Unit 4

Overview of topics
• Integrated safety improvement and Traffic Calming Schemes,
• Speed and load limits (Enforcement) ,Traffic lights, Safety
cameras, Tests on driver and vehicles, Pedestrian safety issues,
Parking, Parking enforcement and its influence on Accidents
• Travel Demand Management; Methods of Traffic management
measures: Restriction of Turning Movements, One-way streets,
Tidal Flow Operation Methods, Exclusive Bus Lanes and Closing
Side-streets
• Latest tools and techniques used for Road safety and traffic
management
• Road safety issues and various measures for road safety;
Legislation, Enforcement, Education and Propaganda,
• Air quality, Noise and Energy Impacts
• Cost of Road Accidents
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 Integrated safety improvement
Road safety engineering measures Typical examples:
1. Single site treatment
– improved signing
– carriageway markings
– road surface treatment
– lighting improvements
– alterations to alignment, kerbs and islands
– introduction of signal control or mini-roundabouts.
2. Mass action plan
– lighting improvements
– anti-skid surfacing
– speed enforcement cameras
– red-light running cameras oufastupdates.com
– pelicans, zebras and pedestrian phases at signals.
3. Route action plan
– carriageway widening at junctions
– speed limits
– speed control measures
– side road closures or left-in, left-out only
– cycle routes.
4. Area action plan
– vertical deflection – humps and tables
– horizontal deflection – narrowing's
– mini-roundabouts
– road closures and banned turns
– Speed zones oufastupdates.com
 Traffic calming Schemes
• Traffic calming uses physical design and other
measures to improve safety for
motorists, pedestrians and cyclists. It aims to
encourage safer, more responsible driving and
potentially reduce traffic flow.

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Urban planners and traffic engineers have many
strategies for traffic calming, including
1. legislation and enforcement –Speed& Load Limits
2. surface treatment and signing
3. vertical deflection-Speed Breakers ,Humps
4. horizontal deflection-Narrowing Roads
5. gateways and entry treatment ,
6. Volume Control Measures
7. Islands, Mini roundabouts
8. Lorry schemes
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 Speed Limit
• Road speed limits are used in most
countries to set the legal maximum or
minimum speed at which
road vehicles may travel on a given
stretch of road
• Speed limits in India vary by state and
vehicle type. In April 2018, the
Union Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways fixed the maximum speed
limit on expressways at 120 km/h, for
national highways at 100 km/h, and for
urban roads at 70 km/h for M1 category
of vehicles. The M1 category includes
most passenger vehicles that have less
than 8 seats. State and local
governments in India may fix lower
speed limits than those prescribed by
the Union Ministry.
• Speed limits are generally indicated on a traffic
sign reflecting the maximum or minimum
permitted expressed as kilo metres per
hour (km/h) and/or miles per hour (mph).
• Speed limits are commonly set by the legislative
bodies of national or provincial governments and
enforced by national or regional police and judicial
authorities

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Speed limit enforcement is the
effort made by appropriately
empowered authorities to
improve driver compliance
with speed limits. Methods used
include roadside speed traps set
up and operated by the police
and automated roadside 'speed
camera' systems, which may
incorporate the use of
an automatic number plate
recognition system. More
recently, radar guns and
automated in-vehicle systems
have come into use.
 Load Limits
• Applying a weight limit to a road is often done
in an attempt to protect a roadway's
appearance in particular. ... Restricting
overweight freights may just prevent damages
like pot holes and cracks in the road.

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• There are several different kinds of shipments that
these transportation vehicles see, including
expedited freight, oversize freight, trade show
freight, overweight freight, and even specialty
freight. For overweight freight, specifically, these
drivers have to deal with some restrictions on the
road. They may seem burdensome due to rerouting,
but they are certainly necessary. Here are three
reasons that certain roads carry weight restrictions.
• Aesthetic Reasons
• Structural Reasons
• Congestion Reasons oufastupdates.com
 Traffic lights
• Traffic lights (or traffic signals) are lights used
to control the movement of traffic. They are
placed on roads at intersections and crossings.
The different colors of lights tell drivers what
to do.
• Traffic lights change their colors in the same
order every time.

