Auburn University Libraries

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File D 72.13 / I 9

AIR SERVICE INFORMATION CIRCULAR

(AVIATION>

PUBLISHED BY THE CHIEF OF AIR .SERVICE, WASHINGTON, D. C.

Vol. II June I. 1921 No. 194

ELECTRICAL GUN SYNCHRONIZER

TEST

Prepared by Engineering Division, Air Service

McCook Field, Dayton, Ohio, January 17, 1921

Ralph Brown Draughon

LIBRARY

MAR 28 2013
Non-Oepoitory
Auburn University

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1921
T
I
 ELECTRICAL GUN SYNCHRONIZER TEST.

OBJECT OF TEST. Figure 1 shows a circuit diagram of the set-up";the

To determine the exact electrical characteristics of a operation of parts being as follows: Breakers Nos. a-a.. 2
source of electrical energy necessary to fire a .30-caliber were operated by a two-lobe cam directly connect d~
Browning machine gun with an electromagnet operating the propeller shaft. Consider both breakers op
in synchronism with the propeller. Breaker No. 1 closes first, allowing current to store up in
the booster coil. While No: 1 is still closed, No. 2 breaker
ffiSTORY.· closes and allows part of the battery current to flow through
In April, 1919, an electrical synchronizer was submitted the trigger motor. Breaker No. 1 now opens and all of
for test at McCook Field from the experimental officer of the battery current and energy, which has been stored in
Taliaferro Field. · - booster coil, flows to the trigger motor and instantaneously
This device, which was designed for use on a Marlin operates it. Breaker No. 2 opens the trigger motor and is
machine gun, derived its energy from a 12-volt battery deenergized and the system is again ready to repeat the
ignition system, and consisted of an electromagnet, direct- cycle.
connected two-lobe cam and breaker with condenser Results of this laboratory set-up and test were presented
across contact points, and an auxiliary trigger and spring in the form of oscillograph records. The electrical and
to release the main trigger. mechanical lag in the triggeDomotor was excessive. While
The ain trigger and firing pin were actuated by the only 8! volts were used for controlling the current, over
mainspring, the magnet and auxiliary trigger only being 400 volts were available for trigger-motor operation. This
used to cock the main trigger. energy was not used effectively, which accounted for the
Results of the tests showed that the time lao- of bursts of large lag.
shots were ex;cessiv;e at all speeds over 250 r."' p. m . The An apparatus was then designed by McCook Field
adjustment of the auxiliary trigger was_so fine as to seri- e1~ploying a booster coil and battery. Extensive tests
ously endanger the jarring loose of the control trigger with and oscillograms were made upon this apparatus. Results
slight vibration or sudden shock. The device was aban- of these tests showed little more than was already known;
doned on these two counts. (Machine Gun Electrical although recommenda_tions for improvement of the appa-
Synchronizer Report No. 1. ) ratus were made. The main conclusion was that a source
In March, 1919, a report was made of a test on an electrical of energy should be· used that had a quick-rising, high-
synchronizer whi ch had been submitted by Dr. Wenner, voltage characteristic. ·
of the Bureau of Standards. (Elec. Syn. Report No. 2.) A Remy low-tension magneto, with separate field coils,
The principle of the apparatus, though somewhat different was subsequently used with the trigger motor previously
in circuits, was in the main based upon the use of induction used. Satisfactory operation resulted with this combina-
coils and battery. Several modifications were made upon t ion. The total lag did not excPed 90°.
this apparatus, but with no particularly better results. With these facts and results of various tests in mind, the
The electrical and mechanical lag was excessive and thus design of a combination D. C. and A. C. series generator
(photo machine No. 2) was proposed and carried out. The
caused a bad grouping of shots for values beyond 1,700
generator, D. C. voltage, was regulated to 30 volts. The
t . p. m. Stray shots were frequent. The entire apparatus
A. V. voltage generated in one coil was taken off at a sec-
was very fragile and intricate in working parts.
ond; two-contact commutator, by an adjustable brush to
BA. BOOSTEI? keep well on the peak of the A. C. sine wave. The adjust-
able brush was connected in series with the trigger motor,
•l•l•l•lt--6MOOOO'h C the other side of the line being grounded. An automatic
and adjustable centrifugal advance was provided in con-
#/ BREAKE/f' T/f'/66£1;' nection with the A. C. commutator in order to advance
.___________....._________M_(?_Ti_~_w_.J :the time of contact at the higher speeds when the combi-
FIG. 1.
nation electrical and mechanical lag began to become
excessive. The results of tests made with generator
The next step taken in the development of the electrical cal?acity was entirel y too small to operate the trigger
_synchronizer was suggested by l\fr. J. H. Hunt· of the motor. Tests and oscillograph records show a generated
Delco Research Laboratory, and · a report was submitted D. C. voltage of 80 volts maximum and 35 volts A. C.
in August, 1919. maximum, with no regulation at 2,000 r. p. m. The short-
The apparatus for this test consisted of a 12-volt storage circuit current generated in the single armature coil was
battery, a two-lobe cam and.breaker with condensers across extremely small and probably barely sufficient to operate
both sets of contact points, a booster coil consisting of 439 the voltmeter. Oscillogram No. 27 indicates an insuffi-
turns No. 20 S. C. C. wire, and a U-shaped trigger motor, cient supply of current to operate the oscillograph.
600 turns No. 20 S. C. C. wire on each arm. The sear and DATE AND PUCE OF TEST.
sear slide of the Browning-g\ln were modified and rede- Tests were conducted at the research laboratories of the
signed at this time in order to reduce the force necessary General Motors Corporation, Moraine . City, and McCook
to release the firing pin from 16 to 4 pounds. This change Field, between January 3 and 17, 1921.
increased the time lag of operation of the gun, but was Valuable assistance and recommendations in this test
deemed advisable, since a_trigger motor designed to puJl were made by Mr. J . H. Hunt and Mr. H. W. Asire, of the
16 pounds would be very large and heavy. General Motors Corporatton.
46898-21 (3)
 4

