SS symmetry
Article
Investigation of Special Type-Π Smarandache Ruled Surfaces
Due to Rotation Minimizing Darboux Frame in E3
Emad Solouma 1,2 , Ibrahim Al-Dayel 1 , Meraj Ali Khan1, *
Citation: Solouma, E.; Al-Dayel, I.;
Khan, M.A.; Abdelkawy, M.
Investigation of Special Type-Π
Smarandache Ruled Surfaces Due to
Rotation Minimizing Darboux Frame
in E3 . Symmetry 2023, 15, 2207.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
sym15122207
Academic Editors: Yanlin Li, Tiehong
Zhao and Calogero Vetro
Received: 12 October 2023
Revised: 6 December 2023
Accepted: 11 December 2023
Published: 17 December 2023
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
Symmetry 2023, 15, 2207. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15122207
and Mohamed Abdelkawy 1,2
1 Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
(IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; emmahmoud@imamu.edu.sa (E.S.); iaaldayel@imamu.edu.sa (I.A.-D.);
maohamed@imamu.edu.sa (M.A.)
2 Department of Mathematics and Information Science, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University,
Beni-Suef 2722165, Egypt
* Correspondence: mskhan@imamu.edu.sa
Abstract: This study begins with the construction of type-Π Smarandache ruled surfaces, whose base
curves are Smarandache curves derived by rotation-minimizing Darboux frame vectors of the curve
in E3 . The direction vectors of these surfaces are unit vectors that convert Smarandache curves. The
Gaussian and mean curvatures of the generated ruled surfaces are then separately calculated, and
the surfaces are required to be minimal or developable. We report our main conclusions in terms
of the angle between normal vectors and the relationship between normal curvature and geodesic
curvature. For every surface, examples are provided, and the graphs of these surfaces are produced.
Keywords: Smarandache curve; Darboux frame; ruled surfaces; Euclidean 3-space
1. Introduction
One of the branches of classical differential geometry that has been explored by a
number of researchers is the theory of ruled surfaces. A ruled surface is one that has at
least one straight line passing through each point on the surface that is also on the surface.
One way to conceptualize a ruled surface is as one that is “swept out” by a moving straight
line in space. Cones and cylinders are basic instances of ruled surfaces. Architects are
interested in more intricate ruled surfaces, particularly when it comes to free-form building
and intricate designs. In contemporary design, there are several instances of ruled surface
structures, such as saddle roofs (hyperbolic paraboloid) and cooling towers (hyperboloid).
A ruled surface is often described as a collection of a family of straight lines that are reliant
on the parameters, called the rulings, of the ruled surface. The parametric representation of
a ruled surface is Γ(s, υ) = r (s) + υX (s), where r (s) is the base curve and X (s) specifies the
rulings directions [1]. Many practical uses arise out of the study of developable surfaces.
Studies on developable surfaces are widely available. A surface that can be developed into
a plane without changing the surface metric is called a developable surface. Studies of
developable surfaces of space curves from the perspective of singularity theory have been
documented in the literature. The governed surface that results from the tangent lines of
a space curve is called the tangent developable surface. Tantent developable surfaces are
crucial to the duality theory of algebraic geometry. From differential calculus, singularity
theory is a branch of mathematics that has applications in physics, astronomy, and geometry.
Some of key investigations on the submanifold theory and singularity theory have been
presented in [2–5]. The developability and minimalist principles of surfaces are two of
its key characteristics. The investigation of ruled surfaces with various moving frames
provides one of the most fascinating features (see [6–11]).
In Euclidean and Minkowski spaces, the Smarandache curve is the curve whose
position vector is created by Frenet frame vectors on another regular curve [12–14]. Recent
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/symmetry
Symmetry 2023, 15, 2207 2 of 19

studies on Smarandache curves in Minkowski and Euclidean spaces have been conducted
by a number of researchers [15].
In this study, the requirements of type-Π Smarandache ruled surfaces are specified by
using the rotation minimizing Darboux frame in E3 . Furthermore, we address the geometric
analysis of a particular kind of ruled surface, namely the type-Π Smarandache ruled
surfaces associated with the space curves as a basic example for studying the manifolds
with the largest dimensions in Euclidean 3-space. We examine the sufficient and necessary
requirements for these surfaces to be minimal and developable. We report our main
conclusions in terms of the angle between normal vectors and the relationship between
normal curvature and geodesic curvature. The organization of this work is as follows:
In Section 2, we review the concepts of ruled surfaces in Euclidean space, Smarandache
curves, Frenet frame, and Darboux frame. In Section 3, we derive some of the geometric
characteristics of the type-Π Smarandache ruled surfaces, which we define due to rotation
minimizing Darboux frame whose a director curve and base curve are Smarandache curves.
We give an example in Section 4 that emphasizes the most significant findings in this work.

2. Preliminaries
Let φ(s) = M (u(s), υ(s)) be a unit speed regular curve lying on a surface M (u, v) in
E3 . Let { T, N, B} denotes the moving Frenet frame of φ, then { T, N, B} satisfying [1]:
    
T (s) 0 κ (s) 0 T (s)
d
N ( s )  =  −κ ( s ) 0 τ ( s )   N ( s ) , (1)
ds
B(s) 0 −τ (s) 0 B(s)

where ⟨ T, T ⟩ = ⟨ N, N ⟩ = ⟨ B, B⟩ = 1 and ⟨ T, N ⟩ = ⟨ T, B⟩ = ⟨ N, B⟩ = 0.
For any arbitrary curve φ with τ ̸= 0 in E3 , the Darboux frame of φ is given by [16]:
    
T (s) 0 κ g (s) κn (s) T (s)
d
N(s)  =  −κ g (s) 0 τg (s)  N(s) , (2)
ds
G (s) −κ n ( s ) −τg (s) 0 G (s)

where N is the surface normal and G = N × T. The geodesic curvature κ g , normal curvature
κn , and geodesic torsion τg that connects the curve φ on M are given as

κ g = ⟨ T ′ , G ⟩, κn = ⟨ T ′ , N⟩, τg = ⟨ G ′ , N⟩. (3)

The rotation minimizing Darboux frame (RMDF) { T, P1 , P2 } of curve φ on the surface M is

defined by [17,18]:
    
T (s) 0 ζ 1 (s) ζ 2 (s) T (s)
d
P1 (s)  =  −ζ 1 (s) 0 0  P1 (s) , (4)
ds
P2 (s) −ζ 2 (s) 0 0 P2 (s)

where the RMDF curvatures are obtained as follows:

ζ 1 = κ g sin ϑ + κn cos ϑ,
(5)
ζ 2 = κn sin ϑ − κ g cos ϑ,
Z s
where ϑ (s) = τg ds is the angle between vectors N and P1 . The relation matrix between
0
frames may be expressed as:
    
T (s) 1 0 0 T (s)
 P1 (s)  =  0 sin ϑ (s) cos ϑ (s)  N(s) . (6)
P2 (s) 0 − cos ϑ(s) sin ϑ (s) G (s)
Symmetry 2023, 15, 2207 3 of 19

The surface formed by a line moving depending on the parameter of a curve is called a
ruled surface and its parametric expression is as follows:

