KEY CONCEPTS

 Stoichiometry  Oxidation
 Molar Proportion  Reduction
 Redox Reactions  Oxidation Number
 Electrochemistry Applications

UNIT ESSENTIAL QUESTION

 What is stoichiometry?

 How do chemists predict the mass of products produced in a chemical reaction?

 How is the mole and molar mass related to stoichiometric calculations?
 What are molar proportions and can they be determined and used?
 What is electrochemistry and how does it impact our everyday lives?
 How are electrons affected in a redox reaction?
 How is an electrochemical cell constructed?
 What is the difference between a electrochemical cell and an electrolytic cell?
 What technologies have been developed and depend on electrochemistry principles?

UNIT OBJECTIVES
 Solve problems using stoichiometry.

 Determine the molar proportions of the reactants and products in a balanced chemical reaction.
 Use molar relationships in a balanced chemical reaction to predict the mass of products produced in a simple
chemical reaction that goes to completion.
 Analyze the characteristics of an oxidation-reduction reaction.
 In a redox equation, identify the atoms oxidized and reduced and the numbers of electrons lost or gained.
 Using a diagrammed electrochemical cell, describe how electrical energy can be produced in a chemical reaction
(e.g., half reaction, electron transfer).
 Relate the movement of charge through an electrolytic cell to the chemical reactions that occur. Trace the
movement of electrons in a galvanic cell.
 Apply the concepts of electrochemistry to relevant technologies.

1
Review
Mole – A method of keeping track of the amount of matter involved in chemical reactions.
Avogadro’s Constant - 6.022 x 1023 atoms or molecules
Molar Mass – The mass of one mole of a substance expressed in grams/mole. The molar mass is equal to the atomic
mass (in the case of monatomic elements) or the molecular mass (in the case of chemical compounds or polyatomic
elements) but is expressed in grams/mole.

Quantitative Relationships
 Equations reveal the number of formula units involved in a reaction
o coefficients from a balanced equation indicate how much of each reactant and product are
involved in a reaction.
 Balanced equations show proportions
 Relative amounts in equations can be expressed in moles
o A mole ratio can be determined by comparing the coefficients from the balanced chemical
equation.
o Mole ratios can be used like conversion factors to compare amounts of substances.

Moles to Moles
Balanced chemical equations give us proportions that can be used for predictions:

If 0.25 moles of O2 are used, how many moles of SO3 can be produced?

_______|_ mole O2 | 2 mole SO3 = 0.17 moles SO3

| 3 moles O 2 |

Grams to Moles
If 18 grams of S are used, how many moles of SO3 can be produced?

_____ grams S | 1 mole S | 2 moles SO3 = ______ moles SO3

l 32 grams S | 2 moles S

Grams to Grams
If 65 grams of S are used, how many grams of SO3 can be produced?

_____ grams S | 1 mole S | 2 moles SO3 | ____ grams SO3 = _____ grams SO3
| 32 grams S | 2 moles S | 1 mole SO3

2
Moles to Liters
If 2.5 moles of S are used, how many liters of a gaseous SO3 can be produced?

______moles S | 2 mole SO3 | _____ liters SO3 = _____ liters SO3

| 2 moles S | 1 mole SO 3

Grams to Liters
If 5.6 grams of S are used, how many liters of SO3 can be produced?

_____ grams S | 1 mole S | 2 mole SO3 | ___ _ liters SO3 = _____ _ grams SO3
| 32 g S | 2 moles S | 1 mole SO3

What is Redox?
Reduction - Oxidation (redox) –

Oxidation –
LEO
Reduction - THE
These two processes occur at the same time.
LION
SAYS
Example :

Mg + S  MgS
“GER”
oxidation half reaction Mg 0  Mg +2 + 2 e -
reduction half reaction S 0 + 2 e -  S -2

Oxidation numbers

The charge of a uncombined element is ______ .

In most compounds, the charge of hydrogen is _____ .
In most compounds, the charge of oxygen is ____ .
The sum of charges in a _________ molecule is zero.

3
Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry is an application of reduction-oxidation processes.

Electrochemical Cells -- Any devices used to convert __________ energy into __________ energy.

The Device

 Half-cell -- A ______ in which either the __________ half of the reaction or the ___________ half of
the reaction occurs
 Electrodes -- They are ____________ in a _______ that carry electrons to or from a substance.
 ________ -- The electrode at which ___________ occurs, electrons are ___________ here, it is labeled
the _________ electrode.
 _________ -- The electrode at which __________ occurs, electrons are ___________ here, it is
labeled the ________ electrode.
 Salt ________ -- A __________ that completes the circuit. It made with a conducting solution.

Label The Electrochemical Device Below

Assume that the metal on the left is Cu and the one on the right is Al.

Voltmeter

Charge

Charge
Cotton
plugs

How Much?!? 4
Batteries
Dry cells –

Alkaline Batteries -

Secondary cells –

Fuel Cells –

Electrolysis
Electrolytic Cell –

Electroplating –

Chemical Production –

How Much?!? 5