Toddler

Under supervision
Dr/Eman hassan

Student name

Amin salman

[Pick the date]

Outline
Introduction

Definition

Types of development

Problems

Characteristics

Needs

referance
 Introduction
Are the twos really that terrible? The toddler stage can be a trying one
for parents, but also fun and rewarding—your child is continuing to
develop emotionally, cognitively, and socially, making them curious and
eager to explore, and, at times, prone to testing boundaries.
The toddler stage Is named for the term “toddling,” the way children
move when they first learn to walk. It is also commonly referred to as
the “terrible twos." However, most parents and experts actually consider
the toddler stage to span roughly from ages one to three—a wide range
in terms of child development.

Definition
• A toddler is a young child who has only just learned to walk or who
still walks unsteadily with small , quick steps . The toddler period
extends from age 1 year to 3 year of age
Types of development
During the toddler years, your child will continue change dramatically in
the following five main areas of development: physical, cognitive,
emotional and social, language, and sensory and motor skills.

Every child develops and grows at his or her own pace, but it is
important to know when to call your doctor about developmental
concerns or delays. Your child’s growth and physical development are
an important aspect of overall health and you should never hesitate to
reach out to your pediatrician if you have questions or concerns about
his or her development.

Every child is different. Always ask your pediatrician if you have

questions or concerns.

1. Physical Development

While children tend to gain about three to five pounds and grow three to
five inches between ages one and two, this rapid growth tends to slow
down between ages two and five. During this time, your child will
develop increasing strength and coordination.

2. Cognitive Development
After beginning to recognize familiar people and objects, between the
age of one and two, your toddler will be better able to recall recent
events. During this age your child will imitate others and will become
much more imaginative, especially during play time. From two to five,
the ability to think and understand grows greatly as children learn letters,
numbers, symbols and colors.

3. Emotional and Social Development

The competing emotions that develop during this age are often behind
the “terrible twos” label. From 12 to 24 months, children continue to
develop strong bonds with their loved ones, while at the same time
wanting to be more independent. Between ages two and four, your child
will likely begin to like to “do it myself” and will want to make more
choices on his or her own.

From age two to five, children learn more about their feelings and begin
developing friendships with other children their age. Children begin to
understand the difference between right and wrong at this age. They will
look to their parents for limits and rules and will also often test these
limits. Often, when children this age do something wrong, they will
begin to feel guilty about it.

4. Language Development
Understanding progresses faster than speech in a toddler’s language
development. Between 15 to 18 months, most toddlers know 10 times
more words than they can verbally communicate. By the age of two,
however, vocabularies can span between 50 and 100 words and children
begin using two or more words in combination. By the age of five,
children can use thousands of words to communicate and will speak in
sentences.

5. Sensory and Motor Development

Improving motor skills make your child more mobile by age two. The
toddler years are a time when your child will likely be in constant
motion. Toddlers will quickly master walking and move on to running,
jumping and climbing. Around age two, most toddlers will be able to
navigate stairs, kick or throw a ball and draw simple lines. During this
time, children may still stumble frequently and be accident prone. By
age five, better control of fine motor skills allows children to dress and
undress themselves (a necessity for toilet training) and write some
letters.

Toddler problems
Never hit or yell at your child when they act out. Research shows that
spanking and other forms of physical punishment don't work to correct a
child's behavior and can even damage their physical and mental health.
And extreme verbal punishment, like frequent yelling, also hasn't been
shown to be effective or good for kids' self-esteem.
Here are common behavior problems that many families experience, and
how to handle them when they happen.

1. Always saying "no"

Not long ago, you were eagerly awaiting your child's first words, but
now you're probably wishing they never learned one word in particular:
"no." Toddlers love to say no. And showing a bit of defiance is actually
part of normal and healthy toddler behavior.

As you've probably figured out, toddlers are realizing they have some
independence and autonomy. They like to exercise their free will – often
by saying, "No, no, no!"

