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SECTION-3 INITIAL PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN

CHAPTER 11

Pakistan Studies 2059

History & Culture of Pakistan

Chapter Number 11

Early Problems of Pakistan

TABLE OF CONTENT

o TIMELINE FOR CHAPTER

o CHAPTER SUMMARY

o KEY DETAILS & FACTS

o EXPECTED QUESTIONS & ANSWERS / CHECKLIST

o EXAMPLE SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS

o MARKING SCHEME FOR CHAPTER

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TIMELINE OF CHAPTER

1947 – Redcliff awards

1947 – Birth of Pakistan
1947 – Refugees issue & military related problems
1947 – Geographical issue & financial issues
1947 – water canal dispute & administrative problems
1948 – Kashmir issue & leadership problem
1948 – Linguistic issues faced by Pakistan
1948 – Annexation of princely states by India

CHAPTER SUMMARY

Pakistan emerged on the atlas of the world on 14th of August 1947 as the first ideological state.

As every newly born state, organization or institution has to face initial challenges in the start

Pakistan was also facing many critical challenges in its beginning. This country was an end

result of a hectic political struggle led by the Muslims of Sub-continent during 1857-1947 in

which almost 1 million people lost their lives and millions suffered directly or indirectly.in this unit

the core information is based upon those challenges which were faced by Pakistan in the

teething years of its history. Creation of Pakistan assigned new roles to its pioneers and

because of efforts inserted by them it was able to overcome few of them in the following years

but still the country is striving against some of those initial problems like Kashmir issue and

water canal dispute. The focal point of understanding in this unit is to deeply go through the

early problems and response of the state towards them primarily, Pakistan faced in

establishment of an independent state during 1947-48 like refugee crisis, financial issue,

leadership issue and linguistic crisis further on the secondary bases that how these were

challenging the country in its way towards progress in the following years.

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KEY DETAILS & FACTS FROM THE CHAPTER 11:

Key information which is required to answer this chapter is based on understanding:

1) Detailed information about the early days of Pakistan.

2) Political, economic, linguistic and geographical challenges Pakistan faced after 1947.

3) Refugee crisis, water canal dispute, Kashmir issue Pakistan faced after 1947.

4) How Pakistan responded towards those challenges during 1947-48.

EARLY PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN

PROBLEMATIC REDCLIFF AWARDS

To give practical shape to the 3rd June plan of 1947 Lord Mountbatten appointed a boundary

commission under Sir Cyril Redcliff to implement division plan of sub-continent in 1947 this

boundary commission is also known as Punjab boundary commission. Allocation of territories,

resources and international borders between Pakistan and India was the major responsibility of

the commission. Today, its western side is part of the India–Pakistan border while its eastern

side serves as the Bangladesh–India border. Redcliff awards became reason behind many

post-independence problems for both the newly born states of Pakistan and India as it had

many flaws, miscalculations and observations in its drafting likewise the issue of Khalistan and

Kashmir is a backlash of these unjustified awards under which realities were ignored by the

British representatives in its formulation. Redcliff made the use of his powers in the wrong

direction and handed over Muslims majority areas. In such areas, we count the names of

Gurdaspur, Firozpur, and Junagadh to India. It was a complete unjust. This commission

increased the concerns of the Muslim community of India as well as Hindus because many

areas were demarked while ignoring the ground realities.

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GEOGRAPHICAL ISSUE BETWEEN EAST & WEST PAKISTAN

Pakistan was the combination of two territorial separate wings east and west Pakistan which

were having almost a distance of 1000 miles away from each other which made it difficult to

manage the administration, unity and socialization of the Pakistani nation. The Geographical

gap between the two wings and India as the enemy state between them made things more

problematic for Pakistan after 1947. As per many surveys 76% east Pakistani’s were never able

to visit west Pakistan till 1971 and in the same way 71% of the west Pakistani’s were never able

to interact physically with east Pakistan. The management of the two wings from Karachi made

things further difficult and because the geographical differences east Pakistan wanted to liberate

it self from the concept of Pakistan as state and struggled for independence till 1971. The Indian

refusal to cooperate in this regard by utilizing their land to reach out in east Pakistan from the

west by road network only left Pakistan’s with the option of airlift from one wing to another which

use to take 7 hours to reach from one wing to another and it was that much expensive which

was not able to be afforded by more than 80% Population of both wings. Inshort the

geographical mismatch between the two wings aided the dismemberment of Pakistan during

1947-1971.

