CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY

BS Ceramic Engineering
DMSE

WHAT IS
SPECTROSCOPY?

DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering
DMSE

❖ Spectroscopy is the study of the absorption and emission of light

and other radiation by matter, as related to the dependence of
these processes on the wavelength of the radiation.
❖ Spectroscopy is used as a tool to study structures of atoms and
molecules.
❖ The large number of wavelengths emitted by these system makes it
possible to investigate their structures in details, including the
electron configurations of the ground and various excited states.

DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering
DMSE

❖ Spectroscopy also provides analytical method for finding the

constituents in material having unknown chemical composition
❖ In typical spectroscopic analysis, a concentration of a few parts per
million of trace elements in a material can be detected through its
emission spectrum.
❖ More recently, the definition has been expanded to include the
study of the interactions between particles such as electrons,
protons, and ions, as well as their interaction with other particles as
a function of their collision energy.
DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering
DMSE

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
❖ Electromagnetic radiation (EM) is a form of energy that is all
around us consisting both electrical and magnetic characteristics.
❖ This are wave produced by electrically charged particles(Photons)
❖ The electric and magnetic fields in a electromagnetic wave oscillate
along directions perpendicular to propagation direction of wave.

DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY

CHARACTERISTICS
BS Ceramic Engineering
DMSE

❖ Frequency (f): The number of times the waves passed through a given
point in one second (measured in Hertz).
❖ Wavelength (λ): The distance between two successive waves (measured
in m).
❖ Amplitude: It is the maximum distance a wave extends beyond its
middle position.
❖ Velocity (v): The distance travelled by the wave in one second
(measured in m/s)

DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
DMSE

❖ Electromagnetic spectrum ranges from very short wavelength

(gamma rays) to very long wavelength (radio wave).
❖ This visible region of the spectrum extends approximately over the
wavelength range of 400 -700 nm.
❖ The shorter wavelengths being the blue end of spectrum and
longer wavelength the red.

DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering
DMSE
PRINCIPLE OF SPECTROSCOPY
❖ The diagram below shows four waves that represent of
electromagnetic radiation: gamma rays, infra red rays, ultra violet
rays, and microwaves. The wavelengths shown below are relative
but not in scale.

The fundamental principle of spectroscopy (any type). A light source of any

Which kind of the wave has the wavelength passes the EM ration type from a sample and the resultant
greatest frequency? emission wave length/frequency is detected by a detector.
DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering
DMSE
TYPES OF SPECTRA
❖ Continuous Spectra: Spectra obtained when white light passed
through a prism.
❖ Absorption Spectra: Spectra obtained by absorption of
electromagnetic radiation to atoms, ions, or molecules of samples.
❖ Emission Spectra: Spectra obtained by emission of electromagnetic
radiation to the atoms, ions or molecules of samples.

DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering
DMSE

BASIC TYPES OF
SPECTROSCOPY

DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering
DMSE

ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY
❖ Absorption Spectroscopy measure the loss of electromagnetic
energy after it illuminates the sample under study.
❖ Here electromagnetic radiation is absorbed by an atom or molecule
which undergoes transition from a lower energy state to a higher or
excited state.
❖ Absorption occurs when energy of radiation matches the difference
in energy between two energy levels.

DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering
DMSE

❖ For example, if a light source with a broad band of wavelengths is

directed at a vapour of atoms, ions or molecules the particles will
absorb those wavelengths that can excite them from one quantum
state to another.
❖ As a result, the absorbed wavelengths will be missing from the
original light spectrum after it has passed through the sample.
❖ Since most atoms and mole have unique identifiable energy level, a
measurement of the missing absorption lines allows identification
of the absorbing species.

DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering
DMSE

PRINCIPLES OF ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY

❖ Lamberts Law: It states that when a monochromatic light passes

through a transparent medium, the intensity of transmitted light
decreases exponentially as the thickness of absorbing material
increases.
❖ Beer’s Law: It states that the intensity of transmitted
monochromatic decreases exponentially as the concentration of
absorbing substance increases.

DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering
DMSE

BEER-LAMBERTS LAW

❖ The Beer-Lamberts Law states that the amount of light absorbed

by a substance dissolved in a fully transmitting solvent directly
proportional to the concentration of the substance and the path
length.

DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering
DMSE

EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY
❖ Emission Spectroscopy is a spectroscopic techniques which
examines the wavelengths of photons emitted by atoms or
molecules during their transition from an excited state to a lower
energy state.
❖ Each elements emits characteristics set of discrete wavelengths
according to its electronic structure, and by observing these
wavelengths the elemental composition of the sample can be
determined.

DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering
DMSE

❖ Emission spectroscopy is often referred to as optical emission

spectroscopy because of the light nature of what is being emitted.

Various ways to excite the

electrons:
❖X-ray
❖Flame
❖Sparc of Arc spectroscopy
ΔE = hv = hc/λ
DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering
DMSE

SCATTERING SPECTROSCOPY
❖ Scattering Spectroscopy measures certain physical properties by
measuring the amount of light that a substance scatters at certain
wavelength.
❖ One of the most useful application of light scattering is RAMAN
SCATTERING SPECTROSCOPY.

DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering
DMSE

SPECTROSCOPY METHODS
❖Ultra-violet and Visible light Spectroscopy
❖Fluorescence Spectroscopy
❖Intrinsic Protein Fluorescence
❖Extrinsic Fluorescence
❖Scattering Spectroscopy
❖Atomic spectroscopy

DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering
DMSE

SOME BASIC TYPE OF SPECTROSCOPY

IN RESEARCH AND APPLIED USE
❖Ultra-violet and Visible light (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy
❖Infra-Red (IR) Spectroscopy
❖Fluorescence Spectroscopy
❖X-ray diffraction
❖Mass Spectroscopy
❖Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering
DMSE

How to measure the amount of light

absorbed by a SAMPLE?

DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering

SPECTROPHOTOMETER
DMSE

❖ Spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the amount of

light absorbed by a sample.
❖ Spectrophotometer techniques are mostly used to measure the
concentration of solutes in solution by measuring the amount of
light is absorbed by the solution in a cuvette place in the
spectrophotometer.

DIONESIO C. PONDOC
https://microbenotes.com/spectrophotometer-principle-instrumentation-applications/ Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering
DMSE

TYPES OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER
❖ Single beam spectrophotometers determine color by measuring
the intensity of the light sources before versus after a test
sample is inserted. This light source is modulated (turned on and off)
to differentiate the light coming from the light source versus the light
coming from the flame.
❖ A double beam spectrophotometer is an instrument that
determines the absorption of light in liquid or gas samples in
graduated cylinders. Its components are: Monochromator. Detector.
Light source.

DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering
DMSE

PRINCPLE OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER
❖ In the Spectrophotometer, a prism (or grating) is used to split the incident
beam into different wavelengths.
❖ By suitable mechanisms, waves of specific wavelengths can be manipulated
to fall on the test solution. The range of the wavelengths of the incident light
can be as low 1 to 2 nm.
❖ The spectrophotometer is useful for measuring the absorption spectrum of a
compound, that is, the absorption of light by a solution at each wavelength.

DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering

INSTRUMENTS OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER
DMSE

❖ A table and cheap radiant energy sources.

❖ A monochromator, to break the polychromatic radiation into component
wavelength (or) bands of wavelengths
❖ Transport vessels (cuvettes), to hold the sample.
❖ Photosensitive detector and an associated readout system.

DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering
DMSE

https://microbiologynote.com/spectrophotometer-principle/ DIONESIO C. PONDOC

Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering
DMSE

PARTS OF A UV-VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETER

DIONESIO C. PONDOC
https://sites.chem.utoronto.ca/chemistry/coursenotes/analsci/molec/uv-vis1.html Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering

PARTS OF FT-IR SPECTROPHOTOMETER

DMSE

DIONESIO C. PONDOC
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images/wp-content/uploads/sites/440/2018/10/10143137/FTIR3.png Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering

PARTS OF RAMAN SPECTROPHOTOMETER

DMSE

https://www.coursehero.com/study-guides/labmethods/part-of-a-raman-spectrometer/ DIONESIO C. PONDOC

Associate Professor IV
CERE 116 SPECTROSCOPY
BS Ceramic Engineering

APPLICATIONS OF SPECTROSCOPY
DMSE

❖ Spectroscopy represents a scientific measurement technique for

the studying of matter through interaction with different
components of the electromagnetic spectrum. It can measure light
by breaking it down into its component colors with the help of a
prism in order to study the resulting spectrum.
❖ The outcome of such interaction allows researchers to infer
analytical information on the atomic or molecular structure of the
matter.
❖ A wide array of different spectroscopic techniques can applied in
virtually every domain of scientific research – from environmental
analysis and biomedical sciences to space exploration endeavor.
DIONESIO C. PONDOC
Associate Professor IV