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x˙o= A c x o + Bc u c +Go e o +Gm Ѱ

(14 )

where x o=
[]
xs
xh
∈R
n ×1c
is the estimated state vector. The

estimated output states of the microgrid model are given by:

y o =Cc x o
( 15 )
Figure.7. An electrical power system along with 3-AC Power Sources, 3 Load
With (14) and (15) are sufficient data to design an observer buses, and their 3 terminal buses (modified from [16]).
that can detect fault conditions in the microgrid model. By
using observability analysis and (14) was subjected by the
next requirements:
Ω̇i=c ωi
[ ∑ a (ω −ω )+ g (ω
j ∈ Ni
ij j i i ref −ω i) + ¿ … ¿+ ∑ aij ( m j P j−m
jϵ N i
1. The rank of the pair (C ¿ ¿ c , E c )=q ¿ ( 16 )
2. The eigenvalues of the matrix ( A c , Ec ,C c ) must are
located in the left half plane-S (LHP-S) of their transfer where, c ωi is the control parameter that works when the
functions from the microgrid system. system is achieving steady-state conditions so that
ω 1 , ω 2 , … ω N tend to ω ref , assuming the number of the DGs
A. Distributed Secondary Voltage Control for AC Microgrids is the set of integer numbers given by
Based on Voltage Observer N= { 1, 2 , 3 … , N } ,∧∀ i=1 , 2 , … N . Moreover, a ij
denotes the link among the DGs.
An innovative distributed secondary voltage control When a distributed voltage state estimator is aggregated to
technique for AC microgrids draws on the voltage observer is estimate the average voltage in each DG, hence (27) is
developed in [16]. It perhaps overcome the challenge of the obtained:
AC microgrid concerning primary control that employs active
V̇ i=V i +k Vi ∑ aij ( V j−V j )
¿
power/frequency (P/F) and reactive power/voltage droop
control (Q/V), which causes instability in its deviation of the jϵ N i
system frequency and voltage. Secondary control, on the other ( 17 )
hand serves to rectify and recover the deviations of voltage
and frequency system, and tertiary control takin into account where, V i is the estimated measure of the average voltage and
economic dispatch after of success power flow simulation.
ach D G i with k Vi serve as control parameters. The voltage
Figure 10 reveals a structure diagram to solve these
drawbacks and it is proposed by integrating a secondary and current control must reach steady-state conditions
¿
control linked between traditional droop control and V i=V i .
distributed communications network. It aims to provide Attaining the gain’s matrix from the graph theory (26) that
frequency Ω i of this secondary control toward droop control contains the observer is vital so that the estimated average
for each i th of DGs. voltages converge to the average of the actual voltage and (17)
would be modified by:
A quickly deviation of system frequency in a microgrid
occurs in islanded mode, due to the impedance of the lines.
V̇ i=V i +c Vi ∑ a ij V j −c Vi di ,∈¿ V ¿ ( 18 )
¿
However, high quantity of reactive power is necessary, since i
jϵ N i
in a microgrid frequently lacks reactive power in island mode
because it involves renewable energy resources. Then, (18) can be the observer’s equation and represented by:
The graph theory was necessary to model a set of DGs that
results from the next non-linear function: V̇ =V̇ + c V A V −c V D¿ V
¿ V̇ −c V ( D¿ −A ) V
¿ V̇ −cV L V
(19 )

where, A=[ aij ] symbolizes the link between DGs, V is the

existent measured voltage given by an output vector in each
power source. The V is the estimated average voltage for each
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DG, L is the gain matrix of the observer. Besides, V o ( s) −1