Υ(s, υ) = φ(s) + υX (s). (7)

The normal vector field, the Gaussian and mean curvatures of Υ(s, υ) are given by

Υs × Υυ eg − f 2 Eg − 2 f F + Ge
N= , K= , H= .
∥Υs × Υυ ∥ EG − F2 2( EG − F2 )

We also know that

E = ⟨ Υ s , Υ s ⟩, F = ⟨ Υ s , Υ υ ⟩, G = ⟨ Υ υ , Υ υ ⟩,

and
e = ⟨Υss , N⟩, f = ⟨Υsυ , N⟩, g = ⟨Υυυ , N⟩,
where E, F, G are the first fundamental coefficients and e, f , and g are the second funda-
mental coefficients of Υ.
The Smarandache curves of the curve φ(s) is defined as follows:
1

TP1 -Smarandache curve γ1 (s) = √ T (s) + P1 (s) .
2
1

TP2 -Smarandache curve γ2 (s) = √ T (s) + P2 (s) .
2
1

P1 P2 -Smarandache curve γ3 (s) = √ P1 (s) + P2 (s) .
2
1

TP1 P2 -Smarandache curve γ4 (s) = √ T (s) + P1 (s) + P2 (s) .
3

3. Type-Π Smarandache Ruled Surfaces Due to RMDF

The curve φ(s) on the surface M caused by RMDF serves as the parametric represen-
tation of type-Π Smarandache ruled surfaces in this section. In addition, we assess the
prerequisites that make it possible for these surfaces to be minimum and developable.

3.1. Type-Π Smarandache Ruled Surfaces along γ1 -Smarandache Curve

Definition 1. The type-Π Smarandache ruled surfaces due to RMDF in E3 generated by continu-
ously moving vector γ1 along γ1 -Smarandache curve is defined by

Ψ(s, υ) = γ1 (s) + υγ1 (s). (8)

Theorem 1. The type-Π Smarandache ruled surface Ψ = Ψ(s, υ) is developable.

Proof. Consider the type-Π Smarandache ruled surface Ψ = Ψ(s, υ) given by (8), then the
velocity vectors of Ψ are given by

υ + 1h
 i
Ψs = √ − ζ 1 T + ζ 1 P1 + ζ 2 P2 ,


2 (9)
1
Ψυ = √ T + P1 .



2

Then, the normal vector field NΨ of the surface Ψ is obtained as

Ψs × Ψυ −ζ 2 T + ζ 2 P1 − 2ζ 1 P2
NΨ = = √ q 2 .
∥Ψs × Ψυ ∥ 2 ζ + κ2 1
Symmetry 2023, 15, 2207 4 of 19

Hence, it can be easily seen that the first fundamental coefficients of Ψ are

( υ + 1)2 h 2 i
E= ζ1 + κ2 ,
2 (10)
F = 0, G = 1.

Taking the derivative of (9) with respect to s and υ, we find

υ + 1h i
Ψss = √ − (ζ 1′ + κ ) T + (ζ 1′ − ζ 12 ) P1 + (ζ 2′ − ζ 1 ζ 2 ) P2 ,
2
1 h i
(11)
Ψsυ = √ − ζ 1 T + ζ 1 P1 + ζ 2 P2 ,
2
Ψυυ = 0.

Hence, it can be seen that the coefficients of second fundamental form of Ψ are

υ+1 h i
e= q ζ 2 (κ + ζ 12 ) + 2(ζ 1′ ζ 2 − ζ 1 ζ 2′ ) ,
2 ζ 12 + κ 2 (12)
f = 0, g = 0.

As a consequence, we obtain

KΨ = 0,
ζ 2 (κ + ζ 12 ) + 2(ζ 1′ ζ 2 − ζ 1 ζ 2′ ) (13)
HΨ = 3 ,
2(υ + 1)(ζ 12 + κ 2 ) 2

which concludes the proof.

From Theorem 1, we have the following immediate results.

Corollary 1. Let Ψ = Ψ(s, υ) be a type-Π Smarandache ruled surface. Then, the s-parameter
curves of Ψ are not geodesic but υ-parameter curves are geodesic.

Proof. Let Ψ = Ψ(s, υ) defined by (8) due to RMDF (4) in E3 be the type-Π Smarandache
ruled surface. Since

υ + 1 n
Ψss × NΨ = q ζ 2 (ζ 2′ − ζ 1 ζ 2 ) − 2ζ 1 (ζ 1′ − ζ 12 ) T − 2ζ 1 (ζ 1′ + ζ 2 ) + ζ 2 (ζ 2′ − ζ 1 ζ 2 ) P1
  
2 ζ 12 + κ 2
 o
+ ζ 2 (ζ 1′ − ζ 12 ) − ζ 2 (ζ 1′ + ζ 2 ) P2 ̸= 0,


and Ψυυ × NΨ = 0. Then, the s-parameter curves of Ψ surface simultaneously are not
geodesic and the υ-parameter curves of Ψ simultaneously are geodesic.

Corollary 2. Let Ψ = Ψ(s, υ) be a type-Π Smarandache ruled surface. Then, the s-parameter
curves of Ψ are not asymptotic but υ-parameter curves are asymptotic.

Proof. Let Ψ = Ψ(s, υ) defined by (8) due to RMDF (4) in E3 be the type-Π Smarandache
ruled surface. Since

(υ + 1) ζ 2 (2ζ 1′ − ζ 12 + κ ) − 2ζ 1 (ζ 2′ − ζ 1 ζ 2 )
 
⟨Ψss , NΨ ⟩ = q ̸= 0,
2 ζ 12 + κ 2

and ⟨Ψυυ , NΨ ⟩ = 0. Thus, the s-parameter curves of Ψ surface simultaneously are not
asymptotic but the υ-parameter curves of Ψ simultaneously are asymptotic.
Symmetry 2023, 15, 2207 5 of 19

Corollary 3. Let Ψ = Ψ(s, υ) be a type-Π Smarandache ruled surface. Then, the s and υ-parameter
curves are principal curves.

Proof. Let Ψ = Ψ(s, υ) defined by (8) due to RMDF (4) in E3 be the type-Π Smarandache
ruled surface. Since
⟨Ψs , Ψυ ⟩ = ⟨Ψsυ , NΨ ⟩ = 0.
Therefore, it is clear that both s and υ-parameter curves are principal curves.

Definition 2. The type-Π Smarandache ruled surfaces due to RMDF (4) in E3 generated by
continuously moving vector γ2 along γ1 -Smarandache curve is defined as follows

Γ(s, υ) = γ1 (s) + υγ2 (s). (14)

Theorem 2. The type-Π Smarandache ruled surface Γ = Γ(s, υ) together with κ g (s) ̸= κn (s) is
developable iff one of the following conditions holds
κ 
n
i. ϑ (s) = − tan−1 ,
κg
κ + κ 
n g
ii. ϑ (s) = tan−1 .
κn − κ g

Proof. Consider the type-Π Smarandache ruled surface Γ = Γ(s, υ) given by (14), then the
velocity vectors of Γ are given by:

Γs = √1 − (ζ 1 + υζ 2 ) T + (υ + 1)ζ 1 P1 + (υ + 1)ζ 2 P2 ,
h i


2 (15)
1
Γυ = √ T + P2 .



