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into holes, or stumbled and were carried away. The majority were
saved, but ten of the 51st and rather more of the Brunswickers were
swept right down-stream and drowned. Yet, despite mishaps, the
hussars got over, and, advancing rapidly, surprised the French
cavalry picquet at the village of Val de Perdrices, a little way up-
stream, taking it whole—an officer and 32 men. This was certainly
about the most extraordinary instance of carelessness on the part of
outposts during the war, and reflects as much discredit on Digeon,
whose dragoons were supposed to be watching the lower Esla, as
on the wretched officer in charge of the picquet. How was it possible
that such a large body as a brigade could approach in daylight the
best-known ford of the neighbourhood, at a spot where the course of
the high road showed the convenience of the passage, without
finding a single vedette on the bank? And why was such an
important point watched (or not watched) by a half-troop, instead of
by a force which could have offered at least a momentary opposition,
and have passed the alarm to its regiment, which, as Digeon’s report
shows, was at Iniesta, only four miles to the rear?
Meanwhile Bock’s Germans and D’Urban’s Portuguese dragoons
had an equally difficult, though equally unopposed, passage at the
ford of Palomilla, four miles up-stream. The river was running
furiously, and seven or eight horses and three or four men were
washed away and drowned. Anson’s light dragoons at the head of
the third column had an even worse experience at San Vincente del
Barco, opposite San Cebrian: the ford was found utterly
impracticable, and the brigade was ordered back toward Tabara: on
its way it was turned off to a second projected crossing-spot farther
south. This was also discovered to be hopeless, and finally the
whole northern column was ordered to cross at Almendra, behind
the southern column. After a day’s profitless countermarching[481], it
came down thither, to find the pontoons laid, the infantry of the
southern column all across the river, and well forward, while that of
the centre column was crossing rapidly. In the end all Graham’s
troops save the leading cavalry brigades had to use the bridge.
Meanwhile Grant’s hussars, advancing on Zamora, found that the
French had evacuated it in haste on the first news of the crossing of
the Esla. Digeon, with his two regiments of dragoons, his half-battery
of horse artillery, and the four companies of voltigeurs, had gone off
to Toro. Wellington therefore was able to occupy Zamora without
opposition on the night following the passage of the fords[482], and
moved his head-quarters thither next day. The moment that he knew
that Daricau and Digeon had absconded, he sent orders to Hill to
march not on Zamora, or the ford of Villa al Campo, as he had at first
intended, but directly on Toro, which would save twenty miles
marching for the right wing. For it was clear that Digeon and Daricau
could not hold Toro with some 6,000 men against Graham’s 40,000,
now across the Esla and in close pursuit of them. And there was no
great body of French available to reinforce them within a couple of
days’ march—at most Reille’s horse and one infantry division could
have come up. On June 1st the signs were that the enemy would not
stand—Digeon’s dragoons were falling back on the Toro road—
Reille’s cavalry, heard of at Belver in the morning, had gone off
eastward towards Medina del Rio Seco in haste. Wherefore
Wellington pushed on fast on that day, sending on Graham’s
columns by the two roads Zamora-Toro and Zamora-Rio Seco, which
do not diverge sufficiently to make it impossible to concentrate the
troops on them in a few hours. But caution proved unnecessary. The
French evacuated Toro in the afternoon, so that the junction-point
with Hill was safely secured, and Graham’s divisions were present in
full force next morning, to cover the passage of the southern wing
across the Douro.
Wellington moved his head-quarters to Toro on the morning of
June 2nd, and sent out his cavalry on all the roads which branch out
from it: Anson’s and Bock’s brigades going north-east occupied
Vezdemarben. Grant’s hussars pushing along the river-road toward
Tordesillas came up with Digeon’s rear at Morales, six miles outside
Toro, and fell upon it vigorously. The French dragoons—two
regiments—were drawn up in a defensive position, with a swamp in
front and bridge over a ravine behind. Grant charging furiously with
the 10th Hussars and the 18th in support on the flank, broke the front
regiment, whereupon the enemy went to the rear in disorder, and
was chased for two miles, prisoners being captured in considerable
numbers. At last pursuers and pursued ran in on the rear brigade of
Daricau’s infantry, drawn up in good order, with a battery across the
road, on the heights of Pedroso del Rey. Grant had therefore to call
off his men, and to wait for the enemy to retire, which they presently
did in good order. Two officers and 208 men, all of the 16th
Dragoons, were captured[483], about a hundred of them wounded[484];
the rest were mainly taken owing to the bad condition of their
mounts, ‘raw-boned horses with evident marks of bad provender,
escort duties, and counter-marches—nearly the whole of them had
horrible sore backs.’ The 10th Hussars had only 16 casualties—one
of them an officer who had pursued incautiously and ridden into the
French infantry, by whom he was wounded and taken prisoner. This
was a good day’s record for the 10th Hussars, who started their first
Peninsular service—they had only landed in February—with a very
handsome success.
During the day of the combat of Morales Hill’s infantry had started
off from their billets in the villages ten miles north of Salamanca to
move on Toro. A forced march of over twenty miles, through
Fuentesauco, across a very bare and desolate country, brought the
head of the column down to the Douro, where they encamped
among well-watered fields and vegetable gardens. ‘Officers and
men, after the long sultry day, devoured with zest and relish the raw
cabbages, onions, and melons.’ Next morning (June 3rd) the whole
column began to cross the river at Toro, the artillery and baggage by
a ford no more than knee-deep, the infantry by the fine but broken
bridge. Only one arch of it had been blown up, and a resourceful
engineer, Lieutenant Pringle, had contrived an easy method of
utilizing it. A row of long ladders had been laid against each side of
the gap in the roadway: their feet inclined together and united in the
shallow water below. Long and stout planks had then been laid
across, resting at each end on the rungs of each pair of
corresponding ladders, and making a sort of platform. The men went
down the upper rungs of one set of ladders, walked a few steps over
the planks, and ascended by the rungs of the ladders on the other
side. This was rather tedious for the passage of four divisions, and
took the whole day and the following morning. But by noon on June
4 the entire army was concentrated in the vicinity of Toro on the
north bank. Its cavalry was many miles in advance, at Pedroso del
Rey on the Tordesillas road, Almaraz and Villavelid on the Rio Seco
road. Parties sent out northward had got in touch with Giron’s
Galician army, which had passed Benavente on June 1 and reached
Villalpando on the 3rd, with Penne Villemur’s squadrons out in its
front.
Thus every man of Wellington’s striking force, 80,000 sabres and
bayonets, was concentrated north of Toro on the night of June 3—all
the British in a single mass, the Galicians some 18 miles off on the
flank, but easily available. Nothing was now south of the Douro save
Carlos de España’s Spanish division, left to garrison Salamanca,
and Julian Sanchez’s horse, who were searching the roads south of
the river, and had just captured a large French cavalry patrol at
Castro Nuño, near Pollos. It seemed to Wellington incredible that the
enemy would reply to his stroke at their communications by a similar
stroke at his on the Salamanca-Rodrigo line. Indeed, all reports
showed them moving north, in order to form opposite him on the
north bank of the Douro. Moreover, it was clear that they would have
the greatest difficulty in concentrating a sufficient force to fight him,
for the possession of Valladolid and the defence of the great
northern chaussée. The first stage of his plan had been completed
with entire success.
SECTION XXXVI: CHAPTER IV
MOVEMENTS OF THE FRENCH:
MAY 22-JUNE 4