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 Safety Cameras
• A traffic enforcement camera (also red light camera, road
safety camera, road rule camera, photo radar, photo
enforcement, speed camera, safety camera, bus lane
camera, flash for cash, Safe-T-Cam, depending on use) is
a camera which may be mounted beside or over a road or
installed in an enforcement vehicle to detect motoring
offenses, including speeding, vehicles going through a red
traffic light, vehicles going through a toll booth without
paying, unauthorized use of a bus lane, or for recording
vehicles inside a congestion charge area. It may be linked to
an automated ticketing system.

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• A monitoring center receives the live video in real
time, and serves as a dispatcher if there is a traffic
collision or some other disruptive incident or road
safety issue.

A worldwide review of studies found that speed cameras led to a

reduction of "11% to 44% for fatal and serious injury crashes"
 Tests on driver and vehicles
• A driving test (also known as a driving exam, driver's
test, or road test) is a procedure designed to test a
person's ability to drive a motor vehicle. It exists in
various forms worldwide, and is often a requirement to
obtain a driver's license. A driving test generally
consists of one or two parts: the practical test, called
a road test, used to assess a person's driving ability
under normal operating conditions, and/or a written or
oral test (theory test) to confirm a person's knowledge
of driving and relevant rules and laws.
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PEDESTRIAN SAFETY
ISSUES

1
 Why Pedestrian Safety

Urban sprawl has often left pedestrians stranded.

Wide roads have been built without sidewalks or
frequent crosswalks, and high-speed traffic makes
these roadways particularly deadly. In many areas,
intersections with crosswalks may be as much as a
kilometer apart, leaving pedestrians with no safe
way to cross the street.

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150

113 108.
9

75

54.2
44.6
38

0.1 0.4 0.6 3.1

0
Air Bus Rail Car Bicycl Motor- Walk
e bike

DEATHS PER BILLION KILOMETERS

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 Who’s Failure lead to an
80% 78% Accident

60%

40%

20% 14%

1% 3% 2% 1% 1%
0%
Driver Cyclis Pedestria MotorCycle Road Weathe Other
t n Condition r s
%age
Traffic Fatalities by Road User
80

60

40

20

0 Truck Bus Car Taxi Motorcycl Bicycl Pedestria

e Mumba e
n Delhi
i
2
 Pedestrian accidents
make up 180000
Pedestrians were killed
11% Every Year in motor vehicle accidents
Between 1975 and 2005
5000
O f all motor
vehicle accidents
pedestrians are killed

60% 8 4000 ed
estrians are injur 88%
ped
red in of accidents occurred in
Of accidents occur
nor mal weather condition
64%
Place where no cro sswalks

of accidents occurred
at night
2
 Pedestrian crashes typically occur during
the late afternoon and early evening hours
presumably because of the reduced levels of
visibility at a time when many people are on the road.

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2
 Prevention
Crash: Causes & Prevention
Physical Roadway

Inefficient Driver Poor Operating Policies

Defective Vehicle Lack of Education

Good
engineering
can reduce the
Bad Environment effects of ... Inadequate Enforcement
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 CURRENT CONDITION

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30-40% of city roads are occupied with parking at any point of time
2
CURRENT CONDITION

road width

Walkway width
Road width = ??

2
 CURRENT CONDITION

In-appropriate design of road cross sections- designed for nobody

2
 CURRENT CONDITION

No designs at junctions- resulting in traffic bottlenecks and safety

compromises
2
“equitable space
allocation
for all road users
with a focus on
people rather
than vehicles.”

Photographs are from Tier-1II cities in India, taken during 2009-2013

The National UrbanTransport Policy, India

 PEDESTRIAN SAFETY

• Safe infrastructure (walkways, over/under-pass etc)

• Behavioral Issues (Traffic signs, Fines, Education, Culture)

• Safety engineering (Optimum speed, designs etc.)

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 PARKING,PARKING ENFORCEMENT

• Leaving a vehicle in a particular place for

a period of time

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 INTRODUCTION
One of the problems created by road
traffic is PARKING. Not only do
vehicles require street space to
move about, but also do they
require space to park where the
occupants can be loaded and
unloaded.

A systematic study of the PARKING

CHARACTERISTICS and DEMAND and
REGULATORY MEASURES that are
possible for controlling parking is
of great help to a traffic engineer
as well as town planner.
 .....
• The period over which a car is parked is very great compared with the time it
is in motion. The size of average parking space is 14 m2. It is roughly
estimated that out of 8760 hours in a year, the car runs on an average for
only 400 hours, leaving 8360 hours when it is parked.