FIG . 2.- 0scil lograph records Nos. 14 and 15.

•
'·

FIG. 3.-0scillograph records Nos. 16 and 17.

 5
DESCRIPTION AND REQUIRE;MENTS OF equipped with heavy field windings excited by a 12-volt
APPARATUS. battery to maintain. the strength of the permanent mao-nets
Dne to the fact that considerable work has already been and to boost their strength above a normal amount. "' The
done and results accomplished in the development of an operation of the device as described in connection with
electrical synchronizer, many new requirements have the· machine gun had been perfectly satisfactory. Several
been brought to notice. As a result a complet.e statement. features of the device, however, require improvement.
of the requirements of the device becomes pertinent. l. The magneto weighed considerably more than the
1. Source of electrical energy must be self-contained allowable amount.
self-excited, and have a quick voltage characteristic ~ 2. It occupied more space than could be found for a
proportion to the speed . The reasons fo.r; these facts are practical installation on the airplane.
that the device may be installed on ail-planes which are 3. It was necessary to provide separate field excitation
void of all source of electrical energy, and second that for the magneto. This latter meant that batteries would
fJ~,.e.r,}~*1.,:-P~ no interferen.ce :vi_th or by an outside
be required on the airplane.
The devices were set up in the laboratory in such a
source o 't!i'H!l'g? when the device 1s m operation.
2. The source of energy and trigger motor is designed in manner that the magneto might be rotated by means of a
t.his C'ase to fire only the 19] [) type Browning machine o-unmotor at any speed up to 1,800 r. p. m . An oscillograph
with modified bolt (sear and sear release ). ' "' element was connected in series with the trigger motor to
3. The mounting place and space on· airplane eno-ines record the current variations in that circuit. A second
which is now used by the Nelson gear is available ..,and, element was placed across the trigger motor to record the
therefore, the generating unit must be so designed to voltage. The third element served as an indicator to
record the instant at which the trigger motor operated
connect directly at this point, and fit in the space specified;
with no mechanical interference. · mecha~ically. This contactor was attached to the trigger
4. The weight of the generating unit must be a minimum motor m such a manner that the circuit which it controlled
in correspondence to the amount of energy required to be was opened by the ham'mer blow struck by the trigger
delivered. • motor.
5. The generating unit and trigger motor must be verv Circuit diagram No. 2 shows the circuits emploved as
well as the general arrangement of the apparatus. it will
ruq~~~J!:!1-_ple in construction, both mechanically and
electnm1ly;; in order to withstand sudden heavy shocks be noted that the trigger mot-Or and magneto were
and continuous vibration as well as being designed for connected in series.
quantity production. Oscillogram No. 14 was taken with the magneto operating
6. The device must operate successfully between 300 at 600 r.p.m. It will be noted that the cmTent in the
and 2,'!00 r. p. m. of the propeller, with a permi&~ible lag circuit suddenly rose to about 6 amperes and was then
(electrical and mechanical) of not more than 1]0° within broken by the breaker, which allowed the trigger motor
the entfre range of speeds. to resume its normal position. The trigger motor operated
7. The generating unit should be provided with an with little delay; it reached the limit of its travel long
automatic advance which will become operative at ap- before the cunent had rea.ched a value of 6 amperes. Not
proximately 1,200 r. p. m. and cause the burst of shots allowing for mechanical lag, the current rose to but about
to come well within an angle of 60° at a 10-foot distance ~} amperes by the time the trigger motor had completed
from the propeller. its travel. The duration of the mechanical lag is not
It will be noted in (6) that the maximum time ,ag is known.
placed at Jl0° since the apparatus is required to keep Oscillogram No. 15 shows a similar series of events taken
within its limits with no automatic advance. This effect at 1,200 r.p.m. Here the time lag in operation was slightly
is deemed advisable with the use of a two-bl~de propeller. greater.
but when a four-b lade propeller is used an automatic Oscillogram No. 16 was taken at 1,800 r.p.m. and shows
advance must be provided· to cut down the time lag. as a slightly greater lag.
stated in (7). TIME LAG.
With these requisites in mind, electrical synchronized Time lag in operation between 600 and 1,800 r.p. m.
guns will be made much more flexible, which is, after all, amounted to 22°. In other woi:ds, it is assumed that there
the real object of this research development. is no lag at 600 r.· p. m., and that the difference between
this position: and 1,800 r.p.m. is 22°. At 1,200 r.p.m. the
r- PROCEDURE.
lag becomes 9°.
Two complete steps were taken in this test, one to
determine the characteristics of the apparat1fs as submitted SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT OF MAGNETO.
by McCook Field and the seQ.ond to study circuits and
To determine the energy stored in the magneto for avail-
machine characteristics of a device worked out by the
able use, a series of oscillograms were made. These films
General Motors research laboratories, the idea in mind
Nos. 17, 18, and 19 give the short-circuit current for the
being that from this data a new machine with certain
magneto at 1,800 r.p.m., 1,200 r.p.m., and 600 r. p.m.,
improved characteristics be designed.
respectively.
The McCook Field device consisted of two parts- first, a I
standard Remy low-tension magneto (photo machine No. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS.
l); second, the trigger motor mounting a U-shaped electro-
magnet, three-eighths inch square iron core, 9\JO turns The results of the tests show that the energy available
No. 20 S. C. C. wire, which was actuated by the magneto was not being used effectively. In the first place the total
(photo machine No. 4) . . The magneto in question was I current in the circuit rose t.o approximately 6 amperes,
 6

