll e d an

inco mplet e q ua dra ti c , a n d a n a ff e c t e d q u a d r a t i c ,

i f it
h as o ne t e rm th a t d o e s n o t c o n t a in t h e u n k n o wn , i s c a ll e d

a co mpl ete qua dra ti c eq uat i on .

E ve ry q u a d ra t i c e q u a ti o n in a: ma y be re d u c e d to th e
fo rm a s: 2
bi : c 0, w h e re a m ay h a ve a ny kno wn v alue

o th e r th a n 0, and b and 6 m a y h a ve a ny k no w n v a l u es

w h a tso e ve r .

123 . Re vi ew . Th e st u d e n t has a l re a dy b e c o m e fa m il i a r
w i th t h e so l u t i o n o f q u a d r a t i c e q u a t i o n s b y f a c t o ri n g , a nd

a lso w i th th e s o lu t i o n o f p u r e q u a d ra t i cs . S
( ee 64 a nd

Th e se a n d o t h e r n e c e ss a ry p ro ce sses a re re v i e w e d in
t h e fo ll o w i n g e x e rc i se s .
222 A YE AR OF AL GE BR A
39 . Th e p a ge o f a c e rt a i n b o ok i s 2 i nc h es l o nge r t h an
it i s w i d e a n d i ts a re a is 3 5 sq u a r e in ch e s . F i n d i ts
d im e nsi o ns .

40 . A re ct a n gl e i s 3 in c h es lo n ge r th a n i t is W i de a nd

i ts a re a i s 108 s q u a re i n c h es . F i n d i ts di m e nsi o ns .

41 . A c e rt a i n n u m b e r is su b trac t e d fro m bo th n u m e r a to r

a nd de no m i n a to r of th e fra c t io n 1 1
3 . Th e resu l t w o ul d
h a v e b e e n th e sa m e if the nu m b e r h a d b e en a dde d t o th e
de n o m i n a t o r . F i n d th e n um b e r .

42 . Th e su m o f a n um b e r a n d i ts sq u a re is 5 6 . Wh a t
i s th e nu m b e r ?

43 . On e si de o f a ri gh t t ri a n gl e i s 5 i nc h es l o n ge r th a n
th e o th e r si d e a n d t h e h yp o t e n use i s 2 5 i n ch e s . Find th e
two si d e s .

44 . Th e su m of tw o n um b e rs is 2 5 an d th e i r p ro du c t
i s 15 0 . F i n d th e n u m b e rs .

45 . On e numb e r i s 3 m o re t h a n a no t h e r . Th e sq u a r e

of th e sum of th e t w o n u m b e rs e x c e e ds th e sum of th e i r
sq u are s by 80 . Wh a t a re th e n u m b e rs ?

124 . So l uti o n of th e q ua drati c eq ua ti o n by compl e tin g

t h e square .

Fi rst met h o d . Wh e n th e c o e ffi c i e n t o f x

2
is 1 .

A stu d y o f t h e fo l l o w i n g ill ust rat i v e e xa mpl e s w i l l h e l p to ma k e

c l e a r th e s te p s o f th e p ro c e s s .

I . S o l ve :v
’
62: 3 .

“
(1 ) a 6x 9 12 .
( M a k e th e l e ft m e mb e r a p e rfe c t s qu a r e
b y a dd i ng 9 t o e a c h m e mb e r ) .

(2 ) a: +3 i .
[ E xtra c t i ng th e s qua re ro o t of ea ch

m e mb e r Of

(3 ) T h e re fo re a: 1 3 . An d a: . 46 4 or

II S o l ve 32
—1 2 —3 2
. .

(1 ) (E xp l a i n )
2
(12 2:
—l 2x
. .

(2 ) w ’
36 4 ( E xp l a i n )
. .

(3 ) a: 6 2 . F i nd th e va l u e s o f 33.
 Q UAD R ATI O E QUATI ON S 22 3

Ob se rv at i ons .
(1 ) Th e e qua t i o n m ust be c h a n ge d t o th e form
:r
’
bx : c. T h a t i s, th e c o e ffi c i e nt o f m ust b e 1, an d b o th
t e rm s co n ta i n i n g a: m u s t b e i n t h e l e ft m e m b e r .

(2 ) Th e nu m b e r t o b e a dd e d t o e a c h m e mb e r of th e e q ua ti o n
i s th e s q u a re of h a lf t h e co effi c i e nt o f a) .

3) Th e s q ua re roo t o f th e se c o n d m e mb e r m ust h a ve t h e
s i gn .

E xe rci se 1 11

S o lve th e o ll o wi ng e q ua
f ti o ns by c o mp l e ti ng th e sq ua re
”

(Use v2 :
V3 = 1 73 2 ,
. an d v5 :

”
1 . w 7 . 4 . 28 .

2 . n
2
10 n 24 5 . m 2
18 m 17
—6R = 112
. .

3 . a
2
+ 8a —7 . 6 . R 2
.

”
7 . a) 1 Ans a: 4 14 and

—2R z 4
. .

8 . x
2 —4x = 1 11 . R 2

9 . a
2
8a 12 . m 2
6m
10 . c
2
100 13 . x
2

14 . x
2
3x 4 .

“
S ol uti on . 2 3 2: 9
.

4
. 2 5
1
.
(E xp l a i n ) .

W h e nce a:
g
.

g . T h e re fo re x = 1 , o r a: 4 .

”
15 . w 4 20 c
2
70 30
—E = 20
. . .

16 x
2
21 . R 2

—7
. .

17 . a
2
a = 8 . 22 . m + 3m 2

18 . n
2
3n 10 . 23 . W 2
1I W 60 .

19 . b 2
24 . S ’ - 5S = 36 .

S ugge st i o n . F i rst d i v i d e b o th m e m b e rs b y 3 .

26 . 5 25 2
20 . 32 . 20 .

”
27 . 7 a 28a 7 0. 33 . 3 18 2
9113 6 .

28 . 4s: 2
8 0 . 34 . 63 x 56 .

29 . 3b 2
1 8b 21 0 . 35 . SB ’
12 3 36 .

30 . 6m 2
24m 18 0 . 36 . 2R 2
GR 80 .

31 . 11 W 2
44 W 55 0
. 37 . 317 2 7
18 1 = 48 .
 22 4 A YE AR OF A L GE B RA
38 .

S o lut i on . m ’
5m 2 5 2 E xp l a i n .

1
12 3
W h e nc e m +
.

V = ma k i ng m
g 1
i 1 +
2
.

2
or m=
( N o t i ce th a t We h a ve fo und t w o fa c t o rs o f 2 w h o s e s um is 5 ,

o r t h e fa c t o rs o f m
‘
5m 2 a re , a p p ro x i ma t e l y m , . 4 3 85 a nd

m T e s t b y mu l t i p l y i ng ) .

39 . 40 . m 2 — 9m z 5 .

41 . n
2 —l 1 n = 3 . 42 .
— 91 4 .

43 . 3 23 2
4 5 — 2 -
413 .

S o lut i on ’
. :5
£ 2:

= a nd
3?
1
1 x + %
—1
3 5
T h e re fo re w = , or x

44 . 2x 2
46 . 5x 2 — 1 1x z 5 .

45 . 47 . 31 9
4 7
-
5
5 — 2 .

Th e Hi ndo o meth o d .

I f we a re to so l v e th e e q u a t io n 1 2 2: 9 2 5 , it i s
e v i d e nt t h a t th e s q u a re ro o t of b o t h m e m b e rs ca n be ex

t ra c t e d at o nc e , g i v i n g 2 1: 3 : 5, Wh e n c e or

s
. 1 . Th is a vo i d s th e fra c t i o n s w h i c h w o ul d h a ve en

t e re d t h e l e ft m e m b e r i f t h e fi rst m e th o d fo r c o m p l e ti n g

t he sq u a r e h ad b e e n fo l l o w e d .

I ll ust rati v e e xampl e

S o l ve 3 45 ’
5 2: 2 .
(1 )
6027 24 ( M ul t i p l yi ng b o th m e m b e rs b y
’
3 63 : .
(2 )
25 49 .
(3 ) ( C o m p l e t i ng th e s q ua re ) .

5 t 7 . (4) ( E x t ra ct i n g t h e s q ua re ro o t o f e a c h me mb e r ) .

W h e nc e :r 2, or 5 .

Ob se rvat i o ns .
(1 ) Th e e q ua t i o n sh o u l d b e p ut i n th e s i m p l e s t
p o ss i b l e fo rm w i th th e k no w n nu mb e r i n t h e r i gh t m e m b e r .

(2 ) M u l t i p l y b o th m e m b e rs of th e e qua t i o n b y fo u r t i m e s t h e
c o e ffi c i e n t o f x
’
c .
226 A YE AR OF AL GE BR A
125 . S ol uti on of q uad ra ti c eq ua ti o ns b y formula . It
w as sh o wn in § 12 2 t h a t e v e ry q u a d ra t i c e q u at i o n in a:

may b e re d u c e d t o t h e fo rm a s:
2
bi : 0 : 0 . S i n c e t hi s
e q u a t i o n re p re se n ts a ny q u a d ra t i c e q u a t i o n w h a ts o e v e r , i t
is e v i de nt th a t i f w e so lv e t hi s e q u a ti o n fo r s
o, the res ul t i n g
.

ro o ts m a y be u se d asfo rm u l a s to ge t t h e roo ts of any

i v e n q u a d ra t i c S tudy th e foll o w i ng
g
—
.

(1 ) aa
’
be: c = 0 Th e n as.
"
bz
r= c
—
. .

b e: c
’ _ ( D i v i d i ng b o t h m e mb e rs b y )
(2 ) x
a
a .

—4
a

b ar b
’
b ’
ac
(3 ) a: + T +W 4a ’ ( C o m p l e t i ng t h e q
s ua re .
)

+ 2a ( E xt rac t i ng t h e s qua re roo t o f

(4 ) 3
2a
e a ch m e mb e r )
—b i
.

w r
4a c
(5 ) Th e n a:
20
I f w e w i sh to so l ve a g i ve n qua d ra t i c e q ua t i o n b y th e fo rm ul a ,
w e h a ve o nl y t o ta k e th e num b e rs th a t a re u se d i n p la c e o f a ,

b, a nd c i n t h e g i ve n e q ua ti o n a nd s ub s t i t ut e t h e se numb e rs fo r
b, a nd c i n th e fo rm ul a As , fo r e xa mp l e ,
—5
a,
—5
.

32 2
3: H e re a = 3, b = , a nd c = 2 .

5 i v2 5 24
E xp l a i n
Th e n a:
6
o r :r
2
. .

Ob se rva t i ons . (1 ) Al l th e t e rm s of th e e q u a t i o n m u st be col

le c te d i n t h e l e ft m e mb e r .

(2 ) Th e fi rs t t e rm , o r th e t e rm c o nta i ni ng sh o ul d b e p o si
t i ve . ( M ul t i p l y a ll t e rm s b y , i f n e c —1
e s sa ry ) .

S ub st i t ut e th e num b e rs t h a t c o rresp o nd t o a, b, a nd c a n d
(3 )
re d uc e t h e re s ul t t o S i m p l e s t fo rm . Ap p ro xi ma te t o d e c i m a l s i f
ne c e s sa ry .

E xercise 113
o llowi ng e q ua ti o ns, usi ng th e f or mu la
S o lve th e f
z ”
1 x .
5 . 2x
2 6 3x + 2
4x = 7
—
. .
.

3xz 8x
3 . 2x + 3 w 2 7 .

4 .
8 . 3a ?
 QUAD RATI C E QUAT I ONS 22 7

9 .
—3 3 . 15 .

10 . x
2 —2x 16 .
— 1 = —5 x 2
.

11 . 8 = x a: ( 17 . a (x

12 .
z
m = 3 (1 —2x ) . 18 . 7 = 2 x (z
13 .
(4 19 . 62 05
14 . 20 . 3 13 2 —5 w = 8 .

12 6 S i mul tane ous equati ons Th e stu d e nt h a s a l re a dy

. .

me t a n d so lve d p ai rs o f si multa n e o u s e q u a t i o ns, o n e l i ne a r

a n d o ne q u a d ra t i c . S
( ee No ne w p ri n c i p l e s a re

i n vo lved i n th e fo llo w i ng e xe rc i se s .

E xerci se 114

F i nd a ll s e ts o f roo ts th a t fy th sa tis
e f o llo wi ng pa i rs o f
s i m u l ta ne o us e q ua ti o n
s a nd c h e c k :

1 5 4 3 z= 13
. x + y z . x + y
=6
xy = x +y 5
=

2 x + 2 y z 7 5 . x
z —yzz l l
2 xy = 12 . w + y = 11
3 z+ 3 y = 10 6 z
x + y = 18
2

zy = 8 x y z fi—
”
7 . 23 + y
2 = 11 Ans . x= 3 2 2 5 Wh e n y = 775
. .
,
a nd

a: 775 w h e n y
.

Ch e ck t h e se ro o ts ca re ful ly . D o th e y c h e ck e xa c tly ?
Why ?
8 .
—
l y
- z= 5 Ans . x : an d

a: + y = 2 .
y = 45 1
. an d

2 5
1
9 . 2x + 3 y 2 2
= 16 10 ,
13
-

3
x
x + y=3 .

Z + y =

11 . x
2
+ + xy y
2
= l9 12 . x= 6 —6y
x +y =5 .
y
2
=x
+ 10 .
2 28 A YE AR OF ALGE B R A

13 a
"
y
2
74 w“ —y ’ = 72
—
.

a: y : 2 . x y 6
= .

15 . 9x ’
4y 3
=

w + 2y = 7 .

:l:
’ -
2:l: l - -
2y 2

z+ y = 8 .

23 2
W 3 0 (2 ) .

S o lut i o n . 63 ’
8y ’
= 22 (3 ) Multi p l yi ng ( 1 ) b y 2 .

62 9
+ 90 (4) M ulti p lyi ng ( 2 ) b y 3
—1 7y —68
.

S ub t ra c t i ng ( 4 ) fro m
’

Wh e nce y : 2, a nd y 2 . E xp l a i n a nd fi nd :5 .

Th e re a re fo ur se ts o f a ns w e rs fo r th e a b ove pa ir of e qua t i o ns .

Ch e c k e a c h se t .

20 .
—y 2
= 1 21 . 5 27 3 —731
7y 2
30 ”
. 3x 8y 52
22 . 4y 2
11 23 . 2 0y 2

z
4az 7y 2
8 . 24y z 4 .

24 . x
2
y 2 6 (1 )
2

my 5 (2 ) .

S ol ut i on .
(3 ) M ul ti p l yi ng ( 2 ) b y 2 .

( 4 ) Add i ng ( 1 ) a nd

Wh e nc e a: y t
r 6 .
(5 ) E xp l a i n .

(if (6 ) S ub tra c t i ng (3 ) fro m

a: y :t 4 .
(7 )
T h e re are fo ur w a ys o f c o mb i ni ng th e li ne a r e qua t i o ns (5 )
a nd (7 w h i c h g i ve s fo ur s e t s o f ro o ts . Fi nd th e m a nd c h ec k .

25 . x
2
+ y 4 2
= 25 27 . x
2
+ y = 2

xy = 6 . my = l 4 .

26 . x
2
+ y = 2
5 28 . x
2
+ y
2
=

xy .
wy = 8 .

127 .Graphi ng quadrati c e qua ti ons Th e stu d e nt h as .

a l re a dy l ea rne d h ow t o gr a p h a n e q u a ti o n o f th e fi rst d e

g r e e i n t wo u nkn o w n s a n d h as d i sc o ve re d t h a t t h e ra
g ph
Of su c h a n e q u a t i o n i s a stra i gh t l i ne (S e e .
23 0 A YE AR OF ALGE B R A

III Graph sp = l z Wh y ?

—
y
—1 2
. .

—
z z= 4
—6 —
= 1, 3,
—3 —1
.
,

y = 1 2, 1 2 , 6, , 4, 4, y = 3, , 2, .

N ot e . Th i s i s a c urve o f t w o pa rts or b ra nc h es a nd is ca ll e d 9.

E xercise 115

th e f o ll o wi ng

y =2 2
3 . 2 .
y = 2: 2
2
+ 2: + 1 . 3 . :c
’

”
a: y .
(S ub st i t ut e val u es fo r y .
) 5 . :r y
2
4 .

’
y x

9y 36 (Thi is an elli pse . )

2
. s c urv e

“
9:5
l
4y 2
36 . 9 .
y
2
9 .
 QUAD RAT I C E QUATI ON S 23 1

Grap h on th e sa m e a xes e ac h o f th e fo llowi ng p a i rs o f

e q ua ti o ns a nd wri te th e va l u e s of th e p o i n ts o f i n ter
se c ti o n :

10 x
2
+ y
2 = 25 11 x + y z 7
—
. .

x y l
z . xy = 10 .

12 . 923 2 —4y 2
= 36 13 . n
z —yzz l fi
3 x + 2y = 6 . x + y = 8 .

14 3x 2 z 4 5 15 0
+
2
+ y = x y =

—
. .

x y = 0 . xy z —I O .

E xe rci se 116 . Prob l ems

S o lv e th e f o llo wi ng p ro bl e m s usi ng ei th e r on e or two
u n kno wns . Any ro o ts o f th e e q ua ti o ns th a t d o no t sa tis
fy
th e c o ndi ti o ns o f th e p ro bl e m m us t b e o mi tte d .

1 F i nd t w o num be rs wh o se su m i s 3 , if th e sum of
‘
.

t h e i r sq ua res i s 2 9 .

2 . F ind t wo n u m b e rs su ch t h a t th e su m of th e first
a nd 2 t im es t h e sec o n d is 7 a nd th e sum o f th e sq u a res o f

t h e two num b e rs i s 13 .

3 . Th e p e ri m e t e r o f a re c ta ngl e i s 2 0 i n ch e s an d th e
a re a i s 2 4 sq uare i nch e s . Fi nd t h e l e n gt h a nd brea d th
of th e re c ta ngl e .

4 Th e p e ri m et e r of a rec ta ngle i s 28 i n ch e s an d th e
.

l e ngt h o f t h e d i a go na l i s 10 i nch e s Fi n d t h e di m e nsi ons . .

5 . Th e su m o f t wo n um be rs a d de d to th e i r p roduct i s
11 . F i nd t h e n u mb e rs i f th e i r di ff e re nc e i s 1 .

6 . Th e sum of th e sq u a res of t wo nu mb e rs i s 61 an d

t h e d i ffe re nce of th e i r sq u a re s is 1 1 . Wh at a re th e n um

b e rs ?
7 . F i n d t wo n umb e rs su ch t h a t 3 ti mes th e squ are o f
the fi rst p l us 2 t i m e s t h e sq u are o f th e s ec o n d i s 3 0, a nd

5 t i mes th e sq u a re of t h e fi rst m i n u s 3 ti m e s t h e sq u are

of t he sec o n d is 7 .
23 2 A YE AR OF A L GE B RA
8 . Th e su m o f two numb e rs i s 5 a nd the su m of the i r
c ubes is 3 5 . Wh at a re t h e numb e rs ?

9 . Th e di ff e re nc e of two nu m b e rs i s 1 , and t h e di ff e r
e nc e Of th e i r c ub e s is 7 . Wh at a re th e n umb ers ?

10 . Th e are a of a rec t a ngl e i s 60 sq u a re fee t a nd th e

l e ngt h is 2 fe e t m o re th a n tw i c e t h e w i dth . F i n d th e
l e ngt h a nd w i dth .

11 . Th e di ago n a l of a re c ta n gl e is 5 fe e t and th e are a

i s 12 sq ua r e fe e t . F i nd i ts di m e nsi o ns .

12 . Th e a re a of a re c t a n gl e i s 40 s q u a re fe e t a nd i ts

p e r i m e t e r i s 2 6 fe e t . F i n d t h e di m e nsi o ns .

13 . One of t wo n umb e rs i s 6 l a rge r t h an th e oth er an d

th e ir p ro d u c t i s 3 9 l a rge r th an t h e i r sum . F i nd t h e
n u m b e rs .

14 . A p i c t u re w i th o u t th e
fr a m e is 3 i nc h e s lo ge r t h a n
p
W i de . Th e f ra m e i s 1 5 i nc h e s
w i de , and th e a re a o f p i c t u re a nd

f ra m e i s d o u b l e t h e a re a of th e

p i c t u re a l o ne . Fi n d t h e w i dth
a nd l e ngt h of t h e p i c tu re .

15 . Th e l a rge r of t w o n u m b e rs
d i v i de d by t h e sm a ll e r is e q u al

to th e q u o t i e n t of t he sm a l l e r

d i v i de d by th e l arge r m i nus 5 .

F i n d t h e nu m b e rs i f th e i r sum
i s 15 .

16 . Th e su m of t wo num b e rs i s 5 a nd th e i r p ro du ct is
1 m o re th a n t h e d i ff e r e n c e of th e i r sq u a res . Wh a t a re th e
nu m b e rs ?
17 Th e n umb e r o f n o t e -bo o ks t h at c a n b e b o u gh t for
i s 5 l ess th a n th e n u m b e r o f c e nt s t h at o n e n o te -b o o k
c o st s . Fi n d t h e n u m b e r o f n o t e - b oo ks a n d th e c o st o f o n e
 CHAPT E R X

RATI O AND P R OP ORTI ON

128 . Defi ni t i ons . D e fin e t h e f o ll o w i n g t e rms ( se e 7 9)

ra ti o , a nt e ce d e n t , c o nse q u e nt , p p
r o o rt i o n ,
te rm s of a p ro

p o rt i o n , e xt r e m e s,
m e a ns .

9
I n th e p ro p o rti o n
Z _
(1
st a t e w h i ch a re a nt e ce de n ts ,

co ns e q u e n ts , m ea ns , e xtre m e s .

a
I f t h e m e a ns of a p p t i n th e sa m e in
2
,
r o o r o a r e as
a;

th e c o mm o n m e an is c alle d th e mean prop orti onal b e

tw e e n th e o th e r t w o t e rms an d b i s kn o w n as th e t hi rd

p p
ro o rt i ona l t o a a nd a: s i n c e t h e r e a r e o n l y t h r e e d i st i n c t
nu m b e rs i n t h e p ro p o rt i o n , a, x, a n d b .

12 9 . Fundamental l aws of p p
ro ort i o n .

I . In a ny p p
ro or ti o n th e p ro d u c t of th e m e a ns e q ua l s

th e p ro d uc t o f th e e x tre m es .
(S e e
a c
T h a t i s, 1t th e n cd = bc E xp l a i n h o w ob t a i ne d
b E
. .

II . I f th e p o du c t
r o f two f a c to rs e q u a ls t h e p ro d u c t o f
two o th e r f ac to rs , ei th e r two m a y be m ad e th e e xtre m e s a n d

th e o th e r two th e m e a ns o f a p rop o rti o n .

” 11
Th a t i s i f m n = wy, th e n
a :
D i v i d i ng b o th '

m e mb e rs of th e e qua t i o n m n = zy b y new g i ve s
mn my m 1;
or
um 7 1:
"
’
na: n
 R AT I O AN D PROPORTI ON 23 5

E xe rc ise 1 17

Ap p ly th e first fu nda m e n ta l la w o f o
p p
r o r ti o n to th e
so lu ti o n f th e f o l lo wi ng i a nd th e n nd
o p p
r o o r t o ns fi th e
v a l u es o f th e li tera l n um b e rs :

a: a
'
5 a: 9 n 1
1 _ 2
2
° '

4 4 a:

n 3 n 3
n 2 n 18
a 1 3a 2
7
2a 1 5a 2

;
7
8 . Giv e n m n z a y, '
sh o w th at

Sugge st i o n . D i vi d e b o th m e m b e rs of mu z zy b y nu .

a: n
9 . Giv e n my m n, sh o w th at
m y
N ot e . N umb e rs 8 a nd 9 a re p ro o fs of th e s e c o nd fund a me n ta l
l a w o f p ro p o rt i o n . T h e re e i gh t
d i ffe re n t p ro po rt i o n s t h a t
a re

c an be o b ta i n e d fro m m n = zy b y La w I I W ri te t h e o th e r s i x . .

10 . Si nce a p p ly L aw g g ,
= 3
1 ,
e tc .

Ch ec k th e se t wo p ro p o rt i o ns b y L aw I a nd th e n wr i t e six

d i ff e re nt p ro p o rt i o ns f ro m t h e sa m e e q u al ity .

11 . S i nc e 2 w ri t e t h e e i gh t di ffere n t p ro p o r
t i o ns a nd c h e c k e a c h by a pp l y i n g L aw I .

12 . F i n d t wo n u m b e rs i n th e ra t i o of 2 t o 3 , th e su m

of w h o se sq u a re s is 5 2 .

S u gge st i on . U se a: a n d y fo r t h e n u mb e rs . Th e e qua t i o n s a re

a: 2
_ a nd -
52
3
.
,
y
13 . F i n d t wo n u m b e rs i n th e ra t i o o f 5 t o 7 w h os e su m

i s 60 .

14 . Wh a t n um b e r m u st b e a dde d to e a ch o f th e num b e rs
7 , 9, 2 , and 3 t o gi ve sum s t h a t fo rm a ro
p p o rt i o n i n th e
s a m e o rd e r .
23 6 A YE AR OF AL GE BR A

15 . Wh a t n u mb e r mus t b e su b t rac t e d fro m ea ch of the

n um b e rs 9, 10, 12 , a nd 14 t o giv e re m a i n d e rs th at a re in

p p
ro o rt i o n ?
16 3 .
,
5, a nd 9 a re th e fi rst t h re e t e rm s of a p p
ro o rt i o n .

F i nd t h e fo urt h t erm .

Wha t n u mb e r m u st b e a dde d to e a ch t e rm of th e
i} to m ake t h e res ul t eq u a l to th e ra ti o o f fi l
‘
ra ti o

18 . Wh at n u m be r m u st b e a d de d to e a ch t e rm of th e
ra t i o t m k h re su l t e q u al to th e rat i o 8? E xp l a i n
is o a e t e

y o u r an swe r .

19 . F i n d tw o n u mb e rs i n th e r a ti o o f 3
. wh ose di ff e re n ce
is 25 .

20 . D i vi de 75 i nto t w o p a rts th a t a re i n th e ra ti o of

7 to 8 .

21 . A fa th e r a nd so n c o n t ra c t to d o a p i e c e of w ork a nd

a gre e t o di vi d e th e i r e a rn i n g i n th e ra t i o o f 5 to 3 . Th ey
ea rn $40 . H o w m uc h do e s e a c h re c e iv e ?

22 . Wh a t nu m b e r m u st b e sub t ra c t e d fro m e a ch t e rm
of th e r at i o
{ i
f t o m a ke t h e r e m ai n d e r e q u a l t o th e ra tio 5 ?

23 Th e rat i o of A ’ ’
. s a ge to B s a ge i8 3
4L
I n 1 0 ye a rs
the ra t io of th e i r a ges w i ll b e 5 . F i n d th e i r a ge s now .

24 . A a nd B i nv e st $3 000 and $5 000 i n a b usi n e ss a nd

a gre e t o d i v i de t h e i r e a rn i n gs i n th e ra t i o of th e ir in
ve stm e nts . I f th e e a rn i n gs fo r th e fi rst y e ar a r e $ 1000 ,

w h a t i s th e sh a re th at e a c h re c e i ve s ?
25 . Th e d e n o m i n ato r o f a c e rt a i n fra c t i o n i s 4 m o re th a n
i ts n um e ra tor . I f 10 is a d de d to th e n um e ra to r, th e n e w
fra c t i on will b e e q u al t o th e ol d frac t i o n i nve rte d . Wh a t
i s th e fra c t i o n ?

13 0 . Prob l ems i nvol vi ng th e mea n or h

th e t i rd pro

To fi n d th e m e a n p ro p o rt i o n a l b e tw e e n two n u m b e rs
23 3 A YE AR OF AL GE B RA

13 1 Prob l ems in prop orti on th a t arise fro m geo met ry

. .

Th e w o rd si mi l ar i n ge o m e t ry h a s th e ge ne ra l m e a n i n g
“
o f, h a v i n g th e sa m e sh a p e .

Al l c i rc l e s a re si m i l a r fi gures .

I f tw o rec t a n gl e s are s im i l a r, th e ra t i o of th e i r l e n gt h s
i s th e sa m e as the ra t i o o f t h e ir w i dt h s .

All sq u ares a re sim i l a r fi gu res .

In si m i l a r fi gu re s corre spondi ng si d e s, or lin e s , a re

l i n es th at h ave th e sa m e p o si t i o n wi th re sp e c t to t h e r es t

of t h e l i nes an d a ngl e s o f th e fi gure .

In si m i l a r tr ia n gl e s t h e ra t i o of co rr esp o nd i ng b as e s
is the sa m e as th e ra t i o o f c o rre sp o nd in g a l t i t ud es , o r o f a

p a i r o f c o rr e sp o n d i n g s i d e s .

Th e r at i o of th e a re a s o f s im i l a r fi gure s i s th e s am e as

th e r a t io o f th e sq u a re s o f tw o c o rre sp o n d i ng si de s .

Th e ra t i o of th e v o l um es of tw o si m i l a r so l i ds is th e
s am e as th e ra t i o o f th e c ube s o f two c o rre sp o n d i n g e d ge s

o r o th e r l i ne a r di m e n si o ns .

E xerc i se 1 19

1 . A c ert a i n re c ta n gl e i s 5 i nc h e s w i de an d 8 inc h e s
l o ng . Th e w id t h o f a s i m il a r re c ta n gl e i s 10 i nch es . F in d
i ts l en gth .

S uggest i on . I f x i s t h e nu mb e r of i nc h e s i n i t s le ng t h , th e

e q ua t i o n is — '

10 5
2 . F i n d th e di a go n a ls of th e rec t a n gl e s i n No . 1 and

thei r ra tio .

8 . Th e si d e s of t wo s q u a res are re sp e c tiv e l y 4 i n c h es

a nd 6 i nc h es . F i n d th e i r di a go n a ls a nd th e ra ti o of th e
d i a go n a l s .

4 . If a sq u a r e is e qu al in a re a to a g i v e n re c t a ngl e , th e
 R AT I O AN D P R OPOR TI ON 23 9

s i de o f th e sq u are is a m e a n p ro p o rti o n a l b e t we e n th e wi dth

and t h e l e n gt h of th e re c tan gl e S h ow thi s t o be t ru e
. .

( s = a b a n d a pp l y
’
La w I I ) .

5 . Th e b ases of t wo si m i l a r t ri a n gl es are 7 i n c h es an d

1 1 in ch es . I f th e a l t i t u de of th e fi rst i s 14 i n c h es , w h at
i s the a lt i t u de o f the se c on d ?
6 . Th e sh a d o w o f a c e rt a i n t re e i s 42 fe e t l o n g, a nd at

t he sam e t i m e th e sh a d o w o f a 5 fo o t p o l e i s 3 fee t in l en gt h .

F in d th e h e i gh t of t h e t re e .

7 . Th e th re e sid es o f a t ri a n gl e a re 6, 8 , and 1 2 i n ch es .

I f th e sh o rt est s id e o f a s i m i l a r t ri a n gl e i s 9 i n c h es , wh a t
a re th e o th e r tw o s id e s ?
8 . Th e b ase s of tw o si m i l a r t ri a n gl e s a re 5 i n ch es an d

8 i nc h e s . I f th e a re a of th e sm a ll e r is 5 0 sq u a re i nc h es ,
w h at i s t h e a re a o f th e l a rge r ?
S ug gest i on . S i n c e th e ra t i o of th e a re a s i s th e sa m e as th e
ra t i o of th e s q ua r e s o f c o rres p o n d i ng s i d e s, th e e qua t i o n is
25 50
64 a:

9 . If i s 5 i n c h es by 8 i n c h es a n d a no th e r
o ne re c t an gl e

1 0 i n c h es b y 1 6 i n c h e s, a re th ey si m i l a r ? Wh at i s t h e
r a t i o o f t h e i r a reas ? o f th e i r di a go n a ls ?

10 . Th e wi dth s of t wo s i m il a r re c ta n gl e s a re 6 i n c h es
a nd 10 i n c h e s, re s p e c t i v e l y . I f th e a re a o f th e first i s 54
sq u a r e i n c h e s , fi n d t h e l e n gt h of the se c o n d re c t a n g l e .

