Organ Systems Exercise

SYSTEM NAME ORGANS IN SYSTEM FUNCTION(S)

INTEGUMENTARY Skin, hair, nails, sweat, and Protects the body, regulates
sebaceous glands temperature, eliminates
waste, makes vitamin D, and
provides sensory information

SKELETAL Bones, joints, and cartilages Supports the body, protects

internal organs, facilitates
movement, stores minerals,
and houses bone marrow for
blood cell production

MUSCULAR Skeletal muscles, smooth Facilitates movement,

muscles, cardiac muscle maintains posture, and
produces heat

NERVOUS Brain, spinal cord, nerves, Controls body activities with

sensory organs electrical signals, respond to
changes, and processes
information

ENDOCRINE Glands such as the pituitary, Regulates body functions

thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, through hormones, controls
ovaries, and testes growth, metabolism, and
reproductive processes

CARDIOVASCULAR Heart, blood vessels (arteries, Transports oxygen, nutrients,

veins, capillaries) hormones, and waste products
throughout the body

LYMPHATIC Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, Returns fluid to blood, defends

thymus, spleen, tonsils against pathogens, and absorbs
lipids from the digestive tract

RESPIRATORY Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, Supplies oxygen to the blood,

bronchi, lungs removes carbon dioxide, and
helps regulate the acid-base
balance

URINARY Kidneys, ureters, urinary Removes waste products

bladder, urethra from the blood, regulates
blood pH, ion balance, and
water balance

DIGESTIVE Mouth, esophagus, stomach, Breaks down food into

small and large intestines, nutrients, absorbs nutrients,
 liver, pancreas, gallbladder and eliminates waste

REPRODUCTIVE Male: Testes, penis, duct Male: Produces sperm,

(MALE AND FEMALE)
systems (e.g., vas deferens),
prostate gland
Female:Ovaries, fallopian
tubes, uterus, vagina,
mammary glands
delivers sperm to the female
reproductive system
Female:Produces eggs,
provides a site for fertilization
and fetal development,
facilitates childbirth, and
nourishes infants

List several organs found in each QUADRANT (10 points)

RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT (RUQ) LEFT UPPER QUADRANT (LUQ)

Right lobe of Liver Left lobe of the Liver
Gallbladder Spleen
Parts of the small and large intestines Stomach
Right kidney pancreas
Left kidney
Parts of large intestine

RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT (RLQ) LEFT LOWER QUADRANT (LLQ)

Appendix Part of the reproductive organs (left ovary in
Right ovary and fallopian tube (in females) females, right spermatic in males)
Right ureter Left ureter
Parts of the small intestine Most of the small intestine, and part of the
Cecum large intestine
Part of the reproductive organs (right ovary in Part of the descending colon
females, right spermatic code in males) Right
ureter
1. A disruption in normal cellular division within the red bone marrow supports the view that
all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent. Decide if you agree or
disagree with the above statement, and provide a rationale for your decision

I agree with the statement that a disruption in normal cellular division within the red bone
marrow supports the view that all levels of organization within an organism are
interdependent. Biological systems are hierarchically structured, ranging from the molecular
level to the entire biosphere, with each level exhibiting a complex interdependency on the
others.
Cellular Level: At the most basic level, the disruption in cellular division within the red bone
marrow, which could be due to factors like genetic mutations or exposure to toxic
substances, immediately impacts the production of blood cells. This disruption affects the
balance of cell types being produced, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and
platelets, each of which plays a crucial role in the body's functioning.

Tissue and Organ Level: Red bone marrow is a vital tissue found within bones. It's
responsible for hematopoiesis—the process of producing blood cells. The disruption at the
cellular level within the marrow impacts this process, leading to potential deficiencies or
imbalances in the blood cell population. This can affect the organs reliant on these cells,
such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes, which are involved in filtering blood, immunity,
and clotting.

Organ System Level: The repercussions of disrupted cellular division extend to various
organ systems. For instance, a reduction in red blood cells affects the circulatory system's
ability to deliver oxygen efficiently, leading to symptoms like fatigue or anemia. Similarly, the
immune system's effectiveness can be compromised by an imbalance in white blood cell
production, making the organism more susceptible to infections.

Organism Level: On the highest level of organization, the entire organism's health and
functionality are impacted. The interconnectedness of organ systems means that a
disruption in one system can lead to compensatory changes or stress in others, highlighting
the organism's reliance on the delicate balance maintained within the red bone marrow.

In conclusion, the disruption in normal cellular division within the red bone marrow
encapsulates the essence of biological interdependence, demonstrating how alterations at
the microscopic level can ripple through the hierarchical levels of organization, ultimately
affecting the entire organism. This perspective not only supports but also emphasizes the
importance of understanding biology as an integrated and interconnected science.

2. As a child, Aaron was born with a severe cleft palate and had to undergo surgery to
repair the nasal cavity and reconstruct the roof of the mouth. 1) If Aaron did not have
the surgery, which of his body systems might have been affected by his cleft palate? 2)
Which anatomical specialties do you think are involved in identifying and correcting a
cleft palate?