FIG. 4.-0scillograph records Nos. 18 and 19.

.)

FIG. 5.-0scillograph records Nos. 20 and 21.

 7
while the trigger motor operated some time before the was placed in series with the magneto armature; second,
current had reached 2! amperes. In the second place the the voltage element was connected directly across the
use of series connection in which the trigger motor was trigger motor; third, the contactor was operated by the
connected in series with the magneto armature made neces- trigger motor as described in previous tests. The results
sary a very high and a very suddenly generated volt.age of these tests appear on oscillograms 20, 21, arid 22, taken
in the magneto to cause the current to rise abruptly through at 1,800 r.p.m., 1,200 r.p.m., and 600 r.p. m ., respec-
the external circuit. For this reason it was believed that tively.
a very much smaller magneto might be satisfactory if It will be noted that the instant breaker No. 1 opened
energy were stored up in its armature and suddenly re- a voltage was applied to the trigger motor which varied
leased. Such a circuit was suggested by the electrical from 155 volts to 175 volts, dep ~:qding up:m the speed.
division, General 'Motors Research Corporation. Circuit The trigger motor operated as indicated by the contactor.
diagram No. 1 shows the circuit in question. It is .assumed that there is zero lag at 600 r. p. m. As in
the previous case, the lag at 1,200 r. p. m. becomes 18°
TESTS WITH SMALL LOW-TENSION MAGNETO. and at 1,800 r. p.- m. 30°. It will be noted, however, that
A temporary arrangement of apparatus was set up, com- the lag at 600 r.p.m. is somewh'l.t greater than in the case
prising the small magneto and a pair of J.>reake;s operated of the large ma~eto. No doubt this increased lag was
at magneto speed by a two-lobed cam. (See photograph due to the fact that the voltage applied to the trigger motor
machine No. 3.) The circuit arrangement is shown on was too small, and the available current supp'ied by the
diagram No. 1. magneto too little to produce a pull on the trigger motor
It might be noted here that the magneto which was arll!ature great enough to give it sufficient acceleration.
chosen was picked up at random without knowledge of Oscillogram No. 26 was made with the same circuit set-
its windings or its output. The breakers at first were set up as just described, but with the cam retarded 50° from
to operate at a 5° interval. By this is meant that a short- its former p:isition. The characteristics exhibited were
circuit breaker No. 1 opened and allowed the current to similar to those previously found. The lag in the trigger
flow to the trigger motor and 5° later breaker No. 2 motor operation amounted to practically the same amount
opened, allowing the trigger motor to resume its original as was experienced with the former cam setting at 600
position. This arrangement did not work satisfactorily at r. p. m . It will be noted that the current falls off p erma-
any except low speeds. The interval between the break- nently in value through the magneto armature when the
ers was then increased to 25 °. The operation of the device break occurs on the late p:irtion of the wave. This can
was much improved, but still was much weaker than was be accounted for by the fact that thee. ill. f. causing this
desired. The interval was still further increased to 45°, current is decreasing on the late p'l.rt of the wave, while
