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    Ee it = PAV cy EN asus INTs ie-sao) SERIES » \ \ coo el Sal i's ; ea ie ag) ee Le AE ieee ai) lf 20 .T=U,10) ese recone eV aN a: J a alas NW Rae Roof os ec 3 is corcot 1 eS aca ca Ca) ve ae | ‘ fBihe® 7 pe aea tl aoe / 7 Ce ee Cre ac, Pe a a OO EL nL) > Quick Review of the Syllabus Highlighted Points Hundreds of Practice Questions Diagnostic Test Sample Paper for Entry Test Chapter-Wise Exercises with Answer Keys A 2 KI PS PREPARATIONS KI bp MATHEMATICS ENTRY TEST SERIES For All Kinds of Entry & Aptitude Tests) Editors Prof. Taimoor Iqbal Prof. Ali Butt Contributors Prof. Rauf Ahmed Prof. Abdus Salam Ch Prof. Sajjad Anmad Prof. Faisal Aftab Prof. Khurram Gill Prof. Javed Ali Waseer Prof./Abdul Manat Prof. Wagas Bhatti Prof. Shahbaz Prof. Maqsood Tufail Prof. Muzaffar Subhani Prof. Arshad Nazir Chief Editor Abid Wazir Khan Chief Coordinator zr Salman Maqsood Coordinators °° Akbar Ali Mughal Dr. Ali Shahzad Eormore Enty Test books and MCOS vist >= == Dedicated To the everlasting memories of Prof: Ahmad Arif who laid his life in the mission of education. Foreword ————$—<—<—<—<—<—<———————— By the grace of Almighty Allah, KIPS has been transforming its promising students into best professionals for more than past twotdecades. Today, by virtue of its uncompromising commitment to the national cause of providing quality education, untiring efforts and sheer dedication to the purpose, KIPS has become a name of trust and excellence in various fields of education. KIPS has always explored the latent flair of the students to map the best desired career for them. Barbara Tuchman once said) “Books are the carriers of civilization. Without books, history is silent, literature dumb, science crippled, thought and speculation at a standstill.” Therefore, good books play a pivotal role in the progress of a nation. Having this in view, KIPS Entry Test Series (KETS) is designed, revised and updated from time to time to meet'the challenges of Entry Tests. We have done our utmost to provide the students with an exclusive preparatory and practice materialsin KETS to enable them realize their dreams. We firmly believe that this humble effort of ours will bring the difference. Insha’Allah May Allah always bless you with success. Coy We Abid Wazir Khan Chief Executive 10 12 13, 14 CONTENTS Symbols Kips Diagnostic Test Part I Number System Sets, Functions & Groups Matrices & Determinants Quadratic Equations Partial Fractions Sequences & Series Permutations, Combinations and Probability Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem Fundamentals of Trigonometry Trigonometric Identities Trigonometric Functions and their Graphs Applications of Trigonometry Inverse Trigonometric Functions Solutions of Trigonometric Equations Answer Key a c 12 30 48 61 65 79 88. 95 105 113, 19 128 131 137 Part 0 Functions & Limits Differentiation Integration Introduction to Analytic Geometry Linear Inequalities and Linear Programming ConigSection Vectors Additional Topics for ECAT Logarithmic and Exponential Equations Quadratic Inequalities Sample Papers Answer Key 142 157 169 183, 196 223 237 243 246 267 KIPS ENTRY TEST SERIES KIPS PUBLICATION Symbols Sym ELON Ce LEC + Arithmetic and Algebra Equal to Not equal to Identity Approximately equal to Approaches Less than Greater than Less than or equal to Greater than or equal to Factorial of ne Z* Common logarithm Natural logarithm Logarithm (to base b) Summation + — Sets and Logic Belongs to Does not belong to Such that Such that Implies that Number of elements in a'set Union Intersection < > nova! fog, a logga log,a > ENTRY TEST SERIES SAT TET RU noa a aaboalaandCGS PAGEL martRY TES’ Universal set Empty set Conjunction Disjunction Negation Implication Biconditional Geometry and Trigonometry Angle Triangle Square Circle Parallel to Perpendicular to Congruent to Similar to Calculus Increment of x Limit of a function Derivative of f(x) Indefinite integral Definite integral with limits a and b X orU ¢ A v =p or~p > ° Ax or Ox or dx lim f(x) f(x) dx Jfyae b Jr (x)ae Symbols ol Diagnostic Test «This diagnostic test is designed to help you to pinpoint the weak areas in your background. Sit aside | hour to take this evaluate yourself. st. Check your answers with those at the end of the test. Then KIPS DIAGNOSTIC TEST w @ (G3) @ 6) ©) ” 8) 0) (si) (ai (I The cube roots of -64 are; (a)-4,-40?, 400° (c) 40%. 4(1+0),4(1+0") (b)-i (d-1 (b)-40°,40 .-40* (d)-3,-3+0,-3 +0" The value of “K” for which 1-2 is one root of the equation x° >2x+k =0.is? (al (v2 ©-1 (@-V2 If 1424+34---4n=25,they P+2°+3 4-040 =? (a) 165 . (b) 385 (©) 255, (4) 625 *Cy =9 7 5 ts = p> (a) i (b), Mi 5 1S ay OD Number containing three digits, repetition NOT allowed are. (a) 720 (b) 999 (©) 648 (d)600 Domain of V16x ~16x" is; (a)[0,1] (b)(0,1) (R-[0.1] @R-(0,1) If sin +cos0 = 0,0 =? (a)-45 (b) 45 (©)180 (a225 2 f @=30 then 1+!" 2 2tand B @) 2 @-N3 ENTRY TEST SERIES Diagnostic Teg, (10) ay (12) 3) (14) (is) (16) a7) (18) Slope of a line which is parallel to the line joining the points (2,5) and (3,8) is; @l (b)3 ©-3 @-} The point of intersection of the lines 3x+2y =8and Sx—ly+1=0 is; (@(1,2) (b)(-1,2) (©)(21) (d)(2,-1) ‘The length of tangent from the point (2,5) to the circle x? +y?