• Every car owner would wish to park the car as closely as possible to his
destination so as to minimize his walking. This results in a great demand for
parking space in those areas where the activities are concentrated.
Various parking signs
There are various effects of wrong parking
ILL-EFFECTS OF PARKING
On society as well as on
environment -

OBSTRUCTION
TO FIRE EFFECT ON
FIGHTING ENVIRONMET
Congestion Accident
OPERATIONS
 CONGESTION
• One of the serious ill-effects of parking is the loss of street
space and the resulting traffic congestions.

• The capacity of the streets is reduced, the journey speed drops down and the journey
time and delay increase. The operational cost of vehicles is thereby increased, causing
serious economic loss to the community.
 ACCIDENTS

• The consequences associated with wrong parking and

unparking are known to cause road accidents.

• Careless opening of the doors of parked vehicles, moving out of a

parked position and bringing a car to the parking location from the
mainstream of traffic are some of the common causes of parking
OBSTRUCTION TO FIRE - FIGHTING OPERATION
• Parked cars obstruct the movement of fire fighting
vehicles and greatly impede their operations. They
block access to hydrants and access to buildings.
 EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT

Parked vehicles degrade the environment of the town Centre.

Stopping and starting of vehicles result in noise and fumes.

Cars parked into every little available space debase the visual
aesthetics and “buildings seems to rise from a plinth of cars”.

In spite of the above ill-effects, parking has to be allowed on the

streets or off the streets close to the user’s destination.

The well being of the community and the town Centre demands that great
thought should be bestowed with the parking needs and how best to fulfill
them.
 Why parking is a major issue in India ?

 India is facing a new problem nowadays – lack of

sufficient parking space.
 As the total number of motor vehicles exceeding the total
number of heads per family, the parking scenario is
woefully falling short of the current requirements in the
country.
 The situation is such that on any given working
day approximately 40% of the roads in urban
India are taken up for just parking the cars.
 One feels that the authorities who plan the
Indian cities should really look into the
situation. The public policy needs to be
structured in such a way that the issue can be
tackled effectively.

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 If you can buy a car, you should have enough money
to pay for its parking charges as well.
 In a developed country, many people do not own cars.
The reason for this is that a car license is really
expensive and people who want one also need to
prove that they have sufficient parking space in offices
as well as their homes. It also helps that public
transport is of the highest order in these regions with
monorails, meglevs, metros and high speed trains for
example.

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On the basis of the style of Parking Areas,
there are two major types of Parking:

1. On Street Parking
2. Off Street Parking

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 On Street Parking
 As the name itself suggests, “On-street Parking” means the area
allotted for Parking purpose at the sides of the roads. For efficiency
in Parking system; the On street Parking is divided into three types:
1.Angular Parking
2.Perpendicular Parking (efficient Parking Method)
3.Parallel Parking
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 Angular Parking
 The vehicles are parked at an angle. It may be a 30,60
degree angle or 45 degree angle.
 The vehicles can be easily reversed if parked at an angle.
Hence, proving as an efficient Parking System in case of
vehicular circulation.
Perpendicular Parking
 The vehicles are parked at right angle to the road. It is an
efficient system of Parking.
Parallel parking

 The vehicles are parked along the length of the road. Here
there is no backward movement involved while parking or
un parking the vehicle. Hence, it is the most safest parking
from the accident perspective.
 However, it consumes the maximum length and therefore
only a minimum number of vehicles can be parked for a
given length. This method of parking produces least
obstruction to the on-going track on the road since least
road width is used.
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 Off street parking
 Off street parking means vehicles are parked off the street itself.
 This will be usually controlled by commercial agencies itself.

 Here are some of the examples of Off Street Parking:

1. Parking lots
2. Bypass road
3. Multistory Building Garage
4. Parking Lanes
Recommendations on the Provision of
Parking Spaces for Urban Areas
Residential
Detached, semi-detached and row houses
Plot Area up to 100 sq.m
Plot Area 101–200 sq.m
Plot Area 201–300 sq.m
Plot Area 301–500 sq.m
Plot Area 501–1000 sq.m
Plot Area 1001+sq.m
No private or community parking space is
required
Only community parking space is required
Only community parking space is required
Minimum one-third of the open area should
be earmarked for parking
Minimum one-fourth of the open area
should be earmarked for parking
Minimum one-sixth of the open area should
be earmarked for parking
DIMENSIONS FOR STANDARD
PARKING SPACES
Parking Space Space
Angle Width Length
90 9’ 18’
60 9’ 21’
45 9’ 19’10”
30 9’ 16’10”
parallel 8’ 24’