At the same time, they're learning about boundaries and expectations,

within your family and in the world at large. Refusing to follow
directions is a way of experimenting and testing those boundaries to
learn more about what's acceptable and what isn't.
Even when you know the rationale behind it, dealing with your toddler's
defiance can be maddening. Minimize the no's by providing your child
with choices. And pick your battles wisely – it might be okay to give in
when your toddler says no to a certain shirt, but you'll need to stick to
your guns if they refuse to get into their car seat, for example.
2. Hitting and biting
Aggressive behavior is common in toddlers, since they're exploring the
world, learning how to express themselves, and figuring out how to
process big feelings. Add to that their developing language skills and
lack of self-control, and you have a recipe for aggressive outbursts.
The most important thing to do when your toddler hits or bites someone
– often you – is to stay calm. (We know it's hard, especially when those
little teeth hurt.)

Respond immediately when your toddler hurts you or someone else.

Remove your child from the situation and take them somewhere they
can have a couple of minutes to cool off. Tell your toddler that biting,
hitting, and other aggressive behaviors (like shoving and kicking) aren't
allowed. Briefly explain that it's okay to be angry or sad, but it isn't okay
to hurt someone when they have those feelings.
Then offer alternatives: "I see you are so mad, but no biting. Biting
hurts." Give them something else they are allowed to bite, like a chew
toy or washcloth. You can also rip up paper together or pound Play-Doh
when your toddler's feeling upset.

3. Pulling hair
Toddlers are keen little learners, and yours might have discovered that
when they pull someone's hair, they get a reaction. Hair pulling is a way
for toddlers to exert some control over their environment – and we know
that toddlers love control.

They might yank your hair to get attention, tug on their friend's locks to
keep them away from a favorite toy, or pull their sibling's curls to get
some space.

Whatever the reason, make it clear to your toddler that hair pulling and
other acts of aggression simply aren't acceptable. Toddlers are young,
but they're still able to understand the rules of their home or daycare –
including that pulling hair isn't allowed.
When your toddler yanks someone else's hair, immediately separate
them from the other person. Remind them that hair pulling is a no-no
and give them a choice of other things they're allowed to do instead.
4. Running away from you
Toddlers love to exert their autonomy by dashing away just when you
least expect it. Unfortunately, running away can be a major safety
concern for a toddler, especially near busy roads or in crowded public
places.
There are a few ways to cope with a toddler who likes to run away. One
proactive option is to give your child plenty of safe space for running
free. Take them to a fenced playground or follow them through a nature
walk.
Creating space where your toddler can be the leader might make them
more willing to follow you when it really matters.
But even with plenty of space to roam, some toddlers will still wander. If
you have a runner, talk about your expectations with them before you
leave the house or car. Say something like, "Remember, you need to
hold my hand in the parking lot."

5. Screaming
Have you noticed the noise level in your house ratcheting up a few
decibels? Toddlers love to scream.
No matter how fast they're learning, toddlers still have a limited
vocabulary that isn't enough to express their ever-increasing emotions
and experiences. When they can't find words, toddlers often let out a
scream, whether they're happy, sad, frustrated, or excited.
Unfortunately, there aren't any surefire ways to stop a screeching
toddler. If your toddler is screaming because they're unhappy, talking to
them about their feelings might help … or it might not in the moment.
You can also make a game of trying to get your child to whisper instead
– "The Quiet Game" is an old favorite. Start whispering to your toddler
and see what happens.
6. Throwing tantrums
Tantrums are a hallmark of toddler behavior. Kids usually throw
tantrums when they're overtired, overwhelmed, or emotional. Still, it can
sometimes seem like they're doing it to get their way. Remember that
toddlers aren't being intentionally manipulative when the tears come.
Knowing your child's limits can help you reduce tantrums. Avoid letting
your little one get too hungry, tired, or overstimulated, since that can
increase the risk of them having a meltdown.
7. Throwing things
Throwing things is a way for toddlers to experiment with the world
around them. They learn about gravity and the noise different objects
make when they hit the ground. Even so, throwing can be messy,
annoying, and even dangerous.
Start by showing your toddler that there's a time and place for throwing
things. Provide plenty of soft balls and other toddler-proof toys that can
be tossed without causing damage. Tell your toddler your house rules
about where throwing is allowed. Join in, showing them the joy of
tossing things around.
At the same time, let your toddler know that tossing things at people or
pets, and throwing stuff in anger, are never acceptable. Try redirecting
them first and then take away the toy if they continue to throw it at
someone.
During mealtimes, stay close by so you can intervene and redirect your
toddler if they try to throw their food.