-2x-3y—1=0 is: (as (4 v5 (3 ijxk=? (ao (b)1 ©-1 (@none of these lcoseex --1 -l cosec x| (a)2secx (cot? x (@)-cot" x (d)2coseex x—4x>2 Let f(x)=4m,x=2 then find the'value of “m” such that the function is continuous 2-x7,x<2 at x=2. @o 1 ()2 (@)-2 sin(tan“'(1)) =? ! I OF OF ©! @-1 Eos, x)=? (a7 In7 ot x Solution of the differential equation @y=Fin(x +1)4e Oy=In(x +1) +6 (b)y=2In(x? +1) +e @y=x +lte BR TST em For more Entry Test books and MCQS visit PAKGET.PK : Diagnostic Test (19) Two identical dice are rolled. The probability that the same number will appear on the both is; fi L Os O35 a 1 Org 5 Fe (20) The fifth term of the sequence (-1)" +1 is; @! (b)0 » @©-r d)-2 (21) One root of the equation 2** -10.2* +16 =Ois; {a)l (b)0 (2 05 05 oe 05 ) (d)none of these 22) (23) sin38 —cos52 =? (a)sin90 (b).cos90 (c) tan 90 (@)sec90 (24) The term free from s in («8 (as (o)o" (c)s™ a" (5) If sin= = then cos20=? 1 byt @; ( 5 2 a4 OF (@) 3 (26) The line y=2x+Z is tangent to the circle x’ +y° =9.then L @avs (b)3V5 (c) Less than 3V5 (@) greater than 3V5 o7 mlor(2m iG) (a)o (by! (©)-l (do i ENTRY TEST SERIES Eor more Entry Test books and MCQS visit PAKGET. PR Diagnostic Teg a :0€Ces—_O OOo (28) Domain of the function f = {(1,3),(3.5).(2.6)} is; (a) {1.2.5} (b) {1,3,6} (©) {12,3} d) {1,5,6} Qe 29) Which of the following matrices is not invertible? (4 ‘) of2 7) of 4) of; 2) 30) The minimum value of sin.x.cosx is; 1 1 @; ; “1 1 zl d)-— OF @ 4 31) The value of “a” for which 4x? +4(a +1)x+a’ =0,has‘equal roots, is; 1 1 5 5 1 1 ©; . @-7 , G2) If given that g(0)=2,g'(0)=land9f (x) = xg(x) then f"(0)=? (@)-2 c (b)0 © @s @3) The area between y=4sinx from 0 to z is; @)1 (b)2 ©4 8 G4) A is tossed 8 times ,the probability of getting a head 5 times is; @= 7 by) 16 ( 64 ot 1 128 Os (35) Focus of the conic x? ~6x-8y= Tis, (a)(0,3) ()(3,0) @(0.-3) (@(-3,0) ¥ 36) Ifthe line c, YEX+S is tangent t ince © 2 0 the ellipse (10 poe * ©+0 (b)-10 a ca IO REE ————# =I then the value of ¢ is; 67) 68) 69%») 40) Diagnostic Test 5 flx}oe=2, where [x] is greatest integer function. c 3 (a8 (b)7 6 do If F'(x) = g(x)then [/(x)e(x)dr=? @[s(s)] te ()[g(x)} +e 1 2 7 oO} + [eT +e Center of the sphere 4x7 +4y? +427 -4x-4y+42=1 is; fiiit l wl} i4) olf ) 1 oii o(-$-} ) (@)(-2,-2.2) Ifone of the root of the equation x* — px+q =0 is twice of the other then; (@)p’=4 (b)2q= p* (©)2p? =9q (d)2q? =9p —_ —. ENTRY TEST SERIES For more Entry Test books and MCQS visit PAKGET.PK Chapter-1 Number System NUMBER SYSTEM Table of Set: | Set of whole numbers Set of integers e integers Set of posi Set of negative integers Set of odd numbers Set of even numbers 1,13, 19,1 9ss:} ax zacoh Set of prime numbers Set of rational numbers Set of irrational numbers sP.qeZ,q#0 Set of real numbers Terminating ‘A decimal having | 434.7779 , 684.765003 decimals finite number of — | 0.000000000001 digits in its decimal part. Non terminating )| A decimal having | 3.1452........ | decimals infinite number of | 76.9000123...... digits in its decimal part. Recurring A decimal in 3.13131313- decimals which one or 112121121... or more digits repeat Periodic decimals | indefinitely. : Irrational Non terminating _ | 2.31415162.. numbers and non recurring | 3.141592654. numbers. Vn where n is prime Rational numbers | Terminating, 0.78 Recurring | 4.424 = 4.424424... ENTRY TEST SERIES 1 For more Entry Test books and MCQS visit PAKGET.PK Chapter-1 Number System Chapter ne ‘An op re root, | other. trigonometric | operations, derivative, integration etc | Following are some binary operations. nverts one num| | Unary operatio I _ | Binary operations i). An operation which converts two numbers into third. | (ii).A rule denoted by * ina set that Addition(+) | assigns to any pair of elements of S Multiplication( x) Division( +) taken in a definite order to another clement of S. Subtraction( - ) | Union, intersection | and difference of sets. | . ‘The'most important | binary operations are | + and x | \é Real Number System Proj ies of Real Numbers | 1.Closure law vxyeR,x+yeR [x,y 2. Associative Vx, y.2€ Ry x+(p+z Wx,y,zeR law xyz) = (xy)z 3identity law vxeR,30€ R such that vxeR, ale R such that | 4x = x,0is identity element of | x.1=1.x=.x 1 is identity addition element of multiplication inverse ———~*| Wee R.3-x) eR such that | Property a= VreR(x#0),3—eR such | | 5.Commutative | vayeR,xty=yt OU \ Vx,y.2€ R Distributivity of multiplication over addition _ | ()x(y +2) = xy 4x2 (ix y)z= x24 ye ENTRY TEST SERIES Crhapter-1 Properties of Equality of Real Numbers The follow = rties hold for the equ sa 0 ‘Reflexive property Vere R, 2.Symmetric property Vx,yeRx 3. Transitive property VryzeR XSyAysz=x=z Vey, 2ER x= yooxtzaytz Number System 4.Additive property 3.Multiplicative property Vx,y2€R,x=y > x2 yz 6.Cancellation property w.r.. Vx,y,zZ€Rx+z=ytz>x=y addition 7.Cancellation property w.r.t. Vx, y,2ER x2 =yz>x=y,z40 multiplication Properties of Inequalities of R: ibers (Order Properties) Mat s hold for the signs of inequality i.e. <(less than) and>(greater than), |.Trichotomy property vx,yeR either x= y or xy 2.Transitive property VxgzeR (@x>yay>z3x>z (ix xyaxtz>ytz (ix p> xz > y2(z > 0) (ix > y= xz < yo(z <0) [Principle for equality of fractions | a b Z.Rule for product of fractions @ b 3.Golden rule of fractions a b 