2

Then, the normal vector field NΓ of the surface Γ is obtained as:

 
(υ + 1)ζ 1 T + ζ 1 + (2υ + 1)ζ 2 P1 − (υ + 1)ζ 1 P2
NΓ = q 2 .
2(υ + 1)2 ζ 12 + ζ 1 + (2υ + 1)ζ 2


Hence, it can be easily seen that the first fundamental coefficients of Γ are:

1h i
E= (ζ 1 + υζ 2 )2 + (υ + 1)2 κ 2 ,
2 (16)
1 
F = ζ 2 − ζ 1 , G = 1.
2
Taking the derivative of (15) with respect to s and υ, we find

1 n  ′
Γss = √ − ζ 1 + υζ 2′ + (υ + 1)κ 2 T + (υ + 1)ζ 1′ − ζ 1 (ζ 1 + υζ 2 ) P1
  
2
 o
+ (υ + 1)ζ 2′ − ζ 1 (ζ 1 + υζ 2 ) P2 ,

(17)
1 h i
Γsυ = √ − ζ 2 T + ζ 1 P1 + ζ 2 P2 ,
2
Γυυ = 0.

Thus, it can be seen that the coefficients of the second fundamental form of Γ are:
Symmetry 2023, 15, 2207 6 of 19

1 n
ζ 1 + (2υ + 1)ζ 2 (υ + 1)ζ 1′ − ζ 1 (ζ 1 + υζ 2 )
 
e= √ q
2
2 2(υ + 1)2 ζ 12 + ζ 1 + (2υ + 1)ζ 2
 

o
− (υ + 1)ζ 1 ζ 1′ + (2υ + 1)ζ 2′ + ζ 2 (ζ 1 + υζ 2 ) + (υ + 1)κ 2 ,

(18)
ζ 1 (ζ 1 − ζ 2 )
f = √ q 2 ,
2 2(υ + 1)2 ζ 12 + ζ 1 + (2υ + 1)ζ 2


g = 0.

As a result, we derive

ζ 12 (ζ 1 − ζ 2 )2
KΓ = − h ih 2 i ,
ζ 12 + υ2 ζ 22 + (υ + 1)(υκ 2 + 2ζ 1 ζ 2 ) 2(υ + 1)2 ζ 12 + ζ 1 + (2υ + 1)ζ 2


ζ 1 + (υ + 2)ζ 2 (υ + 1)ζ 1′ − ζ 1 (ζ 1+ ζ 2 ) − (υ + 1)ζ 1 ζ 1′ + (υ + 2)ζ 2′

     
(19)
2
+ζ 2 (ζ 1 + ζ 2 ) + (υ + 1)κ − ζ 1 (ζ 1 + ζ 2 )(υζ 2 − ζ 1 )
HΓ = √ q 2 h i .
2 2(υ + 1)2 ζ 12 + ζ 1 + (2υ + 1)ζ 2 ζ 12 + υ2 ζ 22 + (υ + 1)(υκ 2 + 2ζ 1 ζ 2 )


Combining the above equation with (5), we conclude the proof.

As a consequence of Theorem 2, we obtain the following results:

Corollary 4. Let Γ = Γ(s, υ) be a type-Π Smarandache ruled surface. Then, the Γ has constant
Gauss curvature iff ζ 1 (ζ 1 + ζ 2 ) = c for some non-zero constant c.

Corollary 5. Let Γ = Γ(s, υ) be a type-Π Smarandache ruled surface. Then, the s-parameter
curves of Γ are not asymptotic but υ-parameter curves are asymptotic curves.

Remark 1. The proof of Corollary 4 and 5 is similar to the proof of Corollaries 1–3.

Definition 3. The type-Π Smarandache ruled surfaces due to RMDF (4) in E3 generated by
continuously moving vector γ3 along γ1 -Smarandache curve is defined as follows

Λ(s, υ) = γ1 (s) + υγ3 (s). (20)

Theorem 3. The type-Π Smarandache ruled surface Λ = Λ(s, υ) defined by (20) due to RMDF
(4) in E3 . If κ g (s) ̸= ±κn (s), then Λ is developable iff one of the following conditions holds
κ + κ 
n g
i. ϑ (s) = tan−1 ,
κn − κ g
κ − κ 
n g
ii. ϑ (s) = − tan−1 .
κn + κ g

Proof. Consider the type-Π Smarandache ruled surface Λ = Λ(s, υ) given by (20), then
Λ’s velocity vectors are given by:

1 h  i
Λs = √ − (υ + 1)ζ 1 + υζ 2 T + ζ 1 P1 + ζ 2 P2 ,
 

2 (21)
1
Λυ = √ P1 + P2 .



2
Symmetry 2023, 15, 2207 7 of 19

The normal vector field of the surface Λ(s, υ) may be ascertained by taking the cross-product
of the partial derivatives of the surface given by Equation (21). Then, we have
 
(ζ 1 − ζ 2 ) T − (υ + 1)ζ 1 + υζ 2 ( P1 + P2 )
NΛ = q  2 .
(ζ 1 − ζ 2 )2 + 2 (υ + 1)ζ 1 + υζ 2

From Equation (21), we can obtain the Λ’s quantities of first fundamental form are:

1h 2  2 i
E= κ + (υ + 1)ζ 1 + υζ 2 ,
2 (22)
1 
F = ζ 1 + ζ 2 , G = 1.
2
Using (21)’s second derivative with regard to s and υ, we have

1 n  2
Λss = √ − κ + υζ 2′ + (υ + 1)ζ 1′ T + ζ 1′ − ζ 1 (υ + 1)ζ 1 + υζ 2 P1
   
2
 ′   o
+ ζ 2 − ζ 2 (υ + 1)ζ 1 + υζ 2 P2 ,
(23)
−1 h i
Λsυ = √ ζ 1 + ζ 2 T,
2
Λυυ = 0.

Then, Λ’s quantities of second fundamental form are:

−1 n  2 ′ ′

e= √ q  2 (ζ 1 − ζ 2 ) κ + υζ 2 + (υ + 1)ζ 1
2 (ζ 1 − ζ 2 )2 + 2 ζ 1 + (υ + 1)ζ 1 + υζ 2
o
− (υ + 1)ζ 1 + υζ 2 ζ 1′ + ζ 2′ − (ζ 1 + ζ 2 ) (υ + 1)ζ 1 + υζ 2
  
,
(24)
ζ 22 − ζ 12
f = √ q  2 ,
2 (ζ 1 − ζ 2 )2 + 2 ζ 1 + (υ + 1)ζ 1 + υζ 2
g = 0.