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Factors Influencing Travel Demand
Three factors that influence the demand for urban travel are:
(1) Location and intensity of land use
(2) Socioeconomic characteristics of people living in the area and
(3) Extent, Cost, and Quality of available transportation services

Transportation System Management (TSM)

TSM is a planning and operating process designed to conserve resources and
energy and to improve the quality of urban life.
All existing transportation facilities are viewed as elements of a single
system; the objective is to organize these elements into one efficient,
productive, and integrated transportation system oufastupdates.com
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Transportation System Management (TSM)

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57
 Traffic management
• Regulatory measures for traffic management
– It has its basis in law, and uses mandatory and prohibitory
traffic signs and markings
• Regulatory measures include
– Speed limits
– Restrictions on turning movements
– Closure or one-way operation of streets
– Tidal-flow operation of major roads
– Priority for high occupancy vehicles (Exclusive bus lanes),
– Reversible lanes, and
– On-street waiting restrictions and parking control

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 Regulatory measures
Speed limits
• Two types of speed limit are in use throughout the world

• Absolute speed limit is that above which it is illegal to drive, irrespective of

the traffic, roadway, weather, or other conditions prevailing. This type of
limit is preferred by enforcement police

• Prima facie speed limit is that above which motorists are assumed to
break the law; however, they may argue in court that their speed was safe
for the conditions prevailing at the time. This is a flexible limit in that
police can adjust their enforcement according to their view as to whether
the conditions prevailing are safe; however, it relies on the police to use
judgement as to what is safe, and this is more easily challenged in the
courts
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 Speed limit Factors
Factors which should be taken into account when establishing a speed limit
include
• Design speed of road,
• Prevailing vehicle speeds,
• Road cross-section,
• Curvature,
• Gradient and quality of surfacing,
• Frequency and spacing of intersections,
• Traffic volume and composition,
• Accident history,
• Presence of pedestrians/parking vehicles and
• Traffic control devices that affect vehicle speeds
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Restrictions on turning movements
• Congestion and accidents caused by right-turning vehicles at signal-
controlled intersections are usually coped with by inserting an extra phase
or early cut-off and late start arrangements in the signal cycle
• In some instances it may be preferable to ban right-turning vehicles at a
critical intersection during all or part of the day, rather than attempt to
provide directly for this movement.

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 One way streets
One-way traffic operation is a simple regulatory tool available for the relief of
traffic congestion. Its most effective usage is on streets in and about the central
areas of towns

Potential points of conflict at an intersection”

two 2-way streets, 24 conflicts
One 1-way & one 2-way street, 11 conflicts
two 1-way streets, 6 conflicts

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 Advantages of One-way Street Systems
• General Benefits:
• Improved ability to coordinate traffic signals
• Removal of opposed left turns
• Related quality of flow benefits such as increased average speed and decreased
delays
• Better quality of flow for bus transit; lower transit operating costs
• Left-turn lanes not needed
• More opportunity to maneuver around double-parked or slow-moving vehicles
• Ability to maintain curb parlung longer than otherwise possible (due to capacity
benefits)
• Capacity Benefits:
• Reduced left-turn pces
• Fewer signal phases (at signalized intersections)
• Reduced delay
• Better utilization of street width
• Safety Benefits:
• Intersection LT conflicts removed
• Midblock LT conflicts removed oufastupdates.com
• Improved driver field of vision
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 Disadvantages of One-way Street Systems
• Increased trip lengths for some/most/all vehicles, pedestrians, and transit
routes
• Some businesses negatively affected
• Signal coordinated in grid still poses closure problem
• Transit route directions now separated by at least one block
• For transit routes, a 50% reduction in right-hand lanes; may create bus
stop capacity problem
• Concern of businesses about potential negative impacts
• Fewer turning opportunities
• Additional signing needed to designate “one-way” designations, turn
prohibitions, and restricted entry

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 Tidal-flow operation of major roads
• It is a traffic management tool whereby the total carriageway width is
shared between two directions of travel in near proportion to the flow in
each direction
• The number of lanes assigned to each direction of travel varies with the
time of day so that extra capacity is provided to the heavier traffic flow
during, typically, peak commuter periods
• The great advantage of tidal-flow operation is that extra capacity is
provided on the same road at the time required and, unlike one-way
streets, traffic in the minor direction does not have to move to a
complementary street
• Its usage is particularly applicable to heavily trafficked bridges, tunnels
and radial roads in urban areas

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 Disadvantages of tidal-flow schemes
• Implementation can be expensive
• Poor implementation can result in increasing numbers of head-on
accidents
• Central pedestrian refuges have to be removed
• No-parking restrictions are normally imposed
• Right turns from minor roads may have to be banned
• Bus stops and laybys may have to be removed if single lanes are used to
carry the minor flow
• This type of operation normally cannot be applied to roads divided by
central reservations.