G ( s )= =C ∙ ( s ∙ I − A ) ∙ B+ D
D¿ =diag ¿, in which d i ,∈¿= ∑ a ¿. Thus, (12) can be
ij V ac ( s )
j ∈ Ni

applicated by Laplace transform so that the transfer function ( 23 )

of the observer H obs becomes:
1
V ( s )=s ( s I N + cV L ) V ( s )=H obs V (s) V ( s) l∙c
G ( s )= o =
( 20 ) V ac ( s ) 1 1
s2 + ∙s+
c∙r l∙c
Given the transfer function (30), the H obs represents the ( 24 )
function of a state observer located in the system.
Additionally, to design of an observer certainly is
B. An observer for Single-Phase Inverter considering (23) and (24), having that all eigenvalues of the
transfer function from original state-space model must add a
A single-phase inverter is modeled by the state-space 10 percent of their eigenvalues for moving these more to the
representation in [17] using control system theory. This device left half plane-S of its transfer function.
is broadly used to convert solar energy from DC source to AC
source. It greatly is employed by distributed energy resources
(DERs) for estimating the electrical currents and voltages of
the inverter located on its end-terminal side. By doing so, the
result was carried out by the modeling of the single-phase
inverter during its normal operation. It means the inverter is
coupled along with its electrical load and inductor-capacitor
filter (LC-filter).
Figure 8 exhibits a simple diagram of modeled inverter
when its switching is turn on so that end-terminal side of
inverter and getting electrical current and voltage toward the
load under H-bridge configuration.
The modeling of the inverter was achieved by linear state- Figure.8. Electric circuit schematic of the single-phase inverter. (a) Electric
space equations, thereby observability analysis can be circuit schematic based on the switching. (b) Equivalent representation of its
developed, and an observer can be designed to estimate the electric circuit schematic (modified from [17]).
state variables taking int o account the constraints given by the C.Simultaneous Estimation of Dynamic and Static Linearized
observability issue. This linear state-space method is subject to Differential Equation of the Power Systems under State
a set of ordinary differential equations, of describing physical Observers
dynamic system from inverter and is denoted by:

[ ][ ] [ ]
−1 1 With a simultaneous state estimation of dynamic and
0
[ ]
˙
VC RC C V algebraic states in power grids via state observer was studied
= ∙ C + d ∙ [ V ¿] in [18], for a simple power system can be modeled across the
˙
IL −1 IL
0 L non-linear differential algebraic equation (DAE). It means a
L set of complex balanced equations deals on relationship
( 21 ) among altogether, phasor measurement units (PMUs), the
dynamic generator equations, stator algebraic equations,

[ ]
which cause a new constrains for a power system.
VC
[ V o ] =[ 1 0]∙
IL
+ [ 0 ] ∙ V ac By using the linearization approach, a linear state-space
model from the proposed system is attained to design the
( 22 ) linear Luenberger observer. Its aim is to estimate the tracking
the real and reactive power generator, which are under their
algebraic constraints.
By using Kirchhoff's law in electrical circuit diagram during
Figure 9 displays a single diagram of the WSCC 9-bus
normal system performance of inverter (21) and (22) were
system, which involves three traditional power sources along
clearly obtained. These deal with the effective transient
with its power transformers interconnected by three power
simulation that obeys the Routh Hurwitz criterion of the
transmission lines.
system and can be evaluated thanks to the representation of
The behavior dynamic’s equation from proposed power
state-space model. The effectiveness of the observer only
system is achieve when the system is in steady-state operation
depends on the proper configuration inside of its transfer
and power flow simulation is successfully executed.
functions, which is given by:
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Thus, the equation that describes the mixed constrains is

such that:
ED ∆ ~
x˙ (t)=A D ∆ x (t)+ DD ∆ i g (t)+ B D ∆ ~
u(t )
( 25 )
where, б is the generator ,
E D=blkdiag ( { E Di } i∈ б ) , A D=blkdiag ( { A Di } i ∈б ) , D D =blkdiag ( {{ DDi } iб }) , B D=blkdiag ( { { B Di } i ∈б })
are matrices described in the appendix of the article [18].
Besides, for the non-linear state variables
~
x˙ ( t ) =f ( ~
x ( t ) , ig ( t ) , ~
u ( t )) are a multi-machine power system
representation, along with the vector ~
x ( t ) , which
encompasses bus voltages, stator currents, internal states of
conventional generator, and ~
u ( t ) indicates the estimated input
voltage for each generator. Eventually, the capability of this
method was showcased across a linearized IEEE 9-bus power
system by:

E ẋ ( t )= Ax ( t ) +B u u ( t ) ,
y ( t )=Cx (t)
( 26 )

Figure.9. The single-line schematic of the IEEE 9-bus system, (modified