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    68pages - EBCS 3-Design of Steel Structures

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    Design of Steel Structures

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    68pages - EBCS 3-Design of Steel Structures

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    Design of Steel Structures

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    e Ethiopian Building Code Standard DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES Also Wr & Ten Dement Addis dbaba, 3 1098 EBCS-5 Design of Steel Structures Project Council Members Techni Abashawl Woldemariam (Chairman) Negussie Tebedge (Secretary) Almayehu Gizaw? Dellelegne Teshome Bekele Meknonnen Michael Albrecht Negussie Tebedge Yibeltal Zowdie Siefu Birke < Wouhib Kebede t Deceased Editor Prof. Negussie Tebedge FOREWORD The Proclamation to define the powers and duties of the Central and Regional Executive Organs of the Transitional Goveriment of Ethiopia No, 41/1993 empowers the Ministry of Works and Urban Development to prepare the Country’s Building Code, issue Standards for design and construction works, and follow up and supervise the implementation of same. In exercise of these powers and in discharge of its responsibility, the Ministry is issuing a series of Building Code Standards of general application. The purpose of these standards is to serve as nationally recognized documents, the application of whicl deemed to ensure compliance of buildings with the minimum requirements for design, construction and quality of materials .ct down by the National Building Code. ‘The major benefits to be gained in applying these standards are the harmonization of professional practice and the ensuring of appropriate levels of safety, health and economy with due consideration of the objective conditions and needs of the country. As these standards are technical documents which, by their very nature, require periodic Updating, revised editions will be issued by the Ministry from time to time as appropriate. The Ministry weleomes comments and suggestions on all aspect of the Ethiopian Building Code Standards, All feedback received will be carefully reviewed by professional experts in the field of building construction with a view to possible incorporation of amendments in future editions, Haile Acsopidie Ministe Ministry of Works and Urban Development 1995 —————E—EE~E | a TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 SCOPE 1 1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 1 1.3 UNITS 1 1.4 NOTATIONS 2 CHAPTER 2- BASIS OF DESIGN 2.1 FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS 9 2.2. LIMIT STATES 9 2.2.1 General 9 2.2.2. Ultimate Limit States 10 2.2.3 Serviceability Limit Stetes 10 DESIGN SITUATIONS 10 ACTIONS 10 2.4.1 Definitions and Principal Classification 10 2.4.2 Representative Values of Actions ul 2.4.3. Representative Values of Permanent Actions ul 2.4.4 Representative Values of Variable Actions u 2.4.5. Representative Values of Accidental Actions 2 2.4.6 Design Values of Actions 2 2.4.7 Design Values of the Effect of Actions 13 2.5 MATERIALS 3 B 2.5.1 Characteristic Strength 13 2.5.2 Design Velucs 3 2.6 GEOMETRICAL DATA 4 2.7 LOAD ARRANGEMENTS AND LOAD CASES 14 2.8 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 4 2.8.1 General 14 2.8.2. Ultimate Limit States 14 2.8.2.1 Verification Conditions 4 2.8.2.2. Combinations of Actions 15 2. Design Values of Permanent Actions 16 E 2.8.2.4 Verification of Static Equilibrium 16 2.8.3. Partial Safety Factors for Ultimate Limi: States 7 2.8.3.1. Partial Safety Factors for Actions on Building Structures 7 2.8.3.2 Partial Safety Factors for Resistances 18 2.8.4 Serviceability Limit States 19 2.9 DURABILITY 20 CHAPTER 3 - MATERIALS a 3.1 GENERAL ai 3.2 STRUCTURAL STEEL 2 3.2.1 Scope 21 3.2.2 Material Properties for Hot Rolled Steel 2 3.2.2.1 Nominal Values 21 3.2.2.2 Plastic Analysis 21 = 3.2.2.3. Fracture Toughness 2 2.3 Material Properties for Cold Formed Steel .2.4 Dimensions, Mass and Tolerances 2.5 Design values of Material Coefficients INNECTING DEVICES 1 General 3.3.5. Welding Consumables CHAPTER 4 - ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES 4.1 BASIS 41.1 General 4.1.2. Frame Design 4.1.3. Tension Members 4.1.4 Compression Members 4.15 Beams 4.1.6 Joints and Connections 4.17 Fatigue CALCULATION OF