1. Body Systems Affected by a Cleft Palate Without Surgery

Digestive System: A cleft palate can significantly affect the ability to eat and swallow.
Newborns and infants may have difficulties sucking or swallowing milk and could be at a
higher risk of aspirating food or liquid into the lungs, leading to respiratory issues.
Respiratory System: There's an increased risk of fluid building up in the middle ear,
leading to ear infections and potential hearing loss, which is part of the ENT (Ear, Nose,
and Throat) concerns but also affects respiratory health due to the connection between
the nasal passages and the ear.
Speech and Language System: The development of normal speech could be hindered.
The cleft palate can affect the pronunciation and clarity of speech because the palate is
instrumental in forming sounds.

2. Anatomical specialties involved

Pediatric Surgery: specializes in surgery for infants and children, including the delicate
procedure to repair a cleft palate.
Plastic/Reconstructive Surgery: Involves the reconstruction of the palate and, if needed,
the lip to restore normal function and appearance.
Otolaryngology (ENT - Ear, Nose, and Throat): ENT specialists may be involved in
addressing and managing the associated ear issues, nasal cavity problems, and speech
difficulties.
Pediatric Dentistry or Orthodontics: These specialties might be involved in the long-term
care plan, especially for dental issues and jaw alignment, which can be affected by a
cleft palate.
Speech-Language Pathology: Essential for assessing and treating speech and
language difficulties that arise from the cleft palate and providing therapies to improve
communication skills.

Participation Discussion - Case Study (10 points)

Aaron is a 20-year-old nursing student and is late for his anatomy class, so he decides
to ride his electric skateboard to class instead of walking. As he enters an intersection,
he is hit by a speeding truck, which throws him 50 feet away, where he lands on his
head and left side. Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) arrive shortly after, and they
roll an unconscious Aaron onto his back for an initial assessment. They found that he
has an obvious open skull fracture (bone break with pierced skin), open fractures of his
left and upper and lower extremities, and multiple rib fractures on his left side, and he
exhibits rapid, shallow breathing. Assuming he has neck and back injuries, the EMTs
splint him carefully for transport to the nearest Level I (highest designation) trauma
center. On the way there, the EMTs call you, the triage nurse in the emergency room
(who assigns medical priority), and report that they are arriving with a young male
trauma victim with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 57. You tell the EMT to immediately
report to the trauma room and sound the alert for the trauma team. For your information,
Injury Severity Score (ISS) is based on the concept of regional anatomy and is a tool
used for triaging/prioritizing injured patients, determining what mode of transport is best,
and predicting health outcomes. It correlates with morbidity and mortality. To calculate
ISS, 6 body regions are defined: head/neck, face, chest, abdomen, appendicular
skeleton, and external skin. Each region is given a score ranging from 0 (no apparent
injury) to 6 (not compatible with life). The scores for the 3 most severely injured regions
are squared and added together to produce the ISS score. Note: a score of 6 in any
region is not possible since it indicates the death of the patient.

1. Come up with the breakdown of Aaron’s ISS score assigned by the EMT based on
the reported symptoms. Be specific and detailed in your answer.
Head/Neck: Aaron has an obvious open skull fracture. This is a critical injury likely rated
at a 5 (critical but not unsurvivable). While a score of 6 indicates an unsurvivable injury,
Aaron is still alive but in critical condition.
Appendicular Skeleton (Upper and Lower Extremities): Open fractures of his left upper
and lower extremities are severe injuries. Each of these could be rated individually, but
since the ISS takes into account only the three most severely injured body regions and
their highest scores, we consider the most severe fracture in this category. We might
estimate this at a 5, given the severity (open fracture) but lack of immediate
life-threatening implications compared to head injuries.
Chest (Thorax): Multiple rib fractures, which could impair breathing and potentially
cause internal organ damage. This could be rated around 4, considering the risk of
complications like a pneumothorax.
Head/Neck: 5^2 = 25
Appendicular Skeleton: 5^2 = 25
Chest: 4^2 = 16
Adding these together gives an ISS of 66, which is higher than the reported 57. This
discrepancy could arise from the exact nature of the extremity injuries being slightly less
severe than I've estimated, or the actual assessment by the EMTs assigning slightly
different scores based on their protocols and observations.

2. If Aaron has a fracture of his hip and an open fracture of his ankle, which injury is
proximal and which is distal?
The hip fracture is proximal, meaning it's closer to the center of the body.
The open fracture of the ankle is distal, meaning it's further from the center of the body.

3. If Aaron sustains a laceration to his spleen, what are the abdominopelvic regions and
quadrant of injury?
The spleen is located in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the abdomen.
As for the abdominopelvic regions, the spleen is part of the left hypochondriac region
and also extends into the epigastric region given its size and position relative to the
9-region abdominopelvic scheme.