LANGUAGE ISSUE

Pakistan is a multi-lingual country where variety of cultures are co-existing as a nation. She is

home to largely Balochi Sindi Pashtun Punjabi, Bengalis ethnic backgrounds which have their

own native languages, traditions, customs and practices. The east Pakistan was comparatively

a smaller territorial region than the west Pakistan but the population of east Pakistan was larger

than the west, 54-55% of the total population of Pakistan was living in east and were mainly

Bengali as ethnic group and wanted to see and practice Bengali as the national language of the

country being in majority. The decision of the basic principal committee in 1951 and support for

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Urdu as the national language of Pakistan by Jinnah during his lifetime started a language

controversy between the east and west Pakistan. Awami league started to support and fuel this

issue as the way to attain independence of east Pakistan in this context the state language day

was observed by east Pakistan’s to highlight the significance of this issue and demand the right

of language in 1952.The question as to what would be the state language of Pakistan was

raised immediately after its creation. The central leaders and the Urdu-speaking intellectuals of

Pakistan declared that Urdu would be the state language of Pakistan, just as Hindi was the state

language of India. The students and intellectuals of East Pakistan, however, demanded that

Bangla be made one of the state languages. After a lot of controversy over the language issue,

the final demand from East Pakistan was that Bangla must be the official language and the

medium of instruction in East Pakistan and for the central government it would be one of the

state languages along with Urdu. From every 21st march to 24th march east Pakistan’s use to

observe the state language day under the leadership of Awami league to advocate the

importance of Bangla language for them this demand was ignored by the government of west

Pakistan during the years 1948-71 which resulted into an origin of the major factor behind the

dismemberment of Pakistan. This language issue was also raised by six-point formula of sheikh

Mujeeb-ur-Rehman but its continuous rejection from west in one way or another ignited the civil

war of 1971 ultimately resulting into murder of two nation theory in December 1971.

WATER CANAL DISPUTE

Dispute duration of the canal water was another one of the basic challenges that were faced by

Pakistan after the Independence. Majority of the rivers that were flowing in Pakistan had their

origin in Karakoram or Himalayan range of Pakistan but because of the topographical features

of that region the water flow into India and then reenter Pakistan from Skardu. In the year 1948,

India did stop the water supply to the side of Pakistan canals that damaged their agriculture

system massively. The Indian plans to build water storage on the rivers that was vital for

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Pakistan’s economy worsened the situation. It also showed the traditional anti-Muslim attitude.

Because of this water Canal dispute Pakistan saw its first drought in the country in 1954 during

Malik Gulam Muhammad era. As Pakistan was based on an agricultural oriented economy

water was its basic necessity. Pakistan took this problem to the world Bank and in 1960 under

Ayub khan from Pakistan and Nehru from India a water base treaty was signed as Indus water

treaty. The World Bank settled the problem in September 1960 under Indus Water Treaty.

ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUE

The shortage of trained human power especially senior officers was a serious problem in the

setting up of federal government in Karachi. Most of them had migrated to India. There was a

shortage of office space, equipment and furniture. This disturbed the direct connections

between the federal government and provincial governments. On the other hand, the provincial

governments were overburdened that needed very accurate connection between the center and

the provinces to solve the problems of the Muslim refugees who had nothing to eat, drink, wear,

rest, etc. To counter the critical situation, the official system should have been efficient but due

to the lack of all these facilities the administrative authorities were painfully facing difficulties.

Jinnah in this regard did a lot of struggles and appointed his first cabinet with prime minister

Liaquat Ali khan, various British officials were hired from British officers to setup an

administrative system. Institutionalization was done and the first navel, Airforce chief alongside

governor state bank was nominated by him to resolve this issue during 1947-48.

SOCAIL ISSUES

Pakistan is home to multi ethnic groups it’s a blend of Pashtoon, Sindhi, Balochi, Punjabi and

Bengali culture and traditions all these people and groups after independence wanted to remain

intact with their own specific community but it was important for Pakistan’s progress that all

these groups must behave as a nation and contribute towards the development of the country.

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to provide them with this realization was a major challenge for the founding fathers of Pakistan

that they must leave their ethnic identify behind and work as a nation for Pakistan.

ANNEXATION OF PRINCELY STATES

There were over 560 princely states in India on the verge of the partition of India. About 500

states had joined India before August 15 because of the motivation by V. P. Menon and

Mountbatten. The princes were inclined to honor every gesture of the British representative so

they conceded what the member of the Royal family (Mountbatten) wished. The Hindu-British

conspiracy blocked states to join Pakistan.

Junagadh

It was a small state with access to sea having about 7 lakh population and 3377-mile area. The

ruler was Muslim while the majority of its population was Hindu. The ruler decided to accede to

Pakistan and Pakistan also accepted the accession. In November 1947, the Indian troops

entered the state and took its control. The referendum favored India.

Hyderabad

It was geographically big and financially a rich state. Its ruler was Muslim and majority

population was Hindu. It was surrounded by India from all sides. The Nizam wanted to stay

independent. Mountbatten discouraged him and signed Standstill Agreement. But India built

pressure on the Nizam by sending its troops in September 1948 claiming that serious law and

order situation had developed. The state was integrated in India.

Kashmir

The most important state was Kashmir naturally connected with Pakistan. Its ruler was Hindu

while population was Muslim. The population inclined towards Pakistan but the Hindu ruler

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declared to join India. The Kashmiri people revolt against the ruler in Poonch area and soon it

became widespread. The ruler sought Indian support. India demanded accession. On October

27, 1947 Indian troops landed in Srinagar. The people continued their struggle for

independence and India promised to finally settle the matter with reference to the people under

the UN Resolutions but still the promise is not fulfilled and people of Kashmir are on active for

liberation movement.