4.Rule for quotient of fractions @ 5 ad ce be d ENTRY TEST SERIES For more Entry Test books and MCQS visit PAKGET PK Number Syste, Crapter-1 , ex numbers. The comp Complex Number System eR are called comp! Plex The numbers of the form x-+iy where 7 a ' imagi art of tI numbers are denoted by C. ted reat part and’y i called imaginary Ps © comple, i e x is called rei ax+iy=(x,y) , Where x is cal number. Powers of i where neZ . Hai ai? =0,neZ Equality of complex numbers atib=ctid| oe ged (a,b) =(¢,4) 2Addition ofcomplex numbers | a+ib+c+id=(a+c)+i(b+d) of (a,b) #(c,d) =(a+e,b+d) “| 3.Scalar multiplication of complex k(a #ib) = ka+ikb } numbers (a,b) = (ka, kb) 4.Multiplication of complex (a+ib)(c+id) =(ac—bd)+(ad +. be)i numbers (a,b)(c,d) = (ac—bd, ad + be) \-74 Division of complex numbers (4,6) (ac+bd be-ad i . ea (Sor) Properties of Fundamental Operations on Compisx Numbers Pia Usk vA Multiplication’: 1. Identity 0,0) =0+07 0)=1+0. (0,0) (1,0) i 2. Inverse V(a,6) eC has additiy, Every non zero complex numbe . (4,6) itive n Zero comy inverse (~a,-p) ie, (4,b)+(-a,-b) =(0,0) (4,8) has an inverse (at Tae) te.(a,5)) 4 =) _)_ (1,0 (3 +B a +B (1) tion in C Ned) #(a,8)(6, 7) ENTRY TEST SERIES f 4 ao Emre ae 3.Distributive Multiplication is distribu butiv i propery [eed ele. =(nsy Chapter-1 . Number System Conjugate of a Complex Number: aLet Z denotes a complex number then Z =x+iy and is defined as Z (x.-y). Properties of Conjugate: 2,352, €C = (x,y) ;the conjugate of Z is denoted by Z Modulus and Argument of a Complex Number: ) aLet Z=x+iy=(x,y) then = Modulus of Z =|Z|=.Jx?+y? = Argument of Z = argZ = wan’ (2) x Properties of argument: @)— arg(z,z,)=arg(4)+are(@) Q) on( 4 } 2. |=argz,-tgh 2 ® are(2)=-w2(2)=2r( +) (4) arg(zz) 6 au(2) =2args z Properties of Modulus of a (Complex Number: . 2,22, €C @. [Z\=|-z Gi. |2.2_]=[2)421) (iii). |Z|-|Z,|<|Z, +2,]s|2,|+|Z,| This is called triangle inequality. ENTRY TEST SERIES } For more Entry Test books and MCQS visit PAKGET PK Number System Crhapter-1 — . mplex Num | numbers, sO we can represen Graphical Representation Oa Ponder pai of real ot called complex plane st Since a complex number is consi eae) such numbers by points in a xy-P! Argand Diagran Principal Argument of a Complex hi Let @ be the principal argument of a comp! such that + In 1 Quadrant o-un'(2) ane (Cartes lex Ramee x-+iy defined in the range —7 I OY (d-a y@)_ Which of the following is field? we arQ (b) N Ow @a x4) 1> >} -3>-5, this property is called (eV Additive property (b) transitive property (c) multiplicative property (d) closure property © Let a,b,c,deR then a=b and c=d=> (a)atb=ctd (@hate=b+d © —IEZ, = (x, yi), Z2 = (x2.y2) where Z,,Z, €C then Z)+ CA Grtx2, yrty2) (b) (ity2 x2ty) (©) (rtyn x2+yy) ODy(x-x2yr-y) (2) IZ; = 3-64 and Z)=4+5i then Z)Z=? 42-95 (0) 942i (©) 42+9% (4) 44i (8) FZ: =(1, 0), Z2 = (2, 3) then Z\Z:=? (a) -2+37 (b) 2-37. 243i (@)-2-37 @) G,5)+(,4)=? (a) 3, 5) by (0, 9) (©) (0, 4) (3, 9) (10) Additive inverse of (3,3)imC is (@) G, 0) (b) (0, 3) (©) 3,3) @3-3) (11) IfZ=(a,b) then multiplicative inverse of Z is 6 b 6) (sara) Osa) a5 b ve “(Sp Pap ar) . G ae) (@) 1fZ = a+b then |Z|=? (a)atb (bya? +8 (co) a+b? Ons a +b?+2ab (18) 1fZ=a+b, then Z=? (a) a-b (b) -(a+b) “We (¢)-atb (ayarb ENTRY TEST SERIES 7 Formore Entry Test books and MCQS visit PAKGET.PK a Sa —— Number System (14) as) (16) a7) (18) ag) (20) Ql) — (24) 25) i= i @-i e on The value of * =? wt @: @- Conjugate of (-3, 4) is wo) ee a) a i ©! The multiplicative inverse of 1-34is : (@)3t Os © + @pone The value of i” is @i (i ©! ot If ZeC then Z.Z =? S. @Z S Oz @r If Z,,Z,€C then Z,+Z, =? @2+Z, (b) 21-22 ©) Z,+2Z, @Z-% The value of (3+2i)° is (a) 62+91 (0) 46-91 ©) 46i-9 (a) 461+9 has no identity with vespeet to + other than . @)+oi oF ‘©0+0i (+i The conjugate of 23! = ~i+l 2-31 On or ae wt =1-i (1+V3)'+(-1-V3)'=2 (a7 4 (24 (2 DM (pg 208 ()-4 AB ((y-16 lout \o(-= an Ay . “G ENTRY TEST SERIES Eormore Entry Test books and MCQS visit PAKGET PK Chapter-1 oo (26) The smallest postive integer “k” for which (#4 me (a)2 (oy _ 8 . (d) 16 7}) Set of even prime natural numbers is; (a) Finite (b))Empty (©) Singleton Hint 1 8))_ In n isany positive integer then the value o} @! (b) -1 @i @-i vise epi (@))Rational number (b) irrational (©) imaginary (d) none of these 0) 2V-9xV-16 =? Ait x(t 2 tet bah 1 5 RS Se OF © ” 188 + Joo ¢tasyt es 7 , (32) ; =x-+iy then; Caey??= iy?" = We Ve wely +i, @ x=2,y=-1 @)x=1y=0 (©) x=0,y=1 (d) x=-lLy= 33) {1-1} is closed with respect to; (a) Addition ((b) multiplication (©) division “(d) both b & (@) (cos20 +isin20°)’ +(cos30 +isin30 y=? (@) cos20 +isin20 (b) cos30 +isin30 Begg" (e) cost0 +isin10 (3) The polar coordinates of a point are (2,319 ) $5 (1.509,-1.312) N48 (b) (-1.509,-1.312) © (1.509,1.312) v (a) (-1.509,1.312) Wau then the Cartesian coordinates of the point are; Number Syste, Chapter-1 - 44.6) The et of rational numbers between to rel number (2) Finite ~ (d) Singleton Infinit i : xed Maipliatve inverse of a non-zero ao s_hoeto,y) Reh. oy ) Non-existent 52M Rowen” “wt wo! a ralkielécde 538) The {xe Rx? +10=0} is ie exer b © ‘Get {10} . (b) {-10} eo Null se @R tha qlso thor 89) Additive identity on Nis wr Thue sty Lis | 19) identi which S noe * ( © No identity (d) None of these (40) “Additive inverse