The photograph below shows an electric car being recharged.

1.

(a) The charging station applies a direct potential difference across the battery of the car.

What does ‘direct potential difference’ mean?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Which equation links energy transferred (E), power (P) and time (t)?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

energy transferred = power × time

energy transferred = power2 × time

(1)

Drayton Manor High School Page 1 of 29

(c) The battery in the electric car can store 162 000 000 J of energy.

The charging station has a power output of 7200 W.

Calculate the time taken to fully recharge the battery from zero.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Time taken = _______________ s

(3)

(d) Which equation links current (I), potential difference (V) and resistance (R)?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

I=V×R

I=V2×R

R=I×V

V=I×R

(1)

(e) The potential difference across the battery is 480 V.

There is a current of 15 A in the circuit connecting the battery to the motor of the electric
car.

Calculate the resistance of the motor.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Resistance = _______________ Ω
(3)

Drayton Manor High School Page 2 of 29

 (f) Different charging systems use different electrical currents.

• Charging system A has a current of 13 A.

• Charging system B has a current of 26 A.
• The potential difference of both charging systems is 230 V.

How does the time taken to recharge a battery using charging system A compare with the
time taken using charging system B?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Time taken using system A is half the time of system B

Time taken using system A is the same as system B

Time taken using system A is double the time of system B

(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Student A investigated how the current in resistor R at constant temperature varied with the
2. potential difference across the resistor.

Student A recorded both positive and negative values of current.

Figure 1 shows the circuit Student A used.

Figure 1

Drayton Manor High School Page 3 of 29

(a) Describe a method that Student A could use for this investigation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

(b) Student B repeated the investigation.

During Student B’s investigation the temperature of resistor R increased.

Explain how the increased temperature of resistor R would have affected Student B’s
results.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Figure 2 shows the scale on a moving coil ammeter at one time in the investigation.

Figure 2

(c) What is the resolution of the moving coil ammeter?

Resolution = __________ A
(1)

Drayton Manor High School Page 4 of 29

 (d) Student B replaced the moving coil ammeter with a digital ammeter.

Figure 3 shows the reading on the digital ammeter.

Figure 3

The digital ammeter has a higher resolution than the moving coil ammeter.

Give one other reason why it would have been better to use the digital ammeter throughout
this investigation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

The photograph below shows an LED torch.

3.

(a) The torch contains one LED, one switch and three cells.

Which diagram shows the correct circuit for the torch?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

(1)

Drayton Manor High School Page 5 of 29

(b) Write down the equation which links charge flow (Q), current (I) and time (t).

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) The torch worked for 14 400 seconds before the cells needed replacing.

The current in the LED was 50 mA.

Calculate the total charge flow through the cells.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Total charge flow = _______________ C

(3)

(d) When replaced, the cells were put into the torch the wrong way around.

Explain why the torch did not work.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) Write down the equation which links efficiency, total power input and useful power output.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Drayton Manor High School Page 6 of 29

 (f) The total power input to the LED was 0.24 W.

The efficiency of the LED was 0.75

Calculate the useful power output of the LED.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Useful power output = _______________ W

(3)
(Total 11 marks)

(a) Complete the sentence. Choose answers from the box.

4.
charge potential difference power temperature time

The current through an ohmic conductor is directly proportional to the

_______________________ across the component, provided

that the _______________________ remains constant.

(2)

(b) Figure 1 shows a current − potential difference graph for a filament lamp.

Figure 1

Explain how the resistance of a filament lamp changes as the potential difference across it
increases.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Drayton Manor High School Page 7 of 29

(c) Many householders are replacing their filament lamps with LED lamps which are more
energy efficient.

What does more energy efficient mean?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is used to turn on an outside lamp when it gets dark.

Part of the circuit is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

(d) The light intensity decreases.

What happens to the potential difference across the LDR and the current in the LDR?

Potential difference ___________________________________________________

Current ____________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) What is the resistance of the LDR when the potential difference across it is 4 V?

Give a reason for your answer.

Explain your answer.

Resistance = _______________________ Ω

Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Drayton Manor High School Page 8 of 29

 (f) Calculate the current through the LDR when the resistance of the LDR is 5000 Ω.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Current = _______________________ A
(4)
(Total 14 marks)

A student investigated the density of different fruits.

5.
The table below shows the results.

Fruit Density in g/cm3

Apple 0.68

Kiwi 1.03

Lemon 0.95

Lime 1.05

(a) The student determined the volume of each fruit using a displacement can and a
measuring cylinder.

What other piece of equipment would the student need to determine the density of each
fruit?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Write down the equation which links density (ρ), mass (m) and volume (V).

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Drayton Manor High School Page 9 of 29

(c) The mass of the apple was 85 g.