REFUGEE CRISIS

in the years immediately before partition, there was widespread violence between the Muslims

and the non-Muslims communities across India. Although Indian National Congress and

the Muslim League called for calm, the summer of 1947 saw rioting which led to numerous

deaths. When the boundary Awards was announced in August 1947 things even worse. Millions

of people found themselves living in the wrong country and became victims of communal

attacks. The only answer was for Muslims to move into Pakistan and non-Muslims to move into

India. So began what happens was the largest migration ever witnessed in the history of

mankind and also some of the worst scenes of communal violence. Partition had been made

along religious lines in the hopes of easing tensions between Muslims and Hindu communities-

instead it made matter worse. Over 10 million people had removed from India to Pakistan or in

the other direction by January 1948. Some moved willingly, taking as many of their possessions

with them as they could. Others fled from violence and often arrived in their new country with

nothing at all. The violence was sometimes orchestrated by the local authorities and many

Muslim historians believe that Hindus and Sikhs had an organized program for the massacre of

Muslim refugees. In the non-Muslim princely states, there were examples of state troops being

used to support attacks on Muslims. It is also true, however, that atrocities were carried out by

Muslims as a tide of communal hatred swept across the subcontinent in late 1947.

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Estimates for the death toll vary considerably, but it is likely that as many as a million men,

women and children died as a result of the violence or the rigors of the long journey. Nearly 20

million people were made homeless and both India and Pakistan faced enormous problems as

huge numbers of refugees fled to them for safety. Karachi alone received nearly two million

refugees in 1947. Not surprisingly, it was extremely difficult for these people to be

accommodated. Pakistan in particular, as a new and not wealthy country, did not have the

necessary facilities to house millions of new citizens.

Some of these refugees were so distressed by their hardship that they turned on the local

population of different religions. In September 1947the authorities in Delhi had to declare martial

law as non-Muslims refugees had begun a slaughter of local Muslims. By the end of 1947 India

and Pakistan were so concerned about the communal violence that they began to cooperate in

trying to control it. This led to more orderly evacuation of refugees from one country to the other,

but it did not completely end the violence.

MILITARY RELATED ISSUES

As far as the problem in dividing man power there was no serious setback because the division

was not in the hand of third person and Muslims were free to come to their dreamland, Pakistan.

Anyhow, their shifting was slow and insecure. There were obstacles in the Pakistan’s share of

weapons, equipment, and stores. The broken and damaged stuff was sent by India. Pakistan

did not get any ordinance factory. Reorganization of the Armed Forces was another tough job

and the there was no army officer up to the rank of colonel. The shortage of experienced

officers convinced British officers to continue their services. This also accelerated undue

promotion in the military services to fill the gap. To overcome this issue Jinnah after 1947 setup

the first ordinance factory at Wah Cantt and started to weaponized its self again India from the

eastern front and Afghanistan from the western front.

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PAKHTUNISTAN ISSUES

Pakistan did not only and still face problems from his eastern fronts from India as his enemy

state but also from its western fronts as well as Afghanistan raised its concerns about Durand

line immediately after 1947. Afghans advocated and believe that the western parts of Pakistan

specially tribals areas of the country are part of Pakhtunistan which is a province of Afghanistan

rather than Pakistan. The rejected the international border lines between the countries and

demanded the exclusion of these areas from map of Pakistan. Since 1947 Afghanistan is

opposing Pakistan internationally on this issue and the relations between these two countries

are highly affected by Pakhtunistan issue.

PROBLEM OF DIVISION OF FINANCIAL ISSUES

The full financial share of Pakistan was not transferred. Initially rupees 200 million were

transferred that were not sufficient to meet the expenditures of the newly born state. The Indian

government was so reactionary that it tried its level best to block these funds to suffocate the

newly born Muslim state as they expected foolishly that Pakistan would collapse and rejoin India

soon after its existence. They did not release the remaining funds until Gandhi’s threat of fast

until death. Under this pressure, more funds were sent in early 1948 but no installment was later

paid. India devalued its currency in 1949 but Pakistan refused to do so. It stopped trade that

adversely affected Pakistan’s economy as it depended on trade from India. Pakistan had

inherited a weak economy and poor industrial base. The beginning years of Pakistan were

troubled and difficult due to the India’s non-helpful policy and the war in Kashmir. It had

profound impact on Pakistan’s worldview and its relations with India. Pakistan strived for its

survival and security. Many Indians and the British predicted the collapse of Pakistan. They

were of the opinion that very soon the Muslims would realize their blunder. They would be

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forced by the circumstances to go back to join India. But Pakistan, by the grace of almighty

Allah, was able to meet the challenge even with its problems.

KASHMIR ISSUES

The Kashmir dispute is one of the worst problems in Pakistan till now. It is an alarming and

unsolved problem yet. Due to the majority of Kashmir’s population is Muslim so it is the part of

Pakistan naturally. The Hindu Dogra with the Indian Government declares Kashmir the part of

India. But due to noncooperation of India, this problem is still unsolved. The most important

state was Kashmir naturally connected with Pakistan after 1947. Its ruler was Hindu while

population was Muslim. The population inclined towards Pakistan but the Hindu ruler declared

to join India. The Kashmiri people revolt against the ruler in Poonch area and soon it became

widespread. The ruler sought Indian support. India demanded accession. On October 27,1947

Indian troops landed in Srinagar. The people continued their struggle for independence and

India promised to finally settle the matter with reference to the people under the UN Resolutions

but still have not fulfilled the promise and the struggle of the people is continued for liberation of

Kashmir against Indian illegal occupation. Jinnah after 1947 wanted to join UN as he wanted to

float the Kashmir issue on international platform to get its decision done. In 1948 Pakistan

joined UN and advocated the cause of Kashmir since than Pakistan had fought many wars with

India over Kashmir like in 196, 1971, 1999 but still this issue is not resolved and is the bone of

contention between India and Pakistan till date.