As a result, given the facts above, we are able to KΛ and HΛ are given by:

(ζ 12 − ζ 22 )2
KΛ = h 2 i ,
 1
2  2 ih 
κ 2 + (υ + 1)ζ 1 + υζ 2 − ζ 1 + ζ 1 (ζ 1 − ζ 2 )2 + 2 ζ 1 + (υ + 1)ζ 1 + υζ 2
2
2 + ( ζ + ζ )2 + υζ ′ + ( υ + 1) ζ ′ (25)
  
( ζ 1 − ζ 2 ) κ 1 2 2 1
− (υ + 1)ζ 1 + υζ 2 ζ 1′ + ζ 2′ − (ζ 1 + ζ 2 ) (υ + 1)ζ 1 + υζ 2
   
HΛ = √ q  2 h  2 1  2 i .
2 2
2 (ζ 1 − ζ 2 ) + 2 ζ 1 + (υ + 1)ζ 1 + υζ 2 κ + (υ + 1)ζ 1 + υζ 2 − ζ 1 + ζ 1
2
So, from Equation (5) the proof is ended.

In the same way, as for the proof of Corollaries 1–3, we can prove the following results:

Corollary 6. Let Λ = Λ(s, υ) be a type-Π Smarandache ruled surface defined by (20) in E3 via to
RMDF (4). Then, the Λ has constant Gauss curvature iff ϑ = ± π4 .

Corollary 7. Let Λ = Λ(s, υ) be a type-Π Smarandache ruled surface defined by (20) in E3 via
to RMDF (4). Then, the s-parameter curves of Λ are not asymptotic but υ-parameter curves are
asymptotic curves.
Symmetry 2023, 15, 2207 8 of 19

3.2. Type-Π Smarandache Ruled Surfaces along γ2 -Smarandache Curve

Definition 4. The type-Π Smarandache ruled surfaces due to RMDF (4) in E3 generated by
continuously moving vector γ1 along γ2 -Smarandache curve is defined as follows

Θ(s, υ) = γ2 (s) + υγ1 (s). (26)

Theorem 4. The type-Π Smarandache ruled surface Θ = Θ(s, υ) defined by (26) due to RMDF
(4) in E3 . If κ g (s) ̸= κn (s) then Θ is developable iff one of the following conditions holds
κ 
g
i. ϑ (s) = − tan−1 ,
κn
κ + κ 
n g
ii. ϑ (s) = tan−1 .
κn − κ g

Proof. Consider the type-Π Smarandache ruled surface Θ = Θ(s, υ) given by (26), then
Θ’s velocity vectors are given by:

1 h i
Θs = √ − (υζ 1 + ζ 2 ) T + (υ + 1)ζ 1 P1 + (υ + 1)ζ 2 P2 ,


2 (27)
1
Θ



 υ
 = √ T + P1 .
2

The normal vector field of the surface Θ(s, υ) may be ascertained by taking the cross-product
of the partial derivatives of the surface given by Equation (27). Then, we have

−(υ + 1)ζ 1 T + (υ + 1)ζ 2 P1 − [2 + (2υ + 1)ζ 1 ] P2

NΘ = p .
(υ + 1)2 κ 2 + [2 + (2υ + 1)ζ 1 ]2

From Equation (27), we can obtain the Θ’s quantities of first fundamental form are:

1h i
E= (υ + 1)2 κ 2 + (υζ 1 + ζ 2 )2 ,
2 (28)
1 
F= ζ 1 + ζ 2 , G = 1.
2
Using (27)’s second derivative with regard to s and υ, we have

1 h 
Θss = √ − ζ 2′ + υζ 1′ + (υ + 1)κ 2 T + (υ + 1)ζ 1′ − ζ 1 (υζ 1 + ζ 2 ) P1
  
2
 i
+ (υ + 1)ζ 2′ − ζ 2 (υζ 1 + ζ 2 ) P2 ,

(29)
1 h i
Θsυ = √ − ζ 1 T + ζ 1 P1 + ζ 2 P2 ,
2
Θυυ = 0.

Then, Θ’s quantities of second fundamental form are:

(υ + 1)ζ 2 ζ 2′ + (2υ + 1

)ζ 1′ + (υ + 1)κ 2 − ζ 1 (υζ 1 +ζ 2 )
   

− ζ 2 + (2υ + 1)ζ 1 (υ + 1)ζ 2′ − ζ 2 (υζ 1 + ζ 2 )

e= √ q  2 ,
2 2(υ + 1)2 κ 2 + ζ 2 + (2υ + 1)ζ 1
(30)
ζ 2 (ζ 1 − ζ 2 )
f = √ q  2 ,
2 2(υ + 1)2 κ 2 + ζ 2 + (2υ + 1)ζ 1
g = 0.

As a result, given the facts above, we are able to see that KΘ and HΘ are given by:
Symmetry 2023, 15, 2207 9 of 19

ζ 22 (ζ 1 − ζ 2 )2
KΘ = − h
2 ih 2 i ,
(υ + 1)2 κ 2 + (υζ 1 + ζ 2 )2 − 12 ζ 1 + ζ 2

2(υ + 1)2 κ 2 + ζ 2 + (2υ + 1)ζ 1
ζ 2 (ζ 22 − ζ 12 ) +(υ + 1)ζ 2 ζ 2′ + ( 2υ + 1)ζ 1′ + (υ + 1)κ 2 − ζ 1(υζ 1 + ζ 2 )
   
(31)
− ζ 2 + (2υ + 1)ζ 1 (υ + 1)ζ 2′ − ζ 2 (υζ 1 + ζ 2 )
HΘ = .
√ h 1

2 ih  2 i 32
2 2 2
2 2 (υ + 1) κ + (υζ 1 + ζ 2 ) − 2 ζ 1 + ζ 2 2 2
2(υ + 1) κ + ζ 2 + (2υ + 1)ζ 1

So, from Equation (5) the proof is ended.

In the same way, as for the proof of Corollary 2, we can prove the following result:

Corollary 8. Let Θ = Θ(s, υ) be a type-Π Smarandache ruled surface defined by (26) in E3 via
to RMDF (4). Then, the s-parameter curves of Θ are not asymptotic but υ-parameter curves are
asymptotic curves.

Definition 5. The type-Π Smarandache ruled surfaces due to RMDF (4) in E3 generated by
continuously moving vector γ2 along γ2 -Smarandache curve is defined as follows

Υ(s, υ) = γ2 (s) + υγ2 (s). (32)

Theorem 5. The type-Π Smarandache ruled surface Υ = Υ(s, υ) defined by (32) due to RMDF
(4) in E3 is developable iff one of the following conditions holds
κ 
n
i. ϑ (s) = − tan−1 ,
κg
κ 
g
ii. ϑ (s) = tan−1 .
κn

Proof. Consider the type-Π Smarandache ruled surface Υ = Υ(s, υ) given by (32), then Υ’s
velocity vectors are given by:

+ 1h
Υs = υ√
i
− ζ 2 T + ζ 1 P1 + ζ 2 P2 ,


2 (33)
1
Υυ = √ T + P2 .



2

The normal vector field of the surface Υ(s, υ) may be ascertained by taking the cross-product
of the partial derivatives of the surface given by Equation (33). Then, we have

ζ 1 T + 2ζ 2 P1 + ζ 1 P2
NΥ = √ q 2 .
2 2ζ 2 + ζ 12

From Equation (33), we can obtain the Υ’s quantities of first fundamental form are:

1h i
E= (υ + 1)2 (ζ 12 + 2ζ 22 ) ,
2 (34)
F = 0, G = 1.