11 . Two c i rc l es h a ve ra d i i of 4 in ch es a nd 5 i n ch e s ,
re sp e c t i v e ly , Wh a t is th e ra ti o of th e i r c i rc um fe re n c e s ?
of th e i r a re a s ?
12 .
- I f th e ra di us o f o n e c i rc l e i s tw i c e th a t o f a n ot h e r ,

wh a t i s t h e ra t i o o f th e i r a re as ? of th e i r c i rc um fe re nc es ?
13 I f th e a re a o f a sq u a r e i s 16 sq u a e i n c h es, w h a t i s
.
r
th e a r e a o f a s q u a re w h o se si d e i s t wi c e t h a t of th e fi rst ?
o n e -
h al f ?
240 A YE AR OF A L G E B RA

14 . Wh at is th e ra tio of th e si de s o f t wo sq u a re
s if t h e
ra t i o of th ei r a re as is 1 t o 2 ? 1 to 3 ? 2 to 5 ?
15 . Wh a t is th e ra t i o o f th e ra d i i of t wo c i rc l e s if the
ra t i o of their ar e as is 1 t o 2 ? 1 to 3 ? 2 to 5 ?
16 . Two bo xes a re s im il a r a nd e ac h di m e nsi o n of th e
l a rge r i s t wi c e t h e c o rre sp o n d in g d i m e n si o n of th e sm a ll e r .

Wh a t is t he ra ti o o f th e i r v o l u m es ? of th e i r c o rres p o n d i n g

su rfa c e s

17 . I f t h e di a me te r of th e su n i s 1 10 t i m es th a t of th e
e a rt h , wh a t i s t h e ra t i o o f th e i r v o lu m e s ? of th e ir su rfa c es ?
18 . F i nd t h e resp e c t i v e d ia m et e rs of a b aseb all and a

b a ske tb a ll a nd de te rm i n e t h e ra t i o of th e i r su rf a c es ; of

th e i r vo l umes .

19 . I f th e d i a m e te rs of tw o so a p b u bb l es a re 2 i n c h es
and 3 i nc h e s w h a t i s t h e ra t i o o f th e i r vo l um e s ?
20 . A q u a rt e r -
se c t i o n o f l a nd co nt a i ns 1 60 a c re s . I f it
is in th e sh a p e o f a sq u a re , wh a t is th e l e ngth o f o ne si d e ?
W ha t is t h e l e n gth of a 40 -
ac re fi el d i n th e fo rm of a

s q u a re

21 . A fa rm e r h as two gra n ari e s e xa c tl y a l ike in a ll re

s p e c ts , e xc e p t th a t t h e di m e n si o ns o f o ne a re 1 0 p e r c e nt
'

gre a te r t h a n th ose of th e o th e r . Ho w do th e i r v o l um es
c o m p a re ? I f the sm a l l e r h o l ds 8 00 b ush els of wh e a t , w h a t
i s th e c a p a c i ty o f t h e l a rge r ?

22 . Two re c tan gl es a re sim il a r a nd th e b a se o f o ne is

2 i nc h e s l o nge r th an th e b a s e of th e o th e r . Th e ra t i o of

t h e ir a re as is 1 5
9 . F i n d t h e i r b a se s .

—
?
!
a
S ugge sti on . U se t h e e q ua t i o n s a = y 2 an d
,
y
’
I !
23 . Show th at th e dim ens io ns of a ca n th at h o lds one

g a l l on a re j ust t wi ce t h e d i m e n si o ns of a c an of si mi l a r

sh a p e t h a t h o l ds one i
p tn .
242 A S E COND COURS E I N ALG E B R A

13 3 . D e fini tio ns . An alge b rai c e xpre ssi o n , o r si m ply a n

e xpre ssi o n , is a ny co m b ina t io n o f sym b o ls t ha t re p rese n t s a

n umbe r o r o pe ra t io ns o n numbe rs . Th e fo ll o wing a re ex

3223;
1
pressi o ns : 2 a b, a + b, a nd

A te rm is a n e xp re ssio n no t se p a ra t e db y th e signs or

a nd re prese nt ing a single num be r o r q ua ntity Th e fo llo w1ng .

its
2

a re t e rms : 2ax , 3 6x y, ’
a nd (a + b) whi ch we re a d as
;
“ ”
th e q ua nt ity a +b .

Like o r si milar te rms are t e rm s t h a t h a v e t h e sa m e li t e ra l

p a rt s ,
su c h as a b ,
2a b, a nd 7 a b, or 3a 2
x, 12 a z a nd
2
, 77 a i
r, or

a nd

D e fine a nd write an ill ust ra t io n fo r e a ch o f the fo llo wing

e xpo ne nt , m o no mial , b ino mi a l, t rino m ia l , po ly
co e ffi c ie nt ,

no mia l , e q ua t io n o f co ndi t io n , i de nt ity .

I n such a te rm as 2 l abr y, 2 1 is ca lle d t h e ari th m e ti c al o r

nume ri cal c oe m ci e nt o f t he lit e ra l pa rt , a bxy I t sh o uld b e .

re c a lle d t h a t a b is t h e co e ffi c ie nt o f 2 1xy a nd t h a t 2 1y is t h e

co e ffic ie nt o f a bx .

Whe n we wish to re prese nt t h e i de a t h a t t wo nu m b e rs a re

to be c o nsi de re d as o ppo sit e in c h a ra ct e r o r di re c t io n , w e

m a ke use Of t h e signs a nd a nd c a ll su c h nu m b e rs

pos i tive a n d ne ga ti ve num b e rs , di re c te d num b e rs , o r a nd

numb e rs (See Cha pt e r I I )

. .

13 4 . Th e fo ll o wing rule s fro m Ch a pt e rs I I a nd III nee d

e m ph asis .

Rule for th e si gn o f th e pro duct o f se ve ral fac to rs . The

si gn o f a p ro duct i s if a n even number o i
f fts a cto rs a re a nd

the si gn f
o a p ro duct is if a n odd number o f f
i ts a c tors a re

(Se e 30 a nd

Rul e fo r th e si gn o f a quo ti e nt . I f the di vi dend a nd di vi sor

ha ve li ke si gns , the si gn of the quo ti ent i s I f they ha ve unli ke
si gns , the si gn of the i
quo ti e nt s ( ee
S
2 44 A SE COND COU RS E I N ALG E B RA

4 Give t he rule fo r finding t he sum o f se ve ra l sim ila r

.

a lge b ra i c t e rms, so me po si t ive a n d so m e ne ga t ive .

5 Give the rule fo r finding the sum o f se ve ral po lyno mi a ls

fl
.

t h a t h a ve similar t e rms .

8 Give t he rule fo r finding t h e di e re nce o f t wo po ly

.

no m i a ls t h at h a ve simil a r t e rms
—
.

7 Wh a t is t h e pro duct Of
. a) b) c)? Wha t c ha nge s

o f si gns will no t cha nge t he sign o f t h e pro duc t a nd why ?

8 Wha t is the pro duct o i ( 2) 5) —3 )

—12
.

9 D ivi de a b c by 3 a b c
’ ‘ 5 ’ "
a n d st a t e t he rules use d
—bz
. .

10 Wh a t is th e o du t f u
zb and a
i
b?
’
.
p r c o , a ,

11 I f the q uo t ie nt is b a nd t h e divide nd is wha t is t h e

—
. a,

diviso r? Wh at if t he divide nd we re 2a ?
12 I f t h e pro duct is x a nd t h e m ultiplica nd y, wh a t is
.

t h e m ult iplier? I f t he p ro duc t we re -

2xy?
13 Re m o ve t he pa re nth e sis in e a ch o f th e follo wi ng a nd
— — —b —
.

c o lle c t wh e re po ssib le : (1) 2 (a b) ()

2 ( + b )
—
a , a a c ,

(3 ) x + y 2z (3 x
14 E xp re ss b y a n e q ua t io n t he fa ct that a is as m uc h
m
.

m o re t h a n t wic e b as th re e t i es b is less t ha n t h ree t im es c .

15 . E xpre ss b y a n e q ua tio n t h e fact t ha t x e xce e ds t h re e

t im es a b y t h e q uo t ie nt o f y di vi de d b y t wice c .

13 5 . Fundame ntal proc e ss e s wi th po lynomi al s .

E xe rc i se 12 1

1 Add 3 x 3 —5 x + 7x
2 —3 — —
8 x +x x 2 3 —
7 2x 3
3x + 4, 2

—2
.
, , ,

a nd x +3 x 4
i 2 -
x
i — — —
.

2 Fro m th e sum o f 2 x xy i y a nd
2
x + 3 xy
2 ’
sub
—
-
.
y ,

t ra c t th e sum o f 4x2 2
d 3 2
+ + 3 2

—l —3
y a n x xy y
— —
.

3 Ta ke t he sum o f 6 4a
—
a a nd 5 a fro m t h e
3 ’

—
a
— —
.

sum o f nd 3 4
" 3
2a 5 3
+ 2a a 2
5 ?

—
-
aa a a
—
.
.

—
4 Sub t ra c t b c + d e fro m a
——
. .

5 . M ulti ply 3 x 5 x 3 b y 2 x + x
2 2
7 .
2 46 A S E COND COURS E I N ALGE B RA

(a + b) 4 (3 + 5 ) (2a —7b)
—
. r s .

(m n) (x + v) 5 .

( + b — )
—
a c .

( v )
+ 5
—
x

(m — 2 ) (m n
—
a

(3 5
x y+ 2 z
) (3 —5 y
—2 z
) x
—v)
.

5 x

VI I I

— —
0

(2 m 3 -
n + 4a )(2 m + 3 n 4 a ) .

4 (3 a 2 b+ 5 0) (3 a + 2 b 5 c)
—
. .

5 .
(xi
v
h f ) .

13 7 . Fa ctorin g . The fo ll o wing types of fac to ring h a v e

all be e n st udied .
(S ee 5 6

E xe rc ise 12 3
Reduce eac h expressi o n to p ri me fa ctors
I . 2 1a b c" ’ 2
7 a b (3 c
3 2 2
4a b ’
c l 5a b )
- 2 ’

A
( p y
o l no mia l wi t h m o no m ia l fac to r )
a .

1 . 12a b ’ 3
16 a b + 2 8 a b
3 2 3 3
.

2 7m 2
n
2
l 4 m n + 2 l mn
3 3

—
. .

4-
3 17x 5
3 4 5
x
‘
l 5 1x 3 3

—
y y y
-
. .

4 . 26a 7 5
b 39 a b i l 3a b
5 7 5 5
- -
.

5 .
“
1 1a b c
i 6
22a b c
5 ° 7

II . 9m —12 mn + 4n
2 2=
(3 m —2 n) (3 m —Z ) n .

( A t ri no m i a l t h a t i s t h e sq ua re o f a b ino m i a l )
—
.

1 n .
2
8 n l 16
--
. 4 .

2 z
2 x + 6 x+ 9
2
5 x + 2 x y + yt
4

2—
. . .

3 16 a
. 24 ab + 9b 2
6 . .
248 A S E COND CO RS U E I N ALG E B RA

7 3 —xy —2y
‘ ’ ’ ‘
10 l 6m ‘

— —
r
—
. . .

8 m b ’ ’
11
—5
’ ’ ’ ’
a n a 4x 16x + 16
—
. . .

9 ‘ ’-
4a + 20 12 s s

—b)
. a a . . x y .

13 (a
‘ 4 -
2 (a
4
14 . 3 2a

E xe rci se 124 M isc e lla ne o us Expre ssio ns .

S tate unde r whi ch of the precedi ng types eac h of the follo w i ng

ma y be factored, and fi nd i ts fa cto rs :
1 .

—
2 . a
—
‘ —4a 2
. 3 . a
3 —
b
— —
ab
’
.

8x 18xy' ’
5 64 n
‘
6 a
2
2a 8
—15 —4
. . . . .

7 6x ’
8 4a 2

——2
. . a .

9 3a ’
10 3x ’

——9
a
— —
. . .

”
a + 2 ab i b 12 ( b)
°

’
11 2

—
a
—
. . .

13 ( y) ( y) ’
14 ‘

—— —
x x
—25
. . . a

15 5n 2
n+3 0 16 a
z bz 2bc c
’

—
. . . .

17 2
(D i id by x y )
—b + 2b —
2
x -
x
—y
-
.
y . v e .

18 x y
3
19 a
i ’
c c
’

—x —
. . . .

20 25 3-
{1 2 xy y 2
21 16 (
—
a
—
. . .

22 4a + 1 1a y+ 6y
2 2
23 a 4
20 2

—5
a
—
. . . .

24 48 a 4
3b4
25 a
4
a
2
+4
—b
. . . .

26 a+ b+ a 2 2
27
—8 1 —2 1
. . .

28 . a + 2a b + b
2 2
. 29 . 9a 2
a + 10 .

30 100 31 ”
a b
z
—
. .

32 8m l l mn + 3 n
2 2
33 a
2
+a
— — — —
. . .

34 ’ z z
3 x yz 6xy z l 3 y z5 - 3
35 9x i se4
36 t

— —
. . . .

36 (a b) 2 (a
2

—b) —20 ( —b)

.

37 .
( x+ y ) 2
( x+ y ) (a a
2

13 6 . E qua ti o ns . Sta te t h e funda m e ntal a xio ms of th e

e q ua t io n; (See
E xe rc i se 12 5
S o lve the fo llowi ng equa ti ons a nd c heck
1 3 x + 8 5x 7 = 3 + 2 x 2 2 —— '

—
— —
. .

2 .
( n)
7 12 .
250 A SE COND COURS E I N ALGE B RA

Fi nd the L C M of the followi ng

. . .

8 3 6 , 16 , 10, a nd 3 5
. .

9 6a b, 12 a b, a nd l Oa b
’ ’ ‘ ’

—
. .

10 a x+ a y, x ’ ’
nd
y
—— —
.
,
a

11 x 6 , x + 5 x + 6 , a nd x’

—b
’
. x
3
9 .

a nd a
’
12, 3a ’ ’

—3 —4 —5
.

13 n + 3 , a nd n n+ 6
’ ’ ’
. n n+2, n .

140 . Fra ctio ns .

Sta t e wh at funda m e ntal o pe ra tio ns may be pe rfo rm e d on

t he te rms o f a fra ctio n wit ho ut c h a nging its v alue (See .

E xe rc i se 12 8
Reduce the followi ng frac ti ons to lo wer te rms
6 a xy —28 a
3
bc ‘ "
10x y z 7 s °
1 _ 4Ox5 82 1 1
9xyz 42a b c ‘ ’ ‘
y
x 2 z ” 4b” Qr y ‘ " i
Qx y ‘
y a

x
a — y a a
2 —3 ab + 2 b
’ ‘
l 2x y 12:1: y
3 a

n —m a
” b2
3 x

b 2
2ab a
2
x
2
5 x+ 6

E xe rc i se 12 9
S upply the mi ssi ng terms i n the fo llowi ng

2x a
1 °

3y 12 x y 2 2
2 °

a —b a
z—b2

5a
—2 b
a

1 a b — a a —b
1 -
n

(1 —2 n ) (1 + 2 n)
x+ 3 —12 abxy

x —2 x —5x+ 6
2

—
m n
m+n 3dmz 3 anz —
25 2 A SE COND COURS E I N ALG E B RA

=
3 6a b= 16xy 8 0x n
z — —G n 2
n —
+n 6
25 x 1; 7
.

2 7a h 3
aby
'

n’— 6n + 9 n — 4
.

—b b — — z— z— —
fl
b ’
x y l xy G ’

— li r
xy
—
a c a

a c a
-
r
a —c ’
xy
z—Q xy z— xy 2
2 2
x +y

a
” —
2a b + b’ — c
2
a
’—b —2 b — 2
c c
2

a
’- -
1 2ab+ b — "
c
2
a
z— z —
b i 2 bc c - - 2

5a ’
7a b -
2b 2 10a + 11a 2 —
b 6b 2
10

141 . Fra cti o nal e qua tions .

E xe rci se 133
S olve the f o llo wi ng equati ons a nd check

x x
1 .
3 f :
10 ‘ 2 ° 6 ° 3 °
3! y 26 .

2 3 2 5
n +3 n+ 1 n+8 2m + 1 —
m 4 {m + 1
6
T
°

5 3 2 3
n —2 1 3
( n —l ) n —l

—2
§
x a x a

g + = x a .
(S o l v e fo r x .
)
x x 1
a +b a —b a +b
(S o l v e fo r x .
)
1 1 m+n
9 .

x —2 a x+ a x
i’ —a x —2 a 2 (So lve fo r x ) .

142 . S imulta ne ous syste ms of e quations .

E xe rc i se 13 4
S olve the fol lowi ng si mu lta neo us li nea r systems a nd check
( F o ll o w t he p la n o f e li m i na t i ng o n e o f t h e unk no wn s b y a dd i t i o n or
sub t ra c tio n M e t h od I , 5
—
.

1 x+ y = 1 2 2x y = 6 3 2a + 3 b = 1
— —
. . .

x y
= 5 . 3 x + 2 y = 2 3 a b = l 8 . .
2 54 A U
SECOND CO RS E I N ALG E B R A

5 . Find fo ur co nsec ut ive e ve n numbe rs wh ose sum is 60 .

6 Find thre e co nse c ut ive e ve n numb e rs such t ha t t h e

.

s um o f the first two e xce e ds t h e t hird by 28 .

7 Ifi nd fo ur co nse cut ive num be rs such tha t t h e pro duc t

'

o f t h e t hird and fo urth e xcee ds t h e pro d uc t o f t h e first a nd

sec o nd by 2 6 .

8 Find three co nse c ut iv e inte ge rs wh o se

. sum e xc e e d s

h a l f t h e l a rgest b y 3 7 .

9 . Th e se co nd o f th ree num be rs is 3 less t h a n t wi ce th e

first a nd t he t hi rd is 3 m o re t h an t h ree tim es t h e first . Th e
sum of t he numb e rs is 42 . Wh a t a re they ?
10 Se pa ra t e 4 7 into t wo part s such t ha t o ne pa rt shall
.

e xc e e d t he o t he r by 15 .

11 I f 2x + 9 re prese nt s 3 7 , wha t numb e r will x + 5

.

re prese nt ?

12 Ja m es has
. in dimes a nd q ua rte rs I f h e h as 3 .

mo re dim es tha n q ua rt e rs , h o w ma ny di mes h as h e ?

13 The width o f a re c t a ngle is 3 in ches m o re t ha n h a lf
.

it s le ngt h a nd its pe ri me t e r is 6 6 inch es Find it s le ngt h a nd .

width .

14 Th e alge b ra ic sum o f t hree num be rs is 7 Th e se c o nd

. .

is l 1 less t ha n th e first a nd t h e t hi rd is 8 mo re t ha n t wi ce t h e
se co nd Fi nd t h e t h ree numb e rs
. .

t e m pe ra t ure Thursda y was 15

°
15 . The a ve ra ge of co lde r

t ha n t ha t of Wednesday a nd t he a ve ra ge t e m pe ra t ure of

Friday was 8 Wa rm e r t ha n t ha t o f Thursda y

°
. Find t h e
t hree t e mpe ratures if t he ir sum was
16 Jo hn a nd Ja mes t o ge th e r ha ve 40 ce nts I f twice t he
. .

a mo unt t ha t Jo hn has b e sub t ra c t e d fro m 5 t ime s t he a m o unt

t ha t Jam es has the result is 2 5 ce nt s . Ho w m u ch has ea ch ?

17 . The first of th e t h ree a ngle s o f a t ri a ngle e xcee ds the

a ngle e q uals h alf t h e sum o f
°
se c o nd b y 40 a nd t he t h ird th e
o t he r t wo . Find th e a ngle s .

(Hint Th e . sum o f th e an gle s o f a t ria ngle is

25 6 A SE COND COURS E I N AIB E B RA

31 . Th e re a re t h ree a ngle s
Th e fi rs t wh o se sum is
is t h e supple me nt o f o ne- t hi rd o f t h e se co nd a nd th e fi rs t
e xce e ds t he t hird b y Find t he num be r o f de gree s i n
e a c h a ngle .

3 2 A m o to r bo a t t ha t ca n ma ke 12 m ile s a n h o ur in st ill
.

wa te r re q ui re s 6 h o urs t o go 3 2 mile s u pst re a m a nd re t u rn .

Find the ra t e o f t h e st re a m .

33 . So lve t he fo rm ula I a + (n 1 )d fo r n . Also fo r a a nd d .

34 So lve t he fo rm ula A Eg HQ
-
fo r b
g
. .

35 A m a n dro ve a n a ut o m o b ile to t o wn 60 miles fro m

’

. a

his h o m e a nd re t urne d imm e di a t e ly b y t ra in The wh o le .

t rip re q ui re d 4 h o urs a nd t h e a v e ra ge ra t e o f t h e t ra in was 16

m ile s pe r h o ur m o re t ha n t h e a ve rage ra t e o f t he a ut o m o
b ile Find t he t wo ra t e s
. .

3 6 Find t wo num b e rs wh o se diffe re nce is 4 an d t he

.

diffe re nce o f wh o se sq ua re s is 64 .

3 7 Find t w o num be rs wh ose diffe re nce is 4 a nd t he sum

.

o f who se sq u a re s i s 40 .

3 8 Th e hypo te nuse o f a ri ght t ri a ngle is 2 inc h e s lo nge r

.

t h a n o ne side a nd 4 inc h e s lo nge r t ha n t he o t he r Fi nd t h e .

t h ree si de s o f t he t ria ngle .

S ugge sti o n . U se t he Pyth a go re a n Pro p o sitio n . The s qua re o n the

hypo ten use of a ri ght tri a ngle is equi val ent to the su m o f the squa res o n the
o the r two si des .

39 . A re c t a ngle is 4 inc h e s lo nge r th a n it is wide a nd it s

a re a is 45 sq . in . Fin d it s dim e nsio ns .

40 . Find t he dim e nsio ns o f a re c t a ngle wh o se a re a is 84

sq . in . a nd wh o se le ngt h is 2 inch e s less t h a n t wi c e i ts widt h .

41 . Find t h e dim e nsio ns o f a re c t a ngula r fie ld who se a re a

is 24 0 sq ua re ro ds a nd wh o se pe ri m e t e r is 64 ro ds .

42 Find t h e dim e nsio ns o f a re c t a ngula r fie ld who se

. a re a

is 3 0 a c res a nd wh o se pe rim e t e r is o ne m ile .

258 A SECOND COURS E I N AL GE BR A

E xe rci se 13 7

S i mp lify eac h o f the f o llowi ng :

— — z3
—
1 . 4 7 12 2
o - - -
6 .

—
2 27 9 -
0
—
.

3 z3 7 8 - --
z14 4 -
t
—
--

—
.

4 10 5 20 25 + 18 93 6 73 2
— —
+ - - - - 4
— —
o o
.

5 .
(12 8 z4 3 ) -- - 310 2 3 z
- -
4) 7 4 3 - - - - -
14 .

6 .
-
3 .

The symbo ls o f a lge b ra a re so de finit e th at the re is se ldo m

a q ue st io n as t o t he o rde r o f o pe ra t io ns i n e v a lua t ing a n

a lge b rai c e xpressio n .

E valuate ea ch of the follo wi ng, if a = 2 ,

b = 3 , x = l ,
a n d

—
= 4:
y
7 a
2
2 b+ b
a — —
+2 y y 2
x ’
x ’

—y + —b
. .

8 xz2 2 2 2

— —
.
y a .

9 3 3
b 3 2 ’
b xy l 3 a bx ’ z x ’ 3
y y
- -
. a a .

144 . Th e signs o f a ggre gati o n. The co mm o n signs of

a ggre ga t io n a re the pare nth e si s the b racke t t he b ra c e

a nd t he vinc ul um

The vincul um
_
h as its m o st f qu re e nt use wi th the ra dic a l

sign , V Th e b a r of a fra ctio n is a co mm o n sign o f

a ggre ga t io n a nd is e q ui va le nt to a vinculum .

Whe neve r a ny o ne of t h e se signs is use d t he expre ssio n

e nclo se d is t o be t re a t e d as a single q ua ntity until t h e o pe ra

t io n o f re m o v ing t h e sign is pe rfo rm e d Whe n simplifying .

e xpre ssio ns inv o lvi ng t he use o f m o re tha n o ne o f t he signs o f

a ggre ga t io n, it is be st to re m o ve but o ne pair a t a t im e

b e ginning wit h the inne rm o st .

I l lustrative e xampl e .

—3 [ —( b —)
—l —3 [ ( —
2a a a -
c

— —
2a b+ )
—3 [ —b —]+ l
-

—
a a c

2a 3[ + b = 2a
— —
a a c c c

2a = 2a 3 b + 4c } = 2 3b 4
a A c . ns .
 AD DI TI ONAL FUNDAM E NTAL PROC E SS E S 25 9

E xe rc i se 13 8
Remo ve a ll si gns o f a ggrega ti on a nd si mp l ify ea ch o f the

f o llo wi ng

1 l8 —2 [ —2 —4 —2 —2 (
—[ — — — —
.

2 x x t x v t 2 y)
3 — — —
2x 2 [ 2 ( 2 { — —
2x+ 2 y 2 z} —16z
— — — — — — — —
. .

4 x (y z [x { y
— z— x y z x l y] z
- —
) y
— —
. .

5 2 x 3 —
[ y ( 4 z 5 w —3 y) —x]
— — — —
. .

6 m + (m ) [ m (m )n m + ] n n

— — — — —
.

7 . 2 2 [ 2 (3
x 2 2 [ 2 (3 x x x

Note The vinculum m ust b e o b serve d clo se ly ; —2 —y i t he sa m e

—2 l —y) b t i t — —
. x s

as x 2 y u s no x

— —
.

—
,

8 2 5 b) 2 5 b)
a Ans l ob a -

— — — — — — —
. . . .

9 x (2 x [3 x l 4x 5 x 1 2 } 1]
— — — — — — — —
.

10 a 2 b 3
. a + 2 b+ 3 c 2 [a b 3c a +b l 4c} a .

M a ke the fo llo wi ng expressi ons the difierence of two squa res

'

by usi ng si gns of a ggrega ti on

11 a z— bz— z
c + 2 bc = a
2— 2
b (
— —
.

12 x
z 2
2 x a
y
— — — —
.

13 9 x 6 2
2
y+
2 2

—
y a x a
— —
. .

14 . l2 9 4 +m
a 2 mn + n a
2 2 2
.

15 2 0bx + 4 6 2
6a 3 6y 2
25a 2

— — —4
. .

16 . 4x 4x
4
l +x 2 ° 5
x + 4x .

I n the f ollo wi ng co llect a ll ne gati ve te rms a nd express as a

si ngle nega ti ve qua nti ty

17 x4—3 x + 6x —2 3 2
x+ 1 = x + 6x
4 2
+1
— —
.

z b
18 x a x x + cb = x 2
(ax + bx) + cb = 2
x
— — —
.

z
'

19 bx cx i a bc
——
. x ax - -

20 . xa
ax
z bxz

145 D e tach e d c oe mcie nts Whe n re q uire d t o find t he

. .

p ro du c t o r t h e q uo t i e nt o f t w o o
p yl n o m i a ls t h a t c a n b e

a rra nge d wit h re fe re nce t o t h e sa m e le t t e r, t h e wo rk c a n b e

260 A SE CON D C O RS E I N ALG E B RA U
sh o rt e ne d an dth e po ssib ili ty o f e rro rs de cre ase d by de ta c h
ing coe ffi cie nt s No t e t he fo llo wing illustrative e xam ple s :
z—
.

1 M ultiply se - z r b y se - se - r
. .

— —
Old Pro cess

—
3 —
3x ’
2 7x 3 2 7

— —
2x ’
7 2 3 7
—
x
6x
—+
‘
4 x4 '
l x .
’
6 4 14
9x '
6x + 2 1x
‘
9 + 6 +2 l
—
—l 3
2 1 + l 4 + 49
6x ‘
x 3 —
6 13
Supplyi ng x gi ves 6a: 13 x ‘ - '

If 1 is sub st itute d fo r x, no tice t he ease o f c he cki ng fo r m ul t ipli c a nd

6 , mult ip lie r —
8 , a nd p ro duc t = 48 .

C are m ust be ta ke n t o pro vide a 0 for ea ch po we r o f t he lite ra l num

be r t ha t is lac ki ng i n t he arra nge m e nt
——
.

3 M ulti ply 2x + 3 x‘ ’
2x 4 b y x ’-
3 x +3 a nd c h e c k
’

—
. .

-
2 4 1
l +1
—2 —4
9 —6 12 -

—6 —12 —l
— —
2 =

—
— —l —
Supplyi ng x i 2 6 +3 7 ° 5
6 12
—
x x x x
—
g ve s .

3 Divide 15 4
+8 1 19 ’ a
b y 5a ’
3
—
. a a a a a .

Arra nging a nd de tac h 15 19 + 8 l l 5 3 1

—
ing c oe ffi c ie nt s gi ve s 15 9 3 3 2 l
—
—
On c he c ki ng , t he di vi 10 + l l 1 3 a
’
2a 1 An s
. .

de nd = 2 , t he di viso r = 1, 10 +
and t he quo tient = 2 5 —3 —1
— —
.

5 3 1

E xe rci se 13 9
P erfo rm the i ndi ca ted o p era ti o n in eac h o f the f ollowi ng,

usi ng deta ched co e fi c i ents

1 M ul t iply a 3 —3 a z+ 3 a —1 by a —2 a + 1 2

3 — 2 —5 by
. .

2 M ul t iply m m + 3 m
—
—4 —
.

3 D ivi de 4
+6 4 + l by 2 +1
3 2 2

— — —
a a a a a a
— — —
. .

4 D ivi de m 3 m 3 6m 7 1m 2 1 b y m 8 m 3
4 3 2 2

— —
. .

5 . Mu lt iply 1 7 x + x + 5x by l + 2x
2 3
4x 2
.
262 A SE COND CO RS E I N ALG E B RA U
E xe rcise 140
1 D ivide a
3 —3 —4 a
2
a + 12 —
by a 3 Also by a —2
—2 by x+ 2
. . .

2 Divi de Also by x + l
—
. . .

3 D ivide x + 2x
'
6 x + 8 by x + 4
’

—22 + 15 b y + 5
. .

4 D ivide 3

—
a a a
— —
. .

5 D ivi de ‘
x +3x 5 x + 4x 4 b y x 2
‘ 2

— — — —
. .

6 Divide m m + 5m 9m 10 b y m 2
4 ' 2

— — —
. .

7 . Divi de 8x 24x + 3 6x 2 7 by 2x 3
3 ’
.

Suggestion Di vide first by x then di vide t he quo tie nt by 2

— —
. .

8 D ivi de 16 8 1 by 2
4
3 Al by 2 a +3
—
a a so
— — —
. . .

9 D ivi de 6 (x y) 7 (x y) 2 0 b y 3 (x
2

— — —
.

10 . D ivide 3x 13 x + 2 3 x 2 1 by 3 x 7
‘ ’
.

11 Che c k Num be rs 7 , 8 , 9, and 10 by de ta c hing c o e ffi c i e nt s

.

a nd di vi ding as in 145 .

147 Addi tio nal

. spe cia l pro d uc ts and factoring .

Type VIII Th e . s quare o f a p y

o l n o mi al .
(Fo r Type s I t o

VI I se e

a nd ( a —b —2 b —2 a ae + 2 bc .

S ta t e d as a rule t hi s be c o mes
The squa re o f a p y
o l no mi a l i s equa l to the sum of the squa re s
of the te rm s to ge ther wi th twi ce the produc t of each term a nd
every one tha t fo llows i t .

E xe rci se 141
E xpa nd eac h o f the fo llowi ng :
1 2 ( x —y l -

—
. .

3 ( x 3y
2 4
— — —
. .

+w 3 z+5)z
5 (. x +y m ) n
2
. 6 .
(x
The followi ng a re the squa res o f wha t p y
o l no mi a ls ?
7 . a + x + 9y 2 a x + 6a y 6xy
2 2 2
.

8 2 z
4m + 2 5 u + 3 6 p + 2 0mn 2 4mp 60np
2

—
. .

9 . a + 4 b + 9c + 4 9
2 2 2
4 a h 6 a c l 4 a + 12 bc + 2 8b + 42 c .
 AD DI TI ONAL FUN DAM E NTAL PROC ES SES 2 63

Typ e I X Th e c ub e . of a b ino mial .

E xpa nd (a + b)3
E xpa nd (
a

E xe rci se 142
Tra nsla te f f each o the orm u las o bta i ne d by the exp a nsi ons o f
(a + b)
3
a nd (a — b)3
i nto a r u le as i n VI I I a nd a p ply i n the
expa nsi o n of e ach of the fo llowi ng :

1 2 (2 3
—3 y )
. . .

4 (3 m
. 5 6 . .
2 3

Wha t a re the factors of the fo llowi ng?

3
7 27 2 7x + 9x 2
x
— —12 5
. .

8 64 240 + 3 00a aa
2 3

— 2—
. .

a b + 54 a b 2 7b 3
9 3
8a 36 2

— —
. .

10 a .
6
9a x + 2 7a x
4 2 2
2 7x 3
.

Type X Th e fa c tors of th e sum or th e di fi e re nc e o f two

.

c ub e s Find b y m ult i pli c a t io n t h e pro du c t s

— —
.

z b
(a + b) ( o a b + b2
) a n d (a )
Tra nsla te int o a rule re a d ing
“
The fa cto rs of the sum of —
“
two cubes a re the sum of the c ube roots a nd the factors
of the diffe rence of two c ubes a re

E xe rc i se 143
Wri te a t si ght the f ollowi ng p roduc ts

1 ( )
x+ v (fi 2 —
(x y)

— —
.