The density of the apple was 0.68 g/cm3.

Calculate the volume of the apple.

Give your answer in cm3.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Volume = _______________ cm3

(3)

(d) The student only measured the volume of each fruit once.

The volume measurements cannot be used to show that the method to measure volume
gives precise readings.

Give the reason why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Drayton Manor High School Page 10 of 29

 According to kinetic theory, all matter is made up of small particles. The particles are constantly
6. moving.

Diagram 1 shows how the particles may be arranged in a solid.

Diagram 1

(a) One kilogram of a gas has a much larger volume than one kilogram of a solid.

Use kinetic theory to explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) Diagram 2 shows the particles in a liquid. The liquid is evaporating.

Diagram 2

(i) How can you tell from Diagram 2 that the liquid is evaporating?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Drayton Manor High School Page 11 of 29

 (ii) The temperature of the liquid in the container decreases as the liquid evaporates.

Use kinetic theory to explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

A teacher demonstrated the relationship between the pressure in a gas and the volume of the
7. gas.

The figure below shows the equipment used.

This is the method used.

1. Record the initial volume of gas in the syringe and the pressure reading before any weights
are attached.

2. Attach a 2.0 N weight to the syringe.

3. Record the volume of the gas and the reading on the pressure gauge.

4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until a weight of 12.0 N is attached to the syringe.

Drayton Manor High School Page 12 of 29

(a) What was the range of force used?

From __________ N to __________ N

(1)

(b) Give one control variable in the investigation.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) When the volume of gas in the syringe was 45 cm3, the pressure gauge showed a value of
60 kPa.

Calculate the pressure in the gas when the volume of gas in the syringe was 40 cm3.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Pressure = _______________ kPa

(4)

(d) When the volume of gas in the syringe increased, the pressure on the inside walls of the
syringe decreased.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Drayton Manor High School Page 13 of 29

 A student used the apparatus in Figure 1 to obtain the data needed to calculate the specific heat
8. capacity of copper.

Figure 1

The initial temperature of the copper block was measured.

The power supply was switched on.

The energy transferred by the heater to the block was measured using the joulemeter.

The temperature of the block was recorded every minute.

The temperature increase was calculated.

Figure 2 shows the student’s results.

Figure 2

Energy transferred to copper block in joules

Drayton Manor High School Page 14 of 29

 (a) Energy is transferred through the copper block.

What is the name of the process by which the energy is transferred?

Tick ( ) one box.

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

(1)

(b) Use Figure 2 to determine how much energy was needed to increase the temperature of
the copper block by 35 °C.

_________________ joules
(1)

(c) The copper block has a mass of 2 kg.

Use your answer to part (b) to calculate the value given by this experiment for the specific
heat capacity of copper. Give the unit.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Specific heat capacity = ______________________________

(3)

(d) This experiment does not give the correct value for the specific heat of copper.

Suggest one reason why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

(a) In any collision, the total momentum of the colliding objects is usually conserved.
9.
(i) What is meant by the term ‘momentum is conserved’?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Drayton Manor High School Page 15 of 29

 (ii) In a collision, momentum is not always conserved.

Why?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The diagram shows a car and a van, just before and just after the car collided with the van.

(i) Use the information in the diagram to calculate the change in the momentum of the
car.

Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Change in momentum = _________________________

(3)

(ii) Use the idea of conservation of momentum to calculate the velocity of the van when it
is pushed forward by the collision.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Velocity = _________________________ m/s forward

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

(a) Complete the following sentence.

10.
The momentum of a moving object has a magnitude, in kg m/s,

and a _________________________ .
(1)

Drayton Manor High School Page 16 of 29

 (b) A car being driven at 9.0 m/s collides with the back of a stationary lorry.
The car slows down and stops in 0.20 seconds. The total mass of the car and driver is
1200 kg.

Calculate the average force exerted by the lorry on the car during the collision.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Force = _________________________ N
(2)

(c) Within 0.04 s of the car hitting the back of the lorry, the car driver's airbag inflates.
The airbag deflates when it is hit by the driver’s head.

Use the idea of momentum to explain why the airbag reduces the risk of the drive
sustaining a serious head injury.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

(a) The diagram shows an aircraft and the horizontal forces acting on it as it moves along a
11. runway. The resultant force on the aircraft is zero.

(i) What is meant by the term resultant force?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Drayton Manor High School Page 17 of 29

 (ii) Describe the movement of the aircraft when the resultant force is zero.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The aircraft has a take-off mass of 320 000 kg. Each of the 4 engines can produce a
maximum force of 240 kN.

Calculate the maximum acceleration of the aircraft.

Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Acceleration = ________________________
(3)

(c) As the aircraft moves along the runway to take off, its acceleration decreases even though
the force from the engines is constant.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Drayton Manor High School Page 18 of 29

 A trolley is attached to two identical springs.
12.
The trolley is pushed to the left and then released.

Figure 1 shows the horizontal forces acting on the trolley just after it is released.

Figure 1

(a) Write the equation which links acceleration, mass and resultant force.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The trolley has a mass of 0.75 kg

Calculate the acceleration of the trolley just after it is released.

Give the unit.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Acceleration = ____________________ Unit ____________________

(4)

Drayton Manor High School Page 19 of 29

An elastic cord is fixed to the trolley.

Figure 2 shows the arrangement viewed from above.

Figure 2

When the trolley is pushed and released a wave travels along the cord.

(c) What type of wave travels along the cord?

___________________________________________________________________

Give the reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Suggest one change that could be made to the apparatus shown in Figure 2 to produce a
wave with a lower frequency.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Drayton Manor High School Page 20 of 29

Mark schemes
(a) the polarity (of the supply) does not change
1.
allow potential difference in one direction (only)
1

(b) energy transferred = power × time

1

(c) 162 000 000 = 7200 × t

1

t = 22 500 (s)
1

(d) V=I×R
1

(e) 480 = 15 × R
1

R = 32 (Ω)
1

(f) time taken using system A is double the time of system B

1
[10]

(a) Level 3: The method would lead to the production of a valid outcome. All key
2. steps are identified and logically sequenced.
5−6

Level 2: The method would not necessarily lead to a valid outcome. Most steps are
identified, but the plan is not fully logically sequenced.
3−4

Level 1: The method would not lead to a valid outcome. Some relevant steps are
identified, but links are not made clear.
1−2

No relevant content
0

Drayton Manor High School Page 21 of 29

 Indicative content
• measure the current in R using the ammeter
• measure the p.d. across R using the voltmeter
• vary the resistance of the variable resistor
(or vary the number of cells or use a variable power supply)
• record a range of values of current and p.d.

• ensure current is low to avoid temperature increase

• switch circuit off between readings
• reverse connection of R to power supply
• repeat measurements of I and V in negative direction
• plot a graph of current against p.d.

(b) current and p.d. would not be directly proportional

or
I-V graph would not be straight
or
I-V graph would be curved
1

(because) resistance of R would increase

1

(c) 0.2 (A)

1

(d) any one from:

• less chance of misreading
• no parallax error
allow position of eye(s) does not affect reading

• it can give a reading closer to the true value

allow ‘it is more accurate’
ignore ‘no human error’ ignore ‘easier to read’
1
[10]

(a)
3.

(b) charge flow = current × time

or

Q = It
1

(c) I = 0.050 (A)

1

Q = 0.050 × 14 400
allow a correct substitution using an incorrectly/not converted value of I
1

Q = 720 (C)
allow a correct calculation using an incorrectly/not converted value of I
1

Drayton Manor High School Page 22 of 29

 (d) there is no current in a diode (in the reverse direction)
or
charge will not flow through a diode (in the reverse direction)
allow diode will not conduct (electric charge)
do not accept the circuit is not complete
1

(because) a diode has a (very) high resistance (in the reverse direction)
1

(e) Efficiency =
1

(f) 0.75 =

Useful power output = 0.75 × 0.24

1

Useful power output = 0.18 (W)

1
[11]

(a) potential difference

4.
allow p.d.
allow voltage
1

temperature
1
in this order only

(b) the current increases (when the potential difference increases)

1

(which) causes the temperature of the filament to increase

1

(so) the resistance increases

do not accept resistance increases and then levels off
1

(c) a higher proportion / percentage of the (total) power / energy input is usefully
transferred
wastes less energy is insufficient

or
higher (useful) power / energy output for the same (total) power / energy input
1

(d) potential difference increases

1

current decreases
1

Drayton Manor High School Page 23 of 29

 (e) 1000 (Ω)
reason only scores if R = 1000 (Ω)
1

potential difference is shared in proportion to the resistance

allow a justification using a correct calculation
1

(f) 12 = I × 7000
1

I = 1.71 × 10−3 (A)

an answer that rounds to 1.7 × 10−3 (A) scores 3 marks
1

I = 1.7 × 10−3 (A)

this answer only

or
I = 0.0017 (A)
an answer of 2.4 × 10−3 (A) scores 2 marks
if no other marks scored allow 1 mark for calculation of total resistance
(7000 Ω)
1
an answer of 1.7 × 10−3 (A) scores 4 marks
[14]

(a) balance / scales

5. 1

(b)

or

(c)
1

V = 125 (cm3)
1

(d) repeat readings (of volume) need taking (of each fruit) to show that the readings are
close together
allow ‘the same’ for ‘close together’
1
[6]