Using (33)’s second derivative with regard to s and υ, we have

( υ + 1) h i
Υss = √ − (κ 2 + ζ 2′ ) T + (ζ 1′ − ζ 1 ζ 2 ) P1 + (ζ 2′ − κ 2 ) P2 ,
2
1 h i
(35)
Υsυ = √ − ζ 2 T + ζ 1 P1 + ζ 2 P2 ,
2
Υυυ = 0.
Symmetry 2023, 15, 2207 10 of 19

Then, Υ’s quantities of second fundamental form are:

(υ + 1) ζ 1 ζ 2′ + 2ζ 1′ ζ 2 − ζ 1 (κ 2 + ζ 2′ + 3ζ 22 )
 
e= q ,
2 ζ 12 + 2ζ 22
ζ1 ζ2 (36)
f = q ,
ζ 12 + 2ζ 22
g = 0.

As a result, given the facts above, we are able to find that KΥ and HΥ are given by:

2ζ 12 ζ 22
KΥ = − ,
(υ + 1)2 (ζ 12 + 2ζ 22 )
(37)
2ζ 1′ ζ 2 + ζ 1 ζ 2′ − 3ζ 1 ζ 22 − ζ 1 (κ 2 + ζ 2′ )
HΥ = 3 .
2(υ + 1)[ζ 12 + 2ζ 22 ] 2

So, from Equation (5) the proof is ended.

In the same way, as for the proof of Corollaries 1–3, we can prove the following results:

Corollary 9. Let Υ = Υ(s, υ) be a type-Π Smarandache ruled surface defined by (32) in E3 via
to RMDF (4). Then, the Υ has constant Gauss curvature iff κn and κ g satisfying the condition
2κn κ g − (κn2 + κ 2g ) sin 2ϑ = c for some non-zero constant c.

Corollary 10. Let Υ = Υ(s, υ) be a type-Π Smarandache ruled surface defined by (32) in E3 via
to RMDF (4). Then, the s-parameter curves of Υ are not asymptotic but υ-parameter curves are
asymptotic curves.

Corollary 11. Let Υ = Υ(s, υ) be a type-Π Smarandache ruled surface defined by (32) in E3 via
to RMDF (4). Then, the s-parameter curves of Υ are principal curves but υ-parameter curves are
not principal curves.

Definition 6. The type-Π Smarandache ruled surfaces due to RMDF (4) in E3 generated by
continuously moving vector γ3 along γ2 -Smarandache curve is defined as follows

Ω(s, υ) = γ2 (s) + υγ3 (s). (38)

Theorem 6. The type-Π Smarandache ruled surface Ω = Ω(s, υ) defined by (38) due to RMDF
(4) in E3 . If κ g (s) ̸= ±κn (s), then Ω is developable iff one of the following conditions holds
κ + κ 
n g
i. ϑ (s) = tan−1 ,
κn − κ g
κ − κ 
n g
ii. ϑ (s) = − tan−1 .
κn + κ g

Proof. Consider the type-Π Smarandache ruled surface Ω = Ω(s, υ) given by (38), then
Ω’s velocity vectors are given by:

Ωs = √1 − υζ 1 + (υ + 1)ζ 2 T + ζ 1 P1 + ζ 2 P2 ,
h   i


2 (39)
1
Ωυ = √ P1 + P2 .



2
Symmetry 2023, 15, 2207 11 of 19

The normal vector field of the surface Ω(s, υ) may be ascertained by taking the cross-
product of the partial derivatives of the surface given by Equation (39). Then, we have
 
(ζ 1 − ζ 2 ) T + υζ 1 + (υ + 1)ζ 2 ( P1 + P2 )
NΩ = q  2 .
(ζ 1 − ζ 2 )2 + υζ 1 + (υ + 1)ζ 2

From Equation (39), we can obtain the Ω’s quantities of first fundamental form are:

1h 2  2 i
E= κ + υζ 1 + (υ + 1)ζ 2 ,
2 (40)
1 
F = ζ 1 + ζ 2 , G = 1.
2
Using (39)’s second derivative with regard to s and υ, we have

1 n  2
Ωss = √ − κ + υζ 1′ + (υ + 1)ζ 2′ T + ζ 1′ − ζ 1 υζ 1 + (υ + 1)ζ 2 P1
   
2
 ′   o
+ ζ 2 − ζ 2 υζ 1 + (υ + 1)ζ 2 P2 ,
(41)
−(ζ 1 + ζ 2 ) T
Ωsυ = √ ,
2
Ωυυ = 0.

Then, Ω’s quantities of second fundamental form are:

(ζ 2 − ζh1 ) κ 2 + υζ 1′ + (υ + 1)ζ 2′ + υζ 1 + (υ i+ 1)ζ 2

(     )

ζ 1′ + ζ 2′ − (ζ 1 + ζ 2 ) υζ 1 + (υ + 1)ζ 2
 
e= √ q  2 ,
2 (ζ 1 − ζ 2 )2 + 2 υζ 1 + (υ + 1)ζ 2
(42)
ζ 22 − ζ 12
f = √ q  2 ,
2 (ζ 1 − ζ 2 )2 + 2 υζ 1 + (υ + 1)ζ 2
g = 0.

As a result, given the facts above, we are able to KΩ and HΩ are given by:

−2(ζ 12 − ζ 22 )2
KΩ = h  2 ih  2 i ,
υζ 1 + (υ + 1)ζ 2 − κ 2 − 2ζ 1 ζ 2 (ζ 1 − ζ 2 )2 + 2 υζ 1 + (υ + 1)ζ 2
(ζ 1 + ζ 2 )(ζ 12 − ζh22 ) + (ζ 2 − ζ 1 ) κ 2 + υζ 1′ + (υ + 1)ζ 2′ i
(   )
(43)
4
+ υζ 1 (υ + 1)ζ 2 ζ 1′ + ζ 2′ − (ζ 1 + ζ 2 ) υζ 1 + (υ + 1)ζ 2
   
HΩ = .
√ h 2 ih  2 i 32
2 2
2 υζ 1 + (υ + 1)ζ 2 − κ − 2ζ 1 ζ 2 (ζ 1 − ζ 2 ) + 2 υζ 1 + (υ + 1)ζ 2

So, from Equation (5) the proof is ended.

In the same way, as for the proof of Corollary 2, we can prove the following result:

Corollary 12. Let Ω = Ω(s, υ) be a type-Π Smarandache ruled surface defined by (38) in E3 via
to RMDF (4). Then, the s-parameter curves of Ω are not asymptotic but υ-parameter curves are
asymptotic curves.
Symmetry 2023, 15, 2207 12 of 19

3.3. Type-Π Smarandache Ruled Surfaces along γ3 -Smarandache Curve

Definition 7. The type-Π Smarandache ruled surfaces due to RMDF (4) in E3 generated by
continuously moving vector γ1 along γ3 -Smarandache curve is defined as follows

Ξ(s, υ) = γ3 (s) + υγ1 (s). (44)

Theorem 7. The type-Π Smarandache ruled surface Ξ = Ξ(s, υ) defined by (44) due to RMDF (4)
in E3 is developable iff one of the following conditions holds
κ 
g
i. ϑ (s) = tan−1 ,
κn
 κ + ( υ + 1)κ 
g n
ii. ϑ (s) = tan−1 .
κ n − ( υ + 1)κ g

Proof. Consider the type-Π Smarandache ruled surface Ξ = Ξ(s, υ) given by (44), then Ξ’s
velocity vectors are given by:

1 h  i
Ξs = √ − (υ + 1)ζ 1 + ζ 2 T + υζ 1 P1 + υζ 2 P2 ,
 

2 (45)
1
Ξυ = √ T + P1 .