Characteristics of a Toddler
. Increased mobility and ease of locomotion : - The development of
gross motor skills enables the toddler not only to move farther more
quickly by walking , running , climbing , and riding a tricycle but also to
pull objects around and to explore areas like pools and ponds without the
immediate supervision of an adult . Although the toddler can move
around more easily , many of the skills of mobility are not refined ,
resulting in clumsiness and possible injury .
Contd . Improved fine motor control : - Because the smaller muscles of
the body increasingly under voluntary control , the toddler is able to
manipulate objects ; throw balls and other objects more forcefully ; open
containers , doors ( refrigerator , cabinet and closet ) , gates , drawers ,
and some windows ; explore holes and openings with fingers ; and pull
small parts from toys such as sewn - on button eyes from stuffed animals
.
Heightened curiosity about the environment : Toddlers are curious about
everything in the environment , and they enjoy exploring whether they
are supervised or not . Toddlers explore by putting objects into their
mouth and possibly swallowing them . The toddler's persistent
exploration can very quickly lead to injury or death as a result of any of
these accidents
Increased sensitivity to the emotional climate of the home : - Any
sudden change in a child's environment , such as a new baby sitter ,
moving from one house or apartment to another , or going on vacation ,
can upset the routine of the home and predispose the child to accidental
injury . The child's hunger and fatigue at a time when the parents are
busy , such as the hour before meals , late in the afternoon , or just
before bedtime , can also result in accidental injury .

Needs of TODDLER :

These toddler years are the foundation of your child's wellbeing

throughout life. In fact, 80 percent of a person's nervous system
development happens before the age of 3! Don't worry, you don't have to
be a child development expert to give your toddler a good start in life.
But here's what you can to do make sure your little one is happy,
healthy, and thriving.
1. Give your toddler love and affection
It seems obvious, but it's true: Children need love to live. Your
emotional caring and support give your child a secure base from which
to explore the world.

This isn't just touchy-feely advice: Scientific evidence shows that love,
attention, and affection in the first years of life have a direct and
measurable impact on a child's physical, mental, and emotional growth.
Love and touch actually facilitate brain development in babies and
toddlers.

How can you best show your love? Hug, touch, smile, encourage, listen
to, and play with your child whenever you can. Respond promptly when
your toddler is upset to help comfort and soothe them. You're not
"giving in" if you do this; you're helping your toddler develop healthy
emotional regulation. Knowing that they're cared for creates a healthy
attachment in young children, which lets their brains flourish. Experts
say it's impossible to spoil a child with love.
Your toddler's basic needs are the same as yours – food, sleep, clothing,
shelter, and health – they just need more help getting these met, of
course!
: For your child to be able to devote energy to learning and growing,
they need to be well fed. That said, meal time can be stressful, especially
because toddlers are notoriously picky eaters. It's okay to give yourself
permission to relax a bit (you don't have to make every mealtime a
battle), but try to set good examples, like providing a variety of foods
and sharing meals as a family.

A reasonable goal is to focus on your toddler's overall nutritional needs

over the course of an entire week, and don't fret too much if one day it
seems like they're only eating carbs. You can't actually control what or
how much your child eats, but it's your job to offer a variety of healthy
choices at consistent engaging meal and snack times. Then it's your
child's job to decide how much and which of those healthy options
they'll eat.
Sleep is critical for well-being (and good behavior), and toddlers need
lots of it: about 11-14 hours in a 24-hour period. During REM (rapid eye
movement) sleep, your child's brain cells are making important
connections called synapses. These pathways enable all learning,
movement, and thought. They're the key to your child understanding
everything they're seeing, hearing, tasting, touching, and smelling as
they explore the world. Create a consistent bedtime routine and stay
active during the day (except during nap time) to help your toddler get to
sleep easier.
References
1. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/positiveparenting/t
oddlers.html
2. https://www.michigan.gov/mikidsmatter/parents/toddler/milestone
s
3. https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/development-18mos.html
4. https://raisingchildren.net.au/toddlers/development/development-
tracker-1-3-years/18-24-months
5. https://www.otforkids.co.uk/problems-we-help/delayed-
milestones/toddler-and-early-infancy-1-to-3-years.php
6. https://raisingchildren.net.au/toddlers/development/development-
tracker-1-3-years/2-3-years