INTERNAL ACTIONS 4.2.1 Global Analysis 4.2.1.1 Methods of Analysis 4.2.1.2 Effects of Deformations 42.13 Elastic Global Analysis 4.2.1.4 Plastic Global Analysis 4.2.2 Design Assumptions 4.2.2.1 Basis 4.2.2.2 Simple Framing 4.2.2.3 Continuous Framing 4.2.2.4 Semi-Continuous Framing 4.2.3. Structural Systems 42.3.1 Structures 4.2.3.2. Sub-Frames 42.3.3 Stiffness of Bases 4.2.4 Allowance for Imperfections 424.1 Basis 4.2.4.2 Method of Application 42.4.3 Frame Imperfections AZA4 Imperfecitons for anatysts of Bracing Systems 4.2.4.5 Member Imperfections 42.5 Sway Stability 425.1 Sway Stiffness 4.2.5.2 Classification as Sway or Non-Sway 42.53 Classification as Braced or Unbraced 4.2.6 Frame Stability 4.2.6.1 General 42.6.2 Elastic Analysis of Sway Frames 42.6.3 Plastic Analysis of Sway Frames 42.7 Column Requirements for Plastic Analysis 4.3 CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES 4.6 4.3.1 Basis 4.3.2. Classification 43.2.1 Cross-sections 4.3.2.2 Elements 4.3.3. Thin-Walled Cross Sections 4.3.4 Effective Cross-Section Properties of Class 4 Cross-Section ‘TENSION MEMBERS Loaded Tension Members 4.4.2. Effective Areas of Simple Tension Members 4.4.3. Tension Members with Moments 443.1 Cross-Sectional Resistance 4.4.3.2 Member Resistance 4.4.4 Laced or Batiened Tension Members ‘MEMBERS IN COMPRESSION 4.5.1 Length and Restraints 4.5.2 Buckling Lengths 45.21 Basis 45.2.2 Columns in Building Frames 4.53. Slenderness 4.5.4 Axially Loaded Compression Members 4.5.4.1 Compression Resistance of Cross-Section 4.5.4.2 Buckling Resistance of Axtally, Loaded Compression Members 4.5.4.3 Uniform Members 4.5.4.4 Non-Uniform Members 4.5.4.5 Flexural Buckling 4.5.5 Compression Members with Moments 4.5.5.1 Cross-Sectional Resistance to the Combined Effect 4.5.5.2 Buckling Resistance of Compression Members with Moments 4.5.6 Built-up Compression Members 6.1 Basis 6.2. Laced Compression Members 4.5.6.3. Battened Compression Members 45.6.4 Closely Spaced Built-up Members 4.5.6.5 Star-Battened Angle Members BENDING MEMBERS 4.6.1 Cross-Sectional Resistance to Bending and Shear 4.6.1.1 Resistance to Pure Bending 4.6.1.2 Resistance to Shear 4.6.1.3 Resistance to Bending and Sheer 4.6.2. Cross-Sectional Resistance to Bending and Axi 4.6.21 Resistance of Class J and 2 Cross-Section 4.6.2.2 Resistance of Class 3 Cross-Sections 4.6.2.3. Resistance of Class 4 Cross-Section 4.6.3. Lateral-Torsional Buckling of Beams 4.6.3.1 Design Buckling Resisiance Moment jal Force 4.6.3.2 Elastic Critical Moment for Lateral-Torsional Buckling 4.6.4 Shear Buckling Resistance 4.6.4.1 General 4.6.4.2. Simple Post-Critical Method 4.6.4.3 Tension Field Method 4.6.4.4. Innermediate Transverse Stiffeners 4.6.4.5 Forces jor Welds 20 39 29 39 40 2 45 41 7 47 7 7 48 4a 48 a8 48 3 35 35 55 56 58 87 38 6 6 61 6 62 cy 68 70 2 2 Rn B 74 18 15 n 8 RB p 3 83 85 86 88 80 4.6.5 Resistance to Bending, Shear and Axial Force 4.6.5.1 Cross-Sectional Resistance 4.6.5.2 Interaction Using the Simple Post-Critical Method 4.6.5.3 Interaction by the Tension Field Method 4.6.6 Resistance of Webs to Transverse Forces 4.6.6.1 Basis 4.6.6.2 Length of Sti Bearing 4.6.6.3 Crushing Resistance 4.6.6.4 Crippling Resistance 4.6.6.5 Buckling Resistance 4.6.6.6 Transverse Stiffeners 4.6.6.7 Flange Induced Buckling CHAPTER 5 - SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES 5.1 BASIS 5.2. DEFLECTIONS 5.2.1 Requirements 5.2.2 Limiting Values 5.2.3 Ponding DYNAMIC EFFECTS 5.3.1 Requirements 5.3.2. Steuctures Open to the Public 5.3.3 Wind-Excited Oscillations CHAPTER 6 - CONNECTIONS 6.1 BASIS 6.1.1 General 6.12 Intersections 6.1.3 Joints in Simple Construction 6.1.4 Joints in Rigid Construction 6.1.5 Joints in Semi-Rigid Construction 6-1-6 Joints Loaded in Shear and Subject to Vibration and/or Load Reversal BOLTED AND RIVETED CONNECTIONS 6.2.1 Clearances in Holes for Fasteners 6.2.2. Bdge Distances and Spacing of Holes 6.2.3 Deduction for Fastener Holes 6.2.3.1 General 6.2.3.2 Design Shear Rupture Resistance 6.2.3.3 Angles Connected by One Leg 6.2.4 Ordinary Boling and Rivets 6.2.4.1 Bifecitve Areas of bolts 6.2.4.2 Shear Capaciry 6.2.4.3 Bearing Capacity 6.2.4.4 Long Joints 6.2.4.5 Large Grip Lengeit 6.2.4.6 Bolts Subject to Tension 6.2.4.7 Combined Shear and Tension 6.2.4.8 Design Strength Values 6.2.5 High Strength Fasteners in Slip-resistant Connections Le E—EEEEEeEeeeee 6.3 PIN CONNECTIONS 