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 Priority for High Occupancy Vehicles
(HOV)
• The use of HOV facilities, which focus on increasing the person-movement
efficiency of a road or travel corridor is aimed at addressing traffic
congestion and environmental concerns as well as reducing the delays to
buses and increasing their reliability.
• A variety of HOV treatments are currently in operation worldwide; they
include
– Bus ways on separate rights of way,
– Exclusive lanes, and
– Priority for HOVs at intersections.
• HOV facilities that are open to private car pools as well as public buses are
prevalent in North America, whereas elsewhere in the world (including
Britain) the emphasis is on bus usage. However, in Britain access to HOV
operation is often given to taxis (and emergency vehicles) and sometimes to
cyclists and disabled drivers
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Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)

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 Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) System
By 2003 Delhi (India) got into process of adopting BRTS to Indian cities.
BRTS planning was followed by Ahmedabad (2005), Pune and Indore (2006).

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Latest tools and techniques used for
Road safety and traffic management
• Technology has revolutionized the road safety
in India. Nevertheless, road safety is crucial
and the Government intends to leverage
technology for augmenting the safety of
citizens. The technology enables you to
control traffic, catch the lawbreakers, and
provide road safety. Let us check out the 5
technology solutions that assist you to create
Indian roads safer: oufastupdates.com
 LIDAR Gun
• LIDAR (Light Detection and
Ranging) gun is a weightless and
simple tool, which enables the law
officials to catch and book vehicle
that crosses the speed limit. With
the invisible infrared beam in the
gun, you will be able to target
individual vehicle and recognize
whether a particular vehicle is
violating the speed limit or not,
especially, on the basis of
variations recorded in the light
 Speed Indication Display
• Warning signs can be beneficial for road
users. The Speed indication display that
serves as a warning sign, are digital
speed boards, which is installed on roads
for identifying whether a vehicle crosses
the speed limit or not. These devices are
installed along with a radar sensor, and
can evaluate the speed of the vehicle,
which is displayed on the LED displays,
visible for all the vehicles.

Today, a wide range of speed indication display

devices is available, while certain display the
vehicles, which are driving under and over speed
and other display the real-time speed of each
vehicle. At times, the device captures and store
images of speeding vehicles.

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• Speed Governors
• Speed governors as the name implies, allows you
to recognize when a vehicle crosses the decided
speed limit. With the sensors attached to the
device, you can recognize how swiftly a vehicle is
going, and whenever the vehicle attempts to
cross the speed limit, it will restrict the air flow
and engine fuel. Hence, the vehicle will
automatically slow down and stops. Therefore,
the speed governor is an ideal solution for the
vehicles to remain within the speed limit.
oufastupdates.com
 Variable message signs
Variable message sign are LED boards, which display vital
information to commuters. This sign is installed in Indian cities
such as Bangalore and Hyderabad. Delhi is also planning to
install the sign in the near future. As a result, it serves valuable
to road users as they are able to receive the latest updates on
the road and traffic conditions especially that of vehicle
breakdowns and traffic congestion.
 Inductive Loops
Induction loops are beneficial,
since it detects the vehicles
waiting at the junction and
send these data to traffic
signals, which changes
automatically based on the
situation. How it works? These
loops utilize electromagnetic
fields and it will experience a
change in frequency,
whenever a vehicle enters
that particular area. The
feedback obtained from it is
transferred via connected
cables. In addition to this, the
type of vehicle can also be
determined on the basis of
the changes in frequency
 5Es to Road safety

Road safety is result of effective measures and their

integration in the areas of
1. Engineering (Roads)
2. Engineering(Vehicles)
3. Enforcement
4. Education
5. Emergency