of 2+ V3 is Pom_5},2- (a) 2-3 (b) -2+V3 @--8 @o yan The multiplicative inverse of V7 is I 5 wl I Os @1 4” 03573 is A X43) _ If fr-3]<5, then x lies between anoee E (@) -2and 8 (©)-2and4 (b) -6 and -2 2 (d) -4 and 2 Pe hg fg os ; ©x (b) x (d) Both a and b 1fZ isa complex number ther the minimum value of \Z| is ia the te [z|+|z-1) is ; 1 \a-\z | (2 at ke \f ee or Ae os ly imaginary then 2 (ao YY Cannot be determine ENTRY TEST SERIES EN ‘i Bm sts as vat Pace 2 Number System (b) @ (do 48)) “If the square of a number x is "i" then x =? ° (2) © Bi (d) Li eye (49) If Z=x-+iy, then Z? =|Z[" if (@x=0 rey pay y=0 (©) x#0,y40 ee (d) x=0,y #0 , e 50) arg) < |=? om ali) (a) argZ; + argZ2 (b) argZ, + argZ3 (c)jargZa - argZ2 (d) None of these 1) The modulus of the complex member 1+ tan a=? (a) (b) tang (pseca (d) cosecar m, X62) If (cos@ +isind)’ =x-iy then x ay =? OP Squpe Cos’ Bind F2singcsOr b) 0 2 M0 Rect e-sin'D yo -rsindess G3) if Z=4+6i" then |Z|=? ote caste 4sin'g -2sin'Beas'd- V2 (b) 16 gt asints cot (©) 36 (2 < ‘i An . 247i 2-707,, w hfe Cas 4sintg —2sin 9 CoS: (4 If Z=5—. theme =? ysbese (Oe MR ©Z @-z = (Sint +easta)” J G8) If Z=cosd-+isind, then Cine (1 (b)-1 (©) cos6-isind (d) None of these mW ENTRY TEST SERIES For more Entry Test books and MCQS visit PAKGET PK ~ gets, Functions and Groups Crhapter-2 SETS, FUNCTIONS AND GROUPS Set’ Collection of welll def ed distinct objects is called set. ‘method the | The set of natural In th numbers: set can be described in words. In this method the Set of natural set is described by numbers= {1,2,3. listing its elements with in brackets. | ‘ Ider In this method a Set of natural Method symbol or letter is | nuimbers={x/x€ N} used for an arbitrary | member of the set \ and stating the property common to all the members of \ the Set, 1. The Deserip Method The Tabular Method Order of a Set Types of Sets (w.r.t. the order) 1.Finite Set Ifa set has definite number L_ of elements present in it. 2.Infinite Set If a set has indefinite number of elements present in it A set having no elements. It is denoted by ¢, [Singleton Set element, A set having only one 7} jerman Mathematician George books and MCUS vist 3 ¥ Cnapter-2 Equal sets Sets, Functions and Groups DOSE vo sets & iff they have same elements. Order of the clements of the sets docs not matter Ifa at} & B= {act} B Equivalentor similar sets Two sets A & Bare equivalent iff'a one to one correspondence exists between the elements of the sets, Itis denoted by 4~ B or A=B If A={1.2.3.4.5} & B={a,e.i.o,u} then A~ B Subset If every element ofa set | Let A =|h2.3po& is an element of a set B . sthen A is a subset of B,| B={L-2.3--s10} then Ac B written as ACB Ifa set has-elements then it — has 2" subsets. "1 ben? Superset If AGB then Bis calléd| Inabove example BoA Subosel® superset of A. it is dentoted | by BDA If ACB and Beomtaing at | Inthe above example dis | | Proper Subset | [Improper subset | Power set ENTRY TEST SERIES > least one elemient Which is not an element oftthe set 4 then A isicalled proper subset of B. very Set itself is called improper subset. The collection of all oper and improper subsets of a | set A is called power set of | | A. denoted by P(A) | | proper subset of B. Note: The empty set has no proper subsets. Wa PDF OLIN IEG Wa set has -clements then there are "elements in its power 4s doit PAKGET.P 13 Chapter-2 Rime ticots Universal set or Universe of Discourse [Remember that NezcQcRc€ Operations on Sets frounene 1.Union of Two Sets TG The super set of all the sets under a particular discussion. Sets, Functions and Group, (Remo AUB={x/xe Av xe B} 2.Intersection of Two ANB={x/xe Anxe B} Sets = BDifference of Two | 4-B={x/xeAaxe B} Sets Some Sets Based on the 0; tions: Disjoint Sets For two sets A & B ifANB=6. ‘Overlapping Sets Fortwo sets A & Bif AQB# 6 but neither ACB or Be A Complement of a Set A’= A ={x/xeU axe A} where. U'is universal set and AcU Commutative Property. Remember that_4- B # B~ A in general ‘Associative Property @. AU(BUC)=(AU BUC Gi). AQ(BOC)=(A9B)OC Distributivity of Union over Intersection AU(BNC)=(AUB)A(AVC) Distributivity of Intersection over Union AQ(BUC)=(ANB)U(ANC) De Morgan’s Laws A tre absorption Laws @. (AUB) =4'OB Gi). (ANB) =4'UB (). AN(AUB)=A (ii). AL(ANB)= 4 \A| Idempotent Laws (i). AUA=A It is denoted by U,E or X (ii). AQA=A Crapter-2 Sets, Functions and Groups The Complement Laws ci wi (ii ). The Double Complement Law - Hpisentty Laws 0. (ii), And=¢6 Theorems (1), For any two sets A & B Ac(AUB) and Bc(AUB) (2) Forany two sets 4 & B(ANB)CA and (ANB)CB @) Let Ube the universal set then OU"=# ; Gog @ _ Forany two setsd & B, A~B=ANB’ ()__ Forany two sets & B, AC B= ANB=A (©) Forany two sets A & B, AC B=> AUB=B (7) Forany two sets & B,AC B= BCA (8) For any two sets A & B, AC BS AU(B-4)=B ©) For any two sets A&B ANB =AS ANB=$ (10) For any three sets ABC ,A-(BUC)=(4-B)n(A-C) (pA-B=A-(ANB) (i)(ANB)U(A-B)=4 *(iii)(4-B)UB=AUB (iv)(A-B)OB=9 (11) | For any twosets A & B (12) Forany two sets 4 & B, A = Be (ANB YU(ANB)=9 _ ENTRY TEST SERIES 15 Cc 2 Sets, Functions and Group, hapter-- Venn Diagrams’ A&B A&B ACB BCA disjoint overlapping AUB u u ui aoe) (je a > B “ | q 2) € » ay ip @) —_ “Named after an En, glish Mathematician John Venn (1834-1883) ENTRY TEST SERIES. q isit PAKGET.PK