116 : 6.3.1 General 116 6.3.2 Tension Members and Pin Plates 47 6.3.3 Design of Pins Ty 6.3.3.1 General 17 6.3.3.2 Shear Capacity ug 6.3.3.3 Bearing Capacity 47 6.3.3.4 Bending 17 J 6.3.3.5 Combined Shear and Bending 18 6.4 SPLICES 118 6.4.1 General 118 - 6.4.2 Splices in Compression Members 119 6.4.3. Splices in Tension Members 19 6.4.4 Splices in Beams 119 6.3 WELDED CONNECTIONS 119 6.5.1 General ug 6.5.2. Geometry and Dimensions U9 6.5.2.1 Type of Weld 9 6.5.2.2 Fillet Welds 120 6.5.2.3 Butt Welds 122 6.5.2.4 Plug and Slot Welds 122 6.5.2.5 Flare Groove Welds 122 6.5.3 Lamellar Tearing 123 6.5.4 Distribution of Forces 123 6.5.5 Design of a Fillet Weld 125 6.5.5.1 Effective Length 125 6.5.5.2. Throat Thickness 126 6.5.5.3 Long Joints 126 5A Design Strength 126 : 6.5.6 Design of a Butt Weld 126 6.5.7 Tee-Butt Joints 127 . 6.5.8 Design of Plug and Slot Welds 127 6.5.9 Joints to Unstiffened Flanges 128 6.5.10 Angles Connected by One Leg 129 6.6 HYBRID CONNECTIONS 129 6.7 BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS 129 6.7.1 Basis 129 6.7.2. Rotational Stiffness 130 6.7.3. Moment Resistance 130 - 6.7.4 Classification of Moment-Rotation Characteristios, 132 6.7.5. Calculated Properties 132 675.1 Moment Resistance 132 6.7.52 Rotational Siffness 133 6.7.5.3. Rotation Capacity 133 6.8 HOLLOW SECTION LATTICED GIRDER JOINTS 133 6.8.1 Design Resistance 133 6.9 COLUMN BASE! 133 6.9.1 Base Plates 133 6.9.1.1 General 133 6.9.1.2 Empirical Design of Base Plates 136 6.9.1.3 Beceniric Forces and Non-Reciangular Plates 137 6.9.1.4 Gussets 137 6.9.2 Connection of Base Plates 6.9.3 Anchor Bolts CHAPTER 7 - FABRICATION AND ERECTION 7.1 GENERAL 2.1.1 Scope 7.1.2 Requirements 7.2 PREPARATION OF BOLTED CONN! 73.1 Holes 7.3.2. Clearances in Holes for Fasteners 7.3.3 Bolts 73.4 Nuts 7.3.5 Washers 7.3.6 Tightening of Bolts 7.3.7 Slip Resistant Contact Surfaces 7.3.8 Fit of Contact Surfaces 7.4 WELDED CONNECTIONS 7.5 TOLERANCES 7.5.1 Types of Tolerances 7.5.2. Application of Tolerances 7.5.3 Normal Erection Tolerances 7.5.4 Fabrication Tolerances 7.6 POSITION OF ANCHOR BOLTS 7.7 INSPECTION AND TESTING CHAPTER 8 - FATIGUE 8.1 GENERAL 8.1.1 Basis B.1.2 Scope 8.1.3 Limitations 8.14 Necessity for Fatigue Assessment 8.2 FATIGUE LOADING 8.3 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS 8.3.1 General 8.3.2 Partial Safety Factors for Fatigue Loading 8.3.3 Partial Safety Factors for Fatigue Strength 8.3.4 Recommended Value of ty 8.4 FATIGUE STRESS SPECTRA 8.4.1 Calculation of Stresses 8.4.2 Stress Range in Parent Material 8.4.3 Stress Range for Welds 8.4.4 Design Stress Range Spectrum 8.5. FATIGUE ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES 8.5.1 Constant Amplitude Loading 8.5.2 Variable Amplitude Loading 8.5.3 Shear Stress Range 8.5.4 Combination of Normal and Shear Stress Ranges 137 138 139 139 139 139 139 139 139 140 140. 140 140 140 ia lat 4 141 142 142 142 142 146 146 147 147 147 147 147 147 148 148 148 149 149 149 150 150 150 150 150 151 151 151 152 152 CHAPTER 9 - ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD, 9.1. GENERAL 9.1.1 Structural Steel DAA Tension 91.1.2 Shear 9.1.1.3 Compression 9.1.1.4 Bending 9.1.2 Combined Stress 9.1.3 Connections 155 155 155 155 135 135 136 197 158 CHAPTER 3 i MATERIALS 3.1 GENERAL, (1) The material properties given in this Chapter ace nominal values to be adopted as characteristic values in design calculations 3.2. STRUCTURAL STEEL 3.2.1 Seope (1) This Code covers the design of structures fabricated from stecl material conforming to internationally accepted standards. (2) It may also be used for other stcuctural stcels, provided that adequate data exist to justify the application of the relevant design and fabrication rules. (3) For high strengch steel refer to internationally accepted standards 3.2.2. Material Properties for Hot Rolled Steel 3.2.2.1 Nominal Values (1) The nominal values of the yield strength £ and the ultimate tensile strength f, for hot rolled steel are given in Table 3.1 for steel grades F, 360, F, 430 and F, 510, Table 3.1 Nominal Values of Yield Strength Jf, and Ultimate Tensile Strength for Various Grades of Structural Steel ‘Thickness ¢ (mm) Nominal Steel Grade 1s 40mm 40mm < ts 100mm f, (MPa) (MP2) f, (MP1) (MPa) F, 360 235 360 215 340 F, 430 275 430 255 410 F, 510 355 $10 335 490 Note: ris the nominal thickness of the element, (2) The nominal