·at which point very satisfactory operatiqn of the device on the early p'l.rt of the wave it is rising. There is a con-
was secured at all speeds. siderable advantage, therefore, in operating on the early
In timing the arrangement the cam was set at a position p'l.rt of the wave.
as early as possible on the current wave that would give It will be noted that the current built up almost in-
maximum pull. It was found that a slight shift in the stantly through the trigger motor. For this rea80n it is
current wave took place as the machine speeded up, and, quite evident that the lag in operation-is mecktnical,
as a result, readjustment that would work at low speeds due to insufficient pull up:in the trigger motor armature.
would not · be satisfactory at high speeds. This shift In other words, the speed at which the armature ap-
amounted toabout8° between400r. p. m . and2,400r. p. m. proached the trigger motor was low, due to a small pull
This figure was scaled from the oscillograms Nos. 28 and 29. · produced by the electromagnet.
A series of short-circuit current oscillograms were then
VARIABL~ TIMING. made to determine the ch'tracteristics and energy avail-
It was thought that, due to the large lag, both mechani- able from the small magneto. These oscillograms, Nos.
,cal and electrical, in the device and the machine gun, an 23, 24, and 25, show th'lt the wave sh1p e does not mate-
automatic advance would be necessary to compensate . ·rially change from 500 r. p. m. to 1,800 r. p. m.
For this reason it was desirable to have an electrical wave
INDUCTANCE MEASUREMENTS.
of sufficient length to allow.for such an advance. A series
of tests were made to determine the available range. .The On curve sheet No. 2 will be found a curve showing the
result of these tests appear on curve sheet No. 1. inductance of the magneto armature at different p:isitions.
Curve No. 2 is a copy of the short-circuit current wave
The zero position indicated on this sheet Wrui the earliest
produced at 1,200 r. p. m. For each value of inductance
possible position on the electrical wave which gave satis-
factory operation of the de~ce. At this point the devicea current was chosen corresp:inding to the value of the
would start to operate at 140 r.p.m. and would continue current wave at that p)int. It is assumed that the shift
to operate up to 2,500 r. p.m . The cam was retarded in in the wave with speed is negligible; since it amounts to
but 8°.
steps up to 60°. The results of these tests show that the
critical point in the operation comes at high speeds when Inductance measurements were made by clamping the
armature in various p:isitions, as indicated by the numbers
working upon the late portions of the wave. At 50° retard
appearing at the bottom of the sheet. The inductance
of the magneto it operated well at 1,800 r.p.m ., but not
was measured by the three coltmeter method. The
above. At 60° the device began to flutter at 1,550 r. p.m.
circuits employed are shown_ on sketch No . 3, together
OSCILLOGRAPH TESTS. with sample calculations. The energy available at any
The oscillograph was then connected into the circuits instant may be calculated. This energy expressed as
as shown on diagram No. 2. First, the current element one-half LJ2 will be employed in later calculations.
 /

FIG. 6.-0 scillograph records Nos. 22 and 23.

FIG. 7.-0scillograph records Nos. 24 and 25 .