3 .
(m + 2 ) (m 3
4 .
(2 b) a
”
5 (fi t y ) (at
2—
.

6 .
(2 a 3 b)
Wri te a t si ght the f a ctors f or eac h o f the ollo wi ng
f
7 m +n 3 3
8 m — 3
n
3
9 x°
+1
—
. . . . .

12 a + 8b
3 3
10 x s
l 11 a +8
3

—
. . . . . .

13 2 7m 1 3
14 8 n + 2 7r
3 3
15 m n +y
3 3 3

—
. . . . . .

16 12 5 + y ’
17 a
3
b s
xy
3 3
18 c + 3 43
’

—
. . . . . .

19 °
Tre a t as 20 12 5 m “
+1
—
a
—
. . . .

21 8m °
2 7n °
22 64 9 3
23 x12
+1
—y) —8
x a
—
. . . . . .

24 . 93
° —64 . 25 . x y
’ °
. 26 .
(x
’
.
264 A S E COND C O RS E I N ALG E B RA U
Type XI . Fin d t he pro duct of a
2
+ ab + b a nd a z 2 —b l bz
a - -
.

in two ways
(1) by de t a ching co e ffi cie n t s ,

() y
2 b t r
e a t ing t h e t rino m i a ls as t he sum and t he
e nc e o f t wo t e rm s , i s ,
— bl
. .

E xe rci se 144
Wri te the product for ea ch o f the f ollo wi ng

1 (m —w t
e
”
e)
2 .
(n 2

3 .
(4 a
2

4 (f
5 .
(16a 2 —4 a + 1)
S tudy the pro ducts —
obta i ne d i n N u mbers 1 5 ,
then reverse the

p roc e ss a nd fac to r e ac h f
o the f o llo wi ng, usi ng the p la n o f
N umber
6 —ba
2 2

—
.

(a + b )2 2 2
[a 2
+ b ab]
’
.

7 8 1+a +a 2 4
9
—
. . . .

10 a
2=
?
—3
.

11 a
4
a
2
+9 12 a
4
+ a b + 25 b
2 2 4

—9x
. . .

13 . x
4 2 =
?
14 . 4 a + 7a b + 4 b
4 2 2 4

—4x
.

15 .
2 =
?
16 . 4x + 1 4
. 17 . 64 + x ‘
. 18 . 64x + 1
‘
.

19 20 x4

— —
. .

21 . x 4
11x + 1 2
. 22 . x
4
18 x + 1 2
.

23 . M ake a nd fa ct o r t h re e o t h e rs o f t he t ype of 20, 2 1 ,

a nd 22
—16x
.

24 x ‘ 2 =
?
— —
.

25 . x
4
23 x + 1 2
. 26 . x
4
3 4x + 1 2
.

27 . M a ke a nd fa ct o r t h ree o t h e rs o f t he typ e of 24 , 2 5 ,
a nd 26 .
266 A SE COND COURS E I N ALG E B R A

Exe rci se 145

1 x
‘
7 ‘
x +3 x — —
6x 8 ’

—7 —6 —
. . .

2 x 3
x 8 ’
+ 12 + 12 45 2

—10 + 9 — —
. . . a a a .

3 a
3
a
2
9 m 3 m + 5m 2
4 3

—20 + 3 2
. . . .

4 3
10 ’

—3
a a a
— —
. . .

5 x 4x + 5 x 2
3 2
11 ‘ ’

—
a a
—
. . .

6 x
3
12 m 3 m + 24m 6 8 5 2

—
. . .

13 m 3 -
4n 3
ri
(T y m + =+2 t n, n, n, e c )
—2 —5
. . .

14 . a
3
o u
’
15 . a
3
a
’
y + 18 y
‘
.

149 . Type form Th

( e su m or differe nce of t wo like
po we rs .
)
We h ave lea rne d h o w to fa ct o r a num be r o f e xpre ssio n s
t h a t co me unde r t hi s t ype fo rm suc h a s x z z x
3 3 4
+y 3 — —
—
y, y, x

a nd h a v e disc o ve re d t ha t x + y a nd x y a re i n c lu de d
a m o ng t he fa c to rs .

The fa cto r theo re m m a ke s cle a r t he rule fo r de t e rm ini ng

whe n e ithe r o r b o t h di viso rs I f + b is sub st it ut e d fo r a i n
—b
a re
—
fl
.

b "
t he b m
e xpre ssio n w hi h l 0 "

— —
a e c o es c e q ua s
fl
.
,

The re fo re a b is a fa cto r o f a b fo r a ny int e gral value o f n

"

— fl — — —
.

If b is sub stit ut e d fo r a , a b be c o m e s b) b , or
— —b —b
" " "

+b fl b "
whe n n is e ve n a nd it be c o m es —2b
" ~

—
"
or
fl
, ,

wh e n n is o dd . The re fo re a + b is a fa cto r f ob wh a
“
en n

is b ut no t whe n n is o dd
e ve n .

No w if + b is sub st itut e d fo r a in t he e xpressio n

be c o m e s m t t wh t h 2b
n i dd
“
no
—
n
—
,
a e r ore e r s o o r e v e .

The re fo re a b is ne ve r a di viso r o f B ut if b is
subst it ut e d fo r a , a + b be c o m e s
“
b) + b whi ch eq uals 0
" — " "

whe n n is o dd a nd 2 b whe n n is e v e n The re fo re a + b is a

"
.

diviso r o f a + b whe n n is o dd
" "
This gi ve s th e rul e : .

The expressi on a b wi th n a n i nteger i s al wa ys di vi si ble

" "

—
by a b I t i s di vi si ble by a + b whe n n i s even
—
. .

The expressi on a + b i s never di vi si ble by a b I t i s

" "
.

d i vi si ble by a + b when n i s odd .

 ADDI TI ONAL FUNDAM E NTAL PROCE SSES 2 67

Exe rci se 146

1 . Divide x
5 —y 5 —
by x y using synthe t i c divisio n .

-
l L
t l

2 Divide x 5
+ y by 5
x+ y fo llo wing t he plan of Ex 1
—y ) —y)
. . .

3 . Write the q uo t ie nt of (
x
7 ’
(x .

4 . Write t h e q uo t ie nt of ( + v)
x

Factor each o f the followi ng

5 . x
5 —3 2 .
(Tre a t as x 5
6 . x + 2435
.

7 .
[Trea t as 8 . a +h
° °

9 .
[ Trea t as ( ) ( )
a
2 3
+ b3 3
10 .
°
a + 12 5 .

E xe rcise 147 . M i sc e llane ous E xe rcise s

Facto r ea ch o f the followi ng:
1 x .
°-
64 . 2 . x
°
+ 64 . 3 .
’
x + 64 .

4 12
+y 12
5 m_ 12

—2 y —
. x . . x y
6 ‘ ‘
a + 2a y
° ‘
7
z— — — — —
.
y a .

8 .
y x 2 1 2
x . 9 . x
2
y
2
+ 2 5 9z l 0xy 2
.

10 . x
3
11 . xz
12 . xa
13 .

14 ‘
15
—15 + 250
x
—
. .

16 x 3
x
2
17 l 0x 4 7x + 42
4 2

—64b —
. . . .

18 ° °
19 75 a bz 108 c d
2’ 2

—y + —y
. a . . .

20 3 ‘
21
—2
. x x . .

22 3
+4 23 2x + 3 x2

— —5 + 2
. x . . .

f
24 2
25 3 6r‘

—18
a a a
—
. . .

26 12 5 m 150m + 45 m
3 2
2 27 10x + 3 x 2

— +m
. . . .

28 29 mz n
’ 3 -
n
3

— —b (b
. . .

“
30 2
( 1 ) 2 2
31
— — —
a a
—
. .

33 (m ) 9(m
2
32 7a 3
x3
+4 9a x + 84a )n 3 6 2
n
—
. . . .

34 7
+b 7
35 2 + 7 +43
4 2

—
a a a a
— — —
. . . .

“
—
36 4
+y 3 3 3
37 3 + 8x
x 8x 3 ‘ 2

—
.
y y . . .

33 . ( a
3
+ ) (b
1 3 3
39 . x °
y
°
.
%8 A SE COND CO RS E I N ALGEB R A U
15 0 . Fra cti o ns .

Since a fra c t io n is a n indic a t e d divis io n it h as three signs

()1 t he si gn o f i t s nu m e ra t o r,
o r t he di vide nd , ( )
2 t h e si gn o f
its de no mi na t o r, o r t he di viso r, (3 ) t he sign o f t he v a lue o f th e
fra ct io n, or t he q uo t ie nt Thi s is plac e d be fo re t he fra ct io n
.

a nd o n a line wit h it s b ar (Se e .

Any t wo o f t h e signs o f a fra ct io n m a y be cha nge d wit ho u t

c h a nging t he v a lue o f t he frac t io n . The fo llo wing a re e q uiv a
-

le nt fra ct i o ns 2, : 2
,
_ a
, a nd
b b b b
If = 10 a nd b = 2 t he va lue o f e a c h fra ct io n is + 5
—
a
—
.

—b
a a a a
Sl mi la rly —
b c c —b c b — c

Che c k by le t t ing a = 6 , b = 4 , a nd c = 2 .

I t will be re ca lle d t ha t t he sign o f t he pro duct o f se v e ra l

p o s it i v e a n d ne ga t i v e fa c t o rs i s if t h e re is a n e v e n num b e r

o f ne ga t ive fa c t o rs a nd if t he re is a n o dd num be r o f ne ga
t ive fac t ors .
(Se e Thi s le a ds t o t he fo llo wing :

Rul e . I f the si gns of a n even number of facto rs a re cha nge d,

the si gn of thei r pro duct i s no t c ha nged I f the si gns of a n odd .

number of factors a re cha nged, the si gn of the i r product i s

c ha ng ed .

E xe rci se 148

1 Sh o w that (x —l ) ( —2 ) x (2 —x)(1 —x) (x —l )(2 —x)

— —
.

(1 x)(x 2 b
) y finding e a ch o f t h e fo ur pro ducts b y
multipli ca t io n
— —
.

2 Writ e the pro du c t (x

. 1) (x 2 ) (x 3 ) in as m an y
di ffe re nt wa ys as po ssible
— —
.

H int (x l ) (23 x) (3 x)
.
-
.

C he ck b y let ting x 5 in e ac h .

x
3 . Write t he fra ct io n — in se ve ra l e q ui va le nt fo rm s
2b a
.

C he c k b y le t t ing a = 5, b = 4, a nd x = 6 .
270 A SE COND COURS E I N ALGEB RA

An impro pe r alge b rai c frac ti on is o ne t he num e ra t o r of

whic h c o nt a ins a po we r o f a lit e ral num be r eq ua l t o o r h i gh e r

t ha n t he high est po we r o f t he sa me num be r in t he de no m in a
to r .

Ho w wo uld yo u de fine a o
p p
r e r a lg ebra ic fra ct ion ?

E xe rcise 15 0
Gi ve the rule f or cha ngi ng a mi xed exp ressi on to a n equi va

le nt i mproper fracti on . Cha nge eac h o

f f the ollo wi ng mi xe d
expressi ons i nto i ts equi va lent improper fractio n :
4
95 +
3 ° fi

— ——
2 —2 4 . x ‘
+x x3 2

i 1
Gi ve the rule for cha ngi ng a n i mproper f racti on i nto i ts
e qui va lent mi xed expressi on Cha nge . eac h o f the f o llo wi n g

fracti ons i nto mi xed exp ressi ons

a
5 —b 5
x
3— 3x — 5 2

5 °

a +b
6 °

x
z— x —l
a +a b +b +3
4 2 2 4 5 5
a +c
8
a + ab+ b
? 2
9
a — c

15 3 . Addi ti on and sub tra cti o n o f fra ctio ns .

G iv e t h e rule fo r finding t h e a lge b ra ic sum o f se ve ra l fra c

t i o ns with diffe re nt de no m ina t o rs .

E xe rci se 15 1
Combi ne the follo wi ng
x+2
1

3
(a —b) —
(b ) C (b —) (b —) a C (a —b) (b —) C
o

1
 ADDI TI ONAL FUNDAM E NTAL PROC E SSE S 27 1

x —3a —
3 c x 2x 2
1
+ '

x 2
3 a +x
a
.
—l 2 a+l

a
z
2 1 1
{
a

a +3
3 —3 2 —9 —3
— —
a a

9
( x

y (y
y) (z y)
0 )
+
x

a
z (x
: )
c (c
a (z )
y)
a

15 4 . M ul ti pli cati o n and di vi si o n of frac ti ons .

E xe rci se 15 2
P e rform the i ndi ca ted o pe ra ti ons i n each o f the f ollo wi ng a nd

reduce to lowest terms :

a
2 —b 2
—1
Ans . .

b ’
a
s
b +a3 3

b l
a +b (T E b a -

( + y) x

— 2

(
a
4 + 2b a 2 b+
(i
t —bf

( (
y
5 . zx -
Ans 1. .

—b + b 2 2 2
+b 2

( +b (
a a
6 . a +b a
_
a a b
x
_ a
—x
z
(a + b) x 2 — (b + x ) — 2
a
2

2a + 2 b 2x — a + b+x
1 1 2
1 — +
a 1+a l — a
2

1 1 —2a
1+a l — a l — a
2
272 A S E COND CO RS E I N ALG E B RA U
15 5 . E quatio ns . The st a t e m e nt b y t he use o f t h e sym b o l

o f e q ua lit y t ha t t wo num be r e xp ressio ns are e q u a l is

c a lle d a n e qua ti o n. The num b e r e xpre ssio ns a re kno wn as t he
le ft, or first me mb e r, an d the righ t, o r se c o nd m e m b e r,
a c c o rding t o t he ir po sit io n wit h re fe re nce t o the e q u a li t y

s ign .

The re a re t wo c las se s o f e q uat io ns : (1) ide ntical e qua

ti o ns , o r sim ply id e nti ti e s , (2 ) e quati o ns o f c o ndi ti o n , c o ndi

ti o nal e qua ti ons , o r sim ply e qua tio ns .

An i de nti ty ge t s its na m e fro m t he fa ct t h a t its t wo m e m

b e rs a re e it h e r ide nt ic a lly t he sa m e o r be c o m e t he sa m e wh e n
t he indic a t e d Ope ra t io ns a re pe rfo rm e d . The si gn 5
,
re a d
“ ”
is ide nt ica lly e q ua l t o , m igh t be c o nve nie nt ly use d in pla ce
o f t h e sign in ide nt it ie s We ha ve use d it in t h e type fo rm s
. .

An ide nt ity is t rue fo r e ve ry po ssible va lue o f t he li te ra l nu m

be rs invo lve d a nd is, t he re fo re , o f lit t le use in t he so lut io n o f
p ro b le m s .

Th e st a t e m e nt s : ()
1 ( )
2 a nd

( )
3 ( )x+ y —
(x y) (x2 —y ) a 2
re i de nt it ie s . The m e m be rs of

(l ) a nd (2 ) a re e xa c t ly t he sa m e , a nd t he first m e m be r of (3 )
be co m e s e xa c t ly the sa m e as t he se c o nd whe n t he indic a t e d
m ultipli c a t io n is pe rfo rm e d .

An e qua ti o n o f c o ndi ti o n is a n e q ua t io n invo lvin g o ne o r

m o re u nkno wns whi c h i s a t rue e q ua lity o nly fo r c e rt a in

v a lue s o f t h e se unkno wns Th e e q ua t io n 2x is t rue

—x
.

o nly wh e n x is 5 Th e e q ua t io n x
2 = 6 is t rue o nly wh e n
—2
.

x is 3 or The e q at
u i o n x +y = 7 is t rue whe n x is 3 a nd
—2
.

y i s 4 ,
w h e n x i s 5 a n d y is 2 ,
or whe n x is 9 a nd y is , b ut
wo uld no t be t rue if x we re 6 an d y w e re 3, or if x we re 3 a nd

y we re 2 .

The fo ur axi om s o f the e q u a t io n a re

( ) he
1 T sa me number ma y be a dded to both members of an

e qua ti o n w i tho ut de stro yi ng the e q ua l i ty .

274 A SE COND COURS E I N ALGE BR A

x —l —2 x —3
— —
x
12
(3 —2 ) ( —3 ) ( 1 ) (
r
t 3) — —
( 1) ( 2 ) 23 3 iv at

Cl i g ff —
—6 ) ( —
So l ti
u on. iear n d ll ti g gi
o 8 + 12
ra c t o ns a n co ec n ves x ’
x = 0
tic 2) 0 d 6 -2 D b than l h k?
x=

—3 + 4 _ 8 + 2
x or . o o va ues c ec

x x x
13 °

x+ 1
+ t
x 2 x
2 —x —2 +l '

5 2 8 5
( —l ) ( x+ 2 )
z ——2 2 —1 2 —4 °

—
x x x x
—5
x

3 2 x 2x
1 -
2x —
2x 7 7 16 x + 4 x 2

1 1 x+ 3 6
x —l 2 (x+ l ) 2 (x + 1) 2
x
‘ —1
5 —8 2x — 5 19x 2 —29
—4
x

6x —15 102 (2 x —5 ) (15 x

1 l 1 1
x —8 x —7
+
x -
4 x —5
’

l 1 1 1
—8 — 7 — 5 —4
’

—7 —+ 8 —4 —+ 5
x x x x

x x x x

7 2
x —9
+ —
x 4 x —7
+
x —l l

1
x —13 x —15 x —18 x —19
S o lve the f ollowi ng f or x

b a b
21 . Ans . x
c — a
22 .

5
+ b=
E
- -
l a

x+ a 5 —b 3 m+x m —
—
a x x

x a 4
24 °

ar —b 4
25 °

m+ n n —m
x+ m 3 —m
—b
x

3 x+ m
27
x a a —b + b
z a
2

2x + a x+ b
2
2
3 x + bx + a
2
3
 CHAP TE R XI I I

THE FUNCTI ON, E Q UATI ONS, AND GRAPHI NG

15 7 . In a n a lge b rai c e xpre ssio n inv o lving se ve ral v a ri a bles

i t is usua lly p o ssible t o find t he va lue o f o ne o f t he se i n t e rms

o f the o t h e rs I t will be re ca lle d tha t m o st fo rm ulas are
.

writte n in fo rm as i prt,
su ch 2 i rr, A = G= = 1rr2
,

h
I f suc a n e q u t i n 3 x + y 7 i s so lve d fo r x, we have
4 =

—
a o as

x =
§ (7 4 y) I f i t i s so l ve
. d fo r y, we h a ve y +(
= 7 3 x) — .

I f in a n a lge b rai c e xpre ssio n t wo va ri a b le s a re so re la te d

t h a t whe n a v alue is gi ve n o ne th e n a va lue o f th e o the r is

de te rmi ne d, t he se c o nd v a ri a ble i s c alle d a functi on o f th e

first . In C = 2 1rr, C i s a functio n o f r. I ts va lue is fixe d whe n

a v a lue is giv e n r Sim ila rly, A is a functio n of r in A = m
' 2

—4y )
.
,

a nd x f
i s a unct o i n o f y i n x =
+(7 .

An inv o lving a single lite ral numbe r

a lge b rai c e xpre ssi o n

is c a lle d a functio n o f t h a t lit e ral numb e r, fo r t he va lue o f

the e xpre ssio n is de te rm ine d b y the v a lue gi v e n th a t num
be r The e xpre ssio n x + x
.
3 2
x — —
4 is a functio n o f x be c a use
t he e xpre ssio n h as a de finite value fo r ea ch v alue give n x
—
.

The e xpre ssio n y 4

2 y + 4 is a fun ctio n o f y
2
.

Whe n it is ne ce ssa ry to re fe r to such a n e xpressio n as

x3
+x x 2 ——4 se ve ra l t im e s during a discussio n it is c us

to ma ry to re pre se nt t h e func t io n i n x by t h e symb o l f( )x

“ ”
whi ch we re a d as the f functio n o f x
— —
.

I f f (x) is t he e xp ressio 4 th f ( ) in the sa m e

3 2
n x +x x , en a

discussio n will b e t h e e xp re ssio n fo und by re pla c ing x by

——4
a,

Th a t i s if f (x) = x3 2 —4 t he n
—
3 2
+a +x
—2
or a a .
-
x ,

f( ) a = a 3
+a 2
a -
4 an d f (2 )
2 75
2 76 A S E C OND C O RS E I N ALGE B RA U
E xe rc ise 154
1 I f f( ) = ’ —x+ 1 wha t is f (y) ?
—3 z+ 3 z—1 wh
. x x ,

2 ) z
If f (z = ’ ’
at is f (k) ?
—27
.
,

3 . find a nd f(
4 . I f f (x) a nd s
5 I f f(
) x = x
° —x + x ‘ 2 -
l find f (i ) , a nd f(
— —
.
,

6 I f f (n) n
3
3n 3 2
n + 1 1, and
—
.

f( i )
7 I f f (a )
. wha t is f Th e re fo re
wha t b ino mia l is fa c to r of f( ) by t he Fa ct o r The o re m ?
—6
a a

8 . If f( )x = x3 2
x + 1 1x —6 ,
sho w t ha t f( ) f ( )
3 = 2
f( )
1 = 0 a nd na m e t he t h ree pri m e fa c to rs of f( )
x
—2
.
,

9 I f f( ) find f ( a nd
2
. x = x x + 1, a

15 8 . An e qua tio n o f th e first de gre e in two unkn owns .

I t will be re c a lle d 63 ) t ha t t he d e gre e o f a te rm is

de te rmine d b y t he num be r o f lite ra l p ri m e fa c to rs t h a t it
c o nt a ins p ro vi de d t h a t no ne o f t h e se a ppe a r in a de no mi n a t o r .

The te rm 2 a b is o f t he t h ird de gree I t i s o f t h e firs t de gre e

2
.

in b a nd th e se c o nd de gre e in a .

The d e gre e o f a po lyn omial wi th re spe ct to , o r in a giv e n

le tte r, is de te rm ine d b y i ts t e rm o f hi ghe st de gre e Th e .

po lyno m i a l a
3
+ 3 a
2
b + 3 a b2

+ b is o f the t hird de gree

3

in a as we ll as in b .

I t will be re c a lle d th a t
t h e gra ph o f a n e q ua t io n o f
t h e first de gre e in t wo v a ri
a b le s is a stra igh t li n e .

X Th is e xp la ins the co m m o n
”
na m e , line ar e qua ti o n .

No t e the gra ph o f t h e
e q ua t io n 2x + 3 y = 12 i n
t he ac c o m pa nying figure .
278 A SECOND COURSE I N ALGE B RA

x 2y 3 a nd
—2y
as

x = 7 .
( g
Fi .

So me syste m s ha ve
X m a ny pa irs o f va lue s
in co mm o n . Wh e n
t he se a re g p
ra h e d t he i r
line s will be fo und t o
c o inc ide , as x 2y= 5 —
a nd 3x —6y = 15 in
Fig 2 . .

Th e se co nd e q u a tio n
m ay be o b t a ine d fro m
t he first b y m ult iplying b o th m e m be rs by 3 a nd is ca lle d a

de pe nd e nt e quatio n .

Two e q ua ti o ns are sa id to be i nde pe nde nt whe n o ne ca n

no t be o b ta ine d fro m t he o t he r by any p ro ce ss t ha t doe s n o t

de st ro y the re la t io n o f t he unkno wns .

Two inde pe nde nt line ar e qua ti o ns th a t h a ve a single se t o f

v a lue s in c o mm o n, a re sa i d to fo rm a simul tan e o us line ar

syste m . Th e ir gra phs will int e rse ct in o ne po int sin ce t w o

st rai gh t lines o n a pla ne t h a t a re no t pa ralle l int e rse c t i n b u t

o ne po int (S e e
. Fi g 3 wh e re 2 x
.
+ 3 y = 6 a nd 3 x y
= 5 fo rm —
such a syst e m . )

16 1 . The so lut io n o f

a sim ulta ne o us line a r

sy s t e m is c o m p le t e d

whe n t he c o mm o n se t

of v alue s fo r t he un

kno wns is fo und . This

ma y b e a cc o m plish e d

by o ne o f t he fo llo wing
m e th o ds .
 THE U
F NCTI ON, E Q ATI ONS , AND G RAPH I NG U 27 9

M e th od I Eli mi na tio n o f o ne o f t he unkno wns b y a d

.

di ti o n o r sub t ra ct io n (See 8 7 . .

R ule M ulti p ly the me mbers of bo th equat i o ns by s uc h n um

.

be rs as will gi ve equa l a bso lute va lues for the coefiici ents of o ne

of the unknowns Add or subtract the res ulti ng equati ons to
.

e li mi na te that u nknown

a nd so lve the res ul ti ng

e qua ti on f
or the o ther nu

known . Complete the

so luti on .

M e th o d II . Elim i
na t io n o f o ne o f the un

kno wns b y substitutio n .

(S e e

Rul e . S o lve one o f the

e q ua ti ons f or one nu

known i n te rms f
o the
o ther . S ubsti tute the re

s u lt f
or that unknown i n
the other equati on a nd co mp lete the soluti o n .

M e th od II I E lim ina t io n b y c o m pa riso n

. .

R ul e . In each equati o n find the va lue of the sa me unkno wn

i n terms o f the o ther. E qua te the se two va lues a nd solve the

resulti ng equa ti on .

Illustrati ve e xa mpl e . Gi ve n 2 x + 4y 12 (l )
a nd —
3 x 2y 10 (2 )
Fro m (1) x= 6 -
2y a nd fro m

t he refore —
6 2y
l o+ 2 y .
So l ving, gi ves y = l and x = 4 .

E xe rci se 155
S olve the follo wi ng systems by M ethod I a nd che ck
1 5y 2 x = 6 — 2 5 x+ 2 y 19
— — —
. .

8y 5 3 x = . 2x 5 y 4 .
2 80 A SE COND CO RS E I N ALG E B R A U
3 2a + 3 b = 1 4 5m + 3 n = 6
—2 b —
. .

3a = 21 3 m 5n = 7
—y)
. .

5 . 5 x + 1 1y = 13 6 .

3x 7y = 1 .

7 8 9x = 11 + 3 y
— — —5
. .

y 1 = 2 (x y) . 6y = x .

S o lve the follo wi ng systems by M ethod I I a nd chec k

9 3R 4 r 20
= —
10 5 a 2 b 3
— —
. .

7 R + 11 r = 6 4b 4a . 3
—
.

1 1 7m . 12 % x %y = 6 .

5m +3 n

In so lving such a syst e m as

is give n in No 12 , an y one of .

t he th ree m e t h o ds give n fo r th e so lut io n o f a si m ul ta neo us

s yste m in t wo u nkno wns m a y be e m plo ye d, b ut t he first

m e th o d will be fo und m o st sa t isfa c to ry .

S o lve the fo llowi ng by M ethod I I I a nd che ck

13 %y 14
—
. 3x = 2 . 5 y 2x+ 1
=

y = 14x . 8 y = 5 x 11 .

”
i.
7 O
16 .
—
3x 5y = 4
x
2 —
8 0 . 5y 2x
2

Gra p h both li nes i n each o f the followi ng sets , a nd locate care

fully thei r p oi nt of i ntersecti on . Verify the a cc ura cy o f your

a
g p
r hs by find i ng the so lut i on (f
i the re i s one ) by M ethod I
17 —
3 x 5y = 1 1s 2x + 3 y = 8

—
. .

4 y+ 2 x = 8 92
se t 12
2

19 3+ 2y= 3 20 2x+ 5 y
—
. .

2
3 x 2y
3 x + 12 y = 4
—
.

21 5x = 4 22 3 x 2y
y
—
. .

2x+ 4y 5 . 6x + 8 y
 do uass
.

282 A SE CO ND I N ALG E B RA

Adding (3 ) a nd ()
4 a n d c o lle c ting i
— —b g v e s

(“b l b )
s ar i 3 = b201 102

—
a nd x=
ig Zig
g : , if a l b, is no t e q ual to ( 90
54 61 .

Sim ila rly, m ult iplying bo th me m be rs o f (1) b y — a, a nd of

b
() y
2 a ; a nd a ddi ngg iv e s
-
0 102 02 0 1
(alb z 0 102 02 6 1 a n d y
0 162 afibl
’ if “l b! ¢ a 2bb

The de no mi na to rs of t he frac tio nal v a u s o f x a nd

l e y are

t he sa me and may be writte n co m pa ct ly in the

whic h is c alle d a de te rmina nt . I t is sa i d to be of t he se co nd

o rde r since it h as t wo ro ws a nd t wo co lumns . The le tte rs

a , , an, b] , b, a re ca lle d t he
a nd e le m e nts o f the de te rminant
a nd a i bz,
i ts prin c ipal di a go nal . Th e
de te rminant v alue o f a

o f t he se c o nd o rde r is fo un d b y sub tra ct ing fro m t he pro duct

o f t he e le m e nts t h a t fo rm i ts principal di a go nal , the pro duct

o f the o t h e r t wo e le m e nt s .

Similarly, t h e nume ra t o rs o f t he frac tio na l values o f x and y

ma y be writ te n as de te rminan ts, tha t fo r x be ing

2g
:
01 C1
a nd fo r y be mg
ad a;

The va lues o f x a nd y m a y b e wri t te n in de t e rm ina nt

2
C1 1 01 C1
02 2 02 Ca
sym b o ls a nd a re x and y
at bl at bl
at b2 at b!
The num e ra to r o f th e va lue of x is o b taine d fro m the

de no mina to r by sub st it ut ing fo r the co lumn

lg , whi c h a re

t he coe fficie nts o f x in th e give n e q ua t io ns (1) and ( )

2 t he

01
c o lum n o f th e kno wn t e rm s Simila rly , the num e ra t o r o f
of
 THE U
F NCT I ON, E QUATI ONS , AND G RAPHI NG 2 83

t he v a lue o f y is o b t a ine d fro m t h e de no m ina to r by re pla c ing

bl 01
t he c o lum n by
bz “ .

Th e fo llo w i ng ill ustrative e xam pl e s m a y se rve to sho w t he

b ilit ies a risi ng fro m t he use o f de t ermi na nts :
1 . So l ve 2 x + 4y 14
3x y 1I .

14
11
4
1 —
I 14 44

I
2 14
3 11

I—
2 4
3 l
2
4x
x
—
3y = 6
5 y 24
= .

6
24 — 3
5 42
—3
l
1
4 —5 7

y =
|
l
4
6
24 —
24 2 4 0
7 7 7

E xe rci se 15 6
E val ua te the fo llo wi ng de termi na nts
1 . 3 —3 Ans 18 . . 2 . 2 3
2 4 5 7
3 6 —2
—3
.

4
6 2a —4b 7 a +b —b
—
. .

3b 7a b a b
8 . 3a 2
2a b 9 . 1 x+ y
7a b 4b 2
y
3

10 2a + 3 b —b
— —b
. a

3 a 2b 2a
S o lve each o f the o llo wi ng syste
f ms by de termi na nts
11 . 2x —3 y —10
= 12 . 5 x + 1 1y = 13
3 x+ 5 y = 4 . 3x 7y = l .
28 4 A SE COND CO RS E U IN ALG E B R A

13 2x + 5 y 14 —
3x 5y 7
—
. .
=

3 x 7y 5x + 3 y = 6 .

16
7x+ 3 y 20 3 2x 3y 26
—23 y — —
. .

17 2 1x = 2 18 § x 7 3 8 =
—19y — y
. .

7x = 12 4y 7x -
72
—
.

—
.

19 + ly
x = 1 20 5 x + 7y = 4 9
— —
. .

gy l x 2 . 7x + 5 y = 4 7 .

163 . S yste m s o f e qua ti o ns in m o re th a n two unknowns

We h a ve al re a dy fo und t ha t su c h a n e q ua t io n a s 3 x + 2y
z= 5 ,
h as a limi tle ss num b e r o f se t s o f v a lu e s t h a t sa tisfy

it (See
. I t will b e sh o wn in a na lyt i c ge o m e t ry that
t h e lo c us o f suc h a n e q ua t io n , wi th re fe re nce t o t h ree a xe s,

x, y, a nd 2 , e a c h p p
e r e n di c ula r t o t he o th e r t wo , is a p la ne in

spa ce . Su c h a n e q ua t io n as
—
3 x+ 2y z = 8, h as no se t o f

v a lue s in co m m o n wit h ()
1 a nd they a re sa i d t o b e i ncom

pa t ib l e . The lo c us Of i
( ) s
2 a p la n e p a ra lle l t o t h a t of I f,
h o we v e r, we t a ke suc h an e q ua t i o n a s 2 x

( )
1 a nd ()
3 will b e fo un d t o h a v e m a ny se t s o f v a lue s in co m

m o n , fo r a dding (1) a nd ( )g
3 i v e s —
5x y = 12 , wh i c h is a linea r
e q ua t i o n a n d h as a lim it le ss num b e r Of se t s Of v a lu e s .