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 5Es to Road safety
• Engineering (Roads)
Road Design and Maintenance
Segregation of traffic
Lighting system
Speed
Double white lines
Alignment
Road Surface
Margins
• Engineering (Vehicles)
Vehicle Design and maintenance
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 5Es to Road safety
• Enforcement
– Speed control
– Traffic control
– Training and supervision
– Medical check
– Compulsion to wear Helmet, seat belt
• Education
– Road users (pedestrians, drivers) training, education
– Traffic rules, traffic safety week programs etc.
• Emergency oufastupdates.com
Rs 14,000 cr to be spent to cut road accidents-11.07.2019
https://www.socialnews.xyz/2019/07/11/rs-14000-cr-to-be-spent-to-cut-road-accidents/
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 Highways and Traffic Effect on
Environment
• Issue of Transportation and Environment is paradoxical in
nature
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of a highway scheme
discusses in detail the effects on various components of the
environment
• Most important impacts of transport on the environment
relate to
– Climate change, Air quality, Noise, Water quality, Soil quality
Biodiversity and Land take

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Highways and traffic Effect on Environment
- Climate Change
• Transport industry activities release several million tons of
gases each year into the atmosphere.
– These include Lead (Pb), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2),
methane (CH4), nitrogen oxides (NOx), nitrous oxide (N2O),
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), silicon
tetraflouride (SF6), benzene and volatile components (BTX), heavy
metals (zinc, chrome, copper and cadmium) and particulate matters
(ash, dust)
• Some of these gases, particularly nitrous oxide, also
participate in depleting the stratospheric ozone (O3) layer
• Climate change also has a significant impact on transportation
systems, particularly infrastructure
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Highways and traffic Effect on
Environment - Air Pollution
• The excessive concentration of foreign matter in the air
which adversely affects the well being of the individual or
causes damage to property is Air pollution
• Pollutants and Sources of Air pollution
– Smog (smoke+fog)
– Photochemical smog (air stagnation, abundant sunlight, high
concentrations of hydro corbons and Nox)
– Stationary sources (plant chimneys)
– Mobile sources (highway vehicles, trains, vessels, Aircrafts)

Vehicles are the sources of Air pollution in the form of gas and
particulate matters emissions that affects air quality causing
damage to human health
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 Highways and traffic Effect on
Environment - Air Pollution
• Toxic air pollutants are associated with cancer, cardiovascular, respiratory and
neurological diseases
• Carbon monoxide (CO) when inhale affects bloodstream, reduces the availability of
oxygen and can be extremely harmful to public health
• Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) reduces lung function, affects the respiratory immune system
and increases the risk of respiratory problems
• Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the atmosphere form various
acidic compounds that when mixed in cloud water creates acid rain. Acid precipitation
has detrimental effects on the built environment, reduces agricultural crop yields and
causes forest decline. The reduction of natural visibility by smog has a number of
adverse impacts on the quality of life and the attractiveness of tourist sites
• Particulate emissions in the form of dust emanating from vehicle exhaust associated
with health risks such as respiratory problems, skin irritations, eyes inflammations,
blood clotting and various types of allergies.

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 Automobile emission control
• Control of crankcase emissions
• Control of exhaust emissions
• Control of Evaporation emissions
• Alternatives to the gasoline engines
• Strict implementation of legislations