values in Table 3.1 may be adopted as characteristic values in calculations. G) Similar values may be adopted for hot finished structural hollow sections (4) For high strength steel refer to internationally accepted standards 3.2.2.2 Hastie Analysis (1) Plastic analysis may be utilised in the global analysis of structures or their elements provided that the steel complies with the following additional requirements: s8CS3-1995 21 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES (a) The ratio of the specified minimum ultimate tensile strength f, to the specified minimum yield strength f, satisfies Sif, = 12 By (b) The elongation at failure on a gauge length of 5.65VA, (where 4, area) is not less than 15% + (c) The stress-strain diagram shows that the ultimate strain ¢, corresponding to the ultimate tensile strength f, is at least 20 times the yield strain , corresponding to the yield strength hy is the original cross section (2) The steel grades listed in Table 3.1 may be accepted as satisfying these requirements 3.2.2.3 Fracture Toughness (1) The material shall have sufficient fracture toughn: temperature ex; ss to avoid brittle fracture at the lowest service -cted to occur within the intended life of the structure. (2) For high strength steel refer to internationally accepted standards, 3.2.3. Material Properties for Cold Formed Steel (1) The nominal values of the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength (to be adopted as characteristic values in calculations) for cold-formed steel shall confirm with internationally accepted standards. (2) The average yield strength of cold finished structural hollow sections shall be determined as specified in Section 5 3.2.4 Dimensions, Mass and Tolerances (2). The dimensions and mass of all rolled steel sections, plates and structural hollow sections, and their dimensional and mass tolerances, shall conform to internationally accepted standards. 3.2.5 Design values of Material Coefficients (1) The material coefficients 10 be adopted in calculations for the steels covered by this Code shall be taken as follows: (a) Modulus of elasticity FE 210 GPa (b). Shear modulus G 80 GPa (©) Poison’s ratio , 03 (©) Coefficient of linear thermal expansion « 12x 10% per °C (&_ Unit mass ? 7850 kg/m? 3.3. CONNECTING DEVICES e 3.3.1 General (1) Connecting devices shall be suitable for their specified use. (2) Suitable connecting devices include bolts, friction grip fasteners, rivets and welds. 22 eBcs 3- 1995 \APTER 3: MATERIALS 3.3.2. Bolts, Nuts and Washers 3.3.2.1 General (1) Bolts, nuts and washers shall conform with internationally accepted siandards (2) Bolts or grades lower than 4.6 or higher than 10.9 shall not be used unless test results prove their acceptability in a particular application (3) The nominal values of the yield strengih f,, and the ultimate tensile strength f, (00 be adopted as characteristic values in calculations) are given in Table 3.2. Table 3.2 Nominal Values of Yield Strength f,, and Ultimate Tensile Strength f,, for Bolts Bolt grade 46 | 43 | 56 | 58 | 63 | a8 | 109 | capa) 240 | 320 | 300 | 400 | 480 | 640 | 900 fa, (MPa) 400 | 400 | soo | soo | sco | 800 | 1000 3.3.2.2 Preloaded Bolts (1) High strength bolts may be used 2s preloaded bolts with controlled tightening, if they conform with internationally accepted standards for preloaded bolts. (2) Other suitable types of high strength bolts may also be used as preloaded bolts with controlled tightening, when agreed between the client, the designer and the competent authority 3.3.3 Other Types of Preloaded Fasteners (1) Other suitable types of high strength fasteners (such as high strength swaged fasteners) may also be used as preloaded fasteners, when agreed between the client, the designer and the competent authority, provided that they have similar mechanical properties to those required for preloaded bolts and are capable of being reliably tightened to appropriate specified initial pretoads. 3.3.4 Rivets material properties, dimensions and tolerances of steel rivets shall conform with international- ly accepted standards 3.3.5. Welding Consumables (1) All welding consumables shall conform with internationally accepted standards, (2) The specitied yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation at failure and minimum Charp ‘V-notch energy value of the filler metal, shall all be either equal to, or better than, the correspond values specified for the steel grade being welded. 