E q ua tio ns ( )
1 a nd ()
3 a re sa id
t o b e inde pe nde nt e qua
ti o n s S in c e ne it h e r c a n be Ob t a ine d fro m t he o t he r b y any

p ro ce ss t ha t doe s no t de st ro y the re la t i o n a m o ng t he uh
kno wns .

Th re e i nde pe nde nt e q ua t io ns in th e sa m e t h re e unkno wns

t h a t fo rm a si multane o u s syste m h a v e b ut a single se t o f
v a lue s tha t a re c o m m o n fo r a ll t h re e . We m ust h a ve as m any
i nde pe nde nt e q u a t i o ns as t h e re a re unkno w ns if we a re to
fi nd t h e so lut io n o f the syst e m .

The s y t esm 3 x + 2 —
y z
= 5 ( )
1
—
2 x 3 y+ z 7 ( )
3
a nd x+ y + z —3
(4 ) m a y be so lv e d b y a ny
o ne of t h e t h re e m e t h o ds giv e n in 16 1 b ut M e th o d I is
286 A SE COND COURS E I N ALG E BRA

syste m wi th three Unkno wns will invo lve a de t e rm in a nt of

t he t hird o rde r wit h t hree ro ws a nd th ree c o lum ns ; o n e wi t h

fo ur unkno wns , a de te rminant o f t he fo urth o rde r . De ter
mi na nts a bo ve the third o rde r a re be st studie d i n m o re
'

a dv a nce d c o urse .

A de te rmi na nt o f the third orde r m a y be de fine d as a c o m

p a c t m e t ho d fo r indi ca t ing six p ro duc ts o f t hree fac t o rs e a c h,

t h re e o f whi ch a re po sitiv e a nd t hree ne ga t ive .

D e t e rm ina nt 5 0 11
72 03+ 0 2 bsci + a sbi cz
0 31
72 01 0 2 616 3 0 117002

The a rro ws indic a te ho w t he pro duct s a re Ob t a ine d a nd

t h e ir c h ara ct e r .

Illustra tive e xample .

1 . So l ve 2x + 3 y+ z= l l
x+2 y+ 3 z= 14

3 x + y+2z 11 .

ll 3 1 2 11 1 2 3 11
14 2 3 1 14 3 l 2 14
11 l 2 3 11 2 3 l 11
2 3 1 3 1 2 3 1
l 2 3 2 3 1 2 3
3 1 2 1 2 3 1 2

No t e t h a t t he de te rmina nt de no mi nato rs are the sam e for a ll t h m e

unkno wns a nd are t he co lumns o f t h e c oe ffi c ie nts o f x, y, and zin t h e ir

o rde r No te t ha t t he nume ra to rs are o b ta ine d fro m t he de no mi na t o rs

.

as i n 16 2 b y re pla c ing t he co lum n o f t he coe ffi cie nts o f x, y, or 2 b y t h e

c o lum n o f th e
 THE U
F NCTI ON, E Q ATI ONS , AND G R AFKI NG U 2 87

The val ue o f de te rmina nt de no mina to r i s o b ta i ne d b y

t he c o mm o n

fo llo wing t he te rms o f t he de finiti o n o f a de termi na nt o f t he t hird o rde r .

l
- - l +3 3 3 —
°
3 2 l
- - -

1 3 2—
-2 1- - —6 —6
The de te rm ina nt num e ra t o r fo r x = 11 2 2 + l 4 l
- -

— —11 1 ——
o

l l -2 1 14 -3 -2 o -
22 84

x=
18
1 Si mi la rly , y
36 — 54
i§
.

18

E xe rcise 158
E valua te the o llowi ng
f de termi na nts
2 l 5 5 1 6
1 . 3 2 3 Ans 3 1 . . 2 . 3 2
1 4 2 2 3 3
2 4 -
2 5 10 —3
0 3 3 4 3 6 2
— 1 5 O 2 4 — 8
—
-

a 3 3 a b b
5 b 2 4 6 b
—1
. . a a
2a 2 a b a

S o lve the f o llo wi ng si multa ne o us equa ti o ns by de termi na nts

7 .
—
2 x+ 3 y 2 z = 2 8 . x+ y + z= 6
3x + z 4 2x z= 3
y
x+ 2y — 3z — 4 .
y
3 x + 4 y+ 3 z 16
9 2a b+ c 12 10 x+ y+ z
— — —
. .

3 a + 2b 2c 10 2x + 3 y 3 z
5 a + 3 b+ c 6 .
—
3 x 2 y + 4z
2x + 3 y+ 4z 1 9 12
— —
11 = 4x + 3 y
—
. .

5 x 2 y 3 z = 4 6 y 2z
7 y+ 5 2 = 0 . 5 x+ 3 z=

165 . S oluti on of prob le m s .

E xe rc ise 15 9
So m e o f t he pro ble m s Of a lge b ra m a y b e classifie d a c c o rding
to the e sse nt ia l fe a ture o n whi ch it is b e st to build t he ne ce s
sa ry e q ua ti o ns .
288 U
A S E COND CO RS E I N ALG E B R A

I . Work pro ble ms . E sse nt ial fea t ure : wha t fra c tio n of

t he who le wo rk is co m ple t ed in so m e uni t o f t im e ?

1 . I f A wo rks a lo ne , he ca n la y a ce m e nt wa lk in 10 da ys .

I f B wo rks with h im , t h e y ca n la y t he wa lk in 6 da ys Ho w .

m a ny da ys wo uld it t a ke B wo rking a lo ne ?

Le t x re prese nt t he num be r o f da ys t h a t B wo uld re q uire

if wo rking a lo ne .

In o ne da y A ca n do of t he wo rk a nd B, Of t he wo rk

a nd b o t h to ge the r will c o m ple t e of t he who le .

B ut ac co rding to t he pro ble m the y will finish

3; of t he

l l 1
wa lk I n o ne da y , t he re fo re t h e e q ua t io n
10 x 6

2 Two m e n if t he y wo rk t o ge t h e r wi ll fi nish a ce rta in

.

t ask in 10 ho urs I f, a t t he e nd o f t he 6 t h h o u r, o n e m a n is
.

Withdra wn t h e o t he r wi ll finish 12 h o urs la t e r . Ho w m a ny

h o u rs wo uld e a c h re q ui re if wo rking a lo ne ?

The e q ua t io ns a re
1
+
1
— (1)
x y 10

a nd —
12
- = 1
33 t! y
Ca n yo u e xpla in (1) as in No 1 a nd (2 ) by t he a xio m that .

t h e wh o le is e q ua l t o t h e sum o f a ll Of it s p a rts ?
3 Wa te r m a y e nt e r a t a nk th ro ugh t hre e p ipe s A, B , a nd
.

C . I f t h e t a nk is e m pt y a nd a ll t h e pi pe s a re o pe ne d , t he
t a nk wi ll b e fille d in 2 3 h o urs . I f A a nd B a lo ne a re o pe ne d,

i t will be fille d in 3 4} h o urs . If BC a lo ne a re Ope ne d , it

a nd

will b e fille d in 4 4
,
h o u rs . Ho w m a ny h o urs wo uld e a ch pi pe
re q ui re if Ope ne d a lo ne ?

1 1 1 1 3
Th e fi rst e q ua t io n 1s +
x y z
 ECO ND U
'

290 A S CO RS E I N ALG E B RA

9 . The sum o f
the di gits o f a t hree -digit num be r is 14 and
t he units digit is e q ua l to t he sum o f t he o the r t wo I f t he
’
.

t e ns a nd hundre ds digits we re inte rc ha nge d , t h e num be r

’ ’

wo uld be incre ase d b y 270 What is t he num be r? .

The e q ua tio n fro m t he last co ndi t io n is 100x+ 10y+ z+ 2 70

100y+ 10x+ z Ca n yo u e xplai n ? .

I V Unifo rm mo ti o n proble ms Fo rm ula , d

. . tr .

10 . A fre ight t ra in runni ng 3 0 m ile s pe r h o ur is 50 m ile s

a he a d o f a passe nge r t rain running 40 mi le s pe r h o ur In .

h o w m a ny ho urs will t he passe nge r t rain o ve rt a ke t he fre ight

t ra in ? S o lve b y a gra ph be fo re so lving b y a n e q ua t io n .

11 . A train runni ng 3 0 mi le s pe r h o ur re q ui res 20 m inut e s

lo nge r t o go a ce rt a in dist a nce th a n a t rain runni ng 40 m ile s
p e r h o ur Fi nd t h e di.st a n c e .

12 . Two a ut o m o b ile s st a rt to ge t he r in t h e sa m e di re c t io n
a ro und a c irc ula r t ra c k . One ca n m a ke th e c irc ui t i n
m inute s and th e o th e r in 3 m inute s . I n h o w m a ny minute s
will t he y b e t o ge t he r a ga in ?
Hint . The faste r mac hine m ust gai n o ne circ uit a nd t he e qua t io n is
x x
1
2} 3

V . Le ve r prob le m s . E sse ntia l fe a ture , La w of Le v e rs,

Lw = l W, o r t he we igh t o n o ne a rm t im e s i ts di st a nc e fro m
t he fulc rum e q ua ls t he we ight on the o t he r a rm t im e s it s
dist a nc e fro m t he ful c ru m .

13 Assum ing t ha t t he b a r
. of th e le ve r itse lf has no

a pp re ci a b le we ight , h o w fa r fro m t he fulcrum o n o ne s ide

m ust a we ight o f 100 lb s b e pla ce d to b a la nce a we ight o f 80

.

lbs pla ce d fi v e fe e t fro m t h e ful c rum o n t h e o the r si de ?

.

The e q ua tio n is 5 8 0 100x E xpla in b y a figure . .

14 A lev e r 16 fee t lo ng, wit h its fulc rum a t t he ce nte r, h as

.

a we igh t o f 12 lbs h ung a t o ne e nd a nd 8 lbs h ung a t t h e

. .

o th e r Whe re m ust a n a ddi tio na l we ight o f 8 lbs be hung to

. .

p ro v i de a n e xac t b a la nc e ?
 U
THE F NCTI ON, E Q ATI ONS , AND G RAPHI NGU 29 1

At t he first re a ding o f a p ro b le m t he st ude nt sh o uld as c e r

t a in ( )
1 if i t b e lo ngs t o so m e pa rt i c ular gro up, ()
2 h o w
m a ny involve d, (3 ) if t he re is suffi cie nt da ta
unkno wns are

fo r t he ne cessa ry e q ua tio ns .

1 5 Ho w m uch crea m te sting 16 % b utte r fat m ust be

.

a dde d to 40 q ua rt s o f mi lk te sting 3 % b ut te r fat to m ake t h e

m ilk pass the le ga l te st o f 4 % b utt e r fa t ?

16 . A wo rks t hree fo urths-
as fast as bo th to ge t he r
B a nd

ca n finish a t as k in 5 1} h o urs . Ho w lo ng wo uld it take e a ch if

h e w o rks a lo ne ?

17 . A ce rta in go ve rnme nt h as t wo ki nds o f o ld co ins, o ne

95 % sil ve r a nd 5% co ppe r, t he o the r 80% co ppe r a nd 20%

silv e r . Ho w m uch o f each m ust be use d to ma ke 2000 lbs . of

me tal fo r c o in a ge 92 % silve r?

18 . The sum o f the digits o f a t w digit num be r is 9 a nd

o -

if t he digit s we re inte rcha nge d , the num be r wo uld be inc re ase d

b y 2 7 Wha t is t he num be r?
.

19 A le v e r 12 fee t lo ng, ha vi ng a we ight at e a ch e nd , is

.

b a la nce d a t a po int 4 } fee t fro m o ne e nd I f the we ight o n .

t he sh o rte r arm is 100 lbs , wha t is th e we igh t o n the lo nge r

.

a rm ?

20 . A ma n inve st s in t wo kinds
bo nds, a pa rt of .

in 6 % bo nds at 92 a nd t he rest in 5 % bo nds a t 70 I f h is .

a nnua l inte rest is $800, wh a t is his invest m e nt in ea c h kind?

Hint I f x is the numbe r o f do lla rs t ha t he invests i n t he first ki nd,

.

the n x/ 92 is t he numb e r o f tho se b o nds t ha t he b uys a nd 6x/ 92 i s h is

annua l i nte re s t fro m th e m .

21 . A me rchant h as in t wo st re ngths such tha t 10

a n a c id

q ua rts o f t h e fi rst ki nd a n d 8 o f t h e se c o nd m a kes a mi xt ure

80% pure , while 7 q ua rts o f t he first a nd 2 o f the se co nd m a ke s

a mixture 8 4 % pure . Wha t is t h e of puri t y o f eac h kind?
22 A ma n invests
. a ce rta in sum in 5 % bo nds at 90 a nd

twice m uc h in 4 % bo nds a t 80 I f h is a nnual int e rest fro m

as .

the investm e nt is $5 60, wha t sum did he put into e a c h kind ?

292 U
A S E C ON D CO RS E I N ALG E B RA

23 . Ho w m uc h pure c o ppe r m ust be a dded to 500 lb s .

kno wn to be 90% co p pe r to m a ke a m e t a l 96 % pure ?

24 Ho w m uch t in m ust be added to 2000 lbs o f m e ta l
. .

t est ing 92 % co ppe r a nd 8 % t in to ma ke the m ass 88 % co pp e r?

25 A a nd B ca n do a t ask in 51 5; ho urs, t hat A a n d C
.

co uld do i n 6 3 ho urs , a nd B a nd C i n 7 } ho urs Ho w m a ny .

h o urs wo uld it t a ke e a c h if he wo rke d a lo ne ?

2 6 A ca m p e q ui pme nt o f 90 lbs is swung o n a po le be
. .

t wee n t wo bo ys Th e bo ys are 10 fee t a pa rt a nd t h e we igh t

.

is suspe nde d 4 fee t fro m o ne bo y . Wha t we ight does e a ch

27 . sum o
The f t h e di gi t s o f a t h ree -
d igi t num be r is 10 .

I f the te ns a nd uni ts digit s a re int e rch a nge d t he num b e r is

’ ’

i nc re ase d b y 2 7 I f t h e unit s a nd hundre ds digits are inte r

c ha nged it is inc re ase d b y 198 Wha t is t he num be r?
.

2 8 A m a n in ve st s a ce rta in pa rt o f a sum o f m o ne y in 5 %
.

bo nds a t 90 a nd the re st in 4 % a t 80 a nd his a nnua l int e re s t

i s $ 992 I f t he first pa rt h a d bee n investe d in t he 4 % bo nd s
.

a t 80 a nd t he re st in t h e 5 % b o nds a t 90, his int e res t wo ul d

h a ve bee n 8984 Wh a t a m o unt do e s he inv est in e a c h ?

.

2 9 A m e sse nge r sta rt s fro m a ca m p a t t he ra t e o f 1 0

.

m ile s pe r ho ur, a nd 15 minute s la t e r a se c o nd m e sse nge r

st a rts a ft e r t he first at t he ra t e of 15 mi les pe r ho ur . I n
wh a t t im e will t h e se c o nd o ve rt a ke t he first ?
30 . If a num b e r o f t wo digits is di v i de d by t he sum o f i t s
digits t he q uo tie nt is 7 a nd t he rem ain de r 3 Wha t is t h e .

num b e r if t he di git in un i t s
’
pla c e is 3 le ss t h a n t h e digi t i n

t e ns pla ce ?
’

31 . A ce rt a in num be r is a dde d to e a ch o f the num be rs 2 ,

9, 3 , a nd I f t he pro du c t o f th e first t wo results e q ua ls t h e
7 .

p ro du c t o f t h e se c o nd t wo ,
wh a t i s t h e n um b e r t h a t i s a d ded ?
32 A co unt ry gro ce r se lls M rs B ro wn 3 po unds o f butt e r
. .

a nd 4 do z e n e ggs fo r He b uys fro m M rs Jo ne s 4 .

p o u n ds o f b u t t e r a n d 5 do z
e n e ggs fo r Fi nd the gro ce r s
’
294 A SE CO ND COURS E I N ALGE B RA

The re are fo ur se ts o f po si t i ve int e gral va lue s . A c a re fully

co nst ruct e d g p
ra h will pass thro ugh the fo ur po ints as in
di ca te d in the figure .

2 I n ho w m a ny wa ys
. can a de b t of $8 9 be pa id with $2
a nd $5 bills?
3 A m an wishes to pa y a b ill o f
. ince nts , dim es , a nd
q ua rt e rs usi ng th e sa m e num b e r o f ce nt s a s o f dim e s I n h o w .

m a ny ways ca n he do this ?
4 A chil d s b ank is fo und to co nt ain in ce nt s, ni c ke ls ,
’
.

a nd dime s . I f there a re 60 co ins in the bank, in h o w m a ny

wa ys ca n t he am o unt be m a de up ?
5 A farme r make s a shi pm e nt o f chi cke ns , ducks, a nd
.

t urke ys , 4 5 fo wls in a ll The shi pme nt ne ts him $ 120, t he

.

c hi c ke ns ne tt ing e ac h , t he duc ks a nd t he t u rke ys

I n ho w many wa ys ma y the shi pme nt ha ve be e n m a de
up ?

6 . A who le sa le gro ce r has in o ne po und cans whi ch

c o ffee

he se lls a t 2 5 a nd 3 5 ce nt s , re spe c tive ly He fills a n o rde r fo r

.

ma de up o f c ans fro m bo th va rie tie s I n ho w m a ny .

ways ca n he do t his? Ho w m a ny o f e a ch kind wo uld h e h a ve

ship pe d if t he purc h ase r ha d req uest e d t ha t t he num b e r of

ea ch be a ppro xima te ly t h e sa m e ?
296 A S E COND C OU RSE I N ALG E B RA

S ta t e t he rule fo r finding t he
le t te r in t h e e xpo ne nt o f a

p ro d u c t o f se ve ra l t e rms inv o lv i ng di ffe re nt li t e ra l fa c to rs

fl
.

M a ke t he pro o f fo r it sim ila r to t ha t just give n fo r a -a "

S imila rly , pro ve b o t h t ype fo rms fo r divisio n a nd sta te t h e

rule s .

Pro ve t he t ype fo rm s fo r findi ng a po we r a nd st a t e t he ru les .

E xpo ne nts a re ve ry c o nve ni e nt fo r w riting c o mpac tly ve ry la rge

num b e rs Fo r inst a nc e it is sa id t ha t t he c o s t o f t he G re a t
. Wa r t o th e
wo rld w as Thi s ma y b e w ritte n 3 2
“ ”
The ligh t yea r o f t he astro no m e r is t he di sta nc e t ha t a ra y o f ligh t
wi ll t ra ve l i n o ne yea r, o r 3 65 24 60 60 186000 m iles
- - - -
(A ra y o f lig h t .

t ra ve ls 186 000 m ile s i n a sec o nd o f t im e .

) Thi s di s ta nce is a. lit tle le s s
t ha n 58 65 7 10 - 3
mi le s . C he c k b y ac t ua l m ult iplica t io n .

E xe rc ise 161
Wri te at si ght the res ult f
or e a c h o f the o llo wi ng
f
1 ( ) 2 ( ) 3
?
. c
f 3
. a
n
. 4 .

5 . 6 .
( )
M W 2
7 . 8 .

11 z
9 . 10 . .
(u b )
"

(3 13 ( 3
14
2
12 .
2
. 2 3 .

15 .
( a )
5 4
b + ) 16 .
(3 a b 2 3
c

17 .
(5 5
3 ‘
2 3
-
) -
3 2
1 8 -
.

z z b z z
19 .
(a b
4 3 2
0 ) (u b e ) ( a c
?
) (u be )
z
20 ( y ) ( yz
z ) (W2 )
’ ’
. x x

21 .
(x b ) (
V 2
a
x b ) 3
( x b
2 3°
) ( xu
b )
3 2 v ° o

1 68 . Th e z
e ro e xpo ne nt a nd its m e aning .

Ac c o rding t o t he t ype fo rm fo r divisio n , a 3

S im i
la rly , a
m —
z
-
a,
"
g i v e s a
°
w h e n m = n I f t h e di vi si o n . of a
3
by
a
3
is pe rfo rm e d in fra c tio na l fo rm t he m e a ning of a
o
is e vi
3

de nt fo r
2 3
1 . Or, b y t he t ype fo rm fo r m ul t ip li

ca t io n B ut
He nce we h a ve t he principle :
Any n u m ber expressi on who se exp one nt is 0 is nume ri ca l l g
equa l to 1 .
298 A SE COND CO RS E I N ALG E B RA U
E xa mple 3 m a ke s e vi de nt t he fo llo wing rul e

A factor ma y be mov ed fro m n ume ra tor to de no mi na tor , or

fro m de no mi nato r to num e rat or ,

wi tho ut c ha n i
g gn the va l ue of
the fra cti o n i f the si gn o f the expo ne nt o f the f acto r i s cha nged .

Nega ti ve e xpo ne nts furnis h a co n ve nient me th od fo r e xpressing small

5
de c imals . Fo r ins ta nce 00005 . 5 10 - "
100000

E xe rci se 163
Cle a r each f
o the fo llowi ng of nega ti ve exponents a nd si mp li fy
if p ossi ble :

1 . 2a 4
bc “ . Ans 2 . 3
‘
1
ab
‘
1
.

“
3 ab
"
‘
c
3 . a
1
be d
1
.

2a b
1 2 2
' -

—b) — —
m (a 2( b)
— 6( d)
“
l “
l ?

—b
a a

x
—
3 ( — d) 1
c
2
‘

1 l
3a
—
l
x — ( y)
-
2
c a
‘
l —b ‘
1
a b b — a

2
“
2
a
‘
3 —
(x y) o
"
z a
"
‘ —
b
‘
l
1 l b+ a
.

+
a b

x
‘
2 —4y "
2

2 2
x y
a
‘
1
3b
"
1 —3 "
l

a
‘
3 —27b ‘
3
15

—5 “
l
17 . 2
4 2

e
2
-
.
 E XPONE NTS , R ADI C ALS , AN D I M AGI NARI E S 2 99

Wri te wi tho ut de no mi nators

2a _l _l
20 . 2ab 0
be
3a
—b 3 a (a —b) 1
.

2bc 3
24“
b (b —r c a—
= 2xv HI
2 - ’

a —2 b + b
2
a
’

m + mn + n
" z

Exercise 164
Fi rst perform the i ndi ca te d o perati o n, then clea r the result

of ne ga ti ve expo ne nts
—v
.

“ “
1 ( l
? 2 (x 2
( x
1—
‘

f
—b —
.

z
3 ( l
4 (x x 6 ) (x 1
' ‘ ‘ ‘

. a .

5 (x
2
6 (x
3
‘ ‘

. .

7 .

8 (a l
+b
—3
‘

—
.

9 ( 4 2
+3 x 1
1) (x l
-
x x
‘

—
.

10 .
(x
"
1) -
( x
2

11 (x 2
12
‘

—7 —3 )
. .

13 (2
‘
l
c a
—
.

14 .
( a b l

170 M e aning o f th e fractio nal e xp o ne nt

. .

Since x x
l i 5 x! + i =
x o r x (Type fo rm I )
3
, t he re fo re xi

is o ne o f t h e t wo e q ua l fa c t o rs o f x, o x
r i is th e sq ua re ro o t o f

xi

fl
x, i . e. xt = x/ x . Sim ila rly xi - -
xi = x3 or x . xi

Also xi xi -
x3 = xg or x
2
. x! {Ix 2
. B ut xi ( )
xi
2
.

xl = ( ) a nd
2
x

He nce th e princ iple

The de no mi nat or of a fracti ona l expone nt i ndi ca te s wha t
root of the nu mbe r i s to be fo und a nd the nume ra to r i nd i c a tes

wha t power .
302 A SE COND CO RS E I N ALG EB R A U
35 . 27
-
1 -8 i -
--
z 4 i -
6 ’

36 .
-
4 = -
3 ‘
2 2 =
2 2
3
—
1

37 .
z
(18 ) 6’ -
38 . 6
-
i 4
- 2 o
12 t + 18 i
-
+ 6 i
-

173 S implifi ca tio n of ra di cals

. .

A ra di c al is a roo t o f a numbe r indicat e d by a ra di c a l sig n .

I f t he re q ui re d roo t ca n be fo und, the ra di ca l is sa i d t o be a

ratio nal numb e r ; if it ca nno t be fo und it is an irrati on al

num b e r o r a surd . V4 — , 02 7 , « , W are ra t io n a l

num be rs .
V5 , t 10, { 13 12 , 3
a re irra tio na l num be rs o r

surds .
(See
The numbe r o ve r t he ra dica l sign indica tes the orde r o f
th e radica l . Whe n no numbe r is writ te n , the sq uare ro o t is
indic a te d , a nd t he ra di c al is o f t he se c o nd o rde r ; V2 is o f t h e
se co nd o rde r, { 2 is o f the third o rde r, a nd V2 is o f t he nt h

o rde r .

The ra di ca ls tre a te d in Cha pte r VI I we re ne a rly a ll o f t he

se c o nd o rde r a nd we re sim plifie d , e va lua te d , a dde d , su b

t ra c te d , m ulti plie d , a nd divide d . Fra c tio nal e xpo ne nts w ill

be fo und he lpful in e xpla ining t he se pro ce sses and in de a ling
with h ighe r o rde rs o f ra di ca ls .

Ra dica ls m ay be sim plifie d in se ve ral ways .

I B y re ducing t he o rde r
. .

I I B y re m o ving a ra tio nal fa c to r

. .

III . By re mo ving t he de no m ina to r if t he ra di c a l is a

fra c t io n .

Illustrative e xampl e s .

i
1 . t a= 06 5 =
3 i = 3 =
46 3 . V5 =
42 5= v

2 . 4 .

l
”

v M
.

; :
304 A SE COND CO RS E I N ALGE B R A U
E xe rc i se 168
Fi rst si mplify a nd the n e va l ua te correct to . 001 eac h o f the

fo llo wi ng expressi o ns , us i ng the ta bles f o llo wi ng 23 8 f

or all

squa re a nd c ube roo ts .

1 .

2 .
w . 3 . 4g . 4 .
v1 . 5 . i t .

6 . 2 —73 . 7 . 4 —45 . 8 .
w ,

9 .
4 5 12 . 10 . 2 43 2 . 11 .
4 12 8 .

4 3 20 13 7 700 14 t wo
—
. . . . .

15 . vz
ooo . 16 .
43 42 .

174 . Addition and sub tra ctio n of ra di cals .

S ince ma y be writte n wit ho ut a ra di ca l sig n

e v e ry ra di ca l

b y t he use o f fra c tio na l e xpo ne nt s, e vide ntly t he sa m e rul e s

will a pply in t he a ddit io n o r sub t ra ct io n o f ra di ca ls t h a t a p p ly
t o o th e r a lge b ra ic fo rm s We kno w t h a t 2a + 3 a "
.
2 = 2
50 a n d
tha t 3a 4
+ 5a t = 8a t 3 V +5 V a a = 8 Va .

E xe rcise 169

S i mpli fy a nd co llect all si mi la r te rms

—
«6 + «
Tsd 2 v6 46 + 5 ~
'

1 . 4 24 =
l6 = 6 sl 6
2 . V3 2 —Vl S 3 . 4 27
4 . { 1 16 v54 . Ans 0 . .

5 .

e 2 2 81 -
s 192 + 3 s 24
—
. .

7 . 441 84
4 3
1 5 + v24 .

8 . 5 .18 + 2 V48 -
5 v108 .

9 v4 8 + v16 2 $73 84
‘

. .

10 . 5 5 00 + { 72 5 6 { 13 2 £ 108
1 .

11 . v4 0 + 5 0 1
1 5
—4 9 3 20 eg 8 13 5 .

12 .
N E H 4 95 + V2 5 c
3 3
«3 65 3
.
 E XPONE NTS , R ADI C ALS , AND I M AG I NARI E S 3 05

13 . 2 a y
—2

(2 x —z —
y 2 y)
r

14 . 2 Vab .

15 . a V (a z z —
b ) (a + b) + 2 a b Va —b —b V( a

175 Co mpari son o f val ue s

. .

The re la t ive va lues o f ra di c a ls o f diffe re nt o rde rs

d e te rmi ne d b y t h e ai d o f fra ct io na l e xpo ne nts .

Illustrative e xample s .

1 . Wh ic h
is t he gre a te r, V3 o r V5 ?
No w V3 3 =
V2 7 ,
a nd V5 = 5 i = 5 l =
V5 2 =
V2 5 .

V3 is gre a te r t h a n V5 .

2 . Arra nge in asce nding o rde r o f m a gnit ude V3 , V5 , a nd

V 10 .

Re du cing t o t he 12t h o rde r (t h e L C . . M . of 3 , 4, a nd

V3 = l
i "
V 5 = 5 = 5 f = 12 5 ,
t fi
‘

l/
‘
a nd V lO = 10 = 10 2
l/ 100
V5 .

Le t the st ude nt sta t e t he pro cess in t h e fo rm o f a rule .

E xe rcise 170
1 . Wh ich is t he gre a t e r, V4 or V6?
2 . Co m pa re V2 a nd V6 .

3 . C o m pa re V7 a nd V18 .

4 . C o m pa re V7 a nd V19 .

Arra nge i n ascendi ng orde r

5 . V7 V2 0 a nd V5 0
, , . 6 . V2 , V3 , V5 , a nd VI O .

2 V3 3 V2 a nd V2 8 8 0 27s
'

7 VT2 ;
'

.
, , . H int . .

8 . 2 V3 , 2 V5 , a nd V1700 . 9 . 5 V2 , 2 V6 , and 4 V10 .

306 A SE COND CO RS E I N ALG E B RA U
176 . M ul tiplica tio n and di vi sio n of ra dical s .

Ra dica ls of the sa m e o rde r ma y be pla ced unde r t he co m

mo n inde x and t he ir pro duct or q uo t ie nt t a ke n .

(Se e
Fo r V3 VS - = 34 (3 V3 5 = -
VI 5
a nd V12 + V3 = V V4 .

B y the use o f frac tio na l e xpo ne nt s , radi c al s o f diffe re nt

o rde rs ma y b e tra nsfo rme d into eq uiv a le nt ra dica ls o f a c o m
mo n o rde r fo llo wi ng t he pla n o f t h e last pa ra gra ph a nd t h e i r

p ro duc t or q uo t ie nt ta ke n .

Illustrati ve e xam m
e s.

1 . Vx V -
x = x‘ Vx 5
.

2 . V5 V2 = *- l =
5 2 l
5 2- 3 =
V5 2
2
- 3 = V200 .

z Va
3 . V a .

4 . V6
-
27

E xe rcise 17 1
P erform the i ndi cate d o pera ti ons i n each o f the follo wi ng
z Ans
1 a . a V a
7
Vor a a . .
V , V .

2 . Vx -
Vx ’
. 3 . Va 2
+ V a . 4 . 3 Va 2
zVa
--
.

5 . 2 Va 3 -
V a. 6 . 2 Va zVa
3 -
.

7 .
(3 8 .
(7
9 ( Vx Vy) ’
10 .
( 4 33 4
11 ( Vx 12 ( Vz Vy) ’

—b )
.

i
13 . 2a 5
( 14 .
(a i a

15 (x var/
s + 9) ( Vx + V9)
(w
'

16 47 )
3
I t)
s

—
. .

17 .
( y) (
x V x Vy)
-
.

18 (x + v) ( Vx + Vy) -

19 (x V7 )
3 3 A SE COND COURS E I N ALG E B R A

12

V6
3
—
42 1
—
42 4 —
2 43 3 4 2
°

3 42 2 43
'

—
2 42 3 43
—b —
Vb b Va
-

_
a a

Va Vb
.

b —V a a

28 2 43 —3 42
—
2 46 2 42
21
43+ 42
6 4

ab

4 5 + 46 + 4 a + b
178 . E xpone ntial e quati o ns .

E xe rcis e 174
S olve ea ch of the followi ng for x
z Si a nd
1 4 (
2
.
= 16 nc e 16 = 4 .
, x =

2 . 3 . or 3 3
.

2x = 3 a nd x =

4 . 5 . 6 .

7 . 8 . 8l == 9
. 9 .

10 . 16 . 11 . 12 .

13 . 14 . 15 .
(3)
16 .
= 4 . H int . a nd x = 8 .

17 . l 18 .

19 . x9 = 2 . 20 . x5 = 9 . 21 .

22 . x 3 = 25
‘

. Ans . x= T l5
-
.

23 . 24 . x 5 =
‘

1000 .

— — 1

fl
25 4a 9 S ugge st io n
.
=
i . . a l =
32
26 fi =
g 27 2
3
3 =
12 5
‘

. a . . a .
 E XPONE NTS , RADI C ALS , AN D I M AG I NAR I ES 3 09

1 79 . A b ino mial qua drati c surd is a b ino m ia l o ne o r b o th

of wh ose t e rm s is a surd o f t he sec o nd
de gree 2 + V3 , V2
—
.