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Highways and traffic Effect on
Environment - Noise Pollution
• Noise represents the general effect of irregular and chaotic sounds
• Main Sources of Noise Pollution: Automobile, Aeroplanes, Trains,
construction works, loud speakers
• One of the major hazards of modern life especially in urban areas- areas
which are the most industrialized, urbanized and motorized
• It is traumatizing for the hearing organ and that may affect the quality of
life by its unpleasant and disturbing character. Long term exposure to
noise levels above 75dB seriously hampers hearing and affects human
physical and psychological wellbeing
• Transport noise emanating from the transport vehicles and the operations
of ports, airports and rail yards affects human health, through an increase
in the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Increasing noise levels have a
negative impact on the urban environment reflected in falling land values
and loss of productive land uses
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 Cost of Road Accidents
• With the fast growth of traffic, the road accident rate in India
is increasing at an alarming rate. Road accidents cause huge
economic loss to society by way of loss of output by fatal and
injured victims; expenses incurred in medical treatment;
administrative costs of police, insurance companies and
accident claims tribunals; and damages to vehicles and
property.
• Apart from these tangible components, intangible costs such
as pain, grief and suffering are also caused. An accurate
understanding of the monetary costs of accidents of various
types helps transportation planners and economists to
account for this component of road user cost while
undertaking an economic appraisal of highway schemes. 85
 INCIDENT MANAGEMENT
• Traffic Incident Management (TIM) is a
planned and coordinated program to detect
and remove traffic incidents and optimize
roadway capacity as safely and as quickly as
possible. A Traffic Incident refers to any event
that interrupts the normal flow of vehicle
traffic and requires temporary traffic control
devices utilized by agencies such as Police,
Fire, EMS, and Towing Recovery oufastupdates.com
personnel
• Examples of a traffic incident include vehicle
crashes, disabled vehicles, and downed trees on
the roadway. Effective Traffic Incident
Management (TIM) reduces the duration and
impacts of traffic incidents and improves the
safety of passing motorists, current crash victims,
and emergency responders.
• Five measurable objectives of incident management are:
• Reducing the time for incident detection and verification
• Reducing response time (the time for response personnel
and equipment to arrive at the scene)
• Exercising proper and safe on-scene management of
personnel and equipment, while keeping as many lanes
open to traffic as possible
• Reducing clearance time (the time required for the incident
to be removed from the roadway)
• Providing timely, accurate information to the public that
enables them to make informed choices

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 Characteristics of Incidents
• two types of incidents, vehicle breakdown and
traffic crash, are studied. First, the
characteristics of the incidents are analysed.
Secondly, the potential factors that may affect
incident duration such as vehicle type,
incident time, incident location, number of
vehicles involved, and incident severity, are
discussed.
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• INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS (ITS), also
known as Transport Telematics, are transport
systems that apply modern information
technologies to improve the operation of transport
networks. The ITS acquires vast volume of data on
various aspects of transport operation (such as
traffic volume, speed, headway), process them and
apply the result to guide traffic, improve
operations, enhance safety and transport costs.

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List out the uses of ITS in traffic engineering.
• ITS can cover a wide variety of application
such as:
• a) Monitoring traffic flow
• b) Monitoring incidents on the road
• c) Traffic control on urban roads
• d) Public Transport Management Systems
• e) Electronic collection of toll
• f) Electronic Road Pricing System
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 The applications of intelligent transport system
• Monitoring traffic flow
• Monitoring incidents on the road
• Traffic control on urban roads
• Public Transport Management Systems
• Electronic collection of toll
• Electronic Road Pricing System

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INCIDENT MANAGEMENT PLAN (IMP)

• An Incident Management Team can be a continuing mechanism for practicing the

essential “4-Cs’ of incident management – Communication, Cooperation,
Coordination and Consensus – sharing new techniques, training and conducting
post-incident assessments. This is done through regular, on-going meetings,
perhaps monthly or bi-monthly.
• There should be a core group that participates regularly in the continuing activities
of the team. Usually this would include:
• the person(s) responsible for managing the TIM programme nationally or
regionally (if there is one)
• maintenance and operations units in the national / regional or state/provincial
transport departments and any local transport counterparts
• law enforcement agencies
• fire rescue and emergency medical services
• mobile Safety Service Patrol provider
• representatives of vehicle towing services (preferably an organisation, such as the
appropriate professional towing association)

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 . RISK PREVENTION AND MITIGATION
• The primary objective of mitigation efforts in the
transport sector would be: To identify, delineate and
assess the existing and potential risks and to work
towards reducing potential causalities and damage
from disasters. To substantially increase public
awareness of disaster risk to ensure a safer
environment for communities to live and work. To
reduce the risks of loss of life, infrastructure, economic
costs, and destruction that result from disasters
• In the transportation sector, the overarching risk
prevention and mitigation objective to reduce accident
likelihood and severity.
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In view of the prevailing risk and the vulnerabilities perception, the
mitigation measures proposed have been categorized under following
five major groups:
• Risk assessment: Risk information should be provided to concern
stakeholders on time and for that, the directorate should do a
proper risk assessment.
• Construction work: All the newly constructed assets should follow
the building by-laws of the state.
• Repair and maintenance: The directorate should do retrofitting and
renovation of the lifeline buildings.
• Research and technology transfer: The directorate should identify
and interact with research institutions to evolve mitigation
strategies both structural and non-structural.
• Training and capacity building: Training programs about the
awareness of disaster with respect to agriculture can be planned at
the village level.
• Communication arrangements: A good communication system is a
prerequisite in the disaster mitigation.

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