4 =BCS3-1995 23 | { ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR DESIG OF STEEL STRUCTURES 1 ( ‘ (THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] 24 e208 3- 1995 CHAPTER 4 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES 41 BASIS 4.1.1 General (1) Steet structures and componer the ultimate limit state g § shall be so proportioned that the ba: ven in Chapter 2 are satisfied. (2) The partial safety factor +, shall be taken as follows: (a) Resistance of Class 1, 2, or 3 cross-section: (b) Resistance of Class 4 cross-sections.” (c). Resistance of member to buckling: (a) Resistance of net section at bolt holes: (e) Resistance of connections: see Chapter 6 4.1.2 Frame Design (1) Frames shall be che for: (a) Resisance of cross-sections (Sections 4.4, 4.5, 4.6) (b) Resistance of members (Sections 4.4, 4.5, 4.6) (©) Resistance of connections (Chapter 6) (d) Frame stability (Section 4.2.6) (e). Static equilibrium (Section 2.8.2.4) (2) When checking the resistance of cross-sections and members of a frame, each member may be treated as isolated from the frame, with forces and moments applied to each end as determined from frame analysis, The conditions of restraint at each end should de determined by considering the member as part of the frame and should be consistent with the type of analysis (see Sections 4.2.1 and 4.2.2) and mode of failure (see Section 4.2.6) 4.1.3 Tension Members (1) Awially loaded tension members shall he checked for: (a) Resistance of cross-sections (sez Section 4.4.1) (2) Tension members with moments should be checked for (a) Resistance of cross- sections to the combined effect (Section 4.4.3) (b)_ Resistance of members to the combined effect (Section 4.4.3) (©) The criteria for axially loaded tension members (Section 4.4.1) cscs 3-1995 25 For classification of cross-sections see Section 4,3.2. 2 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES (@) Class 1 or Plastic cross-sections are those in which all elements subject to compression comply with the values given in Table 4.1 for plastic elements, A plastic hinge can be developed with sufficient rotation capacity to allow redistribution of moments within the structure. Only Class 1 sections may be used for plastic design, (b) Class 2 or Compact cross-sections are those in which all elements subject to compression comply with the values given in Table 4,1 for compact elements. ‘The full plastic moment capacity can be developed but local busking may prevent development ofa plastic hinge with + Sufficient rotation capacity to permit plastic design. Class 2 sections can be used w restriction except for plastic design. (©) Class 3 or Semi-compact sections are those in which all elements subject to compression comply with the values given in Table 4.1 for semi-compact elements. The stress at the extreme fibbers can reach the design strength but local buckling may prevent the development Of the full plastic moment, Class 3 sections are subject to limitations on their capacity which are given in the sub-sections that follow. (® Class 4 or Thin-walled sections are those which contain thin-walled elements subject to Compression due to moment or axial force. Local buckling may prevent the stress in a thin- Walled section from reaching the design strength. Design of Class 4 sections is considered in Section 4.3.3, ut 4.3.2.2 Elements (1) Flat elements in a cross-section are either: (@) Internal elements attached on both longitudinal edges to other elements or to longitudinal stiffeners which are connected at suitable intervals to transverse stiffeners, or (©) outstand elements attached on only one horizontal edge to adjacent element, the olher edge being free. (2) Flat elements are generally of constant thickness Tapered elements may be treated as flat elements having the average thickness. @) Elements may be classified as plastic, compact or semi-compact if they meet the limits given in Table 4.1, Those which do not meet the limits for semi-compact elements are classified as thin- walled. (@) For webs of semi-compact sections, the limiting width to thickness ratio, a/s, is given by the following: (®) when ¥ is positive (for sections built-up welding dg 120 a Ti (4.15) 40 cscs 3- 1995 CHAPTER 4: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES Table 4.1 Limiting Width to Thickness Ratios (Elements which Exceed these Limits are Taken as Class 4, Thin-walled Cross-Sections) Clas of Sesion ‘type ofetement | type of sexton es (a) Paste 2 Compact (©) Semi-compact e Outstand element of | Built-up by fs15 < s 85¢ <5 e compression flange welding & (10) 4 & Rolled section ¢ 585 5 9S. fg iS . a Tnema element of | Bai by Bat © 5 me compression flange | welding 4 % Rolled Section £216 Lem £2 3% 5 i % ‘Wed, with neutral 4s 96 4s 120 axis at mid-depih All sections he te ‘Web. generally, All sections: see Section 4.3.2.2(4) Web, whore whale | Bui by 4 om Pe section is subject io | welding | t, t compessen R Rolled section fs 3% 4 53% Tepe ot sg age Fain ass + | and double ange 7 memter with com | Rolled angle 104 mii pusens sopra 8 ote 2D bse . 7 7 Ouistand igs of ‘ : 4 double angle mem- | Rolled Angle Ss BSc 2s 9.5 £15 ‘bers with angles in sections f F ' contact bachionck Sem of Pacsion | Tact re Peon Bis Cirelar abe sub ; ; 1; ject moment or | CES or built-up 4s 08 4s me 4s 302 [Laxiatcomoression | ty wetding E i { X Niwot Dinenloes'y dh yp wy Pear dobael a Fig aS ieee tuck aia top Sr Note 2 2 ia Meo EBCS 33-1995 41 OOOO — EE ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES (ii) for rolled sections . ' Se IM at ttl me , Se v 4.16) (©) when y is negative 7 4g 128 and 5 25060 (4.17) (se? : in which, 3 ¥ 2 4.18) and fis the mean longitudinal stress in the we, compression being taken as positive and tension negative, and f, is the yield strength of the section (5) For longitudinally stiffened flanges, the unsupported width b ofa flange or part of a flange, which is effectively supported along both edges either by a web or a longitudinal stiffener, should be taken as the width between the adjacent lines of welds or festeners connecting it to the supporting elements. In rolled sections b shall be measured as shown in Fig. 4.7. (6) Where the ftee edge of the flange is supported by a longitudinal stiffener, the flange thickness ¢, shall not be less than (6/20) unless the edge stiffencr is itself supported at suitable intervals, (7) Where the flange is stiffened by transverse as well as longitudinal stiffeners or a web, the thickness ¢, shall not be less than (1/100) of the smaller panel dimension, a or &, where a is a spacing # f transverse stiffeners on the flange 4.3.3. Thin-Walled Cross Sections . (1) Local buckling may become the design criterion when the proportions of elements in a cross- { section exceed those given for semi-compact elements in Table 4.1. Such cross-sections are defined as thin-walled and their capacity is limited. (2) Where thin webs of sections which have a d/t, ratio > 63e are required to carry shear, the capacity of the cross-section should be calculated from a more rigorous method of analysis, . (3) For webs subject to moments and axial loeds and circular hollow sections, in the absence of a ‘ more rigorous method of analysis, a value of the yield strength f, shall be assumed such that the limiting proportions for semi-compact sections are met (see Table 4.1). ‘The same reduced value of ‘ Ff, shall be used for that element throughout the design of the section whenever it is in compression, i ‘except that such reduction need not be made in the design of connections to that element. \ (4) For other elements, where a thin-walled element is in compression the yield strength f, shall be reduced by the factor given in Table 4.2. The same reduced value of f, should by used for that element throughout the design of the section whenever it is in compression except that such reduction need not be made in the design of connections to that element, ‘ 42 FBcs3- 1995 CHAPTER 4: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES . ‘Table 4.2 Strength Reduction Factors for Thin-Walled Sections Stress Type of clement Type of Section | Reduction factor c 10 Built-up = x by welding oe : Outstand element of if compression flange Rolled sections Build up by welding Internal element of compression flange Rolled sections Legs of single angle and double angle mem- bers with components Rolled angle section separated * Outstand legs of double angle members with see an angles in contact back- to-back ‘Stems of T-sections Note 1: Dimensions ¢,h,b,f)¢ ate as defined in Fig. 4.1 Note 2: 205 wi: (f, in MPa) i Note 3: The strength of slender cross-sections may be obtained