LEADERSHIP ISSUES

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the main towering figure responsible for creating

Pakistan. He was a source of motivation and inspiration to the nation. He could lead the nation

in the right direction. Unfortunately, Quaid died shortly after the creation of Pakistan, and his

untimely death left a huge political gap in the country that any other political leader couldn’t fill.

Further the first prime minister of Pakistan Liaquat Ali Khan was assassinated in 1951 leading

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towards deep leadership issues in Pakistan resulting into martial law of 1958 eventually. Had

Quaid-e-Azam been alive for some time, the history of Pakistan would have been changed.

EXPECTED 4 MARKS QUESTIONS CHECKLIST

1. What were the geographical issues Pakistan faced after 1947?

2. What was Pakhtunistan issue?

3. Write about Linguistic issue Pakistan faced after 1947?

4. What was water canal dispute after 1947?

5. Discuss refugee crisis of Pakistan after independence.

6. What was financial issue Pakistan faced after 1947.

7. Write about Kashmir problem between Pakistan and India?

8. Discuss Social problems of Pakistan after 1947.

9. Write about military related issues Pakistan faced after 1947?

EXPECTED 7 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Why was Pakistan faced with a refugee problem in 1947?

 Impacts of the refugee’s arrival in Pakistan.

Example: Why financial issues were faced by Pakistan after its creation?

2. Explain why Kashmir is important for Pakistan?

 Importance of Kashmir for Pakistan will be discussed.

3. Explain Why Pakistan went through problems related to annexation of princely states

after 1947.

 Annexation of princely states between Pakistan and India will be discussed.

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EXPECTED 14 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. How successful was the government of Pakistan in solving the problems of Partition

during 1947 and 1948? Explain your answer.

 Successes and failures in resolving early problems of Pakistan will be discussed. Content

will remain same with little bit of change in format of answer

Example: The government of Pakistan was totally successful in solving the problems of
Partition during 1947 and 1948.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer
.
2. Do you think that water canal dispute was the only initial problem Pakistan faced after

1947.give reasons to support your answer?

 Water canal dispute and other problems will be discussed. Content will remain

same with little bit of change in format of answer

Example: The geographical problem was the main problem Pakistan faced after 1947, Do

you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.

3. Annexation of princely states by India was more important than any other problem

Pakistan faced after its creation. Do you agree or disagree? Explain your answer.

 Causes of dismemberment of East Pakistan will be discussed. Content will remain same with

little bit of change in format of answer

Example: The administrative challenges were the greatest challenge Pakistan faced after
its creation in 1947.Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer

ANSWERS FOR EXPECTED QUESTIONS FROM CHAPTER

4 MARKS
1. What were the geographical issues Pakistan faced after 1947?

Pakistan was the combination of two territorial separate wings east and west Pakistan which

were having almost a distance of 1000 miles away from each other which made it difficult to
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manage the administration, unity and socialization of the Pakistani nation. The Geographical

gap between the two wings and India as the enemy state between them made things more

problematic for Pakistan after 1947. As per many surveys 76% east Pakistani’s were never able

to visit west Pakistan till 1971 and in the same way 71% of the west Pakistani’s were never able

to interact physically with east Pakistan. The management of the two wings from Karachi made

things further difficult and because the geographical differences east Pakistan wanted to liberate

itself from the concept of Pakistan as state and struggled for independence till 1971.

2. What was Pakhtunistan issue?

Pakistan did not only and still face problems from his eastern fronts from India as his enemy

state but also from its western fronts as well as Afghanistan raised its concerns about Durand

line immediately after 1947. Afghans advocated and believe that the western parts of Pakistan

specially tribals areas of the country are part of Pakhtunistan which is a province of Afghanistan

rather than Pakistan. The rejected the international border lines between the countries and

demanded the exclusion of these areas from map of Pakistan. Since 1947 Afghanistan is

opposing Pakistan internationally on this issue and the relations between these two countries

are highly affected by Pakhtunistan issue.

3. Write about Linguistic issue Pakistan faced after 1947?

Pakistan is a multi-lingual country where variety of cultures are co-existing as a nation. She is

home to largely Balochi Sindi Pashtun Punjabi, Bengalis ethnic backgrounds which have their

own native languages, traditions, customs and practices After the establishment of Pakistan,

there was huge language controversy speared over Pakistan. The members of constitutional

assembly laid stress on the national language. The members of East Pakistan demanded to

regulate Bengali as National Language and other communities also wanted to support their

native languages in this regard. But in 1947, Quaid-e-Azam declared Urdu and Urdu alone

would be the national language of Pakistan creating linguistic issue in Pakistan.