Chapter-2 some Use Full Results Sets, Functions and Groups (). n(4uB) (ii). n(AnB | [n( aU B)=n(4)+n(B)—(408) | Ta, n(duB)=n(B) (ii). (ANB) =n(A) n(A-B)=0 , [. n(B-A n(B)-n(A) 41f BCA (). n(AUB)=n(4) (ii). (ANB) =n(B) |. n(A-B)n(A)-n(B) \(iv). n(B-A)=0 5.1fA & Bare disjoint. @. (4-8) =n(A) (ii). n(B=A) = n(B) GIFA & Bare overlapping. n(A-B)=n(A)-n(ArB) n(B-A)=n(B)-n(ArB) Introduction (@ The word logical means | correctly reasoned” (b) The rules of logic give | precise meaning to mathematical | statements. | Inductive Logie Aristotelian Logic Non-Aristotelian Logic in inductive logic we can draw | conclusions from limited number of | observations or experiences | In deductive logic the conelusions | are dawn fom the premises, | logic based on the | ions... Only true or false statement. "The first person who used logic is Aristotle (384-322 BC). From Oxford Mlustrated dictionary. ENTRY TEST SERIES For more Entry Test books and MCQS visit PAKGET PK gets, Functions and Groups TA statement either true or false but not both, Where as Open the door. Go to Lahore, ete are not propositions. The true of falsity of a proposition is called its truth value. 2 The following are the major statements in logic. 1. Negation (- orn): FP i | If P is any proposition then negation of P is denoted by ~ P orPyand.is defined as if P is true | then “P is false and vice versa. The above table is called truth table of negation of P. 2.Conjunction (, The conjunction pg (read’as,p and q) is true when both p and q are true otherwise always false. P q PAG j = 5 ; P T F F F e The above table is the truth table of p aq } ENTRY TEST SERIES ) For more Entry Test books and MCQS visit PAKGET PK Chapter-2 Sets, Functions and Groups 5.Disiunetion(v): The disjunction pq (read a ¢ when both p and q are false otherwise always true The above table is the truth table of pvg. 4.[mplication or Conditional (> The implication p> (read as p implies q) is false when p is true.and q is false otherwise always true. + pis called antecedent or hypothesis or pre + qis called consequent or conclusion. aThe following statements are equivalent to pq Ifp, then q p implies q ponly ifq q.ifp p is sufficient for q q's necessary forp Associated with every implication there are'three statements: (i). The converse of p=>g. is g=> P (ii). The inverse of p> gis sp—>—q (iii). The contra positive of p> q is -q > -p Remember that: The truth value of original implication and its contra positive is always equal P 4 Prd T T T The above table is the truth table ofp > q- ENTRY TEST SERIES 19 i ble Impli 5.Biconditional or Doul ‘ ‘The double implication p <> q (read as p iff q) is true w! false otherwise always false ing statements are equivalent to p 4 The following s oe Sets, Functions and Grou, hen both p and q are true or both are Ifp then q and if then p pifand only ifq P q Pod T F F T F F F The above table is the truth table of p <> tant Terms ited to. ic: called Tautology A statement which is always true is tautology. Absurdity or Contradiction A statement which is always false, is called absurdit Contingency A statement which can be true or false depending upon the truth values of the variables involved. Quantifiers The words or the symbols which give the idea of a quantity are called quantifiers Universal Quantifier V (For all) is called universal quantifier. Existential Quantifier A (There exist) is called existential quantifier. I Compound propositions that have same truth values are called logically equivalent, © Stands for logically equivalent, Some usefull equivalences P>4(-pvq) p>4qelq>p) ENTRY TEST SERIES 20 Crapter-2 A Link between Set Theory and Lo, Let p=P and g=Q Sets, Functions and Groups Logical Statement | Equivalence in Set Theory ~~? Compliment of P PAq PAO Pa ee Pe Poo u PO" P=O | pet fee i. a(paq) | @P LO Gi). “(pv q) GPO De Mor, Relations Cartesian | The Cartesian productofany | Let 4 Product | two sets A & Bis defined as then Ax B={(x,y)/#@Ap ye BY Ax B={(a,1).(a.2) (6,1).(6.2)} Binary | Any subsetofthe Cartesian |», = {(a.1).(b.2)} Relation/ | product’ax B is called a Relation | relation from 4 to B. Domain | The set of the first elements of | Dom of », = {a,b} ofa the ordered pairs forming a Relation | relation. a Range of | The set of the second clements | Range of 7, = {1.2} a of the ordered pairs forming a Relation _| relation. Inverse Tif we interchange the domain | 5," ={(1,a).(2.5)} and the range of every ordered pair ofa relation then the new relation formed is the inverse of the giv relation a ae TT ENTRY TEST SERIES For more Entry Test books and MCQS visit PAKGET PK sets, Functions and Group, Func —_ Let A & B are two no! In the above example Fun ris a function. empty sets then fis a function from Ato Bif, | * A function f from A @. fcAaxB to Bis denoted by Domf =A f:AvB (iii), First elements of no two pairs of fare ride /: | Into function A function f:4—>B is called into if ranf < B but ranf #B | ‘Onto function ‘A function f:A— B is (surjective) called onto ifranf = B. | One-one function A function f: A= B is called one-one if'second elements of no two of its otdered paifsafe equal. Injective function | A function which is both -1 and into is called injective. Bijective function A function which is bot: 1+1 and onto is called bijective. Linegr