3 V5 , a nd V5 w are b ino mi a l q ua d ra t ic surds The ge ne ra l .

or type fo rm is a + b Vc .

I t is po ssible to o b t ain the sq uare roo t o f ce rta in b ino mia l

q ua d ra t i c surds ,
as fo llo ws :

B y m ulti pli ca t io n , the ( V 2 + V iva lue o f

s fo und t o be
V6 Th e va lue o f ( Va + Vb) is a + b + 2 VTb whe re t he
.
2

ra t io na l pa rt , a + b, is t he sum o f t h e t wo ra dic a n ds a nd t he
_
ra di ca l pa rt Vab h as fo r i t s ra di ca nd t h e pro duct o f t he t wo

ra d ica nds o f th e give n b ino mi a l .

Th e re fo re —
V7 2 V]? ca n be sim plifie d if 7 is t he sum o f

t w o fa c to rs of 10 These fa c to rs a re e v i de ntly 5 and 2 a nd

— —
.

4 7 2 4 ra =
45 -
42 or 42 45 .

C h e c k b y findi ng the v a lue of ( V5 V a nd a lso

( 4 2 —
4 52 .

The p ro c e ss ma y be sta t e d as fo llo ws

To find the squa re root of a bi no mi a l qua drati c surd, tra nsform

the su rd tem i i nto the form 2 Vm I f m ha s two fae tors , a a nd b, .

whose sum i s the rati ona l term f_

o the bi no mi a l , the squa re root

of the bi no mi al i s Va + Vb or Va Vb a ccordi ng to the si gn

of the su rd te rm i n the gi ven bi no mi a l .

Illu strative e xa m pl e s .

1 V7 + 4 4 3 = V7 + 2 4 12 = 4 4+ 4 3 2+
_
. or
'

Che c k b y q
s ua ri ng 2 V3 .

s . V9 V9 -
2 4 20 = 45 44 or —
45 2 .

(No t e .
—
V9 4 46 ma y be writte n 2 46 b ut -
2 is the po s i t i ve
ro o t a nd 2 V5 is the nega t i ve ro o t . Wh y? )
The roo t , —
V5 2 ,
i s t h e p ri n c i p a l roo t
Fo r disc ussio n o f p rinc ipa l ro o t , se e 17 1 .
3 10 A S E COND C OURS E I N AIG EB RA

Exe rc ise 175

1 —
8 2 2 8 3 —
12 6 43
—
. . . .

4 . 11 -
2 43 6 5 1 1 4 V6 6 9 + 2 V18
—
. . . . .

7 31 -
10 46 6 a + b 2 4775
—
. . .

9 2a + 3 b + 2 4 m 10 4 2 41
—
. . . .

11 . 95 2 4 3 . 12 .
=
a + b+ 2 a

180 . I maginary num b e rs and th e imagi nary unit .

The sq ua re roo t o f a num be r has bee n de fine d as o ne o f its

t wo e q ua l fa c to rs S ince a ne ga tive numb e r ca nno t ha ve two
.

facto rs , its sq ua re
e q ua l be fo und roo t ca nno t
—
.

The pro duct o f a nd also o f 2) 2 ) is +4, -

the re fo re the sq ua re roo t o f + 4 (writte n =1= V4) m a y be either

+ 2 or —
2 S im ila rly,. V3 ) V3 ) a nd V3 ) V3 )
bo th e q ua l 3 , the re fo re the sq ua re roo t o f 3 m a y be e ither
_
V3 or V3 .

B ut 4 is no t the du t f two e q ua l fa c t o rs the refore

—
-
p ro c o

i ts sq ua re roo t c a n o nly b e e xpre sse d, as V 4 S im ila rly for

—
.

t he sq uare roo t o f 3 a nd o f all o the r ne ga t ive numbers

—2
.

The fo urth roo t o f + 16 is e ither 4 2 o r (p ro ve by

m ultipli ca t io n), b ut th e re a re no fo ur e q ua l fa c to rs whose
p ro duc t is 16 a nd t h —
e fo u rt
'

h roo t o f 1 6 ca n o nl y b e —
e xpre sse d , as V 16 .

Such indica te d e ve n roo t s o f ne gative num be rs a re known

as imaginary numb e rs , o r sim ply im aginari e s So fa r in our .

study o f ma the ma tics , a ll nu m b e rs h a ve be e n re a l num be rs

— — _ —
.

S uc h num be rs as V 2 V 3 V 7,: a nd V 30 m ay be
7 7
, ,
_ 7 51
wri tt e n as t he pro duct o f t wo fa c to rs, tha t is V 2 V2 V
—
.

— — —
,

4 3 = 43 4 1 , 47 4 1 , a nd 4 30 = 4 30 4 - -
1.

One o f the se fa c to rs , V2 V3 , V7, V3 0, is a real

,

n um b e r a nd t he o t he r, V 1 , is a ne w numbe r wh ic h has bee n

c o nv e nie ntly c a lle d t h e im agin ary unit E ve ry indicated .
3 12 A S E COND CO RS E I N ALG E B R A U
num be r, + 2 , ma y be co nve rt e d into the num be r -
2 by
m ult iplying + 2 t wi ce b y V 1 , o r by i ’
.

a ngle o f
180 is div ide d into t wo e q ua l a ngles each
°
I f t he
-
T
t he n, si nce m ult i pli ca tio n b y ( V l ) is e q ui vale nt to
2

t urning the se gme nt t h ro ugh an a ngle o f m ult ipli cation

b y V 1 ma y be t ho ugh t o f as ge o me t rica lly e q ui v ale nt to
t urning a se gme nt co unte r- c lo c kwi se thro ugh a n a ngle of
And we m a y de fine the ima gina ry unit as a n o pe rator

tha t ro t a te s a se gme nt a b o ut a po int o n a pla n e t h ro u gh a n

°
a ngle of 90 with e a ch a ppli ca t io n . This int e rp re ta tio n of
t he m e a ning of the i ma gina ry uni t e xp a nds o ur i dea of

numbe r fro m tha t of posit i o n o n a direc te d li ne to positio n on

a pla ne . I ts a ppli ca tio n will be fo und v e ry he lpful in many
pla ce s in h i gh e r ma t he ma t i cs .

The su m o r the diffe re nce o f a re al num be r a nd a n imagi

na ry numbe r is ca lle d a c o mple x numb e r, suc h as —
2+ V 3
a nd
—
V2 + V 5 .

I t s ge ne ral type m ay b e writte n a + b V 1 , o r a + bi , where

a a nd b a re re al numbe rs (Fo r inte rpre t a t io n, see C ha p XXI I )
. . .

182 . Numbers tha t h a ve —

V 1 , or fi,
a c tas a
o r m ay b e

t re a te d as re a l num b e rs h a ve bee n t re a te d pro vi de d care is

use d in sim plifying a ll p o we rs
-
of V —
1 , o r i , a b o v e t he first
t he t ype fo rm f lV
u nde r ( V e -
1 .

Ill ustrative e xam pl e s .

1 4 27 - -
1
2 i V3 + 3 i V3 i V3 = 4i V3 .

2 —
( V 18 ) (2 V —12 V6
—
. .

_
v

3 .
(4 3 + 4 6) < 4 a
7 4 < 4a z ’
b
+b
—
a .

3 3 ( V2 + i ) 3 ( 42 4 6 3 ( 42 4 11)
'

4“
42 -
4 -
1 (4a 2 —v 3
 E XPONE NTS, RADI CALS , AND I MAGI NARIE S 3 13

E xe rci se 176
Fo llo w the p la n of the i llustra ti ve exa mp les i n si mp lifyi ng the
fo llo wi ng
1 4 —16 + 4 —9 —
4 25 Ans
— — —
. . .

2 4 27 + 4 75 48 Ans 8 i V3 2 4 2
—3 47 25 4 4 47 3 6
. . . .

3
— —
. .

4 —
5 V 81 8 V 36 a
2
a
2

— —
. .

5 24 8 -
4V V 4 27
—
. .

6 47 56 1 7
4 76 + 4 72 + V 98
—
. .

7 4 15 0 47 12 5
—
. .

8 24 7 —
+ 4 46 + 4 9
3 5

_
a 5

— — —
. .

5
" '

9 . 3 4 4 49e + 4 36 2
a x a s
4 6
.

7
10 ( 4
3 1) (V 11 (2 4 -
3 ) (3 4
— —
. .

12 .
( 4 18 ) ( V —9) (V 13 . 4 12 ) ( V
it ( 41 2 16 ) ( 47 146)
15 .
( V — 6 0
3
)( V — 3 a )( V 7 3 5?
)
16 .
(a 41 7 1 ) (b 4 1 7 i ) (c V — 1 > (d V
17 (3 + (3 4
—
.

"

6 7
18 .
(2 4 3 4 5)( 2 4 a + 3 4
19 20 (4 3 + 4
—2 ) (2 43 —
. .

21 (10 3 4
— —
.

22 ( V 2 +V -
3 V
23 (V ——V
4 c

6 2a 5
24 ° 25 .

V — a
26 .

V3 V
ab —
4 7)
27 °
l

a
-
Z
V bT —b f r d
28 .

V5 V -
7
Fi nd one squa re roo t f or each o f the o llo wi ng
f
29 —
1 +2 V 6 —
Ans V3 + V 2
— —
.

—
. . .

30 . 2 2 V 15 . Ans V5 V 3. .
3 14 A SE COND COURS E I N ALG EB R A

4 32 —
1 12 4 —2
—1 + V—1 fi
. .

Ifx= ,
nd the va lue o f x
2
+ 2x + 7 . Ans 5 . .

If x= m2 , find the va lue o f x

2 —3 + 3x .

T
1+ V ?
Does x sa t isfy 2 x + x + 1 = 0?
2
4

E xe rc ise 177 . R e vi e w
Fi nd one squa re roo t f or ea c h o f the f o llowi ng p y
o l no mi als

(See 109)
1 . x
‘—2x 3

2 4a ‘

— —
.

3 4 a + 12 a
2
b + 9b 20 3 0b + 2 5
’ 2

— —+ {
. ac c c .

’
4 . n
‘ 3
2n + 2n n

5
9a 4
3a 8

+
5a ”
—7 a 1
x x
“ °

15
°

16 1
6 9a f —l 2 a i
—12x
.

7 9x 3 1
‘ -

—12n —
.

8 4n 2 1
+ 17 12 n + 4n 2
‘ ‘

. .

Fi nd one square root f or eac h o f the f o llo w ngi numbers

(See 110)
9 . 5 062 5 . 10 . 13 9129 . 11 . 913 8 5 2 9 .

12 . 13 . 6 5 124900 . 14 . 2 5 792 3 6 .

Fi nd one squa re roo t or eac h o

f f the f o llowi ng, correc t to 001
15 . 39 . 16 . 2 . 17 . 7 . 18 .

19 20 89
— —
. . . .

21 M ult iply 2 n 3 2 by 3 n + n 2 1 2
‘ ‘

u
‘

— — —
.

22 M ultiply 2 l i
3 + 5 by il 2 s 2
—7 ‘ + 6 —2 —l
. a a a a .

D ivi de 6x 3 1 t by 3 xi l
23 . x x 2
1 x + 4 x +3 x .

Ch e c k with x = 32 .

E xpress the f ollowi ng i n si mp lest ra di ca l f orm

24 . 2 4 12
_5
25 . 4 20 4 -
H
 CH APTE R XV

LOG AR I THM S

183 . I ntroduc tion ma y be written

. Any po sitive num be r

as a po we r o f so m e o t he r po sit iv e numbe r Fo r inst ance , .

2
I f a is gre a te r tha n 0 a nd a b, x is
-
" =
.

sa i d to be t he lo garithm o f b t o t he b a se a , a nd b is t h e anti

logarithm o f x to t he b ase 0 Writte n co m pa c t ly t he first .

“
sta t e m e nt is lo g a b x, whi ch is to be re a d t he lo ga rithm of
”
b to the b ase a is x .

E xe rc ise 178
Fi nd x by i nsp ecti on i n eac h o f the fo llowi ng
1 . lo g28 x . 2 . lo g3 2 7 x . 3 . lo g } x .

4 . lo gafi x . 5 . lo g48 x . Ans . x

6 . 10 8 10100 x . 7 . lo g } x .

8 . lo gw 1.
= x Ans x . . 9 . lo gw 01 = . x .

10 . lo gw 001 x
. . 11 . lo g927 x .

12 . lo gs4 x . 13 . lo g12 5 x .

14 . lo gu 8 x .

Since 6 is be t wee n 4 a nd 8 , 6 is be t we e n t he se c o nd and th e

t h ird po we rs o f 2 , o r it is m o re t h a n 2 , a nd le ss th a n 2
2 3
.

Wri tte n m the fo rm use d a b o ve we h a ve lo g26 2 o r = .

l
,

t he lo ga rithm o f 6 t o t he b ase 2 16 2 + s o m e de c im a W en . h
t he va lue o f t h is de c i m a l is c o m put e d it is fo und t o b e

a p pro xim a te ly . 5 8 49 . 6 o r lo gg6

184 The inte gra l pa rt o f t he lo garithm , o r 2 , is c alle d t h e

.

c h ara cte risti c , a nd t he de c im al pa rt , 5 84 9, is c a lle d t h e .

manti ssa . I n like m a nne r a ny po sit i v e nu mbe r m ay be wri t

ten as a po we r o f 2 o r o f a ny o th e r po si t i v e num be r e xc e pt 1 .

3 16
3 18 A S E COND CO RS E I N ALGE B R A U
The method for determi ni ng the cha rac te risti c f th e l
ooga ri thm
of a number wi ll a ppea r f m ro a study o f the follo wi ng ta ble :

I N! ) or lo g 1000 3, log 4570

a o r log 100 2, log 45 7

10 10 1
, o r lo g 10 1, lo g
1 o r log 1 0, log
1 10 lo g 1, l og
-
1
,
or . 1 -
or . 45 7
01
. 10 or log 01 -
2, or 2 ,
lo g 045 7

001 or lo g 00 1 -
3, or 3, lo g 0045 7

I t sho uld be no t i ce d tha t t he m a nt issa is t he

in the sa me

lo ga rit h ms o f 4 5 70, 45 7 , e t c , b e c a use 4 5 70 is t he sa me .

m ult iple o f 1000 tha t 45 7 is o f 100, o f 10, a nd of 1 .

The ma ntissa is a lwa ys po si t iv e b ut the cha ra c te ristic is

ne ga t ive whe n t h e num be r is le ss tha n uni ty .

E vide ntly the c h a ra c t e rist ic o f the lo ga rithm o f a number

wi th inte gral place s is po sit ive a nd o ne less t ha n t he number

o f int e gra l pla ce s The c ha ra ct e ristic . t he lo ga rithm of a

of

de c im al numbe r is ne ga ti ve a nd de t e rmine d b y c o unting the

de cima l po int a nd t he numbe r o f c iphe rs t o t h e righ t o f the

de c ima l po int a nd be t wee n it a nd t he first signi fi ca nt figure ,
o r i t is de te rm ine d b y t h e de c im a l po si t io n o f t h e first signifi

c a nt figure .

The re a re t wo wa ys of wri ting a ne ga t ive c h ara c te ristic

( )
1 as in the pre ce ding ta b le wit h a m i nus sign o ve r the char
a c te ri st ic , o r, (2 ) 10 is a dde d to a nd sub t rac t e d fro m the

lo ga rithm , as fo llo ws

Lo g 45 7 . or 10

Lo g 04 5 7
. or 10

Lo g 0045 7
. or 10 .

We will use t he se co nd wa y th ro ugho ut this c ha pte r .

322 A SE COND COURS E I N ALG E B RA

E xe rci se 182
Fi nd the a pproxi mate lo ga ri thm of each of the followi ng
1 . 2 . 3 12 5 800 4 002 75 5
. . . . .

5 . 6 . 9990 . 7 . 7926 . 8 . 9 . . 3 125 .

10 . 0007224
. . 11 . 6666 . 12 . 172 8 . 13 .

The fo urth figure o f a n a nt ilo garithm ma y be fo und

a ppro xima tely b y a me thod si milar t o t ha t use d in t h e pre

ce di ng pa ragra ph .

Give n t ha t lo g x find the numbe r x Wh e n we .

co m pare t he ma nt issa 3 5 75 with t he t a b le we find t ha t it

lies be twee n 3 5 60 a nd 3 5 79 wh ic h a re t he mantissa s o f the

lo ga rithms o f 22 7 a nd 22 8 , re spe c tive ly .

E vi de ntly 3 5 75 is the mant issa o f a numbe r be twee n 227 .

a nd 22 8 and is t he lo ga rithm o f a numbe r b e t wee n

2 27 0 a nd 22 80 S ince 3 5 79 i s 19 m o re tha n 3 5 60 a nd 3 5 75
.

is 15 more t ha n 3 560, is the lo garithm o f a numbe r

g re a te r t h a n 2270 b y 15 / 19 o f 10 wh i c h is a ppro xi m a t e ly 8 .

The re fore t he a nt il o ga rithm o f is 22 78 Che ck this b y .

finding lo g 22 78 .

188 To find the ant ilo ga rithm whe n t he give n m a ntissa is

.

no t in t he ta ble , find fro m t he ta ble the ne xt lo we r m a ntis sa

with the co rrespo ndi ng t hree figures of t he a ntilo ga ri t h m , ,

sub trac t t his ma nt issa o f t h e t a b le fro m t h e give n ma n t iss a ,

a nd divi de t his diffe re nce by t h e diffe re nc e be twee n t h i s

t a b ular ma nt issa a nd t he ne xt highe r m a ntissa o f t he t a b le .

This q uo tie nt gi ve s t he fo urth figure o f t h e a ntilo ga rithm .

Th e cha racte ristic i ndica tes t he positi o n o f t he dec ima l p o in t .

E xe rcise 183
Fi nd the a nt i lo ga ri th m of each o f the followi ng
1 2 3 4
—10
. . . .

5 6 7 8
—10 —10
. . . . .

9 10 11
—10
. . . . .

12 . 13 . . 14 .
326 A SE COND CO RSE I N ALGE B R A U
1 1
10 . Lo g -

5
lo g a +2 lo g b lo g c
]
Complete the followi ng loga ri thmi c id enti ti es :

11 . Lo g 12 . Lo g i 13 . Lo g

E xe rci se 186 . Prob le ms

S o lve by loga ri thms :
1 I f a ra y o f light t ra ve ls 18 6000 miles pe r se c o nd and it
.

is miles fro m the sun to t he e a rt h , h o w lo ng does

it t a ke a ray o f li ght to re ac h t he e art h fro m t he sun ?
2 . The dista nce fro m t he e a rt h t o th e st ars is meas ured
by astro no mers in light yea rs (the dista nce a ra y o f light
-

t ra ve ls in o ne yea r) Ho w ma ny mil es is it to a star that is

.

e st im a te d as 8 ligh t ye a rs fro m t he ea rth ?

-

3 A ce rt a in b righ t sta r is e st ima t e d t o be 300 light years

.

fro m the e a rt h Ho w m a ny mil e s a way is it ?

.

4 . What will
$5 000 am o unt to if pla ced at 6 % fo r 5 years,
int e rest to be co mpo unde d a nnually ?
Hi nt One do ll ar a t 6 % fo r 5 ye a rs wo uld amo unt to
.

5 Wha t wo uld be t h e a m o unt , if t he inte rest in the pre

.

c e ding pro b le m were co m po unded se mi a nnua lly ? -

Hint . Use
6 . Wha t will $5 0 a mo unt to in 20 yea rs at 7 co m po unded

a nnua lly ?

7 I n wh a t t im e will 3 1 do uble itse lf a t

. c o m po unde d

a nnually ?

z lo g 2
H i nt .
- 2 , t h e re fo re x (lo g 10 6 ) “
10 8 2 “ d a:
lo g
8 .I n wha t t im e will $ 1 do ub le itse lf at co m po unded

se mi a nnua lly ?
-

9 I n wh a t tim e will $5 00 a mo unt to $75 0 at

. inte rest
co m po unde d a nnua lly ?
3 28 U
A SE COND CO RS E I N ALG E B R A

24 . The v o lum e o f a sphe re is e xpresse d by t he fo rmula

V 3 -
11r
” . Wha t is the vo lum e o f a sph e re wh ose ra di us is
12 inc hes?
25 . What is the ra dius o f t he sph e re whose v o lum e is 1
c ubi c foo t ?
26 . Ho w ma ny c ubic miles a re in the vo lume o f t he ea rth ?
27 Ho w ma ny c ubic m iles a re in t he vo lume o f t he sun?
28 . A cub ic mile o f wa t e r we ighs ho w ma ny to ns, if o ne
c ub i c foo t of wa te r we ighs 6 2+po unds ?
29 . The v o lumes o f t wo sph e res h a ve t h e ra t io of the
c ub es o f th e ir ra dii . The v o lume of t he sun is ho w ma ny
tim e s the v o lume o f the e a rt h ?

30 . A cub i c foo t of le a d will ma ke ho w ma ny sphe ri c a l

sh o t 1 » o f an in c h in dia m e t e r?
31 . Th e a rea o f a t ria ngle wh o se si de s a re a , b, a nd c is

28 a + b+ c . Wh at is the a re a o f th e t ria ngle whose sides are

17 , 23 , a nd 3 0 inches , re spe c t ive ly ?

32 . Ho w ma ny acre s a re in a t ria ngul a r fie ld whose sides

a re a nd 13 2 5 fee t , res pe c t i ve ly ?

33 . What is th e side o f a n e q uil a te ra l t riangle wh o se a re a

is 1 sq uare foo t (144 sq ua re inch es) ?

3 4 Find t h e we ight o f a sph e rica l ba ll
. of le a d who se
diam e te r is 8 in .

No te Spe c ific gra vity is de fine d as t he ra t io o f t he we ight of a bo dy

.

t o t h e we ight o f a n e q ua l vo lum e o f wa te r Fo r i ns ta nc e , t he spe c ific

.

g ra v i t y o f le a d i s w hi c h m e a n s t h a t a c ub i c fo o t o f l ea d we igh s

t im es p o unds , t h e w e i g h t o f o n e c u b i c fo o t o f w a t e r .

35 W . h a t w o uld b e t h e i nc re ase i n t h e w e ig h t o f t h e lea d

b a ll in No 3 4 if 2 inc h e s we re a dde d t o it s dia m e t e r?
.

36 F
.in d t h e v o lu m e o f a h e m i sp h e ri c a l ca p o f g r a nit e

wh o se ra dius i s 9 i nc h e s .

3 7 Wh a t is t h e we igh t
. of a c ub ic fo o t of go ld,
if it s
spe c i fic gra v ity is
330 A SECOND COURS E I N ALGE BR A

Exe rci se 187

S olve the followi ng equati ons by factori ng
1 x 2
25 — 2 a 2

—
. .

3 ’
4 4 49 0 3

—
-
. x . x .

5 6 5 2 7 ’ =

—8 1
. . n n .

7 3
0 8
—
x x= 13 6 +6 a=
2

—3 —54
. . . a .

9 20 = 6n= 7n 10 ‘ 2
0
—2
. . . x x x= .

11 . 3a 3=
5a 2
a . 12 . x ‘

Write the equa ti ons who se roo ts a re the followi ng

13 4, 5 14 —6 3 15 —2 —7
—7 5 —b
. . . . . .
, ,

16 17 b 18
—3 —i
.
, . . a, . .
,
c.

2 b, 3 c 4b
—
19 20 21 i
—
. . . a, . .
, .

S o luti on
— —
( i ) ( +i ) 0 b e co m es x a nd, c lea ring of
’
x . x =
§ x

—3 i
frac t io ns , gi ve s x’
6 0 x 2 = .

22 . 2, _i . ” 0
’ . M
x n 3n 1
25 x, 26 , 27 20 ,
g
. 0 0

2
Re duce the f ollowi ng f d i to the orm d
2=
u
p e
r qua ra t cs x a an

then fi nd the two roots by ta ki ng the squa re root of eac h member .

as x = Va
28 . x = 2
25 . 29 . 4x
3 =
9 . 30 . x2=
7 .

31 . 4 x
2=
15 . 32 . 33 . 7 x’=
8a .

S upply the mi ssi ng te rms i n the followi ng tri no mi al squa res

34 a + 8o + ?
2
35 n
2 —10 n+ ?
—
. .

36 . 9a 2
6a + ? 37 .

38 . 4n 2
39 . x 2
+ x+ ?
40 4a 2
41 9x 2

—3 + ?
. .

42 . 9a 2
a 43 .
30
2

193 . S oluti on of a qua drati c e quati o n by co mpl e ting the

square

First me th o d Co mple te t he le ft m e mbe r o f t he e q uation

.

into a pe rfec t t ri no mi a l sq ua re wi t h t h e c oe f
f i c i e nt Of
p o si t ive 1
 QUAD R ATI C E Q UATI ONS 33 1

Illustrati ve exa mpl e s.

1 .
z
z+ 8z 20 .

19 + 84: -
(Co mple ting the square ) .

z+4 = (E xtrac ting t he s quare bo th me mb ers )

—
roo t o f
—10
$ 6 . .

4 , a nd x= .

—
Bo th roo ts c hec k .

2 3 z+ 7z=
.
3
3 .

%
z+ z’—1 -
. (M aking t he c oe ffi c ie nt o f 1
9
po siti ve

7 49 13
39 + --
23 +
3 56
7
z+ =
h
6 6

6
7
6
a nd z = —l 768
. .

These roo ts are a ppro xima te . Wh y? Check for b o th .

Note Whe n the co e ffi c ie nt o f :c is

. 1 t he addi tio n o f t h e squa re o f ’

o ne -ha lf t he coe fficie nt o f :c t o b o t h m em b e rs t ra nsfo rms t h e le ft m e m

be r into a pe rfe c t tri no m ia l square .

E xe rci se 186

S o lve thef by co m
ollo wi ngp leti ng the qua dra tic e qua ti ons

squa re I f the roo ts a re i rrati ona l si mp lify a nd reduce them to

.

deci mal form I rra ti o na l roo ts ma y be checked i n thei r ra di ca l

.

f m
or .

1 n
2
+ 6n = 40 z 12 a
—7
. . a

3 . :c
’
x= 18 . n
2
+ 40 3n = .

5 z
5 + 7a 6 =

— — —
. a .

7 6 11 10
? = O 2
x + 6x = 7
—10
. a a . .

—
9 2
7 a= 3 n + 4n = 9
2

—2
-
. a . .

11 . 4 = 3a ’
a. 5 x + 12x 17 O
2 = .

z
z+ 3 z 5
—
13 .
= . 2x 2=
5 x+ 3 .

15 .
2
n + 2 n = 3 . 8 = 3 :c 2
5 :c .
332 A SE COND CO RS E I N ALG E B RA U
S e co nd me th od ( Thi s m e t h o d m a y be. o m i tt e d a t t he dis

c re t io n o f the t ea ch e r a nd t h e p ro b le ms o f t h e e xe rc ise so lved

by t he first me th o d o r by t h e formula ) Fra c t io ns may be .

a v o i de d in co m ple t ing t h e sq ua re b y usi ng so m e o t he r num

be r t h an 1 fo r the c oe ffic ie nt o f x, as in t he fo llo wing :

1 .
—2 .

+ 84: —24 .
(M ultiplyi ng b o th me mb e rs o f t he e quatio n by
4 t im c s t h e co e ffi c ie nt o f

3 6x +84x ’
(Addi ng to bo t h me m b ers th e s quare of the
co e ffi c ie nt of z).

6x + 7 t=5
=
(E t t i t h q
s ua re roo t )
—}
x n e
—2
. rac g .

4
a nd a: .

2 . 4a: 1l
S oluti o n .

(M ultiplying bo th m e m be rs b y t he c oe ffi c ie nt o f x )
i
121: 33 . .

9:1:z 12 3: +4 = 3 7 (Addi ng to b o th memb ers the squa re o f o ne

.

ha lf t he c oe ffi c ie nt o f x )
—2
.

3x = a nd z=
No t e To a vo id fra c t io ns i n c o m ple t i ng t he q re d uce the
—
. s ua re

e q ua t io n to t he fo rm a z+ b:c
m ulti ply b o t h m e m b e rs b y 4a if
’
c a nd

b i s a n o dd numb e r, o r b y a if b i s a n e ve n numb e r To c o m p le te the .

s quare , di vi de t h e coe ffi c ie nt o f x b y twi ce t h e squa re roo t o f the

coe ffi c ie nt o f a nd a dd t h e square o f th e res ult to b o t h m e m b e rs .

E xe rcise 189
S o lve the fo llo wi ng qua dra ti c equa ti ons by the second method
1 2a +3 d 9
2 = 2 4n ?
3n 7
= —
— —
. . . .

3 z
z x 6 = z 4 6r i
x
— —
. . .

5 . 3 4n
2
n = 7 . 6 . 3 u
z 4 n = 8 .

7 a +3a =
2
4 8 2
5 n +2n = 3
—
. . . .

9 . 8 = 2x + 3 x
2
. 10 .
(2 x)
194 S olutio n of quadrati c e quati o ns b y th e fo rmul a
. .

Sin ce e ve ry q ua dra ti c e q ua t io n ca n be re duce d t o t he fo rm

ar + br + a = 0, wh e re a , b, a nd c a re t h e respe c t ive co e ffi c ie nts
2

of x x , a nd x 0
( t h e t e rm no t c o nt a ini ng it is e vide nt
2
, or
334 A SECOND CO RS E I N ALGE B R A U
—3 s
—
/ 3

14 . 15 . 2uz
16 5a + 5 a + l
’
17
—1 —
. .

V 3

Suggestion . By fac to r n i g z—
l = 0 a nd z+z+ l ’ = 0 .

19 . x3
+l = 0 . 20 . x
’
21 .

22
—
.

S ugge sti on. (f z+ l )

23 . z ‘
24 . x‘

S olve the follo wi ng equa ti ons for :t :

’ ’
25 2 n x + nx 26 3 x z
——
. .

27 2x 2
ar 10a 2 =
0 28 ax + bz
2

—
. . .

29 M r
.
” 4a x 9b x + 6 a b 0
’ 2
.

S ugge stio n 6a bz (4a + 9b )x + 6a b 0

’
.
” ’
.

30 ac a: 2
3 bc z+ 2 a nx 6 bn
—
. .

l l bx 10b 2
ab ba:
3 1 22:
.
?
30 3a 2z— a x .

—
a

2n + x —
2x n 8 2 z + 2r 5
—
a a a
33 °

2n — a: 2 x+ n 3
34 °

a +2x
+
2x a 2

195 Ch aracte r of th e roo ts of a quadratic e qua ti o n The

. .

st ude nt will o b se rv e in t h e q ua dra t i c fo rm ula t h a t

If b z —
4a c 0, bo th ro ot s o f t he q ua dra ti c eq uation
=

b
a re , a nd a re t he re fo re re a l a nd e q ual .

2a
( )
2 I f b
2 —4 ao is a pe rfe c t sq ua re , t he roo ts a re re al,

ra t io na l , a nd une q ua l
—
.

(3 ) If b 4 2
ac is a p o si t i v e num be r b ut no t a pe rfe ct
t he roo ts a re re a l , i rra t io na l, a nd une q ua l
—
sq ua re , .

(4) If b 4 2
ao is a ne ga t ive nu mbe r, the roo t s are imagi
na ry
—
.

Th e e xpressio n b 42
ac is ca lle d t he di scri mina nt of the
q u a d ra t i c e q ua t i o n .
 QUADRATI C EQ UATI ONS 33 5

An o utli ne o f num be rs will be c o nv e ni e nt in the wo rk of

the e xe rc ise th at fo llo ws .

Num b e rs
S1m le 1ma8 1nM y
'

I m a gi nary
Co n ple xf
E xe rci se 191

In ea ch o f the fo ll owi ng e qua ti ons de te rmi ne the va lue f

—
o

b 4
2
ac a nd, wi tho ut so lvi ng, cla ssi fy the roots

1 . x
2
2 . 4n ?

3 . 3 x + 5z
2
c 4 . 2x + 3 x
2

5 . 6 .

7 . I n t he e q u a t io n x
2
wh a t m ust b e th e
value o f k in o rde r t h a t t he ro o t s m ay be e q ua l?

8 . D e te rmine k in t h e e q u a t io n 9x —k2
r + 4 = 0 so tha t
th e ro o t s m a y be e q ua l .

9 . Find the gre a te st v a lue m m a y h a ve in 3 x + 2x+ m 2

0
so t h a t t h e roo ts m a y b e rea l .

10 . Find the le ast v a lue m m a y h a v e in 2 x + mx + 2 2

0 so

tha t th e roo ts m ay be re a l .

11 . Find t wo fa ct o rs of 1 wh o se sum is 3 .

S ugge stio n . Le t a: and

i
?f
re p re se nt t h e fac to rs .

12 . fi nd t wo fa cto rs of 3 wh o se sum is 1 .

13 . Find t h e le a st v a lue m m a y h a v e in 3 x + 2 x + m = 0 2

so th a t t h e ro o t s m a y be c o m p le x
— —
.