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4. What was water canal dispute after 1947?

Majority of the rivers that were flowing in Pakistan had their origin in Karakoram or Himalayan

range of Pakistan but because of the topographical features of that region the water flow into

India and then reenter Pakistan from Skardu. In the year 1948, India did stop the water supply

to the side of Pakistan canals that damaged their agriculture system massively. The Indian

plans to build water storage on the rivers that was vital for Pakistan’s economy worsened the

situation. It also showed the traditional anti-Muslim attitude. Because of this water Canal dispute

Pakistan saw its first drought in the country in 1954 during Malik Gulam Muhammad era. As

Pakistan was based on an agricultural oriented economy water was its basic necessity.

5. Discuss refugee crisis of Pakistan after independence.

Creation of Pakistan was also the largest migration ever witnessed in the history of mankind and

also some of the worst scenes of communal violence. Partition had been made along religious

lines in the hopes of easing tensions between Muslims and Hindu communities-instead it made

matter worse. Over 10 million people had removed from India to Pakistan or in the other

direction by January 1948. Some moved willingly, taking as many of their possessions with

them as they could. Others fled from violence and often arrived in their new country with nothing

at all. Almost 1 million people lost lives in this process and the refugees which reached Pakistan

were penny less robed off from their belongings killed looted during the journey.

What was financial issue Pakistan faced after 1947.

In order to embarrass Pakistan financially, India did a lot of dishonesty in the matters of

Pakistan which were concerned with its benefits. Pakistan was promised to get Rs.750 million

but the Bharat Government refused to give. Pakistan received only 200 million. Pakistan also

did not receive the due share of the military assets. This dishonest attitude put Pakistan into

great difficulties. Pakistan had inherited a weak economy and poor industrial base. The

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beginning years of Pakistan were troubled and difficult due to the India’s non-helpful policy and

the war in Kashmir

6. Write about Kashmir problem between Pakistan and India?

The Kashmir dispute is one of the worst problems in Pakistan till now. It is an alarming and

unsolved problem yet. Due to the majority of Kashmir’s population is Muslim so it is the part of

Pakistan naturally. The Hindu Dogra with the Indian Government declares Kashmir the part of

India. But due to noncooperation of India, this problem is still unsolved. The most important

state was Kashmir naturally connected with Pakistan after 1947. Its ruler was Hindu while

population was Muslim. The population inclined towards Pakistan but the Hindu ruler declared

to join India. The Kashmiri people revolt against the ruler in Poonch area and soon it became

widespread. The ruler sought Indian support. India demanded accession. On October 27,1947

Indian troops landed in Srinagar. The people continued their struggle for independence and

India promised to finally settle the matter with reference to the people under the UN Resolutions

7. Discuss Social problems of Pakistan after 1947.

Pakistan is home to multi ethnic groups it’s a blend of Pashtoon, Sindhi, Balochi, Punjabi and

Bengali culture and traditions all these people and groups after independence wanted to remain

intact with their own specific community but it was important for Pakistan’s progress that all

these groups must behave as a nation and contribute towards the development of the country.

to provide them with this realization was a major challenge for the founding fathers of Pakistan

that they must leave their ethnic identify behind and work as a nation for Pakistan.

8. Write about military related issues Pakistan faced after 1947?

There were obstacles in the Pakistan’s share of weapons, equipment, and stores. The broken

and damaged stuff was sent by India. Pakistan did not get any ordinance factory.

Reorganization of the Armed Forces was another tough job and the there was no army officer

up to the rank of colonel. The shortage of experienced officers convinced British officers to
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continue their services. This also accelerated undue promotion in the military services to fill the

gap. To overcome this issue Jinnah after 1947 setup the first ordinance factory at Wah Cantt

and started to weaponized its self again India from the eastern front and Afghanistan from the

western front.

7 MARKS

1. Why Pakistan faced refugee crisis after 1947?

in the years immediately before partition, there was widespread violence between the Muslims

and the non-Muslims communities across India. Although Indian National Congress and

the Muslim League called for calm, the summer of 1947 saw rioting which led to numerous

deaths. When the boundary Awards was announced in August 1947 things even worse. Millions

of people found themselves living in the wrong country and became victims of communal

attacks. The only answer was for Muslims to move into Pakistan and non-Muslims to move into

India. So began what happens was the largest migration ever witnessed in the history of

mankind and also some of the worst scenes of communal violence. Partition had been made

along religious lines in the hopes of easing tensions between Muslims and Hindu communities-

instead it made matter worse. Over 10 million people had removed from India to Pakistan or in

the other direction by January 1948. Some moved willingly, taking as many of their possessions

with them as they could. Others fled from violence and often arrived in their new country with

nothing at all.

Furthermore, the violence was sometimes orchestrated by the local authorities and many

Muslim historians believe that Hindus and Sikhs had an organized program for the massacre of

Muslim refugees. In the non-Muslim princely states, there were examples of state troops being

used to support attacks on Muslims. It is also true, however, that atrocities were carried out by

Muslims as a tide of communal hatred swept across the subcontinent in late 1947.