from Section 4.3.3. Alternatively; an acceptable more rigorous approactr may be applied. escs3-1995 = 43 \ ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES a bash, Rolled beams oat ord celumas ‘liad as chennals Le T ‘ult-up_ sections Figure 4.7 Dimensions of Sections 44 &BcS3-1995 a a ee porn er tet IL RTA LOT LETT A LS A CHAPTER 4: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES 4.3.4 Effective Cross-Section Properties of Class 4 Cross-Sections (1) The effective cross-section properties of Class 4 cross-sections shall be based on th widths of the compression elements (see (2) below), fective ; (2) Effective widths may be used in Class 4 cross-sections to make the necessary allowances for reductions in (0 the effects of local buckling (as an alternative to the provision of Section 4. @) The effective widths of flat compression elements should be obtained using Table 4.3 for internal elements and Table 4.4 for ouistand elements (4) As an approximation, the reduction factor p may be cbtained as follows: @ p if B, < 0.673: (b) p if X, > 0.673: where ¥, = i/o," = Diyes4 VED in which ¢ is the relevant thickness Te, is the critical plate-buckling stress ke is the buckling factor corresponding to the stress ratio y from Table 4.3 or Table 4.4 as appropriate and B is the appropriate width (sce Fig 4.7) as follows: B= d for webs b for internal flange elements (except Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS)) b - 3¢ for flanges of RHS c for outstand flanges (o + Ay/2 for equal-leg angles hor + Wyk ole} sioieic uunequel-leg angles (5) To determine the effective widths of flange elements, the stress ratio y used in Table 4.3 or Table 4.4 may be besed on the properties of the gross cross-section, _ ©) To determine the effective width of a web, the stress ratio y used in Table 4.3 may be obtained using the effective area of the compression flange but the gross area of the web. (7) Generally the ceutruidal axis of the effective cross-section will shift by a dimension ¢ compared to the centroidal axis of the gross cross-section, see Fig. 4.8 and 4.9. ‘This should be taken into account when calculating the properties of the effective cross-section. (8) When the cross-section is subject to an axial force, the method given in Section 4.6.2.3 should be used to take account of the additional moment AM given by: AM = Ney (4.19) where ey is the shift of the controidal axis when the effective cross-section is subject to uniform compression, see Fig. 4.8, | Nis positive for compression. EBCS 3-1995 45 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING GODE STANDARD FOR DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES Table 4,3 Internal Compression Elements Stress distribution (compression positive) Effective width b,, = ao, L>y>o O> yr Buckling factor k, a2 Tose 7.81 - 6.299 +9.78y7 5.98(1-0 Altematively for 1 > yb = -1: 16 [u-wr+o.u2d-wl*+a+) 46 recs 3- 1995 CHAPTER 4: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES (9) Except as given in (10) below, for greater economy the be determined using the maximum calculated compressive st yield strength f, , provided that ¢, plate slendemess X, of an element may E55 Gem y in that element in place of the oni 1S determined using the effective widths by of all the Gompression elements. “This procedure generally requires an iterative calculation in‘ which is determined again at each step from the stresses calculated on the effective cross-section defined at the ond of the previous step, including the stresses from the additional moment AM. (10) However, when verifying the design buckling resistance of a member using Section 4.5 and 4.6, the plate slendemess YX, of an element should always be based on its yield steength/, when calculating the values of yy ey and Wey 4.4 ‘TENSION MEMBERS 4.4.1 Axially Loaded Tension Members (2) For members in axial tension, the desi ign value of the axial tension force Ny at each cross-section, shall satist Na S Nene (4.22) where Ning is the design tension resistance capacity of the cross-section, taken as the smaller of. (a) the design plastic resistance of the gress section Nau = Oh (423) a (b) the design ultimate resistance of the net section at the bolt hole Nw * 2 4ah Aah (4.24) Tha 4.4.2 Effective Areas of Simple Tension Members (1) For simple tension and 6.5.10. veimbers the effective area A,y shall be determined according to Section 6.2.3 4.4.3 Tension Members with Moments 4.4.3.1 Cross-Sectional Resistance (1) The cross-sectional resistance due to the combined effect of bending and tension force shall be determined in accordance with the provision given in Section 4.6.2. 