14 . One ro o t of x 3
2x x
2
is 3 . Fi nd t h e o th e r

roo t s
—2 ——6 i —
.

S ugge sti on One fa c to r o f x 3 Wh y?

'

3 2
3 x s x

—2
. .

15 . One roo t o f is . Find t h e o the r

ro o ts .
336 A S E COND CO RS E I N ALG E B R A U
196 . Re la tion of th e roo ts and th e c oe fi c i e nts o f a q ua d
ra ti c e qua tio n . B y di v idi ng bo t h m e m be rs of a q ua d ra t i c

e q ua t io n b y t he c oe ffic ie nt o f x
2
a nd c o lle c t i ng t e rms in t h e
le ft m e m be r, a ny q u a dra t i c e q ua t i o n m a y b e put in t he fo rm
Th is is c a lle d the p fo rm-
o f t h e q u a d ra t i c

e q u a t io n to di st inguish it fro m 2
b
+ + = 0 whi c h is
‘

ax x c

c a lle d the a -
fo rm . I t is e vide nt t h a t th e a -fo rm may b e

-fo rm
c a ge d to t e p
h n h a nd t ha t p a nd q
a

So lving 2
x + px + q = 0 b y t h e fo rm ula giv e s
—p Vp 2 —4q
2
Th e sum of these t wo ro o ts is e vide ntly p a nd the
2_ 2_
p) ( P g)
2
V 4
p ro d u c t is or q .

The t wo fa c ts t ha t t h e sum o f the roo t s is —

p and the
p ro d u c t q w ill b e h e l p ful in

( ) a fo rmi ng a q ua dra t i c e q ua t io n wh e n it s ro o t s are giv e n ,

( )
b c h e c ki ng t h e ro o t s re sult ing fro m t he so lut io n of a

q u a d ra t i c by de t e rm ining if t he ir sum is —p a nd th e i r

p ro du c t q .

Ill ustrat ive e xampl e s

1 Writ e t he e qua t io n wh o se
. ro o t s a re 5 v7 a nd 5+ ff .

S o lutio n
—p
.

Addi ng , = 10 or p
M ultip lyi ng q 18 .

Th e re fo re x
2
10x + 18 = 0 is t he e qua tio n .

4 d: , _5
D oe s
5 sa t isfy 3x 2
2 . x

—+
8
S o lution . Th e e quat io n in t he p fo rm is x
- ’
§
x
;
5
Wh e nc e
8 7 4+ v
'

4 8 _
—5
P
-

s
a nd q
z s
; 3 3 3

4 16 —5 ) ”

21 7
AD S Y es
5
. .

3 9
 A U
S E COND C O RS E I N ALG E B RA

197 . E quivale nt e qua tio ns . E q ua t io ns t h a t inv o lv e t h e

sa m e unkno wn num be r and h a ve t he sa m e ro o ts are c a lle d

x+ 4 2
—3
a:
e quivale nt e quati ons . As, fo r e xa m ple , a nd
a: a:

2x 8 are eq u i v a le n i
t e q ua t o ns, fo r 3: = 4 , sa t isfies b o t h a nd
no o t he r v a lue o f 3: sa t isfies e it he r I n t he so lut i o n o f a q ua d .

ra tio e q ua t io n (o r o f a n y o t h e r t yp e ) i t is necessa ry t h a t t h e

e q ua ti o ns o b ta i ne d in t he su c ce ssi ve st e ps o f t he so lut io n be
e q ui v ale nt , e a ch to the o rigina l a nd the re fo re to o ne a no t h e r,

o t he rwise roo ts ma y be int ro duce d o r roo ts may be lo st .

198 . E xtrane ous roo ts an d lo st roo ts . Whe n a roo t is

o b ta ine d in the so lut io n o f a n e q ua tio n t hat doe s no t ch e c k
i n t he o rigina l e q ua t io n, it is c a lle d a n e xtran e o us root .

A study of t he fo llo wing illustrative e xample s will se rv e

to sh o w ho w roo ts ma y be int ro d uce d or lo st in t he so lut i o n

o f e q ua tio ns
—3
.

1 The e qua t io n 2 2: = x + 2 is sa t isfie d b =5

—
.
y x .

I f eac h me m b e r o f t his e qua t io n is m ult ip lie d b y z 3 , we ge t 2 z ’

92 + 9 x = ’
x ——
6 , whi c h b ec o m es z ’
o r (x 5 ) (23 3 ) = 0 — — .

The re fo re 3: = 3 an d a: = 5 B ut x = 3 do e s no t c hec k i n t he o rigin a l

.

e qua t io n a nd i s a n e xt ra neo us roo t

—
.

2 Th e e qua ti o n 2 m
.
?
5 x +6 is sa ti sfie d b y a = 2 a n d
3
— —
a:
—
.

I f e a ch m e m b e r is di vided b y x 3 , we ge t 2 x 4 = :c 2 , w hi c h
—
be co mes a: 2 = 0 Th e re fo re 2: = 2 The roo t 3: = 3 h as be e n lo s t
. . .

3 1: 9
3 . So l ve t he e q ua t i o n l 2

— —
a: 3 x 3
C learing fra c t io ns gi ve s 3 3: + x
of
’
2z 3 9, ?
+ 33 12 0 w hi c h
—
= o r at =

is sa t isfie d b y x = 3 and z 4 :
.

B ut a: 3 doe s no t c h e c k i n t he o rigi na l qua tio n a nd is e xt raneo u s

e .

The roo t 3: = 3 wa s int ro duc e d w h e n t he o rigina l e qu a t i o n was c le a red o f

frac t io ns b y m ultiplyi ng e a c h m e m b e r b y a: 3 I f t he — . so lut io n h ad
be e n as fo llo w s no e xtra ne o us roo t wo uld h a ve e nte re d :
3x 9 3x 9
x — + z+
3
l
x —3 x —3 +x + 1 -
0 '

= 0 . 3 +x + 1 = 0 a nd x =
 QUADR ATI C EQ UATI ONS 339

I n the so lut io n o f a ny type o f eq ua t io ns it is be st t o kee p

i n m in d (1) th a t ch e c ki ng will de t e c t a n e xt ra neo us ro o t ,
( )
2 t h a t no fa c to r c o nta i ni ng t h e unkno wn ca n be re m o v e d

w i th o ut re m o vi ng a roo t .

199 I rrati o nal e quati ons re sulting in quadrati c s M a ny

. .

i rra tio na l e q ua t io ns re duce t o t he q ua dra t i c fo rm in t h e

p r o c e ss o f so lu t i o n Oft e n o ne o f t h e
. re sul t i ng roo t s i s e x

t r a ne o us a n d c a re m ust be use d in ch e c king b o th .

Ill ustrativ e e xam pl e s .

1 V +
3 z 1 —
z 1
—2 + l
.
= .

S o luti on . 3x + 1 = x’
(S qua ring b o th m e mb e rs )
—
-
x
—
. .

Wh e nc e z 5z
2 = 0 a nd x x ( 5 ) = 0, o r x = 5 a nd x = 0
—
.

Che c king 5, If Vl 5 + l 5 =1 d whi c h c h e c ks

—l
x= an
—
. .

If :c 0, $ 07 1 0
- 3 = a nd VT l whi= ch does no t c h ec k .

m + Vé
' '

2 . V s =

S qua ring b o th m e m b e rs , z+ 5 + 2 V + 5 1:
C o mb i ning, 2 Vm + 5
i = 4x 4 —
—2
1: .

Di viding b y 2 , Vz+ 2x 2
5x =

—
.

Sq ua ri ng, z+ 52: 4x
’ “ 8x + 4 Whe nce . 13 3: +4 0 .

The re fo re (3 x 1) (x 0 a d
n x = 4 x= ,

Che c king . If 4 , V9 + V4 = V2 5 ,
x= a nd 5 . C he c ks .

w w s = Vs
'

1
If 4 3 + Vl =
vs, a nd a+ . Do e s no t c h e c k .

E xe rc i se 193
S o lve a nd che ck the fo llowi ng i rra ti ona l e qua ti o ns

1 Ve x —5 = —
2x 5 2 .

— —
. .

3 . V3 n + 3 = 4 Vn l . 4 . V2 x 5 Vx
5 Vn + 4 + V2 n
—
.

m = V4 m + 5 V3 m + 1
6 V 4
— — —l
. .

V2a 3 V3 a 4 Va .

Vx 3 —5 —2 x
2
x+ 2 = x —1 .

10 . V25 + 4x V8 + x V +
2 x 9 = 0 .

11 V2 5 + 4zc + V8 + x V2 x + 9 = 0
—
. .

12 . V4 x 6 n = V3 x + 2 n V 2 n (S o lv e fo r x ) . .
340 A S E CON D C O RS E I N ALG E B R A U
2 00 S o lutio n of e quatio ns o f hi gh e r de gre e The co m p le te
. .

so lut io n o f a ll type s o f e q ua t io ns o f h igh e r de gre e t h a n t h e

se c o nd is be yo nd t he re a lm o f e le m e nta ry a lge b ra , a nd e v e n

t he p ro ce sse s o f a dv a n ce d m a the m a t ic s fa il in ma ny c as e s .

H o we ve r, the re a re so m e type s t h a t c a n be so lve d b y a pp ly

ing t he princ iple s al rea dy le a rne d .

Ill u strative e xampl es .

Cas e 1 E q ua t io ns t ha t ma y b e re d uc e d b y fa c t o ri ng
—
. .

1 x'
6 4 = 0
—4 )
. .

Fa c to ring (33
So l ving z a nd
-
r 3
'

x= 4 a nd x = V .

Not e . All roo t s s ho uld be c h ec ke d by su b st i t ut ing in t h e o rigi na l

e qua t io n I t w ill b e o b se rve d t ha t a ny e q ua t io n o f t hi rd o r h igh e r
.

d e gree c a n b e so l ve d if i t ca n b e re d uc e d b y facto ri ng to two o r m o re

e qua t i o ns t h a t are li ne a r o r q ua dra t i c .

Cas e II . E qua t io ns t h a t a re q ua dra t i c i n fo rm wi t h re s pe c t to so m e

e xp re s s io n co nt a ini ng t h e unkno w n .

2 4
3 l = 0 2
.
+x x + .

Thi s is qua d ra t i c w i t h re s pe c t to $
2
.

Th e n xz=
‘
3 *
$5

_3 V5
Whe nce ;
3 . (x + 5 x
2
)2 = 6 .

S o luti on
Pu t + 5 2: n The n
.

. n 2 —5 n 6 .

Wh e nc e n 6 a nd n 1 .

The n 6, a nd 3 = 1 .

Also x
2
+5x -
1 . x

4 . x 2
+ 2 —6 V + 2 + 10
x x
2
x

S o lu ti
—
on.

x
2
1
+ 2 + 0 6 V + 2 + 10
x —5 x 2
x (Addi ng 10 to e a c h nu m b e r )
—6 —5
. .

Pu t The n n
2
n= .

Wh e nc e u = 1 or n = 5 .

Th e n
Wh e nce x= —1 1=2
= —
V 2 .

= 5
Vx 2
+ 2 + 10 + 2 x + 10 25
—5
x . .

Whe nc e 3: = 3 a nd a: . C he c k .
344 A SE C ON D COURS E I N ALGE B R A

25 . A re c ta ngula r p ie c e of t in, 6 inc hes lo nge r t ha n it is

wide , is m a de int o a n o pe nb o x by cutt ing a 3 i nch square
fro m e a c h c o rne r a nd t urni ng u p t h e si de s I f t he v o lume of
.

t he b o x is 2 16 c ubi c i nc he s, find the dim e nsio ns of th e o riginal

p ie c e of tin .

26 . A c e rt a in num be r e xcee ds 4 t i m e s i ts sq ua re roo t by

12 . Find the nu m b e r .

27 . A m a n b o ught a num be r o f sh ee p fo r $2 50 Fo ur of
.

th e shee p die d a nd he so ld t he o t he rs fo r p e r h e a d more

t h a n h e pa id a nd re ce iv e d 824 0 . Ho w m any she e p did he

b uy ?
28A la ndsca pe ga rde ne r h as a flo we r be d t ha t is 12 yards
.

wide a nd 18 ya rds lo ng He Wi she s t o do u ble th e a re a of the

.

flo we r b e d b y in c rea sing t he width a nd le ngt h t he same

a m o u nt Find th e num be r o f ya rds th e dime nsio ns m ust be
.

inc re ase d .

29 . A fa rm e r sta rts to c ut a fie ld of
by 60 gra i n , 50 ro ds

ro ds, b y dri vi ng his re a pe r ro u nd a nd ro und t h e fie ld Find .

t h e wi dt h o f t h e st ri p t ha t is out whe n t wo - th irds o f t he field

re m a i ns unc ut .
 CHAP TE R XVI I

Q UAD R ATI C E Q UATI ONS THAT I NVOLVE TWO

VAR I AB LE S

202 .
Q ua drati c e quati o ns a s c o ni c se cti o ns . I f t he gra p h
o f a ny q u a dra t i c e q ua t io n in t wo v a ria b le s be dra wn , we
h av e a curv e d line be lo nging to o ne of the fo ur gro ups o f
c urve s kno wn as c o ni c se cti o ns . Th e se c urv e s a re t h e c irc le ,

the parab o la , t h e h ype rb o la , a nd t h e e llipse . Th e de finit io ns

o f t h e se a re as fo llo ws

A circle is t he lo cus (o r pa th ) o f a po int th a t is a lwa ys a t a

gi v e n dist a nc e fro m fixe d po int

a .

A parab o la is t he lo c us o f a po int wh o se dista nce fro m

a fixe d po i nt , c a lle d the fo cus ,
is a lw ays e q ua l t o its dist a nce
fro m a fixe d line , ca lled the di
re ctrix.

A h ype rb ola is t he lo cus of a

p o i nt th e di ffe re nce of wh o se dis

t a n ce s fro m t wo fixe d po int s, c a lle d
t h e foc i , is alwa ys e q ua l to a co n
st a nt dist a n c e .

An e llipse is the lo cus o f a po int ,

the sum of who se dista nc e s fro m
two fi xe d po int s , c a lle d t h e fo c i , is
a l w a ys e q ua l t o a c o nst a nt di sta nce .

2 03 . Co nic se cti o ns Suppo se .

th e st ra igh t line s AB a n d C D in

t e rse c t at O a nd th a t XY is t h e
3 45
346 A SE COND COURS E I N ALG E B RA

b ise ct o r o f t wo o pposite
a ngles No w if the whole
.

figure b e re vo lve d about

XY as an axis , t he lines AB
a nd C D will ge ne ra te (or

form ) a c o ni cal surface .

This surface will have two

pa rts ,
o r na pp ,
e s meeting
p o i nt to po i nt Th e co ni
.

c al surfa ce will be indefi

ni te , o r unli m ite d, in ex

te nt , since AB a nd C D are
Ci rcle x ’
+y
! 86 lines o f unlim ited le ngth .

Ne xt , suppo se the co ni cal

surface to be inte rse c te d b y a plane surface I f t he pla ne is
.

p p
e r e ndi c ula r to KY , t h e i nt e rse c t io n will b e a c i rc le .

I f t he pla ne is o bliq ue t o K Y a nd c uts co m ple te ly thro ugh

o ne na ppe , the interse c ti o n will b e a n e lli pse .

E lli pse + 2 5 11“ 2 25

I f t h e plane is pa ralle l to o ne of t h e li nes AB CDor

i n a ny o f it s po si tio ns, it will c ut o ne na ppe o nly and the

3 48 A S E COND C O RS E I N ALG E B R A U
E xe rcise 196
Gra ph the foll owi ng equati o ns :

1 y
12
“ °
2 y
12
m —3
5 T
. .

3 . :c
z 4 .
—5 y = 50 .

5 . 6 . 2 z+ 3 y
2 2=
30 .

7 . 8 . 25 .

9 = x2 10 = x2
+3
y
— y
—6z—3
. . . .

11 = z
z 6x + 9 12 = x2
.
y . .
y .

13 = z 14 z 7
. x y . . x =
y + .

15 . 16 .
y
= 2x + 4x
2
.

Gra p h eac h o f the f ollowi ng p a i rs o f equa ti o ns a nd write the

va l ue s o f the poi nts of i nt ersecti o n :

17 z
r +y = 29 18 z
3 x + 2y2 =
35
—
. .

xy = 10 .
2
x 2y 2 =
1 .

19 . x + xy = 35 20 . x
2
+y 7 =

y+ xy
= 32 . a: +y2 =
ll .

Note The stude nt w ill o b se rve

. at t hi s po i nt t h a t he ca n recogni z
e

c e rt a i n t ype s o f c ur ve s fro m t h e a ppe ara nc e o f t he e q ua t io ns, fo r

e xa m p le ,

T
( ) he is a c irc le w hos e is o rigin and
’ =
1 c ur ve + y = r2 ce nte r at t he
w ho se ra di us is
—b)
r .

(2 ) The c ur ve (z z
z is a c irc le who se c e nte r is a t the
2 =
r
2

p o i n t (a: = a y b) a n d w h o se ra di u s i s r
—
, .

3 ) The c urve y
’ =
a i s a h yp r
e b o la w hi c h c u t s t h e X a xi s but no t
t h e Y a xis ; like wise t h e c ur ve y 2
x 2 = —
a c ut s t he Y a xis b ut no t the X

( )
4 Th e c urve c y = $ a is a hyp e rb o la whi c h do e s no t to uc h e ither

a xis .

Th ” b s= is a n e llipse
( )
5 e c urve a t + y c .

(6 ) Th e c urve y a x + bx + c is p a rab o la
= 3
a .

2 05 . S o luti on of qua dra ti c e quati o ns o f o ne unkno wn by

g p
ra hi ng. We c a nn o t g p
ra h e q ua t io ns o f o ne u nkno wn but
we c a n so lve e q ua t io ns o f t he type ax + bx + c 0 b y gra phing
2

th e e q u a t io n Fo r e xa m ple , t o so lve 3 3
2
21: —
we gra ph y = x2 —2x —15 . No w we no tice t ha t when
,
 QUAD RATI C EQ UATI ONS TWO VARI AB LE S 3 49

y = 0, t he v a lue s o f a: will be t he ro o ts o f x
2 —2 x 15 = 0 . This
m e t h o d is o f use o nly whe n t h e roo ts a re re a l . I f we a tte m p t

so l v e x 7 = 0 b h i we wi ll ge t
2
to 3
+ + x y g p
r a ng
a p a ra b o la t h a t d o e s no t c u t t h e X a xis, wh i c h m e a ns , o f
c o u rse , h h
t a t w e n y 0, th e re
= a re no re a l v a lues o f 33 .

E xe rci se 197

S olve the followi ng qua dra ti c equa ti ons by gra p hi ng

1 x z— z
c 2 x 2
3x —
—
. .

3 2m ?
4 2x 7z
2
c
—
. .

5 x 92 = O 6 x
2 =
16
—
. . . .

7 . x
2 =
20 . 8 . 3x 7x
2 = 6 .

9 . 2x + 2
3x= 20 . 10 . 6x +2
7x = 5 .

2 06 . S oluti on of syste ms of simulta ne o us qua dra ti c e qua

ti o ns .

No t a ll se t s of sim ult a ne o us q ua dra t i c e q ua t io ns tha t

inv o lv e th e sa m e unkno wns c a n be so lv e d by t he o rdina ry

p ro c e sse s of a lge b ra . Ho we v e r, t he re a re a n um be r of

me th o ds, e a ch o f whic h will so lv e e xe rc ise s o f a pa rt i c ula r

type Only t he m o re im po rta nt type s a re pre se nte d in t hi s
.

c h a p te r .

Case I . A pa ir o f e q ua tio ns, o ne line a r a nd o ne q ua dra t i c .

All o f t his type ca n be so lv e d b y th e m e tho d o f sub stit ut io n .

3 2 = 7
( )
1 x + y .

( )
2 2 r z
+ y = 4 3
.

Fro m (1 ) m=
7_ y z
3
—
y (7 2 v)
Sub stit uting in +
9 3
Simp lifying, 2 y 3 5 y+62 0 2
.

W c y 2 o r y 15 5
he n e = .

Sub stit uting in (1) whe n y = 2 , :c = 1 ; whe n y 3:

C he c k b o t h se ts in e ac h e q u at io n .
350 A SE COND COURS E I N ALG E B RA

Case II Wh e n a ll te rms o f e ach eq uat io n t ha t co nta in the

.

unkno wns are o f t he se co nd de gree Th e re a re se ve ra l meth .

o ds t ha t a re sa tisfacto ry fo r t h e so lut io n o f e xe rc ises o f this

type . Th e m e tho d o f e lim ina ting the c o nst a nt t e rms is the

o nly o ne t h a t will be intro duce d into the wo rk o f t his c ha pte r .

—b
—
== 12 .
( 1) 2a ’
a

(2 ) ’
+ b 3b 3
’

—l 2b - l 2
a a $ .

M ulti ply 2 ) b y 4, 4a + 4a b
’ ’
.

Sub t ra c t (1) 2a ’
ab 12

—
2 0 + 5 a b 12 b ’ ’
0 .

Fac to ri ng (2a 3 ) ( + ) 0
b a 4 b = .

Note Sho w tha t we

. no w h a ve t wo e xa m m e s unde r Case I .

Wh e nce a § Q
’ a
2
—
4b .

b
§- £ 3 91
Sub st ituti ng a = in (1) ,

2 2 2
b
W h e nce b= $ 2 . The re fo re a =
% $ 3 .

—
Sub stituting a : 4b 1) 3 2 b + 4b 12 in ’ ’
.

W e ce b
h n V3 T h r f r
e e o e a 4b $ .
4
Th e re fo re w he n a $ 3
, b $ 2
; wh e n a $
3V ,
3 b $
1 V3 »
.

All fo ur se t s o f a nswe rs sho uld b e c he cked i n eac h e qua t io n .

Note Whe n do ub le a nswe rs a re p ai re d a s a b o ve , i t is unde rsto od

— —
.

tha t whe n a = + 3 , b = + 2 , and wh e n a = 3 , b= 2 .

Case II I . Whe n so me c o m binatio n o f the t wo give n e q ua

tio ns is po ssib le tha t will m a ke a ne w eq ua t io n wi t h t he le ft

me m be r a pe rfe c t sq ua re .

z
(1) x + y 17 ’

2) my 4
Adding twic e (2 ) t o (l ),
E xt ra c t ing sq rt , x + y $ 5 . . .

Sub t ra c ting t wice (2 ) fro m ’

—y
x

E xt ra c ti ng sq . rt . , 3: 3 .

Co m bine a: + 1; 5 .

Not e . Th e re fo ur diffe re nt wa ys o f c o mb ini ng the t wo e quatio ns,

a re

gi vi ng fo u r se t s o f roo t s W h e n x = $ 4, y
$ 1 ;.w h e n x = $ 1
,
a

C h e c k c o m p le te ly .
3 52 U
A SEC ON D CO RS E I N ALG E B RA

E xe rci se 198
S olve a nd chec k the follo wi ng :

2
x +y —21 ’ = x
y
x
2
+ xy + 2 y 74 2=

2x + 2 xy+ y
2 2=
3

mu = 6 .

20
ag
s / = 6 .

z
z+ 4g l 3
2 =

xy+ x + 2 y

24 . a + 8b
3
16 3 =

a + 2b = 4 .

x + xy + y 7
2
4
= .

48 1 m +u
3 3 = 3
2a + 6a
x
2
+ y+ y
x = 3 mz

fl
1 1 5
3
r + 8
3 =
35 2 ” 36
x y
5
 Q U AD R AT IC EQ UATIONS TWO VARI A B LE S 3 53

m +m n +
4 2
13 3
2
n
4=
+ b 3 + ab
2 2 =

—
a
2 z
m + mn + n
2 2
19 a +b
‘ 4=
21 a b
—
. .

33 z ab + 2 b
2 =
16 34 z
3x + 2 =
37
. a .
y
z
2 a + 3 ub 2 b 2
8 2
2 9 + 2x 2zz
y
—
. .

35 a +b 3 ab 1 3 x + 2y
2 2 = 2 2 =

—b —7 — —7
.

a = ab . 5 39 3 312
.

z
2 x + 3 xy = 3 6
3x 2
x
z —y + x —y
2 = 4
—6
.

39 x + 2 xy = 40
—
. .

3 y 2 xy = 2 . Z Rr = 1 .

xy = 8
Zf
.

xy + y 46 ‘
a
2
b +b
2 4=
21
2 x + 3 xy = 2 7
2

—3
.

48 2a 2
ab + 2b 2 =
43
a
z

S olve fo r x a nd y
ab
2
x + xy =

xy + y
2 =
a
2 —b a .

E xe rci se 199 . Prob le ms

1 . Find two num be rs whose sum is 2 a nd th e sum of who se
sq ua res is 3 4 .

2 . Th e sum o f two num b e rs m ultiplie d b y t he gre a t e r is

28 a nd t he diffe re nc e of t he two num be rs is 1 Fi nd t he .

num b e rs .

0
3 . differe nc e of two num be rs is
Th e 2 a nd the diffe re nce
of the i r c ube s is 98 Fi nd t he num b e rs . .
354 A SE CON D COURS E I N ALG EB RA

4 . The a rea of t t
a ce r a in re c a ngle is 80 sq uare inches If .

t he width is i nc re ase d 3 inc he s a nd th e le ngth is de c re ase d 3

inc hes the a re a will be incre as e d

, 24 sq ua re inc hes . Find the

5 . Th e sum
of two num be rs is a and the sum of their
sq uares is b Find the num be rs and c hec k t he re sults
. .

6 Th e sum of the sq ua res of two num be rs e xcee ds their

.

produc t by 3 9 and the diffe re nce of the numbe rs is 33 less

,

tha n the ir product Find the num be rs . .

7 The sum of two numbe rs e q ua ls the diffe re nce of their

.

sq uares a nd 3 ti m e s the ir p ro d uc t e q uals 4 tim es th e sq uare

,

of the sma lle r Find the numbe rs . .

8 The sum of the sq ua re s of two numbe rs ad de d to their

.

sum is 14 a nd t h e diffe re n ce of t he sq ua re s of t he two num

,

b e rs a dde d to the i r diffe re nce is 10 Fi nd the num be rs . .

9 The di a gona l of a c e rta i n re c ta ngle is 13 inc h es and the

.

a re a is 60 sq ua re inche s Fin d t he dim e nsi ons of t he re ctangle

. .

10 If a ce rta in num be r of two digits is divide d by the

.

pro duct of the digits the quotie nt is 2 I f the num be r is

,
.

divide d by the sum of the digits the q uotie nt is 4 Find the , .

num be r .

11 . Se para te 8 into two pa rts suc h tha t t he sum of the

c ube s of t he pa rts sha ll be 15 2 .

12 . The sum of th e s q ua re s of two numbe rs is 170 . If the

sm a lle r num b e r was 3 gre a te r a nd the la rge r num be r 1 less,
t he sum of the ir sq ua re s would be 200 Fi nd th e numbers . .

13 . The hypote nuse of a right tri a ngle is 2 6 inc hes and the
a re a is 1 20 sq ua re i nc he s Fi nd t he two . si des .

14 . Som e b oys
hire d a m o to r b oa t fo r a t ri p fo r $3 6 .

Three of t he b oys we re no t a ble to go o n whi c h a c c ount it

c o st e a c h o f t h e o the rs $ 1 m o re Fi nd the num be r of boys
.

tha t we nt o n t he t rip a nd wha t e a c h o ne pa i d .

 C HAPTE R X VI I I

RATI O , PRO PO R TI O N , AND VAR I ATION

2 07 . following : ra tio ante cedent

D e fini ti ons . D e fine t he , ,

c o nse q ue nt proportion te rms of a proportion means e x

, , .
, ,

t re m es m e a n propo rtional third proportiona l a nd fourth

, , ,

propo rtional .

2 08 . Fundam e ntal laws of p p

ro o rti o n .

I . In a ny propo rtion t he produc t of t he m ea ns e q uals t he

—
product of the e xt re m es . Tha t is, if
gd ,
the n ad b:
c .

II If t he product of two fa c tors eq uals the produc t of two

.

othe rs e ithe r two m a y be m a de the m ea ns a nd t he othe r t wo

,

the e xt re m es of a propo rtion Tha t . is , if ad = bc , the n

%2
2 09 . I mpo rtant principle s of proporti on .

I . If four q uantitie s a re in proportion, the y a re in propor

o a
tion by t
a l e rna tion Tha t
. is , if
g 71 ’ th e n
c

E xpla i n b y pplyi ng t he two funda me nt al la ws

a .

II . If four qua ntities a re in p roportion the y a re in propo r ,

“
2
3 . the n d
tion by i nve rsion Tha t is , if E xplain
5
. .

d
I II . If four q ua ntities a re in propo rtion the y , a re i n pro
}, ( d
t 5
a

5
"

po rtion by c om position Tha t . rs, if , the n

b
IV If four quantiti es a re in proportion the y are in pro
— —
.
,

a c a b c d
po rt ro n b y drvrsro n Tha t rs, If ) the n
5 a
.

b d
 RATIO, PROPOR TION , AND VAR I ATIO N 3 57

2 10 . G e ome tri c al princ iple s .

I . C orres po ndi ng sid e s o r a ltit ude s

of sim ilar t ria ngles a re
i n propo rtion .

II Correspondi ng sides o r di a gona ls of sim ila r polygons

.

a re in p roportion .

III If a li ne is d ra wn through two sides of a t ri a ngle

.

paralle l to th e third side it divides t h e two sides propor ,

t iona lly .

IV If in a
. ht t riangle a pe rpe ndi cular is dra wn from
ri g

t he ve rte x of the right a ngle to t h e hypot e nuse t he pe r ,

pe ndi c ula r is a m e a n propo rtiona l be twee n t h e se gme nt s of

t he hypote nuse .

V The b i sec tor of an a ngle of a t ria ngle divid e s t h e

.

Opposit e si d e in to se gm e nt s th a t a re propo rtio na l t o t h e

adj a c e nt side s of t h e a ngle .

VI If from a point witho ut a ci rcle a ta nge nt and a se c a nt

.
, ,

a re dra wn t h e t a nge nt is a m e a n p roportional be twee n t h e

,

whole se c a nt a nd it s e xt e rnal se gm e nt .

VI I The a re as of two si m i la r polygons ha v e t h e sa m e

.

ratio as t h e sq ua re s o f a ny two c orre spo n di ng si des .

VIII A line is sa id to b e d iv ide d in e xt re m e a nd m e a n

.

ra tio whe n t h e lo nge r p a rt is a m e an p ropo rtio na l b e twee n

the whole li ne a nd t he short e r p a rt .

E xe rc i se 2 00

Wri te the followi ng ra ti os as fra cti ons a nd si mp li fy

1 32 : 48 2 57 : 95 3 34
—
. . . . .

4 . 9a b 2 3
: 2 1a b 5 2
. 5 .
z
fiz— ?
y oz
( y) ?

4_ 4 2 2
x 1l x +y
6 7 —xy—
3 o 4 2 4
. .
z z 3 3
x ly -
x +y
Arra nge the fo llowi ng prop orti ons by a lte rna ti on :

a 0 113 —31 3 11
8 ° 9
b d 2x x+ y
35 8 A S ECO ND COURS E I N ALG E B RA
Arra nge the followi ng proporti ons by composi ti on a nd

si mp lify :

x y a —b 223 —3 3 — 5
23 a —b c —d
11 °

y b
12 °

8 —
7 3 1:
13 °

a +b c+ d

Fi nd the val ue o f a: in eac h o f the follo wi ng proporti ons

a: x+ 8 8 a: 7 x x+ 3 x+ 7
14 .

9
15 . 16 .

?
a
7
14
"
17
x — —
5 x ll
2x + 3 x+ 6 3 x+ 5 2x + 3 —
3 x 4 —
—2 —1
x
18 .
.
19 .
.

3x 2 2x + l 5x 3x 8 +x
’

Fi nd the me a n pro portio na l between

2 1 7 a nd 28
. 2 2 9 and 3 . 23 i and

—
. . .

24 a b
’
and a b
5
25 a
z b2
a nd a +b
—
. . .

26 . m n il "
and m 4 —n 4
.

27 . Give n xy = mn , form
proportion from x y m a nd n a , , ,
.

28 . Give n a z form a proportion .

29 The ra t io of 6 2 5 to x is 5 Find 23
3
. . .

30 . The m e an propo rtiona l b e twee n 5 and is 23 Find 33 . .

E xe rc ise 2 01 . Proble ms
1 .Wh a t numbe r m ust be sub tra ct ed from 5 0 45 75 and , , ,

65 so tha t t he re m a inde rs sh all form a propo rt ion ?

The ra tio of t he ra te of a loc al train to tha t of an
e xpre ss t ra in is 2 3 I f the loc al train runs 3 0 miles pe r
.

hour find the ra t e of the e xpress tra in

, .