Drayton Manor High School Page 24 of 29

 (a) there are strong forces (of attraction) between the particles in a solid
6.
accept molecules / atoms for particles throughout
accept bonds for forces
1

(holding) the particles close together

particles in a solid are less spread out is insufficient
1

or

(holding) the particles in a fixed pattern / positions

but in a gas the forces between the particles are negligible

accept very small / zero for negligible
accept bonds for forces
1

so the particles spread out (to fill their container)

accept particles are not close together
gas particles are not in a fixed position is insufficient
1

(b) (i) particles are (shown) leaving (the liquid / container)

accept molecules / atoms for particles throughout
accept particles are escaping
particles are getting further apart is insufficient
1

(ii) accept molecules / atoms for particles throughout

accept speed / velocity for energy throughout

particles with most energy leave the (surface of the) liquid

accept fastest particles leave the liquid
1

so the mean / average energy of the remaining particles goes down

1

and the lower the average energy (of the particles) the lower the temperature
(of the liquid)
1
[8]

(a) 0(.0) to 12(.0)

7.
allow 2(.0) to 12(.0) (N)
1

(b) mass of gas (in the syringe)

or
temperature (of the gas)
1

Drayton Manor High School Page 25 of 29

 (c) constant = 60 × 45
or
constant = 2700
1

2700 = p × 40
1

p = 67.5 (kPa)
allow 68 (kPa)
1

(d) there is more time between collisions of particles and the walls of the syringe
or
there are less frequent collisions between the particles and the walls of the syringe
1

(causing) a lower (average) force on the walls of the syringe

1

(and) pressure is the total force per unit area

1
[9]

(a) conduction
8. 1

(b) 35 000
1

(c) 500
their (b) = 2 x c x 35 correctly calculated scores 2 marks
allow 1 mark for correct substitution,
ie 35000 = 2 x c x 35
or
their (b) = 2 x c x 35
2

J / kg°C
1

(d) energy lost to surroundings

or
energy needed to warm heater
accept there is no insulation (on the copper block)
do not accept answers in terms of human error or poor results or
defective equipment
1
[6]

(a) (i) momentum before = momentum after

9.
accept no momentum is lost
accept no momentum is gained

or
(total) momentum stays the same
1

Drayton Manor High School Page 26 of 29

 (ii) an external force acts (on the colliding objects)
accept colliding objects are not isolated
1

(b) (i) 9600

allow 1 mark for correct calculation of momentum before or after ie
12000 or 2400
or
correct substitution using change in velocity = 8 m/s
ie 1200 × 8
2

kg m/s
or
Ns
this may be given in words rather
than symbols
do not accept nS
1

(ii) 3 or their (b)(i) ÷ 3200 correctly calculated

allow 1 mark for stating momentum before = momentum after

or

clear attempt to use conservation of momentum

2
[7]

(a) direction
10. 1

(b) 54 000
allow 1 mark for calculating and identifying momentum as 10 800
or
allow 1 mark for correct substitution into second equation

ie

(c) increases the time taken (for head) to stop

accept increases impact time
do not accept reference to slowing down time unless qualified
1

decreases rate of change in momentum

accept reduces acceleration / deceleration
accept increases the time taken to reduce momentum to zero is
worth 2 marks
reduces momentum is insufficient
1

reduces the force (on the head)

1
[6]

Drayton Manor High School Page 27 of 29

 (a) (i) a single force that has the same effect as all the forces combined
11.
accept all the forces added / the sum of the forces / overall force
1

(ii) constant speed (in a straight line)

do not accept stationary

or constant velocity
1

(b) 3
allow 1 mark for correct substitution into transformed equation
accept answer 0.003 gains 1 mark
answer = 0.75 gains 1 mark
2

m/s2
1

(c) as speed increases air resistance increases

accept drag / friction for air resistance
1

reducing the resultant force

1
[7]

(a) (resultant) force = mass × acceleration

12.
allow F = ma
symbols must be correct
1

(b) (2.7 – 1.5) = 0.75 × a

an answer of 1.6 scores 3 marks
1

allow compensation marks for correct use of incorrect resultant

force
1

a = 1.6
1

m/s2
1

(c) transverse
1

the oscillation / vibration is perpendicular to the direction of energy

transfer
allow wave travel for energy transfer
1

Drayton Manor High School Page 28 of 29

(d) use springs with a smaller spring constant
allow use weaker springs

or
use a trolley with greater mass
allow use a heavier trolley
do not accept use a larger trolley
allow add a mass / weight to the trolley
1
(Total 8 marks)

Drayton Manor High School Page 29 of 29