Professional Documents
Culture Documents
جامدات
جامدات
1 2 4
!" # $ %& '
!" # $ %& '
!" # $ %& '
#( )
#( )
"* +(
# " #5 "(. 2) 34 01 %/ -(. %,& +(
8 # &) # 7 #" % %/ 6 ) 4
. # 7 +( : %/ 6!9
6) @#, ( , ? * > 01 ) " = ( <)
. ( # C/ )B5 2 / #,) ",A
: ( %" +(
# -) +A * 8 :# * =( •
# "* #=A * ( "* 8 :#( =( •
M. Setoodehkhah 14
# , +(
6 %F ( # * + ( E) + ( <)
+ ( <) . # GB "* 8 (. 8 / + ( <)
6 '( % 8 (. 8 / GB 6 %F ( + ( $ (
# I! 8 #H * %/
M. Setoodehkhah 15
J,( 4 + (
M. Setoodehkhah 17
#( =(
# " #=A * ( 8 + ( $ ( <)
Cr3+ ( ) ( # Al3+ () Al2O3 "* QH
. / &/ U ) 7 U) C % A <)3T) Fe3+ )
T) ,) % N #( ) $ M ( # T) ,) <)3T) %/ #) ( )
(
M. Setoodehkhah 18
<)3T) Ca2+ 8 ) E) ( # Zr4+ 8 ) E)
GB "* O2- 8 ) E) ) "* 8 ( #H *
M. Setoodehkhah 19
Li 8 ) NiO "* % Li2O . NaCl % & "* NiO
8 ( #H * # Ni2+ 8 ) E) <)3T) (W( 8 ))
# ( W( 3& 8 )) Ni3+8 ) E) % J) & Ni2+ 8 ) E)
M. Setoodehkhah 20
M. Setoodehkhah 21