 9
INDUCTANCE OF TRIGGER MOTOR.
To determin e the characteristics of the trigger motor,
a series of inductance measurements were mad e on it by
the wattmeter method . First, the armature was clamped
in the open p:Jsition and curve A, sheet No. 3, was made ;
then the armature was closed and the test rep eated , giving
curve B. The inductance dropp ed off very rapidly with
an increase of current, due to saturation of the core. The
flux through the core was not calculated from the data
taken, but a unit proportion al to flux was obtained from
the inductance meas urem ent.
<t> N
This unit was derived from the fact that L = y
From this it is evident that L = K/ , or'K <t>=LI. These
values were plotted , giving curve C. These values were
also employed to obtain the p ermeance curve D .
It is evident from these curves that the trigger motor
op erates most effi cient ly when the current value is about
0.35 amperes. In other words, the small magneto op erated
t he trigger motor at its most ' efficient p Jint . The big
magneto which expwded 6 amperes through the coil did
so at a great loss, since the excess current was not employed
as useful energy.
TESTS UPON S MALL MAGNETO (TYPE 2) AT
McCOOK FIELD.
The small magneto was equipped with breakers attached
to the device. It was then taken to McCook Field and
placed on the test app1ratus used in connection wit)i the
Browning gun. The magnets did not gi ve sufficient
kick to set off the gun at an y sp eed. The circuit was t hen
changed to give conditions found in circuit diagram No. 1.
With t his set-up, the gun was released after several blows
had been struck b y the trigger motor. It was susp ected
that one of the mica condensers contained a high-resist-
ance short. For this reason they were replaced b y 0.25
m. f. p :ip er condensers :known to be in good condition .
The p 1rall el connection (diagram No. 2) was then replaced
and the gun was found to op erate in the same manner as
with the series connection.
DISCUSSION OF TESTS AT McCOOK FIELD.
The question arose then as to t he necessity of the extra
breaker, since the series connection appeared to work
equally well . There appears to be three advant,, ges to
the use of the short-circuit breaker .
Fm. 8.-E lectric machine gun synchronizer units .
1. It gives a definite timing p oint for the operation of
t he trigger motor.
2. The tin:ie lag is about h<i.lf what it would otherwise
be if t he current were built up in the series circuit b y the
magneto generated voltage . Oscillogram No. 22 illus-
trates tJ;tis pJint. Here the distance from the zero p Jint
on the wave to the op,ming of the trigger motor is about
twice as great as the distance between the opening of the
short-circuit breaker and the trigger-motor operation.
3. It is possible with the short circuit breaker to store
up energy in the armature of the magneto and suddenl y
release it, and in this manner t ransfer more energy to t he
trigger motor than would otherwise be t he case. With
t he present windings this condition is not as apparent.
To ut ilize the magneto to better advantage, it h w been
suggested by Mr. J . H. Hunt th'l.t the winding on the mag-
nets be changed to larger wire and the turns reduced.
For example, h1lve the turns and doub le the short-circuit
current. It might be pJssible in t his manner to transfer
to the trigger motor a greater current in about the same
time with a resultant material increase in power of the
trigger motor.
CONCLUSIONS.
First. The old R emy magneto was unsatisfactory as a
practical source of energy, due to--
(a) Its weight.
(b) Size .
Second. The series circuit does not efficiently use t he
available energy stored in the magneto.
Third. The small magneto employed, or a modification
of it, would probably prove satisfactory in service.
Fourth. To increase t he striking force of the trigger
motor it is recommend ed that its core area be increased.
Fifth. If insufficient energy is derived from the cast-iron
armature magneto, it is recommended t hat a laminated
armature be employed.
Sixth. Change the sh 'l.pe of the trigger-motor armature
to reduce air-gap reluctance.
Seventh. Since t he striking energy of the trigger-motor
armature is 1/2 MV2, there is a balance between mass and
velocity which gi ves maximum energy. Reducing the
weigh t of the armature may increase the energy.
Eighth. It is recommended that exp eriments be mad e
to determine the effect of reducing the turns on the mag-
neto armature in an effort to supply the trigger motor with
a higher current to increase its amp ere turns.
Ninth. If the above-mentioned ch anges do not produce
the d esired results, an increase of flu x ch ange through the
core, due to increased magnetic field, will be necessary.
 /

10

FIG. 9.-0scillograph records Nos. 26 and 27.

FIG. 10.-0scillograph records Nos. 28 and 29.

 11

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM No~l

COIVTACTcR TRIGGeR TYPe c
t10TOR !1AGNETO ·

!JRfAKcR.5
V (z.J

CONOcN..5ER:5
/- .@ 05Clt.LOGl?APII cLf/'1cNT #;
c- ® O~C/LL06RIIPII Elcl"IENT + J
J-(l) 0SCILL06Rllf'H Elc/"lcNT#c

CIRCUl1 DIAGRAM No:-2

TYPE I
/11/GNETO

V (e)

...
TR/66eR
/10TOR

FIG. 11.
 12

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