function 4 function of the form — | The graph of a linear {(x,y)/y=mx+c} is | function is always a : called linear, straight line. Quadratic function | The function of the form | The graph of a {(x.y)/y= a0? +bx-+e} | quadratic function is always a parabola. is called quadratic. Inverse function The inverse ofa function | = Inverse ofa J is denoted by f function may or may and can be obtained by | not be a function. interchanging the = Inverse of a elements of the ordered | line is line, pairs involved in the function. we @NTRY TEST SERIES a For more Entry Test books and MCQS visit PAKGET PK Sets, Functions and Groups Closure Property Commutar Property Associative Property ve => a*b=bea BbeSSato=bea | Va,b.ce $= a*(b*c)=(a*b)*e Anelement ¢€ § is called wet. * if ate=e%a= For any elementa S ,3a" eS such that a*a'=a'*a=e .thenaand a’ are called inverse of each other wart. *, Identity Element [Taverse Property Residue Classes Of Modulo n: Let ne N ,then 0, 1, 2,. ; n~ | are called residue classes of modulo n. eg {0.1,2,3} are the residue classes of modulo 4. aThe following table” represents the multiplication of residue classes of 5. eleBye 1 [ey [at 2 [2 | 4) tps 3 [3J1)4)2 4 [4}ei2h aThe following table represents the,addition of the residue classes of 7. @foli[2[3/4[s]o O [ol /2[3/4[s[6 1 [1[2[3/4/sle[o 2 12[3/4|slelolt 3 [3[4{s[olo]1[2 4 [4/5 f6lol) [2/3 fs _[sl6lptiszi3{4 6 [6 loft | eps [4s Following is the table of multiplication of cube roots of unity 1 [oe |e’ « [2 fo [oe [elt a tions. {i-chapter | we have discussed about binary aa a homatician Arthur Cayley( 1821-1895) Table is called Cayley's table named for the Brt 23 TEST SERIES Chapter-2 Sets, Functions and Group, a The following table describe that which properties are satisfied by the specified set op numbers. ] ery Whole ch) on co) SC one ao Onn v © v Closure ® : @ v Associative ® ¥. ® v Identity @ Gi ® x x a Inverse ® x x x x ® v v v v | v | Commutative @ v iv v v vi Groups Let $ be a non-empty set and * is a defined binary operation for S. Groupoid ‘Sis closed w.r.t. *. (N.+).(Z.+) | A(R.+).(Q+) | Semi Group | (i).S is closed wart. * (N.+).(Z.+).(R.+) | (ii).* is an associative binary operation. (2.4) Monoid (i).8 is@losed wer.t. *. (Z.+),(R.+) | (i).* is anvassociative binary operation. ae iii). contains identity w.r.t. *. (Q+).(Z.8).(R.®) | (2.8) Group is closed w.r.t. * (Z.+).(R.+) (i).* is an associative binary operation. + [iii).S contains identity wart. *. (@+) iv).Inverse of each element of S w.r.t. * must Myst). j 2 __|__ belongs to 8 : | Abelian A group (S.*) is called Abelian if * is (My.).+).(Z.+).(R.+) Group" commutative binary operation, mie “ we (Q+).(8-(9}.8) _Named after a Norwegian mathematician N,H, Abal (1802-29). ENTRY TEST SERIES or more Entry Test books and MCQS visit PAKGET.PK 24 Finite & infinite groups Uniqueness of identity lements is called order of the group. A group is called finite if its order is finite otherwise it is called infinite group. Ina group the identity element is unique. Uniqueness of inverse In a group inverse of each element Reversal law of inverses wr. * is unique. Va.be S where Sis a group then (ab) =a" Tdempotent element Let S be a group & aeS thenais called idempotenifa*a =a TEST SERIES 23 5 Sets, Functions and Group, Crapter-2 raid tae (1) Which one is not a set (a) A= {1.23} (b) A=(3,4,7} () A={(3.4.5.4} ee {9,7} (2) Anelement ‘b” of a set B can be written as @bcB (b) b + @AnB= 6 ee ie a7) et value of the proposition 3 is a+ve number or 2+2=7 is (c) contingency a lee n (18) The truth value of the statement [ve Bene ps false, when (a) pis true, q is false (b) : i (©) pis false, q is true ( eone of those (19) The inverse of AB is AIL (a) BoA ~Aon () ~B>~A Barre 0) HY contra positive of ~B— ~A is a) A Bo. (@A>-B . Bee (Qt) ~B—~A is converse of ; (a) A@B (b)B>A (©) ~A>B (d)~A>~B 22) The inverse of the function {(1,3).(2.1)45)} is @ {B,1),2.)45)} (b) (1.3), 2,1),G.4)} (©) {G,1),0,2),6,4)} (4) {G.1).2,0),.6.493 @3) Which of the following statement cannot be true? (D inverse of a function is always.function (11) inverse of a line is,line (Ill) inverse of injective function is function (a) I only (b) Hl only (©) Land Il only (d) Land Il only 24) The set {1,-1,i-/} is group wrt 8: 8: c) + . (25) A semi group is monoid if (a) It has identity (b) it is closed (c) it holds associative property (d) it has inverse property 26) Which of the following is not monoid w.r- addition? (aZ (b) (ON (@R 7) ae order of the group (A, +) is =e (0.41, 42.43... (a) 4 (b) ()8 (d) none 28) Which of the following is true? (@) {1,2} = {2,1} (by ae {{a}} © ac{a} @ {acta} ee FNTRY TEST SERIES 27 For more Entry Test books and MCQS visit PAKGET PK Cc Sets, runcuons auu wroups 29) G0) G1) 2) G3) G4) G5) (36) 7) (38) 9) (40) \ aC) * (42) Let S be a non empty set. Then what is the ident (@) xe AaxeB () x@A but xeB tity element of (p(S).0) P(s) (emmy set (c) set $ itself (d) no identity (4-B)UB=? A (b) B O4-B (@ AUB Let U = {12,3010}, 4 ={1,2,5},B = {6.7} then AN B=? ) BY (b) B ® A @ 4 If A& B are any two sets then which of the following is ray an ) AUBCANB (b) ANBC AU AUB=ANB . @all of these Let A={1,2,3,4.5}.B = {1,2} then A\(A\B) =? @¢ (b) A © B (d) AUB If A& B areany two sets then AN(B\ A) =? @¢ (b) A ©B (d) AUB If