3 Th e ra tio of t he le ngth of La ke E rie to th e le ngth of

.

La ke M i c higa n is 3 4 Wha t is th e le ngth of e a c h if Lake

.

M i chi ga n is 90 m i le s longe r th a n La ke E ri e ?
4 A b as e b a ll playe r thre w a ba ll 2 10 fee t Th e ra ti o of
. .

this dista nce to the di sta nce usually consid e re d t he li mi t fo r

p la yer s is 5 7 F i n d t h e usua l li.m i t fo r b a ll p la ye rs .

5 Two a utom o b ile ra ce rs st a rt a t the sa me t ime a nd t ra vel

.

in t h e sa m e dire c tio n the ir ra t es b e i ng in t he ra t io 2 3 I n

, .

5 hours the y a re 100 m i le s a part Fi nd the ra t e of e a c h . .

3 60 A S ECO ND CO URS E IN ALG EB RA

15 A cro wb a r 5 fee t long is use d to lift a stone wei ghi ng

.

780 pounds Th e fulcrum of the c rowb ar is 8 in c hes from the

.

e nd of the b ar Wha t fo rce must be a ppli e d a t th e e nd of the

.

b a r to lift t he stone ?
16 The pla n fo r a b uildi ng is dra wn to a sca le of i nch to
.

1 foot The le ngth of a c e rt a in b e a m is shown o n th e plan to

.

b e 3 } inc hes Fi nd th e le ngth of t he be a m

. .

17 If in a m a p t he di st a nce be twee n two c iti es 540 mile s

.

a pa rt is 2 } i nc hes wha t is t he dist a nce be twee n two cities

,

whi ch are 3 5 inche s a pa rt o n the m a p ?

18 The pe rim e te r of a t ria ngle is 63 inch es a nd t he ratio
.

be twee n t he longest and short est side is 3 2 whi le t he third ,

sid e is a m e an p ropo rt iona l be twee n t h e othe r two Fi nd the

fl
.

sid es of t h e t ri a ngle .

19 Wis hi ng to de t e rm ine t he he ight of a ag sta ff a man

.
,

noti ce d tha t b y holding a 12 i nc h rul e r ve rti ca lly in front of

a nd t he fl
his li ne of si ght a t a dist a nce of 2 fee t from his e ye t he ruler
,

a g st a ff sub t e nd e d t he sa m e a ngle Ho w tall was

t he sta ff if t he m a n was 2 00 fee t from t he base of t he staff?
.
,

2 0 Th e co rrespo nding sides of two si mila r t ri a ngles are

.

5 i n c h e s a nd 8 i nc he s If t he a rea of t he first is 5 0 sq uare

.

i nc hes wha t is t he a re a of the se cond ?

,

2 1 The a rea of a sq ua re is 144 sq ua re inc hes Wh at is

. .

t h e ra tio of a side of thi s sq ua re to t h e sid e of a noth e r square

whose are a is 9 tim e s as gre a t ?
2 2 The a re as of t wo sim ila r t ri a ngle s a re 5 0 a nd 200 sq uare
.

i nche s respe c tive ly If t h e b as e of the first is 10 inc h es what

,
.
,

is t he b ase of t h e se c o n d ?
2 3 The a ltitude to th e hypote nuse of a right t ria ngle is
.

9 i n c hes If t h e e ntire le ngth o f t he hypo te nuse is 3 0 i nches

.
,

find th e se gme nt s of t he hypote nuse .

2 4 A se c a nt to a c irc le is 6 3 i nc he s lo ng If a t a nge nt to
. .

t h e c i rc le from t h e sa m e poi nt is 2 1 i nc hes find t h e le ngth of

,

t h e e xt e rn a l pa rt of t he se c a nt .
 R AT IO ,
PRO PO RTIO N , AN D VAR IATI O N 361

25 . A li ne 8
i nche s long is divide d in e xt re m e a nd m e an
ra t i o . Find t h e p a rt s of t h e li ne .

2 6 A di a m e te r of a circle is 20 i nc h es in le ngth A pe r
. .

p e n d i c ul a r is d r a wn to t h e d i a m e t e r fro m a po int o n t h e

c irc le If t he le ngth of the pe rpe ndi cular is 8 inc hes find t he

.
,

se gm e nt s of t h e di a m e t e r .

No t e Th e pe rpe ndicula r to t he di a m e te r fro m a po int o n t he circle

.
‘

is a m ea n pro po rtio na l b twe ee n t he se gm n t

e di ame te r
s of t he .

27 Two side s of a t ria ngle a re

. re s pe c 12 a nd 18 inc he s ,
t ive ly A li ne p a ra lle l to t he b ase divide s t he short e r side in
. .

the ra tio 1 2 Fi nd t he se gm e nt s of t he longe r side

. .

28 Two c orresponding sides of two si mi lar polygo ns a re

.

5 an d 7 inc hes respe c tive ly If t he are a of t he sm a lle r poly

,
.

g o n is 1 50 sq ua re in c h es find t h e a rea o f t h e la r
g e r , .

2 9 A fa the r di vi d es $3 000 a m o ng hi s three so ns so tha t

.

the el dest so n re ce ives 2 0% m o re tha n t he se c o nd a nd t he ,

se c o n d re ce ive s 2 5 % m ore t h an t he younge st Find t h e .

am oun t e a c h o ne re ce ives .

3 0 Th e d iffe re n ce of t he sq ua res of two num be rs in t he

.

ra ti o 5 2 is 168 Fi nd t h e num b e rs . .

2 11 Varia ti o n
. . Whe n is o ne va ri a b le sai d to be a func ti o n
of a nothe r? (See
I n the e qua tio n y = 2
x , y is a func tion of 93 . By ving th e
so l

e q ua tio n fo r :c in t e rm s of y ,
we ge t a: d:
g, whi c h e x
pre sses
a: as a fun c tion of y .

One va ri a ble is sa id to vary a s anothe r whe n t he first is

e qua l to t h e prod u ct of t h e se c o n d a n d a c onstant .

I n t e e q tio
h u a n x = ky :c va ri e s as y since 3: eq ua ls t h e ,

produ c t of y a nd a consta nt .

One va ri a b le is sa id to vary inve rs e ly as a nothe r whe n t h e

first is th e quotie nt of a co nsta nt a n d th e se cond va ri a b le .

I n the e q ua tion a: a: v a r es i i nve rse ly as y . E vide ntly ,

1!
this m ay a ls o be writte n ry = k .
3 62 A S ECO ND CO URS E IN ALG EB RA

One va ria ble j is two

sa oth id
e rs wh e th
to vary
n e o intly as

first v a ria b le eq uals t he product of t he o the rs a n d a co nstant .

I n t he e q ua tion x = kyza: va ries j oi nt ly as y a nd z ,

.

2 12 . M a ny of th e form ulas of m a the m a ti cs m ay be ex

presse d te rms o f va ria tion

in .

”
Fo r e xa m ple A arr e xpresses t h e fac t tha t t he area of
,

a c ircle va ri es as t he sq ua re of th e ra di us .

4
S im ila rly , V = n
°
p
e x re sses the fac t th at t he volume
5
of phe re va ries as t he cube of t he ra dius
a s .

Also A = t bh e xpresse s t he fa c t tha t t he a re a of a triangle

,

va ries joi ntly as it s b ase a nd altitude .

It is custom a ry to re pre se nt the constant in e a ch problem

of va ria tion by th e le tte r k

E xe rci se 2 02

1 . If a: v i a r es as y, a nd x= 14 whe n y
= 7 , find a: when
y
= 9 .

S o lutio n . Su b tituting
s x= 14 a nd y = 7 in z = ky, gi ves Ii l a
-
75, or

k= 2 . The re du c d q u ti
e e a on is a: = 2 y, a nd wh en y = 9, 3: 18 .

2 If a: v i
.
y § wh
a r e s as e n y 4 a d
n wh
x = e n y 5 i =
, find a: = .

3 I n t he form ula fo r t h e volum e of th e sphe re what

.
,
'

is t he c onsta nt a nd wh a t a re th e va ria b le s? Find t he c o n

sta nt c orre c t to 0001 . .

4 I x varie s inve rse ly as y a d if x 8 wh e n y = 3 find

. f n =
, ,

a: wh e n y 3 .

5 Writ e a fo rm ula to sh ow tha t t h e pressure in pounds of

.

t he wind o n a sa il v a ri es j o i nt ly as t h e a re a of th e sa il and the

sq ua re of t h e wi nd s ve lo c ity
’
.

6 The di st a nce th a t a b ody falls from a st a t e of rest v aries

.

as t he sq ua re o f t h e ti m e it fa lls E xpress thi s fa c t b y an .

e q u a ti o n a nd d e te rm i ne t h e c o nst a nt k if t he b ody fa lls the , ,

first foo t in i o f a se cond .

 CHAPTE R XI X

PROG R E S S I ONS

2 13 . D e finiti ons . A se ri e s is a su ccess ion of re la te d t e rms

whose value s a re d e te rmined a c c o rdi ng to so m e la w .

A se ri es is finite o r infini te a c c o rding as th e num b e r of i t s

te rm s is finite o r infinite .

The v a ri e ty of d iffe re nt se ries is unli mi t e d , as t he su c ce e d

ing pa rag ra phs will show .

E xe rci se 203

Wri te three or four a ddi ti o na l te rms for eac h o f the followi ng

se ri e s :

1 . 1, 2 , 3 , 7 . 1, 4 , 16 ,
2 . 1, 3 , 5 , 7 , 8 .
} 5 4 k
a
, , , ,

3 . 8 , 1 1, 14 , 17 , 9 .
4 4 , ,

4 . 2 , 4 , 8 , 16 , 10 . 1 f 4 fr
, » , ,

5 11 I, g 1 l

—
‘ ‘ "

27
"
. .
, , fi l )

2 ‘
6 . l x +x

'
n = 5

2 14 . The p
e x ress ion
2
n= 1
(n + 1) is ta ken to m ean the
2
su m

of t he of five t e rm s o b t ai ne d by sub stit uting in (n + 1 )

i
se r es
’

t h e num be rs from 1 to 5 i n clu sive Th is is a co nve ni e nt w a y .

fo r writi ng in c o m pa c t fo rm a ny se ries Writte n as a n id e n ti t y .

n 5
we h av e , (n + 1)
2
 PROG R S S I O E NS 3 65

T he e xpress ion n an m e a ns tha t n b e c om e s infini te , or

th a t its va lue incre as e s be yo nd a ll b o unds .

n 0°

T he re fore
2 ( p o
a ny e x ressi n c n aini ng n o t ) wo ul d re pre

n I
se n t a n infinite se ries , o r o ne th e num b e r o f whose t e rms is
u n limi t e d

fl
.

= ®

n
Fo r e xa m ple + +
2
n +1 5 5 10 T7

E xe rcise 2 04
E xpa nd the follo wi ng seri es :
n : 5 n= 5

Ans .

n= 1 n= 1

n = 5 n= 4

2 (n + 2 )
n= 1 n= 1

z z z
n= 5 n = 6
n (n —3 n ( +3 )
2 n

n+ 1 n+ 1
n = 1 n = 1 n= 1

n : on 00

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
n+2
°

Z n+2 7
n= 1
3 66 A S ECOND COURS E IN ALG E B RA

n = 0° n= oo n= oo

2
n

2 ( H)
u - »

n= 1 n = 1 n= 1

2 15 . Arithrh e ti c pro gre ssion . If eac h t e rm a fte r th e firs t

o f a se ries is found by a dding a c o nsta nt difi e re nc e to th e
pre ce ding te rm , t he se ries is c a lled a n ari th me ti c pro gre ssi o n .

Th e first te rm of an a r ithm e ti c progression is re prese n t e d

b y a ; th e c o mm o n difi e re nce , by d; t h e la st te rm , by l; and th e
num e r b of te rms , by n . The t e rms in orde r are re prese nte d
by a a + d a + 2d a + 3 d
, , , ,

Wha t is the 5 th te rm ? Th e 12th te rm ? Th e 2ot h term ?

From th e prece ding we ob t ain th e form ula

—
,

l a + (n 1)d
=
()
I .

S olve thi s formul a fo r a n a nd d , , .

We no w ha ve at o ur disposa l four formulas which wi l l

e na b le us to d e t e rmi ne a ny o ne of t h e four lit e ra l num be rs ,

a l n o r d wh e n t he othe r three are give n

, , , ,
.

E xe rci se 2 05
Give n a = 3, d = 4, né S ; find I .

G e
iv n d = 2 a = 13 l = 2 7 ; find n
, , .

Gi v e n d = 4 n = 6 ; find a ,
.

Give n l 48 a 8 n 9 ; find d
= = =

—
.
, ,

Give n = 3 d = 2 % n = 1 0 fi ndl
—
a ;
—
.
, ,

Give n a 4 d
= = 5 l =
,
26 ; find n , .

9, d = fi nd a
—5 —2 6
.

. Giv en a ,
l ,
n= 8 , find d .

9 . A b all
olling down a n i ncli ned pla ne
r 1 foot t h e
first se cond 3 fee t t h e sec ond se c ond a nd 5 fe e t t he thi rd
, ,

se c o nd F ind how m a ny fee t it will go t he e ighth se c o nd

. .

10 A b ody fa lling free ly falls 16 fee t t h e fi rst se c ond 4 8

.
,

t h e ne xt a nd 8 0 t h e ne xt Fi nd how m a ny fee t it will fa ll t h e

,
.

t e nth se c ond .
 3 68 A S ECO ND CO URS E IN ALG E B RA

2 17 Th e sum of an arith m e ti c se ri e s .
pre se nt t h e I f we re

last te rm of a n arithm e tic se ries by l the n l —

.

d re prese nt s t h e
—
te rm be fore the las t l 2d t he te rm pre ce ding tha t e t c
,
,

, .

The n the sum of any se ries ca n b e e xpresse d as follows :

s= a+ + (l ( )
1
Writi ng the se ries in re ve rse order
s = l + (l 2d) — ( )
2
,

a dding (1) a nd

28 = (a + l)
or

The re fo re s
3 (a H) -
.
(II )
If we su s b titute the value of l in the form ula l a
=
(n 1 )d

fo r l i n II , we ge t s =
§ l2a + (n III
( )
If a ny three of the five num be rs a l d n and s of , , , , , an

a rithm e t i c progressi on a re give n t h e re mai ning two c an , be

fo und by me ans of t he pre ce d ing formulas I I I and III , , , .

E xe rc ise 207

Use formulas I , I I , a nd I I I to so lve the following

1 Giv en a = 2, l= 23 , n = 8 ; find d a nd s
—5 l
. .

2 Giv en a = = 27, d = 4 ; find 11 a nd s

—10 —7 ; fi
. .
,

3 G iv en a = 8, l s nd n a nd d
—9
. .
,

4 . G iv en a = ,
n= 6, d = 7 ; find l a nd s .

5 . G iv e n a = 2 5, n= 10, s = 13 7§ ; find l a nd d
.

6 . G iv en a = 5, d= 3, s = 7 5 ; find l an d n .

Su ggesti n Sub titut fi t in II I nd l

o . s e rs a so ve t he resul ting qu a dra t i c
fo r n Will bo th t s ti fy t h p bl m ?
roo s a s e ro e

—26 —3 ; find
.

7 . Giv en l = , n = 8, d= a a nd s .

8 . G iv en l = 6, n = 9, s = 3 0 ; find a and d .

9 . G iv en l = 14 , d = 4, s = 24 ; find a a nd n .

10 . G iven n= 9, d = 2 , s= 5 7 ; find a and l .

 PROG R S S IO E NS 3 69

11 . A b a ll
olling down a n incli ne d pla ne ro lls 3 fee t the
r

fi rs t se c o nd 9 fee t t h e ne xt and 15 t h e ne xt Fi nd how fa r it

,
.

w ill roll in 8 se c onds .

12 A b ody fa lli ng free ly falls 16 fee t t h e first se c ond 48

.
,

fe e t th e ne xt a nd 8 0 t h e ne xt Find how fa r it wi ll fa ll in 5
, .

s e c onds ; in 8 se co nds ; in t se c onds .

2 18 . G e ome tric progre ssio ns . A ge ome tric progre ssion is

a se r es i su c h tha t t h e q uoti e nt of a ny t e rm divide d by the
p re c e d ng t e rm is a c onst a nt numbe r Thi s co nstant rati o is
i .

re pre se nt e d b y r Th e le tt e rs a l n a nd s a re use d in geo

.
, , ,

m e tri c progressions with t he sa m e m e a ni ng as in a rithm e ti c

p g
r o re ss io ns 5 1 0 2.0 4 0 ,
is a
, g e o m,
e t ri c p,
r o gress io n .

If a o r a r a r re pre se nt t h e t e rms o f a geo m e t ri c

’ 3
, , ,

p gro r e ssio n wh a t i
,s t h e 8 th t e rm ? T h e l 0t h t e rm ? T h e n t h
t e rm ? Th e las t q ue stion suggests the form ula l a r = 1
()I ,
"
“

S olv e this form ula fo r a ; fo r r . Ans .

As i n a ri thm e ti c p r ogre ssions , t h e first a nd last te rm s a re

c alle d t h e e xtre me s a nd t he re m a in ng i te rms t he me an s .

E xe rcise 2 08
Find t he 8 th t e rm of t he se ri es 3 , 6 , 12
Fi nd the 5 t h t e rm of 5, —15 45
—2
,

G iv en a = ,
r = 4, n = 5 ; fi nd l .

G iv en l = 3 6, n = 4, r= 3 ; find a .

G iv en l = 5 6, a = 7, n = 4 ; find r .

I nse rt 3 ge o m e t ri c m e a ns b e twe e n 3 a nd 48 .

Su gg e stio n . Sh o w r =
l=2
,
a nd wr i t b th
e o se ri e s .

7 . S ho w tha t t h e loga rithm s of th e te rm s of a ge o me t ri c

se ries form an a r ithm e ti c se r e s i .

lo g —lo g a
8 . S how tha t n
f og r
+1

9 . Th e first two te rms of a ge ome t ri c i

se r e s a re x a nd y .

Find t h e third t e rm .
3 70 A S ECOND COU RS E IN ALG E B R A

10 . Find the 18 th term of 2 , 6 , 18 ,

g
S u ge stio n . Use lo g ithm
ar s .

11 . Fi nd t h e 20th
te rm of 2 7 18 12 8 , , , ,

12 If o ne dollar is place d a t c om po und interest a t

.

it is worth a t t he e nd of t he first yea r

, a t t h e e nd o f ,

t he se c o nd ye a r a nd a t t h e e nd of t h e thi rd ye a r
, ,

8 E xplain Find by logarithm s its va lue a t the e nd o f

.

t h e 12 th ye a r .

13 Find t he value of o ne dollar a t c om pound inte re st a t

. .

5 % a t t he e nd of 100 ye a rs .

14 Fin d t he value of $ 100 a t c o m pound int e rest a t 6 % a t

. .

t he e nd of 8 ye a rs .

2 19 .S um of a ge ome tric se rie s The form ula fo r t he su m .

of a ge o m e t ri c se ri es is di s c o v e re d b y t h e follow i ng pro ce ss ;
—
( )
1 ar
r 1
.

M ultiplyi ng b oth m e m be rs of (1) b y r,

()
2 rs = a r + a r
2
+ a r
3
a r
—
fll -
i a r — "

S ub t ra c ting (1) from rs — s = ar " — a .

ar —
fl a
Whe nce s
r —l II
( )

S i nce l = ar fl
“ rl = ar
"
; the n by sub s titution we
—
,

r l a
3 .

r 1

E xe rc i se 2 09

S olve Form ula II fo r a .

Solve Form ula III fo r a ; fo r r; fo r Z .

Fi nd t he sum of e ight te rm s of the i

se r e s 1, 2 , 4 , 8 ,

v
Gi e n a 3 = r = 3 n =
,
5 Find 8 ,
. .

Fin d t he sum of 6 te rms of 3 3 4 3 9

—
, , ,

Fi nd t h e sum o f 7 t e rm s of 2 4 8 , , ,
16 ,
Fi nd t h e sum o f 5 t e rm s of 3 2 4 g , , , ,
3 72 A S ECOND COURS E IN ALG E B RA

221 . Re pe ating de cima ls A co mm o n fra c tion in its .

lowest te rms, whose de nomi na to r co nt a ins prim e fa c tors

othe r than 2 ot be e xpresse d e xa c tly in de c im a l
and 5, cann

form Whe n . we a tt e m pt to red u ce su c h a fra c tion to d e c i .

m als we find tha t th e sa m e gro ups of digi ts oc cur re pe a te dly

, .

As fo r e xam ple
, ,

5 3 3 33 .

{ f
i 4 5 45 4 5 .

t 4 2 85 7 1 4 2 8 5
. 7 1
Any num be r in re pe a ting de c im al form m ay be consid e re d
as a n infini te ge o m e tri c se ri es As fo r e xa m ple .
, ,

3 3 33 =
100 1000
3 3
10 10 1
H e re a The n 3
9 3
10 10

E xe rci s e 2 10
Fi nd the sum o f ea ch o f the fo llowi ng i nfini te seri es

1 . Ans 4 . . 5 .
5 ,
l l
“

g,
2 . 6 .

2 l
3 . 3, 7 . 4,
V3 —2 /3
s

4 . 2 7,
8 . l, as, $
2
, (Wh e n a: is le ss th a n
Fi nd the va lu es of the fo llowi ng re p ea ti ng deci ma ls

9 . . 4 5 45
45 45
g
S u g e st i o n. As a se rie s . 45 4 5

10 . . 63 6 3 11 .

63 63
Note . T his is p lus t h e s e ri e s + '

1000 100000
 PR OG RE S S I O NS 3 73

12 . 13 .

14 .

16 . If droppe d from a h e ight of

a b all , 60 fe e t reb o u nds
,

3 0 fee t o n striki ng t h e ground and a ga in ,

re b ounds 15 fee t ,

a n d so o n how fa r wi ll it t ra ve l
,

b e fore c oming to re st ?
17 One side of th e e q uila t
.

e ral t ria ngle AB C i s 10 in ch e s .

The ruid poi nts of the side s

-

a re c o nn e c t e d form i ng th e
tri a ngle X Y Z a nd so o n If .

this pro cess is c onti nued inde fi

nit e ly find t h e tot al le ngth of
,

t h e li nes .

E xe rc i se 2 1 1 . R e vi e w

1 S uppose tha t e ve ry t e rm
. of
ithm e ti c progre ssio n
an a r

i s m ultipli e d b y k; is th e re sult
a n a rith m e ti c progressi o n ?

2 S how tha t t he quoti e nt s form a ge o m e tri c pro gre ssio n

.

when e a c h te rm of a ge o m e tri c pro gre ssion is divi de d by t h e

s a m e num be r .

3 . Wh a t is th e sum of th e fi rst 200 num b e rs tha t a re

divisib le by 5 ?
4 How m a ny
. m ul tiple s of 7 a re the re b e twee n 3 5 0 a nd

12 10?
5 . of four num be rs of a n a rithm e ti c progre ssi o n
Th e sum

is 0 a n d th e sum of the ir sq u a re s is 12 5 Fi n d th e num b e rs

,
. .

6 S how tha t t h e sum of 2 n + 1 c o nse c utive in t e ge rs is

.

div i sib le by 2 n + 1 .

7 S how tha t t h e sum of t h e a rithm e ti c pro gre ssion 1 3 5

.
, , ,

7,
is n whe re n is t h e num b e r o f t e rm s
2
.

8 Fi nd t he sum of a ll num b e rs und er 2 00 tha t are di visib le

.

b y 3 a nd no t divisi b le b y 2 .
3 74 A S ECO ND COURS E IN ALG E BRA

9 . produc t of the 3 te rm s of a geo m e tric progres si on

The
is 5 12 If t he first te rm is 1 find th e se c ond
.
,
.

10 The sum of t he first e i ght t e rms of a geo m e tri c pro

.

g re ssi o n is 1 7 t im es t h e su m of t h e fi rs t fo ur Fi n d r . .

11 Find t he sum of t h e first six t e rms of a ge om e tri c pro

.

g res si o n if t h e s e c o n d t e rm i s 5 a n d t h e fifth 62 5 , .

12 Thre e num be rs form a ge o m e t ri c pro gression and th e y

.

a re th e se c o nd fo u rth a nd ni nth t e rms of a n arithm e ti c

, ,

progression whose first t e rm is 1 Fi nd d . .

13 Wha t is th e fo urth t e rm o f a ge o m e t ri c pro gre ssio n if

.

t he se co nd is l a nd t h e fifth is 6 2 5 ?
»

14 Fi nd t he sum of fiv e c o ns e c utive po wers of 3 be ginning

.

with the first .

15 Of three num be rs in ge o m e tri c progre ssio n th e sum

.
,

of the first a nd se cond e xcee ds the thi rd by 3 a nd t he sum ,

of the first a nd third e xce e ds the se c o nd by 2 1 Fi nd the .

num be rs .

16 Three num be rs form a ge ome t ric progre ssion I f 2 is

. .

s ub tra c te d from t he first 4 from t h e se c o nd a nd 13 from t he

, ,

third th e re sul ts form a n a rithm e ti c pro gre ssion the sum o f

, ,

who se te rm s is 3 0 Fi nd t he a rithm e t ic progre ssion

. .

17 To wha t sum will 8 1 a m ount a t 4 % com po un d i nt e re st

.

in 5 ye ars ?
18 The . num b e r of ora nge s in a pile in the form of a

t ri a ngula r pyra mid is de

pe ndi ng o u the numbe r of la ye rs . How m a ny ora nge s in a

pile of 10 laye rs?

19 If a b a nd c fo rm a
.
, , ge o m e tri c progre ssion , s how that
1 l l
b a
’
2b
, a nd
b — c
fo rm a n a ri thm e ti c ro
p g re ssro n .

20 . A fa rm e r hires a la b ore r fo r t he sum m er a t a b e ginning

sa la r y of $ 50 a m o nth , with e ithe r a i
ra se of $ 10 pe r m onth,
3 76 A S ECO ND COURS E I N ALG E BR A

28 . A pulle y olli ng o n a c a b le whi c h is i nclined a t an

r

a ngle of goes down a t the ra te of fee t the firs t se co nd

a nd in e ac h su c ce e ding

se c ond fee t m ore

tha n in t he pre c edi ng
o ne . How long will it
ta ke the pulle y to re a ch
t h e e nd of a 26 1 foot -

29 I n the ae c om
p anyi ng figure AB is ,

pe rpe ndi cula r to S K B C is pe rpe ndi cula r to S T C D to S K

, , ,

If AB is 12 inc hes a nd CB is 10 inc hes wh a t is ,

t he sum of a ll t h e pe rpe ndi c ulars?

30 If a n a ir pum p dra ws o ut a t ea c h s
. t roke t h e vo l
um e of t he a ir i n th e b e ll ja r wh a t fra c tiona l part of th e a ir
,

wi ll re m a in in the j a r a t t he e nd of t h e te nth stroke ?

3 1 The re is a n E aste rn le ge nd tha t t he ruler fo r whom

.

t he ga m e of c hess was i nve n t e d fo oli shly a gree d to pa y the

i nve ntor 1 gra i n of whea t fo r t he first squa re o n t h e b oa rd ,

2 fo r t he se c ond 4 fo r t h e thi rd 8 fo r t he fourth

, , ,

D e te rm i ne by loga rithm s t he num b e r of di gi ts in t h e num

b e r of gra ins of whe a t tha t t he i nv e nto r should ha ve re c e ive d
a nd t h e fo ur figure s a t t h e e xtre m e le ft of thi s num be r .
 CH APTE R XX

THE B INO M I AL THE ORE M

222 Th e po we rs of (a + b) and o f (a
.
—b) .

The following powe rs a re o b ta i ne d by m ultipli c a tion

(a + b)l =
a + b .

+ 2a b+ b 2
2
a .

Simi la rly , find th e o po ndi ng powe rs of a b

c rres
fl
.

I n t h e powe rs of (a d =b ) wh e n n is
, a p o s itiv e in t e g ra l
numb e r o b se rve t h e followi ng
,

()1 T h e n u m b e r of t e rm s i s o n e g r e a t e r th a n n .

()2 T h e fi r s t t e r m is a a n d t h e e
"
x po n e n t of a d e c re a ses by

uni ty in e ac h su c c ee di ng t e rm .

()
3 T h e e x po n e n t of b i s u n i ty i n t h e se c o n d t e r m a n d
i ncre ase s b y unity in e a c h suc cee ding t e rm .

()
4 T h e c o e ffi c i e n t of t h e se c o n d t e rm is n a n d if the ,

c oe ffi c i e nt of a ny t e rm is m ul tipli e d b y t h e e xpo ne n t of a i n

that te rm a nd th e produ c t divide d by t he num be r of t he

,

te rm t h e quotie nt is t h e coe ffi cie nt o f the ne xt t e rm

—
.
,

(5 ) T h e si gn s of a r e a ll a n d t h e si g ns of (a b )
a re a lt e rna te l y an d

1 . E xpa nd
So lutio n . Th e firs t t e rm is a
"
and t he c d te rm
se o n is 7 b The a ‘
.

co e ffi cie n t o f t he third term is fo und by m ul tiplyi ng 7 by g 6 a nd di vi din

t h e pro d uc t by 2 Th e c p t th d t
o m le.e i r e rm is 2 l a b’ ‘
.

Co nt inue i n t he sa me wa y to find succe e ding te rms The e xpa nsio n is .

,

(a + b) ’ =
a
"--
l 7a ‘ “ z
b - 2 l a b + 35 a b + 3 5 a b + 2 1a 2 b5 + 7a b° + 1,z
‘ ‘ 3 4 -
.

3 77
3 78 A S E CO N D CO URS E IN ALG E B RA

E xp and (2 z
—
2 .
’

S o luti on (a . b ’
.

Usin g th
is as a f o rmula , we ge t ,

—
(229
8r °
2 7y ’
.

E xe rcise 2 12
E xpa nd the fo llo wi ng :
1 ( 2 3 ( y)— 8
4
—
a :c
—
. . . . .

( b) 6 7 (3 y)
2 4
5 3 2 5
5
—4)
x
’— 3
a
—
. . . . .

8 .
(7 R 6r ) . 9 .
(3 m 2
n 5
. 10 .
( y
6 x 2 b)
3
a
2 4
.

—
y 4
x m 3 2 4

(
x
11 . 2 x+ 12 . 13 .

2 23 . Any re qui re d te rm
If the coe fficie nts of the t e rm s o f
.

t he b inom i a l e xpa nsio n a re d e te rmi ne d by (4 ) of S e c tion 22 2 ,

a nd th e c oe ffic i e nts a re le ft in th e fra c tio nal form a si m ple ,

p ro cess fo r w ri ti ng a ny t e rm is d is c ov e re d Fo r e xa m p le .
,

( a d= b) — a
6 65 6 5 4
- -
-
a b+ 3
1 2 3
. .

Si mila rly, write th e e xpa nsion of (a =h b) 7

.

Ob se rvati ons
—
.

()
l T h e f a c to rs of e a c h n u m e ra to r a re n ( n 1 ) ( 2)
n

( )
2 T h e fa c to rs of e a c h d e n o m i na to r a re

( )
3 T h e n u m b e r of fa c to r s i n e a c h n u m e ra tor a n d d e no m i
nator is o ne less th a n t h e n um be r of t h e t erm .

( )
4 T h e e x po n e n t of b is o n e less th an t h e nu m b e r of th e
te rm a nd the e xpo ne nt of a is found by sub tra c ting the
e xpone nt of b from n .

(5 ) Th e only signs tha t a re ne ga t iv e a re t he signs of the

e ve n num be re d t e rm s of (a b)
Note These o bse rva t io ns m a y all be co nde nse d into t he fo rmula
.

The rt h t e rm of

n (n —l ) (n —2 ) to —
( l ) f ct —b
—
r a o rs

l ) f ct
-
a n r l l
' r l
to (
'
r a o rs
3 80 A SE CO N D C O U RS E I N ALGE B RA

224 . Binomi al th e o re m , e xpo ne nt fra c tio nal or ne ga tive .

I t isprove d in highe r ma the ma ti cs th at the bi nom ial the ore m

is true fo r frac tiona l a nd ne ga tive expone nts whe n t h e firs t
te rm of the b inomi a l is a rithm e ti ca lly gre a te r tha n t he
sec ond The e xpa nsion of a ny b i no mial with a fra c tio na l o r
.

ne ga tive e xpo ne nt gives an infinit e se ries whi c h c a n be ,

inte rpre te d if the large r t e rm a ri t hme t ically of the b i no m i a l , ,

is t he first term .

Illustrative exampl e s .

