Praetor (/ˈpriːtər/ PREE-tər, Classical Latin: [ˈprae̯tɔr]), also pretor, was the title granted by the

government of ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an
army, and (ii) as an elected magistratus (magistrate), assigned to discharge various duties. The
functions of the magistracy, the praetura (praetorship), are described by the adjective itself:[a] the
praetoria potestas (praetorian power), the praetorium imperium (praetorian authority), and the
praetorium ius (praetorian law), the legal precedents established by the praetores (praetors).
Praetorium, as a substantive, denoted the location from which the praetor exercised his authority,
either the headquarters of his castra, the courthouse (tribunal) of his judiciary, or the city hall of his
provincial governorship.[b] The minimum age for holding the praetorship was 39 during the Roman
Republic, but it was later changed to 30 in the early Empire.[1]

History of the title

The status of the praetor in the early republic is unclear. The traditional account from Livy claims that
the praetorship was created by the Sextian-Licinian Rogations in 367 BC, but it was well known both
to Livy and other Romans in the late republic that the chief magistrates were first called praetor.[2] For
example, Festus "refers to 'the praetors, who are now consuls'".[2]

The form of the republic changed substantially over its history and the accounts of the republic's
development in the early imperial period are marred with anachronisms projecting then-current
practices into the past.[3] In the earliest periods of the republic, praetor "may not have meant anything
more than leader in the most basic sense",[4] deriving from praeire (to proceed) or praeesse (to be
preeminent).[5] These early praetors may have simply been clan leaders leading "military forces
privately and free from state control"[6] with a multitude of private leaders leading private armies.[7]

These early military leaders were eventually institutionalised into fixed magistrate bodies elected by
the people with clear state control over military activities. This was also probably assisted by "the use
of recuperatores to mediate disputes and fetial priests to control the declaration of war".[8] The effect
to make it more difficult for private individuals to start wars against Rome's neighbours.[8] Reforms in
449 BC also may have required "for the first time that all military commanders be confirmed by a
popular assembly [representing] the Roman people".[9]

The emergence of the classical praetorship was a long process in which definitely started by 367 BC,
when the Sextian-Licinian Rogations were passed,[10] giving the Roman people substantially more
power over the selection of their military commanders.[10] While Livy claims that the rogations
created the praetorship in 367 BC to relieve the consuls of their judicial responsibilities, "few modern
historians would accept [this] account as written".[11] Beyond the ancient knowledge that a title of
praetor dated to the beginning of the republic, what became the classical praetorship was initially a
military office with imperium and "virtually identical in authority and capacity to the consulship".[11]
Furthermore, a fully-formed praetorship without colleague, as Livy's account implies, would be a
"tremendous violation of Roman practice in which all regular magistracies were created in colleges
consisting of at least two".[12]

"Scholars increasingly view the [rogations] as establishing a college of three (and only three) praetors,
two of whom eventually developed into the historical consuls".[13] What became the classical
praetorship in its early years also was not viewed as being less than the consuls, as "it was common
practice for men to hold the praetorship after a consulship... since [doing so] was simply a method of
holding imperium for a second year".[14]