A&B areany two sets then AUB=AOB iff (@) ACB (bt) BCA () A=B (d) All of these If A= {a,b,c}, B={2,6,°9} then n(Ax B)=2 | (a)6 (b)9 ()12 (4) 18 Aa(AUB) =? (a) A (b) B O¢ (@) ANA Which of the following is'smallest set A such tha! 4 {1,2} = {1,2,3,5,9} (a) {2,3,5} (b) (3,5,9} (©) (1,2,5,9} (4) (1,2,3,5,9) If n(A) =3,n(B)=6 and ACB then n(AUB) =? (a3 (b)9 (6 @8 In a group of people 60% like chocolate and 70% like strawberry then percentage of people who like both chocolate and strawberry is: (@) 30% (b) 60% ~~ (c) 10% (d) 40% B~A isa subset of “@)A (0) B (0) A-B @ ANB If xe AUB, then (b) xe A but xe B (d) xeAvxeB Ae ENTRY TEST SERIES, 7 For more Entry Test books and MCQS visit PAKGET.PK Cnapter-2 (8) #) 5) ° any (1) 2) (53) (64) (Ss) Sets, Functions and Groups n (A) =20.n(B)= 16, (AB) =10 then n(4UB) = (a) 16 (b) 26 (€)36 W6 ’4—B = B-A, ifand only if @ 4cB (b) Boa @A=B @Ale B-A a4 f@)=. (b) > (ec (d) None of these If A={1,2}, B= {3.4} then be @a (b)B (©) AUB (d) A-B Ax B= Bx A iff. (a) AcB (b) BoA ()A=B (d) None of these Ifa set A has 3 elements and B has 6 elements such that Ac B then'the/number of elements in AB =? (a3 (b)9 ()6 (d) 12 Which of the following operation is NOT commutative? = (byxhy=xey @x* y= 2x 42y 3xy then the identity element want* is 1 bye (b) 5 1} u (d) None of these If x * y = Sxy then inverse of 2 wnt is 1 I by) aI 0 K if 1 ! Oz Ox 5 Which of the following is NOT a group Ww. multiplication? 5 30 (ail of these a If G={1,3,5,7} is group under multiplication modulo 8 then inverse of Sis @t (1 @§ (a) None ofthese Which of the following is square root function? (@) y=vx (b) y’ (©) y= Jx, x20 @ yrexxeR Truth set of Pag is (@) PUG (b).PNO (©) P'NO (d) PUD we ENTRY TEST SERIES 29 For more Entry Test books and MCQS visit PAKGET.PK Crapter-3 Matrices and Determinants MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS Introduction [James Sylvester (1814-1897) _ | Used the word matrix fir ‘Arthur Cayley (1821-1895)___| Used in linear transformations Seki Kowa (1642-1708) Concept of determinants Gottiried Wilhelm Leibniz Invention of determinants (1646-1716) Gabriel Crammer (1704-1752) | Used determinants for solving system of linear equations ” Matrix SA rectangular array of numbers enclosed by a pair of brackets is called a matrix. OR a Arrangement of numbers in rows and columns is called a matrix. Rows : The horizontal lines of numbers are called rows ofa matrix. Columns ‘The vertical lines of numbers are calléd columns of a matrix Entries or Elements ‘aThe numbers used in rows or columns are said to be the entries or elements of the matrix. Order of a ma‘ 2 Order of'a matrix is défined as: Number of rows x Number of columns (read as number of rows by number of columns) ‘Generally a bracketed rectangular array of m x n elements mj = 1,2, 3,4. n), arranged in m rows and n columns is called an m by? (en as m * n matrix). matrix (wr Ay a, a, 4, Aa| a, Am Ang Amy °° Ag ENTRY TEST SEREGiore Entry Test boo COS VST PARCELP? eins Dery Mi ices and Determinants eed . A matrix, which has we ity is Only on ow matrix (FO row (ie. 1x nmatrix)issaid | [4 2 dis Ai \ vector) to be a row matrix or row _ | vector. (120 5hns | . a, column A matrix, which has only one | matrix column (i.e. an_ m x | matrix) ay 2 | (column is said to be a column matrix | | 4 3 | vector) or column vector. : A ) G5 In i \ ~ = — 1 | ‘The matrix, which has the h., \ same number of rows and \ columns, is called a square Gi Gn Square matrix OR 4, Ay, },,5 ' If m =n then the matrioP order om nissaidto bea, | (4 4, ) | square matrix of order norm. | | g,, ay Cn 43 Jas \ ‘A matrix, whose number of rows is not equal to number of columns, is called a | ‘ tangular matrix. 2 Rectangular matrix | ‘Spe 5 -2)ss If m ¥n, then the matrix is called rectangular matrix of | [4 ay) order mxn. ENTRY TEST SERIES a For more Entry Test books and MCQS visit PAKGET PK Matrices and Determinant, Corapecr 3 0 0 [a]... be a square ao | a, =0 for 07 [Diagonat matin] Let A matrix of order 1. If i all i#j and at least one | a, #0 for i=J i Where ; 4. g3 63 yy IS called main, leading or | principal diagonal. ‘Scalar matrix Let A=[4, j,,, Peasauare | matrix of order n. If @, =0 for all iz jand a, =k for i= j,where k is any non zero | | scalar. | [Unit matrix or LetA=[a,], beasquare | | Identity matrix Inv co Ss ce matrix of order n. If a, = 0 for all i# j and | a, = fori = j. q,= cor oro Unit matrix is both diagonal & scalar. | Null matrix or Zero | A square or rectangular matrix matrix whose each’ element is zero is | (0 0) oof roo ce called a null or zero matrix. ooo cos i | [0 0 0] | Equal matrices Two matrices of the same ( 7 2) Ga 443 ) | | | order are said to be equal if their corresponding entries| \@ 4 8) \2+1 2+2 8 are equal, Sub matrix Matrix obtained by deleting r some rows or columns from an existing matrix are said to be sub-matrix of the original matrix. ‘RY TEST SERS for EET MGET OK |e 32 Coapter-3 Matrices and Determinants gasification of matrices w.r.t. operations ‘Transpose of a matrix m * nthen an matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A, is called the transpose of A. Denoted by 4' or 4’. nxm = (A) =A = (4a) =e Symmetric matrix For a square matrix A iP A’ = A, then A is called symmetric matrix s g bt ‘Skew symmietric or anti