2

The normal vector field of the surface Ξ(s, υ) may be ascertained by taking the cross-product
of the partial derivatives of the surface given by Equation (45). Then, we have
 
υζ 2 ( T + P1 ) + ζ 2 + (2υ + 1)ζ 1 P2
NΞ = q  2 .
υ2 κ 2 + ζ 2 + (2υ + 1)ζ 1

From Equation (45), we can obtain the Ξ’s quantities of first fundamental form are:

1h 2 2  2 i
E= υ κ + ζ 2 + ( υ + 1) ζ 1 ,
2 (46)
−1  
F= ζ 1 + ζ 2 , G = 1.
2
Using (45)’s second derivative with regard to s and υ, we have

1 h 
Ξss = √ − υκ 2 + ζ 2′ + (υ + 1)ζ 1′ T + υζ 1′ − ζ 1 ζ 2 + (2υ + 1)ζ 1 P1
   
2
 ′   i
+ υζ 2 − ζ 2 ζ 2 + (2υ + 1)ζ 1 P2 ,
(47)
1 h i
Ξsυ = √ − ζ 1 T + ζ 1 P1 + ζ 2 P2 ,
2
Ξυυ = 0.

Then, Ξ’s quantities of second fundamental form are:

υζ 2 υκ 2 + ζ 2′ + (2υ + ′
    
 1)ζ′ 1 − ζ1 ζ 2 + (2υ + 1)ζ
1
+ ζ 2 + (2υ + 1)ζ 1 υζ 2 − ζ 2 ζ 2 + (2υ + 1)ζ 1
e= √ q  2 ,
2 υ2 κ 2 + ζ 2 + ( υ + 1) ζ 1
  (48)
− ζ 2 ζ 2 + ( υ + 1) ζ 1
f = √ q  2 ,
2 υ2 κ 2 + ζ 2 + ( υ + 1) ζ 1
g = 0.
Symmetry 2023, 15, 2207 13 of 19

As a result, given the facts above, we are able to find that KΞ and HΞ are given by:
2
−ζ 22 ζ 2 + (υ + 1)ζ 1

KΞ = − h 2
2 ih 2 i ,
υ2 κ 2 + ζ 2 + (υ + 1)ζ 1 − 12 ζ 1 + ζ 2
 
υ2 κ 2 + ζ 2 + ( υ + 1) ζ 1
υκ + ζ 2′ +(2υ + 1)ζ 1′
    2 
(49)
 ζ 2 (ζ 1 + ζ 2 ) ζ 2+ (υ + 1)ζ 1 + υζ 2  ′

−ζ 1 ζ 2 + (2υ + 1)ζ 1 + ζ 2 + (2υ + 1)ζ 1 υζ 2 − ζ 2 ζ 2 + (2υ + 1)ζ 1
HΞ = .
√ h 2
2 ih 2 i 23
2 2 υ2 κ 2 + ζ 2 + (υ + 1)ζ 1 − 12 ζ 1 + ζ 2
 
υ2 κ 2 + ζ 2 + ( υ + 1) ζ 1

So, from Equation (5) the proof is ended.

In the same way, as for the proof of Corollary 2, we can prove the following result:

Corollary 13. Let Ξ = Ξ(s, υ) be a type-Π Smarandache ruled surface defined by (44) in E3 via
to RMDF (4). Then, the s-parameter curves of Ξ are not asymptotic but υ-parameter curves are
asymptotic curves.

Definition 8. The type-Π Smarandache ruled surfaces due to RMDF (4) in E3 generated by
continuously moving vector γ2 along γ3 -Smarandache curve is defined as follows:

Σ(s, υ) = γ3 (s) + υγ2 (s). (50)

Theorem 8. The type-Π Smarandache ruled surface Σ = Σ(s, υ) defined by (50) due to RMDF
(4) in E3 is developable iff one of the following conditions holds
κ 
n
i. ϑ (s) = − tan−1 ,
κg
ζ1 υ−1
ii. = .
ζ2 2υ + 1

Proof. Consider the type-Π Smarandache ruled surface Σ = Σ(s, υ) given by (50), then Σ’s
velocity vectors are given by:

Σs = √1 − ζ 1 + (υ + 1)ζ 2 T + υζ 1 P1 + υζ 2 P2 ,
h   i


2 (51)
1
Συ = √ T + P2 .



2

The normal vector field of the surface Σ(s, υ) may be ascertained by taking the cross-product
of the partial derivatives of the surface given by Equation (51). Then, we have
 
υζ 1 ( T + P2 ) + ζ 1 + (2υ + 1)ζ 2 P1
NΣ = q 2 .
2υ2 ζ 12 + ζ 1 + (2υ + 1)ζ 2


From Equation (51), we can obtain the Σ’s quantities of first fundamental form are:

1h 2 2  2 i
E= υ κ + ζ 1 + ( υ + 1) ζ 2 ,
2 (52)
1 
F = − ζ 1 − ζ 2 , G = 1.
2
Symmetry 2023, 15, 2207 14 of 19

Using (51)’s second derivative with regard to s and υ, we have

1 h 
Σss = √ − υκ 2 + ζ 1′ + (υ + 1)ζ 2′ T + υζ 1′ − ζ 1 ζ 1 + (2υ + 1)ζ 2 P1
   
2
 ′   i
+ υζ 2 − ζ 2 ζ 1 + (υ + 1)ζ 2 P2 ,
(53)
1 h i
Σsυ = √ − (ζ 1 + ζ 2 ) T + ζ 1 P1 + ζ 2 P2 ,
2
Συυ = 0.

Then, Σ’s quantities of second fundamental form are:

υζ1 υ(ζ 22 − κ 2 ) − (

υ + 1)(ζ 22 − ζ 2′ ) − ζ 1′ − ζ 1 ζ 2
   

+ ζ 1 + (2υ + 1)ζ 2 υζ 1′ − ζ 1 ζ 1 + (2υ + 1)ζ 2


e= √ q 2 ,
2 2υ2 ζ 12 + ζ 1 + (2υ + 1)ζ 2

  (54)
ζ 1 (1 − υ)ζ 1 + (2υ + 1)ζ 2
f = √ q 2 ,
2 2υ2 ζ 12 + ζ 1 + (2υ + 1)ζ 2


g = 0.