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Estimates for the death toll vary considerably, but it is likely that as many as a million men,

women and children died as a result of the violence or the rigors of the long journey. Nearly 20

million people were made homeless and both India and Pakistan faced enormous problems as

huge numbers of refugees fled to them for safety. Karachi alone received nearly two million

refugees in 1947. Not surprisingly, it was extremely difficult for these people to be

accommodated. Pakistan in particular, as a new and not wealthy country, did not have the

necessary facilities to house millions of new citizens. Lastly, some of these refugees were so

distressed by their hardship that they turned on the local population of different religions. In

September 1947the authorities in Delhi had to declare martial law as non-Muslims refugees had

begun a slaughter of local Muslims. By the end of 1947 India and Pakistan were so concerned

about the communal violence that they began to cooperate in trying to control it. This led to

more orderly evacuation of refugees from one country to the other, but it did not completely end

the violence

2. Explain why Kashmir is important for Pakistan?

Kashmir is the bone of contention between Pakistan and India since 1947 and both these states

have not fought only two major and three small scale wars but are always hostile to each other

on many occasions since 1948.Many developments like Liaquat Nehru pact of 1950 Tashkent

agreement of 1966, Simla agreement of 1972 and Lahore declaration of 1999 took place but

nothing has been successful in resolving this issue between Pakistan and India because of

many important reasons for both these states in context of Pakistan specially Kashmir is

important as its drainage system heavily depend on the territory of Kashmir. Indus river system

naturally flows into the Kashmir and from Srinagar it passes back to its territory if Pakistan is

going to lose its interest in Kashmir it would suffer in its irrigation and water related needs.

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Moreover, Kashmir is land of many tangible and non-tangible resources like its tourism sector.

The agricultural resources add additional value to the importance of Kashmir for Pakistan as

well. Its economic importance in terms of various types of resource it offers can play important

role in the development of Pakistan economy this is why. Kashmir is important to Pakistan in

many ways. The territory is valuable, along with oil and water, as much as it is connected to the

rest of the world

Furthermore, strategic importance of Kashmir pushes Pakistan to stay alert on the issue of

Kashmir always as Kashmir is the gateway towards Pakistan from India and in the case of war

or defense India can easily access Pakistan through this region. Line of control demarcated on

the territory of Kashmir play role of a barrier between India and Pakistan and it is important for

the defense of Pakistan in any future war with India so that is why Pakistan stands with this

issue since 1948.

3. Explain Why Pakistan went through problems related to annexation of princely states

after 1947?

At the time of Partition, the subcontinent’s 565 princely states were ruled by Nawabs, Nizams,

and Maharajas. At partition the states were told that they could stay independent but Lord

Mountbatten advised them to choose between joining India or Pakistan. In most cases this

presented no problem the majority of states had Hindu rulers and so joined India. The largest

princely states to join Pakistan were Bahawalpur, Khairpur, and Kalat. But some states were

cause to problems likewise Hyderabad State was the largest princely state in the subcontinent

with a population of 16 million, of which 85% was Hindu. Although Hyderabad State was

completely surrounded by Indian territory the Nizam. A Muslim ruler who in 1937 was the richest

man in the world with a fortunate of US $ 1.4 Billion-tried to remain independent. The Indian

government put pressure on him to join India and in August 1948 complained that armed

Muslims were raiding Villages on India’s side of the Hyderabad border. The Nizam complained

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about India to the United Nations and appealed to England’s King George VI but in September

1948, only days after the death of Quaid-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Indian troops invaded

Hyderabad State. In four days, Hyderabad state was part of India.

Further the population of Junagadh State, a small coastal state 300 miles south east of Karachi,

was mostly Hindu. However, the Nawab was a Muslim and despite the fact that his state was so

far from Pakistan, he wanted it to be part of Pakistan. The Indian government sent troops to

surrounded the state. The railways were stopped and Junagadh State ran short of food. The

Nawab and his family escaped to Karachi. In November 1947 the troops moved in and India

took control of the state. Six months later the Indian government held a referendum in Junagadh

State in which a majority of people stated that they wished to join India. Pakistan refused to

accept this result and protested to the United Nations, but the situation was not resolved.

Lastly The Kashmir dispute is one of the worst problems in Pakistan till now. It is an alarming

and unsolved problem yet. Due to the majority of Kashmir’s population is Muslim so it is the part

of Pakistan naturally. The Hindu Dogra with the Indian Government declares Kashmir the part of

India. But due to noncooperation of India, this problem is still unsolved. The most important

state was Kashmir naturally connected with Pakistan after 1947. Its ruler was Hindu while

population was Muslim. The population inclined towards Pakistan but the Hindu ruler declared

to join India. The Kashmiri people revolt against the ruler in Poonch area and soon it became

widespread. The ruler sought Indian support. India demanded accession. On October 27,1947

Indian troops landed in Srinagar. The people continued their struggle for independence and

India promised to finally settle the matter with reference to the people under the UN Resolutions

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14 MARKS

1. Do you think that water canal dispute was the only initial problem Pakistan faced after

1947.give reasons to support your answer?