symmetric A For a square matrix A if A, then A is called skew symmetric matrix 1 CRY (ed 2) b\)3 9 6 5 6 8 0 0 Hermitian matrix A square matrix A with complex entries is called hermitian if(4) =A. 47 1 a) ‘Skew hermitian matrix A Square matrix with complex entties'is called skew hermhitian if ; La ¢ G oe 245i Upper triangular matrix | A is if square matrix A=[4, |, calléd an upper triangular =0V i>j Lower triangular matrix | A ‘Triangular matrix a a square matrix [4 Jpn i said to be a fower triangular matrix if =0V i R! iii) Adding a multiple of one row to another row. R,+kR, = Ri b. Elementary column operation ona matrix Following are the elementary column operations that are used to obtain equivalent matrices. i), Interchanging two columns. C, < C’ ii). Multiplying a column by a non-zero number. KC, + C’ iii) Adding a multiple of one column to another column.C, +kC)=C! Echelon and Reduced Echelon Forms of Matrices: Inany non-zero row of a matrix the first non-zero entty is called the leading entry of that raw. The zeros before the leading entry of a row are named as the leading zero entries of the row. (a) Echelon Form of a Matrix Anm * n matrix A is called in (row) echelon form if j). Ineach successive non-zero row, the number of zefos before the leading entry greater than the number of such zeros in the preceding row. Every non-zero row in A precedes every Zero row (if any). The first non zero entry (or leading entry) in each row is 1. (b) Reduced echelon form of a matrix. ce ‘Anm n matrix A is said to be in reduced (row) echelon form if it is in (row) echelon form and if the first non-zero entry (or leading entry) in R, lies in C, then all other entries of C, are zero. Rank of a matrix Let A be anon-zero matrix. If ‘r” i echelon form, then ‘r’ is called the (row) rank of the matrix A. Determinants 1. The determinant of a 1 x 1 matrix A=[ai1] is defined as |4 2% Determinant of a2 x2 matrix: The determinant of a matrix is denoted by enclosing its square array between vertical bars instead of brackets. The number of elements in any row oF column is called the order of determinant, . wae( ie |A|= ad -be ed ab (dad -b . ira “ee adjA ( a is the number of non-zero rows when it is reduced to reduced “NIRV TEST SERIES For more Enlty Test books and MCQS visit PAKGET.PK Chapter-3 Matrices and Determinants 3.. Determinant of a square matrix of order n2 3 | Before defining the determinant ofa square matrix of order = 3 wedefine some important terms = Minor of an clement of a square matrix: if we delete ith row and jth column of A, we get an Given an nxn matrix A=(4,),., (n-1)x(n-1) matrix, The determinant of this matrix is called the minor of the element a, and is denoted by M,. + Cofactor of an clement of a square matrix: ; ‘The cofactor of an element a, of a square matrix A is denoted by 4, and is defined as 4 =" M, + The determinant of a square matrix of order clement of row (or column) and its cofactor. i. = Ody Figg teen Fin An [A]= ay) Ayy + Ogg yy Hover + ay Ay F yyy + gy Agg torent Ay Ay A Adjoint of a matrix of order n> 3 If A is a square matrix, then the matrix obtained by taking the cofactor of each element of A, replacing them correspondingly and then taking transpose of that, is called adjoint of A. Inverse of a Matrix ‘n’ is the sum of the products of each 4 =a if |4|40 + Singular matrix A square matrix A is said to be singular if |4| = 0 + Non singular matrix 10 be non-singular if || # 0 Properties of determinants 1, If the rows and\columns of a determinant are interchanged the value of the determinant does not change. 2, If two rows (or columns) of a determinant are interchanged, the value of determinant is multiply by -1. A fat the entries in any row (or column) are zero, the value of the determinant is zero. ; tfany two rows (or columns) of a determinant are identical, the value of the determinant is zero. . {any row (or column) of a determinant is multiplied by a non-zero number k, the value ‘ of he new coun equal to k times the value of original determinant. . (or column) of a determi i i : senlctiweaseeanenie: inant consists of two terms, it can be written as the 7. Hany ly row (or column) of a determinant is multiplied by a non-zero number k and the result is added to the corresponding entri ipeuteegon a ig entries of another fow (or column), the value of the ‘ees as a rr TE ETI Tas hooks and MOS vist PAKGET PK Crapter-3 Matrices and Determinants |al=l4l ‘The determinant of a triangular matrix ¢w i a er, sonal) i cere ene (upper, lower, or diagonal) is equal to the product tem of Linear Equations NE ORR TY An equation of the fomax+by+oz=d a40,b#0,c40,d 40 is called non-homogeneous equation in three variables. axthy raz =4 DO E * An equation of the form ax-+by+cz=0 is called homogeneous equation in three variables. 0 axthytoz= axtby+c, is called system of # a,xt+b,y +2 =, > is called a system of ax+by+ez=0 h bx + byte, axtb,y+ ez = dy homogeneous equations in three variables. non-homogeneous equations in three variables | * ‘The matrix form of the system is whered,,d, and d, cannot zero simultangously. , 6, (x) (0 * The matrix form of the system is ah G\(x) (4 a, b ¢|| » {=| 4, | can be written as a, b,c, \))y|=| 0 | can be written as a b

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