As a result, given the facts above, we are able to find that KΣ and HΣ are given by:
2
ζ 12 (1 − υ)ζ 1 + (2υ + 1)ζ 2

KΣ = − h 2
2 ih 2 i ,
υ2 κ 2 + ζ 1 + (υ + 1)ζ 2 − 12 ζ 1 − ζ 2 2υ2 ζ 12 + ζ 1 + (2υ + 1)ζ 2
 

2 2 2 ′
    
ζ 1 (ζ 1 − ζ 2 ) (υ − 1)ζ1 + (2υ + 1)ζ 2 υζ 1 υ ( ζ 2 −κ ) − ( υ + 1)( ζ 2− ζ 2 ) (55)
′ ′

−ζ 1 − ζ 1 ζ 2 + ζ 1 + (2υ + 1)ζ 2 υζ 1 − ζ 1 ζ 1 + (2υ + 1)ζ 2
HΣ = .
√ h 2
2 ih 2 i 23
2 υ2 κ 2 + ζ 1 + (υ + 1)ζ 2 − 12 ζ 1 − ζ 2 2υ2 ζ 12 + ζ 1 + (2υ + 1)ζ 2
 

So, from Equation (5) the proof is ended.

In the same way, as for the proof of Corollary 2, we can prove the following result:

Corollary 14. Let Σ = Σ(s, υ) be a type-Π Smarandache ruled surface defined by (50) in E3 via
to RMDF (4). Then, the s-parameter curves of Σ are not asymptotic but υ-parameter curves are
asymptotic curves.

Definition 9. The type-Π Smarandache ruled surfaces due to RMDF (4) in E3 generated by
continuously moving vector γ3 along γ3 -Smarandache curve is defined as follows

∆(s, υ) = γ3 (s) + υγ3 (s). (56)

Theorem 9. The type-Π Smarandache ruled surface ∆ = ∆(s, υ) defined by (56) due to RMDF
(4) in E3 is developable.

Proof. Consider the type-Π Smarandache ruled surface ∆ = ∆(s, υ) given by (56), then ∆’s
velocity vectors are given by:

( υ + 1) h i
∆s = − √ ζ 1 + ζ 2 T,


2 (57)
1
∆υ = √ P1 + P2 .



2
Symmetry 2023, 15, 2207 15 of 19

The normal vector field of the surface ∆(s, υ) may be ascertained by taking the cross-product
of the partial derivatives of the surface given by Equation (57). Then, we have

P1 − P2
N∆ = √ .
2

From Equation (57), we can obtain the ∆’s quantities of first fundamental form are:

1

2
E= υ + 1 ζ1 + ζ2 ,
2 (58)
F = 0, G = 1.

Using (57)’s second derivative with regard to s and υ, we have

( υ + 1) n ′
o
∆ss = − ζ 1 + ζ 2′ T + ζ 1 ζ 1 + ζ 2 P1 + ζ 2 ζ 1 + ζ 2 P2 ,



√
2
−(ζ 1 + ζ 2 ) T (59)
∆sυ = √ ,
2
∆υυ = 0.

Then, ∆’s quantities of second fundamental form are:

( υ + 1)κ 2
e= ,
2 (60)
f = 0, g = 0.

As a result, given the facts above, we are able to find that K∆ and H∆ are given by:

K∆ = 0,
1  κ 2 (61)
H∆ = .
2 ζ1 + ζ2

Then, the proof is ended.

In the same way, as for the proof of Corollaries 1–3, we can prove the following results:

Corollary 15. Let Σ = Σ(s, υ) be a type-Π Smarandache ruled surface defined by (56) in E3 via
to RMDF (4). Then, the Σ minimal surface iff κ = 0.

Corollary 16. Let ∆ = ∆(s, υ) be a type-Π Smarandache ruled surface defined by (56) in E3 via
to RMDF (4). Then, the s-parameter curves of ∆ are not geodesic curves but υ-parameter curves are
geodesic curves.

Corollary 17. Let Σ = Σ(s, υ) be a type-Π Smarandache ruled surface defined by (56) in E3 via
to RMDF (4). Then, the s-parameter curves of Σ are not asymptotic but υ-parameter curves are
asymptotic curves.

Corollary 18. Let Σ = Σ(s, υ) be a type-Π Smarandache ruled surface defined by (56) in E3 via
to RMDF (4). Then, the s and υ-parameter curves of Σ are principal curves.

4. Example
Let consider a surface M = M(s, υ) parameterized by
   √   √ 
s s s
M (s, υ) = cos √ + 2 sin υ, sin √ + 2 cos υ, √ .
2 2 2
Symmetry 2023, 15, 2207 16 of 19

     
s s s
The s-parameter curve φ(s) = cos √
, sin √ ,√
lying on M = M (s, υ) (see
2 2 2
Figure 1). Then, the Darboux frame of φ(s) on M are given, respectively, by
     
1 s s
T (s) = √ − sin √ , cos √ , 1 ,
2 2 2
         
1 s 1 s s 1 s 1
N(s) = √ − cos √ + √ sin √ , − sin √ − √ cos √ , √ ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
         
1 s 1 s s 1 s 1
G (s) = √ cos √ + √ sin √ , sin √ − √ cos √ , √ ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
κn = κ g = √ , τg = .
2 2

Figure 1. The curve φ(s) on M (s, υ).

Z 2
1 s
Then, ϑ (s) = − ds = − . So, we have
2 0 2
      h  
1 s s s s s  s i s
P1 = √ cos √ − + sin √ − , cos − sin sin √
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
s  s i    s i
1 h s 1 h s
− √ cos + sin cos √ , √ cos + sin ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
      h  
1 s s s s s  s i s
P2 = √ cos √ − − sin √ − , cos + sin sin √
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
  
1 h  s   s i s 1 h  s   s i
− √ cos − sin cos √ , − √ cos − sin .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Given the parametric equations below and these vectors and definitions, the graphs of
type-Π Smarandache ruled surface are shown in Figures 2, 3, and 4, respectively.

        
υ+1 s s s s s s
Ψ(s, υ) = cos √ − + sin √ − − sin √ , cos √
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
√ h s  s i 
s
  s   s  
+ 2 cos − sin sin √ , 1 + cos + sin .
2 2 2 2 2
Symmetry 2023, 15, 2207 17 of 19

( υ − 1)
      
( υ + 1) s s s s ( υ + 1) s
Γ(s, υ) = cos √ − + sin √ − − sin √
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
   
( υ + 1) s ( υ + 1) h  s   s i s
, cos √ + √ cos − sin sin √
2 2 2 2 2 2
s i (υ − 1)
   s 
( υ + 1) h  s   s i s υ+1 h 
− √ cos + sin cos √ , 1 + sin − cos .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

    
( υ + 1) s s 1 s s 1 s h s  s i
Λ(s, υ) = cos √ − + sin √ − − sin , cos + sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
     h   
υ s ( υ + 1) s  s   s i ( υ + 1) s
× √ sin √ − cos √ + cos − sin √ sin √
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
  h 
υ s 1  s i (2υ + 1) s
− cos √ , 1 + cos + sin .
2 2 2 2 2 2

( υ − 1)
    
( υ + 1) s s s s ( υ + 1) s
Θ(s, υ) = cos √ − − √ sin √ − − sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( υ + 1) s h s  s i υ 
s