Pakistan was striving against many challenges after its creation as political, economic, social

and military based issues in the teething years of Pakistan kept the administration engaged in

dealing with them which resulted into growth of many other challenges in the upcoming years

for Pakistan among those issues water canal dispute was the most vital one as Majority of the

rivers that were flowing in Pakistan had their origin in Karakoram or Himalayan range of

Pakistan but because of the topographical features of that region the water flow into India and

then reenter Pakistan from Skardu. In the year 1948, India did stop the water supply to the side

of Pakistan canals that damaged their agriculture system massively. The Indian plans to build

water storage on the rivers that was vital for Pakistan’s economy worsened the situation. It also

showed the traditional anti-Muslim attitude. Because of this water Canal dispute Pakistan saw

its first drought in the country in 1954 during Malik Gulam Muhammad era. As Pakistan was

based on an agricultural oriented economy water was its basic necessity. Pakistan took this

problem to the world Bank and in 1960 under Ayub khan from Pakistan and Nehru from India a

water base treaty was signed as Indus water treaty. The World Bank settled the problem in

September 1960 under Indus Water Treaty. Apart from this issue another challenges haunted

Pakistan’s way towards progress after 1947 which was administrative issue as the shortage of

trained human power especially senior officers was a serious problem in the setting up of

federal government in Karachi. Most of them had migrated to India. There was a shortage of

office space, equipment and furniture. This disturbed the direct connections between the federal

government and provincial governments. On the other hand, the provincial governments were

overburdened that needed very accurate connection between the center and the provinces to
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solve the problems of the Muslim refugees who had nothing to eat, drink, wear, rest, etc. To

counter the critical situation, the official system should have been efficient but due to the lack of

all these facilities the administrative authorities were painfully facing difficulties. Jinnah in this

regard did a lot of struggles and appointed his first cabinet with prime minister Liaquat Ali khan,

various British officials were hired from British officers to setup an administrative system.

Institutionalization was done and the first navel, Airforce chief alongside governor state bank

was nominated by him to resolve this issue during 1947-48.

furthermore, Pakistan did not only and still face problems from his eastern fronts from India as

his enemy state but also from its western fronts as well as Afghanistan raised its concerns about

Durand line immediately after 1947. Afghans advocated and believe that the western parts of

Pakistan specially tribals areas of the country are part of Pakhtunistan which is a province of

Afghanistan rather than Pakistan. The rejected the international border lines between the

countries and demanded the exclusion of these areas from map of Pakistan. Since 1947

Afghanistan is opposing Pakistan internationally on this issue and the relations between these

two countries are highly affected by Pakhtunistan issue. Lastly the leadership issue also created

problems for Pakistan as Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the main towering figure

responsible for creating Pakistan. He was a source of motivation and inspiration to the nation.

He could lead the nation in the right direction. Unfortunately, Quaid died shortly after the

creation of Pakistan, and his untimely death left a huge political gap in the country that any other

political leader couldn’t fill. Further the first prime minister of Pakistan Liaquat Ali Khan was

assassinated in 1951 leading towards deep leadership issues in Pakistan resulting into martial

law of 1958 eventually. Had Quaid-e-Azam been alive for some time, the history of Pakistan

would have been changed.

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2. The administrative challenges were the greatest challenge Pakistan faced after its

creation in 1947.Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.

Pakistan was striving against many challenges after its creation as political, economic, social

and military based issues in the teething years of Pakistan kept the administration engaged in

dealing with them which resulted into growth of many other challenges in the upcoming years of

Pakistan among those issues administrative issue as the shortage of trained human power

especially senior officers was a serious problem in the setting up of federal government in

Karachi. Most of them had migrated to India. There was a shortage of office space, equipment

and furniture. This disturbed the direct connections between the federal government and

provincial governments. On the other hand, the provincial governments were overburdened that

needed very accurate connection between the center and the provinces to solve the problems

of the Muslim refugees who had nothing to eat, drink, wear, rest, etc. To counter the critical

situation, the official system should have been efficient but due to the lack of all these facilities

the administrative authorities were painfully facing difficulties. Jinnah in this regard did a lot of

struggles and appointed his first cabinet with prime minister Liaquat Ali khan, various British

officials were hired from British officers to setup an administrative system. Institutionalization

was done and the first navel, Airforce chief alongside governor state bank was nominated by

him to resolve this issue during 1947-48. furthermore, Pakistan did not only and still face

problems from his eastern fronts from India as his enemy state but also from its western fronts

as well as Afghanistan raised its concerns about Durand line immediately after 1947. Afghans

advocated and believe that the western parts of Pakistan specially tribals areas of the country

are part of Pakhtunistan which is a province of Afghanistan rather than Pakistan. The rejected

the international border lines between the countries and demanded the exclusion of these areas

from map of Pakistan. Since 1947 Afghanistan is opposing Pakistan internationally on this issue

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and the relations between these two countries are highly affected by Pakhtunistan issue.

Moreover, there were obstacles in the Pakistan’s share of weapons, equipment, and stores. The

broken and damaged stuff was sent by India. Pakistan did not get any ordinance factory.

Reorganization of the Armed Forces was another tough job and the there was no army officer

up to the rank of colonel. The shortage of experienced officers convinced British officers to

continue their services. This also accelerated undue promotion in the military services to fill the

gap. To overcome this issue Jinnah after 1947 setup the first ordinance factory at Wah Cantt

and started to weaponized its self again India from the eastern front and Afghanistan from the

western front.