1 . E xp and (1

S o lutio n . Su bstituting in th f e o rm ula ,

—l )z+ —2 ) —3 )
(1

t t t
Ca n yo u wri e a ddi io nal e rms y i ns pe c io n? b t
It w ill b e no ic e d a t th t
t he e xpa ns io n o f (1 is a n infi ni e geo t
t g w th tt
m e rica l pro re ssio n i t he firs e rm 1 a nd t he ra io as T i s se rie s is o f t . h
g
m e a ni n t o us o nl e n x i s le ssy wh
an 1 th
Appl in t he o rm ula fo r . y g f
g g t
findin t he sum o f t he e o m e ri c se ries 1 + x + x +x ’ ’
we ge t
1
whi ch is a no th w y w t g ( x)
er f i i n
a 1 — o r

2 . E xpan d (1

t (i ) 0
S o lu i o n .
(1 1
1
2 3
a: x x

3 . W it r e t he rt h te rm o f (1
t
S o lu i o n . By a care ful study of E xa m ple 2 , it will be o b se rve d th t
a

th e f ct o f t he t
nume ra o r o f t h e f t h t e rm o f (i )
—
a o rs are

i) t l f ct wh f t
ile t he a c o rs o f t he de no m ina o r t
—
-
o r a o rs,

1 2 3 to l f ct I f ea c hf t
ac o r o f t he num e ra o r a nd t
'

a re - - r a o rs .

de no mi na to r is m ul tipli d by 2
e ,
t
t h e rt h e rm re duces to

2 -4 -6 -8 r —l f t a c o rs
 THE I
B NO M I AL T HE ORE M

Exe rc ise 2 14
1 . E xpa nd ( a —b) 8
to 4 te rm s .

2 . E xpa nd to 4 t e rm s (1 + x) 4
. C he c k b y pe rfo rm ing th e
1
divi sion
1 x

3 . E xpand to 4 te r —
ms (1 x)
“
2
. C he c k b y pe rf orm ing th e

to 4 te rms
E xpa nd
E xpand to 4 te rms (l — Z xfi .

E xpa nd to 4 te rms (Sf — Z yfi .

E xpand to 3 te rms (1 + x) i
-

—
E xpa nd to 4 t e rms (at 2 y) 3 “
.

E xpa nd to 4 te rm s (4x2

10 E xpand to 4 t e rms
.

11 E xpa nd to 4 t e rms (5 13 + 3 b)
.
2 5
.

12 Fi nd t he 6 th t e rm of (x 2 y)
.
lo

13 Fi n d t h e 7th t e rm of (3 x
.

14 Find the 6 th t e rm of (1 2 x) 1 “

. .

15 Fi nd the 5 th te rm of (1
.

—
16 Fi nd t he 8 th te rm of (2 :c)
.

17 E xpa nd t o 3 t erm s (1
. a nd c he c k by findi ng
the sq ua re root of 1 2 x .

22 5 . S quare o The b ino m ia l the o re m

roo t and cub e r o t .

a nd its a ppli ca tio ns furnish us with the solution of m a ny

a ti ca l p rob le m s On e of th e se i s t h e e xt ra c tion of a ny ro o t
p r c .

of any numbe r S quare root a nd cube root only wi ll be

.

trea te d he re As a pre liminary st e p we e xpa nd the following :

.
,

(1 ()
1
a: 1 5
( )
3
(l =
b x
) x
2 d=
x 2
9 81
38 2 A SE CON D COURS E IN ALGE B R A

Illustrati ve e xam m e s.

1 . Find t he sq ua re r oot of 37 .

S oluti on . Subst it ut ing in (1)

7 37 =

1 1
4 -
“
8 36 2
16 3 6
-

2 . Fi nd t he c ube r oot of 76 .

S o luti on . Using (2 )

{17 6 —(M H Z )t —
) 12 2 8 8
6

E xe rcise 2 15
Fi nd the squa re root o f the followi ng
te rms o f )
(l
1 . 26 . 2 . 38 . 3 . 53 . 4 . 150 . 5 . 87
Fi nd the cube root f
o the followi ng
te rms o (
f )
2
7 . 28 . 8 . 66 . 9 . 130 .
3 84 A SE CO N D CO URS E IN ALGE B RA

16 . 1

a —l
a
a 2

22 7 . E xpone nts and radi cal s .

E xe rcis e 2 17
Fi nd the numeri ca l va lue o f each o f the followi ng
1 .
—64) 2 . 16 i -
—
z4
- i . 3 .

16 4 - 2 7? 7
4 ’ 5 ‘ 3 ‘

3 3 12 1
-

9 64
-
-

6 (6 2-
4 2 8-
9 7 0-
8 9 1-
3 2
27
- l
- - - - -
. .
-
5
-

S olve for a:

8 . 27 ° o
9 = 3 2°

10 .
(9 ) " 2a

12 . a
‘

3= 8 .

7773 { 75
14 .

S i mpli fy
«
1 2 __ 1

fl
16 1
17
“

. . .

18 . m a' -
b
19 .
fi
( r in
.
 C U M ULATIVE RE V E I W 3 85

20 .
( al t
-
t 4 a r t { fi l
l 21 .
‘
s/ x )
we Va
w xi )
i
22 23
( t
m x /
w
mx
.
-
F r
'
. .

iE -
r
-
i

2
c a

_
1_ L
m i xm
26
-
e .

=
a bv 28 ”
( Pd
-
-
. . a v .

(
1
4 3 “
x 3; 2 30 .

32 .
(a c z3
) (a
3 —)
3 -
2

5
—
2
l 3a - -
-
l

$1;
—
i
+ 2 7a
- 3

4 25
a
‘
— +l
z a
-
l

l —z
zbz i
-
2
s
—
it b
l -
1
82 3 -
4 "
-
5
37 '

x
‘
l —x -
z
b
38 °

4 2 - 2" - 2
8
39 .
(a s= —10a + 5a
— x - as — a
-
5z
)
2z 2=
(a + a
-

40 .
(5 4 5
41 (3 i ii
.
— f
2 f i + 10 vt ) (i $ 22 + t 7 12 5 + v

42 .
( Va + 1 43 ( Va + 1 .

Ra ti ona li z
e the de nomi na to rs

43 —4 2
44
(2 4 5 + 4 2 ) (18 + 4 v 10) «2
°

‘ ‘

fi vé 1
2+ 4 3 —47 2 + V3 + 4 5 + 7 2 -

5 V3 + 3 4 2

35 «
4 + 3+ 72
 ALGE B RA
'

3 86 A sn0 0 ND CO URS E IN

l
1 —
V 2
—
V3 + V 2
1 4 -
1

4 V2
24 — —
2 3 42

E xtract the squa re root o f

"
61 -
2a ’

—4
.

62 i
4 a + sa 2
11a + 4 12 a '
+ 14a ' a *

—
. .

63 . a
“ 4
2a x
-
2 —6 2
a x
4
+ 6 ax
'
4

65 . Find to three de cim als

66 . Fi nd to two de cim als : i/ VTG

1 1
Colle c t
(3 (3 +
1 1
68 . Collec t
a —V —4 a
2
a + va
z 4 —
69 . S im plify

F a l vb
l -
Va vb
70 . C olle c t
2 Vb Z Va
3 88 A S E CO N D C O URS E IN ALG E B R A

—
23 4 52 3:
— VS x
-
. .

V5 x
V3 + x - —
V3 2 x 3
24 °

—
V3 2 x «a + 2 2

25 .
z
r—sx+4
26 z+ r i = 30 27 3 :r
-
1
5x i = 2
—
‘

—
. . . .

28 Sa l 3 ai = 14 29 2e i 5
-
. . . a

S olve the followi ng for a:

3 0 2a x + a bx 3 b
2 2 2

—
.
= .

3 1 a bx.
z bx + 2ax 2 = O -
.

3 2 a nt i

—m —
.

33 . mx ’
x+ mnx
2
x +m n= o .

6
34 . ar -
6
(
ax

22 9 . M i sce llane ous appli ca ti ons .

E xe rc ise 2 19
1 G ive n t he form ulas
. i =
p rt a nd a =
+ t
p p ,
r el imi na te p
a nd d e rive a fo rmula fo r i .

9C
S o ve
l F fo r C
'
2 .
= 32 + .

5
3 Give n the form ulas S
.
-
41rr 2
a nd V =
§
3
i rr , eli m i na t e
r a nd solve fo r V .

4 . E lim ina te n fro m l a

= + (n 1)d by the use of s=
3( —
1 l)
a -
.

5 . Solve l= ar
"
—
l
fo r n in t e rms of a loga ri th mi c form ul a .

"
a ar
6 . E lim i na te a fro m s b y th e use of l=
1 r

7 . S o lv e t h e fo rm ula s = §gt 2
+ vt fo r t .
 CU M ULATIVE RE V E I W 3 89

8 E li mina te t from s Qgt and v = gt, and obt ai n

.
2
a

form ula fo r v in te rms of th e othe r le tte rs .

9 Find th e roots of 23 x
.
2
c o rre c t to 001
. . .

10 . Find , without logarithms , t he value of

11 . Find , by th e use of logarithm s, t he value of 4

12 . Solve by l

13 . Re duce a 15 —b
to it s four prim e fa ctorsl5
.

14 . E limina t e y from x + y 7 a nd x + y
2 = 2=
1 1 a nd fin d
o ne root of t h e result ing e q ua tio n of t he fourth d e gre e b y

synthe ti c divi sion Find . the o

c rres pondi ng value of y a nd

c he c k .

15 Solve fo r a: a nd y
—
.

23 + 1 l 2
(7
x 3; 2 _ y
3 3 3
x 3 31 2x + y
8
2 3
16 . four c onse c utive odd num be rs such tha t t he
Fi nd
product of the third a nd fourth e xcee ds the sum of the
sq ua res of t h e first a nd se c o nd b y 13 .

17 A has. in ni c ke ls d im es a nd q ua rt ers 20 coins , , ,

in all If t he numbe r of ni c ke ls is o ne thi rd t he num be r of

.
-

di mes a nd q ua rt e rs toge the r find the num be r of e a c h ,

.

18 A m otor bo a t req uires 6 hours to go 18 mi les do wn

.
-

st re a m a nd re turn If the curre nt we re o ne half as swift t he

.
-
,

m otor bo a t could m a ke t he rou nd t rip in 4 hours and 48

-

m inutes E nd t he ra te of t he bo a t a nd th e ra t e of t h e
.

c urre nt .

19 If a num be r c om pose d of two digits is m ult iplie d by

.

t he digit in unit s pla ce t h e produ c t is 2 4 tim es t he sum of

’
,

the digi ts The digit in unit s pla ce is 3 m ore th a n t he d igit

’
.

in te ns pla c e E nd t h e num be r
’
. .

2 0 A fa rme r h as in o ne b in fee d c om po se d of 2 parts c orn

.

to 3 part s whe at I n a noth e r b in he h as ground fee d c o m

.
3 90 A S E CO N D COURS E IN ALG E B RA

pose d of 5 p ar t s c o rn to 3 p art s wh e a t H e w i sh e d to ob ta i n
.

90 pounds of fee d half corn a nd h a lf whe a t How m u ch m us t .

he t a ke from e a ch b in?
2 1 A mec ha ni c de t e rmines th a t if h is wages are i ncre ase d
.

12 § c pe r ho ur it will req uire 40 hours less t im e fo r hi m to

,

e a rn 6 100 . Wha t are his prese nt wages?

22 A lo c om otive e ngi nee r whist le d fo r a crossing a t a
ce rtai n dista nce from it Th e sound of the whistle is h ea rd
.

a t th e c rossi ng 2 5 se co nds be fore t he arrival of t h e t ra in If .

t he spe e d of t h e t rai n was 80 fee t pe r se co nd a nd so und t ra ve ls

1080 fee t pe r se cond how far was th e tra in from t he cro ssing
,

whe n the e nginee r ble w h is whist le ?

23 Se para te 2 1 into two pa rts so tha t o ne pa rt inc re ase d
.

by 50% of itse lf is to t h e sq ua re of t he oth e r pa rt as 2 9 .

2 4 Two a utos st a rt toward e ac h othe r from two towns a t

.

t he sa me ti me and m ee t in 4 hours One a uto tra ve ls a t a

.

uniform ra te of 6 m ile s pe r hour faste r th a n th e othe r a nd

re q uires 3 } hours le ss tim e to go t he e ntire dist a nce be twee n

t he towns Find th e ra t e of e ac h a uto a nd th e d is t ance of o n e

.

town from the othe r .

2 5 A man has two invest m e nts o ne yi e lding 3 % a nd t h e

.
,

othe r from whi ch he de ri ves an a nnual in com e of $ 5 90 .

I f t he inve st me nts we re inte rc h ange d his annual inc om e ,

would be $600 Fi nd the am ount of e a ch investm e nt

. .

26 The a ri thm e ti c m e an b e twee n two numb e rs is 3 75 a nd

.

the ir geo me tric m e a n is 3 6 Find th e numbe rs

. .

2 7 A and B t oge the r ca n do a piec e of work in ha lf t h e

.

time req uire d by C to do it alone A works twi ce as fas t as

.

B Also B a nd C can do th e work toge ther in 44 da ys I n

. .

wh at tim e ca n e a ch do t he work alone ?

2 8 Th e a ges of A a nd B a re 20 a nd 13 ye a rs re spe c tive ly
.
, .

I n how m a ny ye a rs will the ir ages h a ve th e ra tio 4 3

29 Th e de nom ina tor of a ce rtai n frac tion e xceed s th e
.

num e ra tor b y 3 If a ce rta in num be r is a dd ed to b oth te rm s

.
3 92 A S E CO N D COURS E IN ALG E BRA

39 The fro nt whee ls of a farm wagon ma ke 88 m ore

.

re volut ions pe r m ile than t he re ar whee ls Th e front whee ls .

of a farm truc k are 2 fee t less in circumfe re nce and t he re a r

wheels 3 fee t less than t h e c orresponding whee ls of th e
wagon, and t he front whee ls of the t ruc k also m a ke 88 m ore
re volutio ns pe r m ile th a n i ts rea r whe e ls Find t he c irc um .

fere nces of bo th se st of whee ls .

40 . I t has b ee n s hown th a t ir is four tim es the fra c tion

Now the va lue of c o rre c t to 6 d e c im a ls is , How

muc h do es fo ur ti m e s the v alue of t h e fra c tion , st e pp i ng a t

64
diffe r from t he va lue of 1r ? How m uc h , t p
s o

100
pi ng a t 2 +
2

41 . A fa rme r has a pe of the tra pe zoid of

fie ld in the sha

t he ac companying figure I t s d im e nsions a re AB 16 0 rod s

.
,

B 0 = 80 rods a nd CD = 140 rod s

, AB a nd CD a re pa ra ll e l
.

and B C is pe rpe nd ic ula r to b oth He wi she s to d ivide it

.

140 ro ds e q ua lly a m o ng h is fo u r

sons b y fe n ce s pa ra lle l

to AB and CD Ho w .

fa r a p a rt will these fe nce s

b e a nd wh a t front a ge
,

wi ll e a c h so n h ave o n th e
1 6 0 r o ds ro a d AD ?
 CU M ULATIVE RE V E I W 3 93

42 . Find t h e of a re a a t ri angle whose sid e s a re 12 , 16 , a nd

24 inc hes ,
re spe c tive ly .

Th e area of a

t p z i d ll f
ra e o a o

wh id s
o se s e a re

kn wn o in t h as e

c m p nying fig
ac o a

u n b f und if
re , c a e o

h t h di t nc b
e s a e e
A
,

tw n th p ll l
ee e ara e

si de s is co nside re d as t he al ti t u d e of t h e tria n le B C Eg Th e va lue o f

—
.
,

h ca n bef o un d by so l vin g t he e q ua ti
o ns : (D
z = 3 6, a nd (8 x) +2

h2 =
64, wh e re a = EF . E xpl a in .

43 . of t he tra pe zoid whose pa ralle l sides a re

Fi nd t h e a re a

2 4 a nd 3 6 fe e t and whose no n pa ralle l sid es a re 8 a nd 10 fee t -

,

re spe c tive ly .

44 The va lue of t he c onti nue d fra c tion

.

1 a:
is o ne r oot of — S olve t h e e q ua tion ,
sim plify the
a: 1 x
c onti nue d fra ction an d c om pa re th e re sul s . t
45 . I n th e
a cc om p a n yi n g
fi gu re C D i s ,

t ange nt to t he
ci rcle who se

c e nt e r is 0 a t

A, o ne e nd o f

the di a m e t e r
D AB . zAOC
30
°
a nd t d :e qua l to 3 r
CD is o t
c ns ru c e .

S how th a t C A gr V 3 Th e n A D = 3 r } r V 3 . .

C om pa re th e le ngth of B D with t he le ngth o f t h e se m ic ircle .

 C H APTE R XX I I

S UPPLE M E N TAR Y TO PI CS

I NTE RPRETATI ON OF I MAGI NAR I ES

230 . Co njugate ima ginari e s . Complex numbe rs tha t

diffe r only in the sign of the i m agina ry te rm are ca lle d
co nj uga te ima ginari e s —
Thus 5 + 2 v 1 and 5 2 4 1 are — —
—
.

c onj uga te The type fo rms a re a + bi a nd a bi

—
. .

Now (a + bi ) ( a a nd
— = 2 z
(a + bi ) (a bi ) a + b E vid e ntly t he sum a nd t he p ro duct
.

o f a pa ir of c o nj uga te ima gina ries are re a l num be rs b ut t h e ,

diffe re nce is a n im agina ry numbe r .

If a c om ple x num be r is o ne root of an e q ua ti on of se c ond

o r hi ghe r d e gree t h e n i ts c o nj uga te i s a se c o nd ro ot
, .

G ive n two co m p le x num be rs no t co nj u ga te e v i de nt ly the i r sum dif

, ,

fe re nce pro duc t a nd q uo tie nt are co mple x num be rs unle ss the ima gin
, ,

a ry te rm be c o me s z e ro
.

S i n c e the sq ua re o f a co m ple x num be r is a co mplex num ber the ,

sq ua re roo t o f a ny co m ple x num be r m a y b e e xp re sse d a s a c o m ple x

num be r fo llo wing t he p la n o f 5 17 9 e xce p t tha t t h e ra ti o na l part is t h e

,

di ffe re nce o f t wo fa c to rs o f m .

23 1 . G ra ph of a comple x numb e r S ince t h e sym bol 4 . l

o r i , ca n b e int e rpre t e d as a n ope ra t or th a t t urns a re al num

it m ay be use d t o
°
be r through a n a ngle of 90 (see
indi ca te d ire c tion o n a plane as t he signs + and are use d to
indi ca te di re c tion o n a line Fo r + 3 is i nte rpre t ed to m ean a
. .

distance of 3 units to t he righ t of an agreed 0 point o n a lin e

in cont rast with — 3 whi ch is int erp re t e d as 3 units to th e
le ft of t h e point The n 3 i m ay m ea n a distance of 3 unit s
.

m easure d upwa rd o n a li ne whi ch is pe rpe ndicul ar to t he first

li n e a t t h e po int 0 a nd ,
—3 i a dist an c e downwa rd o n th e
sa m e pe rpe n di c ula r line .
3 96 SE CON D COURS E IN ALG E B RA

figure with A 0 and B as thre e conse cutive ve rtices the n

, , ,

t he fourth ve rt e x C is t h e gra ph of t he com ple x num b e r

, ,

4 + 4i o r t he sum of 3 + i and 1 + 3 i
,
.

S i milarly t he point B (4 2 i ) is t h e fourt h verte x o f th e

—
, , ,

paralle logra m of A 0 and D (1 3 i )

, , , .

The diffe re nce b e twee n two co m ple x n um be rs m ay be

re pre s e nte d as t h e fourth ve rt e x of a p a ra lle logra m o ne ,

di agonal of whi ch is th e lin e form e d by connec ting th e point

of the mi nue nd with 0 .

I f we wish to find t h e point d e t e rmi ne d b y (1 + 3 i ) (3 + i ) ,

we c om ple t e t h e pa ra lle lo gra m O A a nd B (1 + 3 i )

, , , ,

whi ch lo cat es the point F ,

E xe rci se 22 1

Represent gra phi ca lly the followi ng

1 (3 2 —2 —) t

—2
. . .

3 —3 + i ) —2 —2i ) 4
—w s)
. . .

5 .
(4 + 4 i ) —3 i ) . 6 .
( 4 2 .

7 .
(2 s —
/ 2 2i ) ( 4
2

8 .
(2 4 3
 S U PPLE M E NTARY TO P I CS 3 97

23 3 .G ra phing roo ts of numb e rs The point as the gra ph .

of a c o m ple x num b e r furni sh es a m ea ns fo r re pres e nting t h e

roots of num be rs .

Th e six s x i th roots of 64 a re loca ted o n th e circumfere nce

°
of a circle ,
ra di us 2 a nd a re 6 0 o f a rc a p a rt as in t h e figure
, , .

Fa c t o ri n g (cc —2 ) (x + 2 ) (x 2 —2 x -i- 4 ) = O
—2
.
,

The two t
re al ro o s a re 1: = 2 a nd x .

So l vin gx 2

gi ve s x = —
l+V 3 , and x= 1 —
V 3 .

So l vin g wh
i
-
2 2: + 4 = 0

—l + V— —1 —
,

gi ve s x = 3 , a nd x = V 3 .

Th e se roots in th e order of th e ir lo ca tion o n th e c ircle a re

a = 2 x 1+ V
=
,
— 3 a: — 1+ V — 3 x — 2 x
,
= — 1 —
V 3 ,
:
, ,

a nd x = l —
V 3 .

Sim ila rly loca t e t he cube root s a nd t he sq uare root s of

,

64 .
3 98 A S EC O N D CO URS E IN ALGE B RA

Solve a nd loca te a ll o f the roots in ea c h o f the fo llo wi ng

1 x 3
. 2 . :r
‘

3 . 4 . x
°

5 . 6 .

THE I NDETE RM NATE FORM S I

23 4 . Z e ro in multiplic ation . It is a rul e o f arithm e ti c .

tha t if o ne o r m ore fa c tors a re z

e ros t h e produ c t is z
e ro ; i e . .
,

7 0 -
The sa m e rule holds in a lge b ra fo r a o
b O= 0
-
.

9 1
23 5 . Z e ro in divi si on . O ccas ionally such forms as
; (?
0
a re m et with in alge bra p i
e s e c a ll y in che cki ng a n e q ua tion
0 ,

or in e v alua ting a fra ction . For ins t ance , if, in e va lua ting
x+ 2
th e fra ction __ r we le t a = 2 , th e va lue of th e frac tion be
x 2

—2 it
c om es
0
"
I f we let x=

i —4
, s val ue be com es
2 I f, in e v al u

sc 0
t
a i ng th e fra cti on , we let = 2 i ts
x= , value be c om es
3: 2 0
0
Tha t th e form 0 is e vi de nt if it is re calle d th a t a produ c t
a
is ze ro only whe n a fa ct or is z e ro , a nd th a t t h e divi de n d (t h e

num e ra tor of t h e fra c tion ) is t h e produc t of t h e divi sor (t h e

de nom i na tor) a nd t h e quoti e nt (t h e value of the fra c tion ) .

Sinc e t h e divisor is no t z e ro t h e q uoti e nt m ust b e The re fore .

0
a

Th e fo rm s
3 a nd
3 can h a ve no m e a ni ng in re al numbe rs fo r
divi si o n by z
e ro ca nn ot be all owe d . B ut th e re a re o ccasions
wh en it is ne c e ssa r y to find s om e i nt e rpre t a tion for g
0
4 00 A S E CO N D COURS E IN ALGE BRA

( e
t h ri g ht will b e c ome large r a nd large r and will
m e m b e r)
be c om e a nd re m a in gre a te r tha n a ny positive num be r whi c h
m a y b e assi gned Th is ne cessit a te s a ne w de fin ition a nd a
.

ne w sym b o l .

If a numb e r m ay b e c om e a nd re m a i n gre a te r than a ny

positive num be r tha t m ay be assigne d it is sa id to b e c om e ,

i nfi nit e ly la rge o r to be c om e infi ni te ; whi ch m ea ns unb ounde d

o r unli m it e d Th e sym bo l 0° is ca lle d infini ty I t is no t t h e
. .

sym b ol fo r som e num b e r b u t it is t h e sym b o l tha t t h e v a lu e

of the va ri a ble e xcee ds all bounds .

z
a a
Ne w in i nte rp re ting
3 if we re pla ce
0
by an d conside r t h e

va lue of
g as a: -
0, e vi de ntly in cre ases i nde fini te ly and as

a
xé O, be co m es
5
a
Th e re fore whe re a is a o t
c ns a n t is sa id to h a ve t he
0 ’ ,

value 00 which is eq u iva le nt to th e fo llowing

Princ iple . I f the f fr ac numera tor o
ti o n rema i ns a cons ta nt a ,

whi le the denomi na to r a pp roa ches z

e ro the va lue of the frac ti on ,

beco mes co

Th e value of th e f ra c tion fo r a = 2 is co .

23 7 . I nte rpre ta tion of

If we conside r t h e i
se r e s of fra ctio ns — 5
’
5
’
5
’
5
’
10 100 1000 10000
5
e vide ntly , as t he d e nom ina tor in cre as e s
100000
i nde finit e ly in t he sa m e m a nn e r, t he v a lue of t he fra c tion
de c re ase s i nd e fin it e ly .
 SU PPLE M E NTAR Y TO PICS 401

Re pla ci ng by
g a nd assum ng i tha t a: i -
oo we h a ve

0, whi ch is to be re a d th e limi t of g as x ap
x= 00 x a:

pre a c hes no is z
e ro .

a
The re fore whe re a is a c onst ant ,
is sa id to h ave the

value 0 whi ch is e q uiva le nt to th e foll owi ng

Principle . I f the n umera to r o f frac ti o n rema i ns a consta nt
a

whi le the de nomi na tor a pp roac hes i nfini ty the va lue of the ,

fracti on a pproac hes z

ero .

An p ion involving a single varia ble th at be com e s

e x re ss ,

i nde t e rm ina te fo r a ce rt a in value of th a t va ri a ble m ay b e ,

inte rpre t e d o n t h e plan of th e followi ng illustrative e xa mple s :

z
fiz 4 —
1 . Find t he value o f
—
x 2
wh en x = 2 . E vi de n ly , t wh en x = 2 the

va lue o f t he gi ven f cti

ra on is 9
0
’ —
4
—2
:c
B ut for a: no t e q ua l to 2,
x
x +2 . No w h
T e re

2
4
f o re , wh en x = 2 , we m a y gi ve to
3

22
—
1
t he va lue 4 .

2 . Find t he va lue o f M as s é oo .

x 3
+1
For any fini te value o f a: o th ther an 0,

4x 2
1
t he va l ue 4 .
402 A S E CO N D COURS E IN ALGE B R A

Fi nd the va lue o f eac h o f the follo wi ng as

1 .

2 Ans . 00
(Se e principle ) .

5
2
x

2
x
—
a:
4 .
_ 5 .

1 a: 2 3:
Fi nd the va lue o f each o f the
‘
o llowing as x = a )
f
a 2
8 9

a)
7 . . .

a:
2
11 =
n 4 2 12 13
.
-
. . .
+2

I nte rpret eac h o f the followi ng:

li mit 2 —9 —
)
23
14 .

m — A118 . 6 .

+5 14 2
lim it —22
x+ 4

( 3 +2
x x
—
2

k2
x- x
2
x

li mit 30 limit x+ 7

x 4 5 x =-oo
'

( x
2

I
TR G O NO M E TR I C RAT IO S
23 8 . Trigonome try d e als
with the ra tios ob taine d from th e
le ngths of the sid es of right t ri a ngles Th e stude nt will find .

wh e n h e c ome s to a m o re c om ple t e st udy of t he sub j e c t th a t

t he d e velopm e nt of i ts form ulas req uires a large use o f
a lge b ra .
404 A S E CO N D CO URSE IN ALG E B RA

5Const ruct an eq uila te ral t riangle an d o ne

. of it s alt i
t udes Usi ng t he resul ti ng right t ria ngles, show
.

s in 30
° 1
. 5, co s 30
° 1 5
. 8 6 6 , t an —
1
2 2 V3

sm
— 43
. 866 , co s 60
o
1
. 5, t an V3 = I 73 Z
. .

2
6 Const ruct
. an isosce le s r ight tri angle and s how ,
° °
si n 707 , . co s 45 . 707 , tan 45 1 .

No te t igo no m t ic ti n p g 405 a e co c t t wi thi n

. The r e r ra os o a e r rre o

0005 Th y will b u d in
. e l i ng ig h t tri ngl s h ving gi v n ny
e se so v r a e a e a

sid end itha a c ut angl e ny tw

er id Th l tt ing f
e th e or a o s es . e e er or e

f ll wing x cises i th s m as th t f the first figu n p g 402

o o e er s e a e a or re o a e .

G ive n A Solution
°
7 .
= 25 , c = 3 0 in .
, find B , a , a nd b .

sin A / = a o, o r . 42 3 = a
/30 . Whe nce (in ) .

B 65
= W
( y )h
°
? si n B = b = 2 7 18 in b/ c Wh e nce
. . .

8 G e.iv n a = 15 in b = 2 4 in find A B a nd c Soluti on .

,
.
, , , .

ta n A = a / b = 6 2 5 B y re fe rrin g to t h e t a b le
. we fi n d .

t he a gle whose t a g t s i is
°
n n e n 6 2 5 = 3 2 a nd .

Fi nd 0
°
B = 58 . .

9 Give n B = 3 8 a = l 7 in find A b and c

°
. . .
, , , ,

10 G ive n b = 18 ft c = 3 6 ft find A, B and a

. .
, .
, , .

1 1 G ive n A
. c = 75 in find B a , and b .
, , .

43 b 6 2 3 ln find A a and c
°
12 Give n. B = =
,
. .
, , , .

13 Wh e n t h e sun is 40 high t h e sha dow of a ce rta in t re e

°
.

is 3 7 fee t long Fi nd the h e i ght of th e tree

. .

14 I n ord e r to d e t e rm i ne t h e width of a rive r a b ase line

.
,

A C 100 fee t long is m ea sure d a long o ne ba nk A poi nt B is .

found o n t he opposite b a nk so tha t AA CB is a right angle .

If AB A C is how wide is the river?

15 I n orde r to de te rm i ne t he he ight of a tower CB a base
.
,

li ne C A is m eas ure d a long t h e ground 15 0 fee t long Th e .

A B A C is found t o b e Ho w hi gh is t he towe r?
TAB L E OF TR I GON OM E TR I C R A TI OS 405
PO WE RS AND R OOTS TO 100

8 7 18
8 7 75
8 83 2
408 IND E X

P a ge
Ex t re m e s of a p po rtiro on 1 42 Lo w e s t co m mo n mul tip l e 112
o f a se r e s i 3 67 , 3 69 t
M a n i s sa 3 16
M e a n ro o r io na l
p p t 2 3 4, 2 3 6
Fa c to c o m m n
r, 20 2 1
o it ti
Me a ns a r h me c
, 3 67
ge m t i c
,

h i gh e st c mm n o 20 1 10 o o e r 3 69
ra ti ona l izing
,

of p p ti n
a ro or o 1 42
th e m
eor 2 65 M e mb f a n q u ti
e rs o e a on

F a c t i ng 7 3 8 1 8 8 1 04 M inu n d 47
o f a num
or - e
M o no m i l 60
, ,

F a ct o rs b e r, a . 96
M ul tip l i c ti n
,

p im
r e 1 8 19 a o

d of e xp o n n t
,

or er in e s 68
c
F o us 3 45 of p l yn m i l
a o o a 69 , 75
F o rm u l a o f f c ti ns
ra o 1 29 , 27 1
11 , 2 5 1 78 8 2 , 29 -
1 5 . 33 2
of di c l
ra a s 3 06
ti q ti o f s i gn d num b
,

F ra c o na l e ua o n s e e rs 52
2 73
F ra c t i o i s i 11 6 1 3 4, 2 68 - 2 7 1 — p
Na p e s 3 46
p p i p p
ro e r, m ro e r 1 22 N o a o n, Ara b c R o m a n
t ti i
ig
t h e s ns o f 118 N umbe rs a r th me c a l i
,

ti
c ti
, .

F un on 9 , 1 0, 2 4 1
co m p le x 3 1 2, 3 94
t i c p i c ip l
G e o me r a l r n es 3 57 c o ns e c utiv e 16
G ra h p di re c te d 2 42
i q
o f l ne a r e u a 14 6 i nt g l e ra 11 6
i ma gi n
. . ,

of q d ti c
ua ra ar y 3 10
i a ti n
rr o al 3 02
l it e l ra
i t
H gh e s c o m m o n fa c t or 20, 11 0 pos iti ve a nd ti
n e ga ve
i d
H n o o numbe rs 241 ra ti na l o
p
H y e rb o l a 3 45 si gn d e or di c t dre e 43
p t
H y o e n u se 1 69 Num t
e ra o r 116

I d e n tit y Or de r f o fa c to rs
I m a g i n a ri e s 3 10 Or dina t e
c o njuga te i nte rp re ta ti o n 3 9 4
I ma g i na ry unit
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ra eo s, os k in d s
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