1

s

, cos + cos − sin √ sin √ − cos √
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
h s  s i 1 
s

υ

s

( υ + 1) s
+ cos + sin √ sin √ − cos √ , sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( υ − 1)

 s 
+ cos .
2 2

       √ h
( υ + 1) s s s s s s s
Υ(s, υ) = cos √ − − sin √ − − sin , cos √ + 2 cos
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 s i   h   
s  s   s i s  s   s
+ sin sin √ − cos − sin cos √ , 1 − cos − sin .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

    
(2υ + 1) s s 1 s s 1 s
Ω(s, υ) = cos √ − + sin √ − − sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    
1  s  h  s   s i ( υ + 1) s υ s
, cos + cos + sin √ sin √ − cos √
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
s  s i υ    
h s ( υ + 1) s (2υ + 1) s
+ cos − sin √ sin √ − cos √ , sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 h  s i
+ 1 + cos .
2 2

    
(2υ + 1) s s υ s s υ s
Ξ(s, υ) = cos √ − + sin √ − − sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
υ s h s  s i 1 
s

( υ + 1)

s

, cos + cos + sin √ sin √ − cos √
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
h s  s i (υ + 1) 
s

1

s

( υ + 2) s
+ cos − sin √ sin √ − cos √ , sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

υ h  s i
+ 1 + cos .
2 2
Symmetry 2023, 15, 2207 18 of 19

    
( υ + 2) s s υ s s υ s
Σ(s, υ) = cos √ − − sin √ − − sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
    
υ  s  h  s   s i ( υ + 1) s 1 s
, cos + cos + sin √ sin √ − cos √
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
h s  s i 1 
s

( υ + 1)

s

( υ + 2) s
+ cos − sin √ sin √ − cos √ , sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

υ h  s i
+ 1 − cos .
2 2

s √
        s 
s s s s s
∆(s, υ) =(υ + 1) cos √ − , 2 sin √ cos + cos √ cos , sin .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Figure 2. The type-Π Smarandache ruled surfaces Ψ, Γ, and Λ along γ1 .

Figure 3. The type-Π Smarandache ruled surfaces Θ, Υ, and Ω along γ2 .

Figure 4. The type-Π Smarandache ruled surfaces Ξ, Σ, and ∆ along γ3 .

5. Conclusions
This study focused on the construction of type-Π Smarandache ruled surfaces, with
their base curves being Smarandache curves derived from rotation minimizing Darboux
frame vectors of the curve in E3 . The direction vectors of these surfaces were unit vectors
that transformed the Smarandache curves. The Gaussian and mean curvatures of the man-
ufactured ruled surfaces were calculated separately with the requirement of being either
Symmetry 2023, 15, 2207 19 of 19

minimum or developable. Graphs of these surfaces were generated, along with an example
provided for each surface. Through this research, we have successfully examined and
presented the characteristics and properties of these type-Π Smarandache ruled surfaces,
contributing to the understanding and exploration of this specific class of surfaces. Further
investigations and applications of these surfaces in relevant fields are encouraged.

Author Contributions: Data curation, E.S., I.A.-D., M.A.K. and M.A.; Formal analysis, E.S., I.A.-D.,
M.A.K. and M.A.; Funding acquisition, E.S.; Methodology, E.S., I.A.-D. and M.A.K.; Software, E.S.,
I.A.-D., M.A.K. and M.A.; Writing—original draft, E.S., I.A.-D., M.A.K. and M.A.; Writing—review
and editing, E.S., I.A.-D., M.A.K. and M.A. All authors contributed equally. All authors have read
and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This work is supported and funded by Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
through grant number IMSIU-RG23085.
Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article.
Acknowledgments: This work was supported and funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at
Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) (grant number IMSIU-RG23085).
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References
1. Do Carmo M.P. Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces; Revised and Updated Second Edition; Courier Dover Publications:
Mineola, NY, USA, 2016.
2. Zhao, Q.; Pei, D.; Wang, Y. Singularities for one-parameter developable surfaces of curves. Symmetry 2019, 11, 108. [CrossRef]
3. Zhao, Q.; Yang, L.; Wang, Y. Geometry of Developable surfaces of Frenet type framed base curves from the singularity theory
viewpoint. Symmetry 2022, 14, 975. [CrossRef]
4. Abdel-Baky, R.A.-S.; Saad, M.K. Singularities of non-developable ruled surface with space-like ruling. Symmetry 2022, 14, 716.
[CrossRef]
5. Li, Y.; Nazra, S.H.; Abdel-Baky, R.A. Singularity properties of timelike sweeping surface in Minkowski 3-Space. Symmetry 2022,
14, 1996. [CrossRef]
6. Almoneef, A.A.; Abdel-Baky, R.A. Timelike Ruled Surfaces with Stationary Disteli-Axis. Symmetry 2023, 15, 998. [CrossRef]
7. Solouma, E.; Abdelkawy, M. Family of ruled surfaces generated by equiform Bishop spherical image in Minkowski 3-space.
AIMS Math. 2022, 8, 4372–4389. [CrossRef]
8. AL-Daye, I.; Solouma E.M. Geometric Properties in Minkowski Space-Time of Spacelike Smarandache Curves. Int. J. Appl.
Comput. Math. 2021, 7, 1–16.
9. Aldossary, M.T.; Abdel-Baky, R.A. Surfaces Family with Bertrand Curves as Common Asymptotic Curves in Euclidean 3-Space
E3 . Symmetry 2023, 15, 1440. [CrossRef]
10. Şenyurt, S.; Canlı, D.; Çan, E.; Mazlum, S.G. Some Special Smarandache Ruled Surfaces by Frenet Frame in E3 -II. Honam Math. J.
2022, 44, 594–617.
11. Li, Y.; Şenyurt, S.; Özduran, A.; Canlı, D. The Characterizations of Parallel q-Equidistant Ruled Surfaces. Symmetry 2022, 14, 1879.
[CrossRef]
12. Ashbacher, C. Smarandache geometries. Smarandache Notions J. 1997, 8, 212–215.
13. Bishop, L.R. There is more than one way to frame a curve. Amer. Math. Monthly 1974, 82, 246–251. [CrossRef]
14. Mao, L. Smarandache Geometries & Map Theory with Applications; Chinese Branch Xiquan House, Academy of Mathematics and
Systems Chinese Academy of Sciences: Beijing, China, 2006.
15. Solouma, E.M. Equiform spacelike Smarandache curves of anti-Eqiform Salkowski curve according to Equiform frame. Int. J.
Math. Anal. 2021, 15, 43–59. [CrossRef]
16. Darboux, G. Leçons sur la Theorie Generale des Surfaces; I-II-III-IV; Gauthier-Villars: Paris, France, 1896.
17. Aldossary M.T.; Abdel-Baky R.A. Sweeping surface due to rotation minimizing Darboux frame in Euclidean 3-space E3 . AIMS
Math. 2022, 8, 447–462. [CrossRef]
18. Dede M.; Aslan M.C.; Ekici M.C. On a variational problem due to the B-Darboux frame in Euclidean 3-space. Math. Methods Appl.
Sci. 2021, 43, 1–9. [CrossRef]

Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual
author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to
people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.