Lastly the leadership issue also created problems for Pakistan as Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali

Jinnah was the main towering figure responsible for creating Pakistan. He was a source of

motivation and inspiration to the nation. He could lead the nation in the right

direction. Unfortunately, Quaid died shortly after the creation of Pakistan, and his untimely death

left a huge political gap in the country that any other political leader couldn’t fill. Further the first

prime minister of Pakistan Liaquat Ali Khan was assassinated in 1951 leading towards deep

leadership issues in Pakistan resulting into martial law of 1958 eventually. Had Quaid-e-Azam

been alive for some time, the history of Pakistan would have been changed.

3. How successful was the government of Pakistan in solving the problems of Partition

during 1947 and 1948? Explain your answer.

Pakistan was striving against many challenges after its creation as political, economic, social

and military based issues in the teething years of Pakistan kept the administration engaged in

dealing with them during 1947-1948 Among many issues one of the major issue governments of

Pakistan faced was financial issue in order to embarrass Pakistan financially, India did a lot of

dishonesty in the matters of Pakistan which were concerned with its benefits. Pakistan was

promised to get Rs.750 million but the Bharat Government refused to give. Pakistan received

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only 200 million. Pakistan also did not receive the due share of the military assets. This

dishonest attitude put Pakistan into great difficulties. Pakistan had inherited a weak economy

and poor industrial base. To fix this problem government under Jinnah inaugurated state bank

of Pakistan in 1948 for regulation of the economy in the country. Further Jinnah invited private

banks to operate in Pakistan as it could lead to the solution of the financial problems Pakistan

was facing as newly born state after 1947. Regulation of economy and reforms for such

developments no doubt put Pakistan to progress under during 1947-48. Further another early

problem for Pakistan was refugee crisis as creation of Pakistan was also the largest migration

ever witnessed in the history of mankind and also some of the worst scenes of communal

violence. Partition had been made along religious lines in the hopes of easing tensions between

Muslims and Hindu communities-instead it made matter worse. Over 10 million people had

removed from India to Pakistan or in the other direction by January 1948. Some moved willingly,

taking as many of their possessions with them as they could. Others fled from violence and

often arrived in their new country with nothing at all. Almost 1 million people lost lives in this

process and the refugees which reached Pakistan were penny less robed off from their

belongings killed looted during the journey. In this regard government under Jinnah during

1947-1948 started to work day and night to settle these refugees into Pakistan and assigned

them the best places in the country like Karachi and Hyderabad to settle further he established

relief fund for the refugees are urged people of Pakistan to help these people as well. His

concern and response towards refugee crisis and minorities in Pakistan after 1947 allotted him

the title of protector general of Pakistan besides these issues another vital challenge was the

shortage of trained human power especially senior officers was a serious problem in the setting

up of federal government in Karachi. Most of them had migrated to India. There was a shortage

of office space, equipment and furniture. This disturbed the direct connections between the

federal government and provincial governments. On the other hand, the provincial governments

were overburdened that needed very accurate connection between the center and the provinces
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to solve the problems of the Muslim refugees who had nothing to eat, drink, wear, rest, etc. To

counter the critical situation, the official system should have been efficient but due to the lack of

all these facilities the administrative authorities were painfully facing difficulties. Jinnah in this

regard did a lot of struggles and appointed his first cabinet with prime minister Liaquat Ali khan,

various British officials were hired from British officers to setup an administrative system.

Institutionalization was done and the first navel, Airforce chief alongside governor state bank

was nominated by him to resolve this issue during 1947-48. Whereas government was able to

resolve many problems effectively but few among them remained unaddressed properly during

this phase and still are waiting for the solution like Majority of the rivers that were flowing in

Pakistan had their origin in Karakoram or Himalayan range of Pakistan but because of the

topographical features of that region the water flow into India and then reenter Pakistan from

Skardu. In the year 1948, India did stop the water supply to the side of Pakistan canals that

damaged their agriculture system massively. The Indian plans to build water storage on the

rivers that was vital for Pakistan’s economy worsened the situation. It also showed the

traditional anti-Muslim attitude. Because of this water Canal dispute Pakistan saw its first

drought in the country in 1954 during Malik Gulam Muhammad era. As Pakistan was based on

an agricultural oriented economy water was its basic necessity. Pakistan took this problem to

the world Bank and in 1960 under Ayub khan from Pakistan and Nehru from India a water base

treaty was signed as Indus water treaty. The World Bank settled the problem in September

1960 under Indus Water Treaty but still in present the India is not obeying the terms and

violating the treaty on many occasions. Lastly Kashmir issue is among those issues which

originated in 1948 because of Indian illegal occupation of Kashmir but government was and not

has been able to resolve this issue effectively as many efforts were done during 1947-48 to

settle this dispute like Jinnah Joined United Nations in 1948 and attempted to draw their

attention to Kashmir problem. Besides many resolutions has been passed by UN since than the

Indian disobedience is not letting to resolve this initial problem of Pakistan for the government.
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SOURCE BASE QUESTIONS

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MARKING SCHEMES ON CHAPTER

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