4.4.3.2 Member Resistance (1D Tension members with moments shall be checked for resistance to accordance with Section 4.6.3 under moment alone. The} mbined etfects of axial load and moment at the Jateral-torsional buckling in *y should also be checked for capacity under ints of greatest bending moments and axial =BCS3-1995 47 2 CHAPTER 4: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES or alternativ: me < | Le OtS Gi +s 0.265 91 4 (4.308) T= 0364 1, + 4p ~ 024TH, XH, (b) Sway mode . me ~ [Lr tp = O42 1 Xe T- 08 @, +) +069, X 7, 4.5.3. Slenderness (1) The slenderness \ shal! be taken as follows: nal (4.32) where i is the radius of gyration about the relevant axis, determined using the properties of the grass cross-section. (2) The value of ) shall not exceed the following (a) For members resisting lozds other than wind loads 130 (b) For members resisting self weight and wind loads only 250 (c) For any member normally acting as a tie but subject to reversal i of stress resulting from the action of wind 350 4.5.4 Axially Loaded Compression Members 4 1 Compression Resistance of Cross-Section (1) For members in axial compression, the design value of the compressive force Ny at ezch cross section shal satisfy: | Neonst © Neonat 4.33) | Where Napgg is the design compression resistance of the cross-section, taken as the smaller of; (a) the design plastic resistance of the gross section, Nya = Af, (b) the design local buckling resistance of the gross section, Nyay = ugh 4a | where Ag is the effective area of the cross-section, see Section 4.3.4 @) The design compression resistance of the cross-section Nagy may be determined as follows: | Class 1,2 or 3 cross-sections: Nemes = folie Class 4 cross-sections: Neonza = Aeghy! Vw G) In the case of unsymmetrical Class 4 cross-sections, the method given in Section 4.6.2.3 should be used to allow for the additional moment AM due to the eccentricity of the centcodial axis of the effective section, see Section 4.3.4(8). eecS3-1995 55 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES (4) In addition, the buckling resistance of the member shall also be verified, see Section 4.5.4.2 (5) Fastener holes need not be allowed for in compression members, exc ept for oversize and slotted holes: 4 2 Buckling Resistance of Axtally Loaded Compression Members (1) The design buckling resistance of a compression member shall be taken as: Nana = xBAB O00 (4.34) 1 for Class 1, 2 or 3 cross-sections Agp/A for Class 4 cross-sections x is the reduction factor for the relevant buckling mode. (2) For hot rolled steel members with the types of cross -section commonly used for compression memibers, the relevant buckling mode is generally ural” buckling. (3) Insome cases the "torsional" or "flexural-torsional” modes may govern, Reference may be made to specialist literature, 4.5.4.3 Uniform Members (1) For constant axial compression in members of constant cross-section, the value of x for the appropriate non-dimensional slenderness X, may be determined from: 1 e+e x bux <1 (4.35) © =O.5(1 + w(X- 0.2) + TY & is an imperfection factor N= (8, AR IN.) = (WAY TE A. is the slenderness for the relevant buckling mode = wIEIEPS = 93.96 © = B3Sifl (fin MPa) N,, is the elastic critical force for the relevant buckling mode. (2) The imperfection factor e corresponding to appropriate buckling curve shall be obtained from Table 4.8 ‘Table 4.8 Imperfection Factors Buel ling Curve a o ¢ Imperfection factor a 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76 (3) Values of the reduction factor x for the appropriate non-dimensional slenderness } may be obtained from Table 4.9. 56 eBcs 3- 1995 CHAPTER 4: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES (4) Alternatively, uniform members may be verified using second-order analysis, see Section 4.5.4.4(4) and Section 4.5.4.4.(6) Table 4.9 Reduction Factors x Buckling curve | a b c a 1.0000 1.0000 | 1.0000 0.9641 | o9s1 | 0.9235 0.9261 0.8973 | 0.8504 0.42 | 0.8430 | 0.7793 0.8371 0.7854 | 0.7100 0.7837 | 0.7247 | 0.6431 07s | 0.6622 | 0.5797 0.6612 | 0.5998 | 0.5208 0.5970 | 0.5309 | 0.4671 0.5352 | 0.4842 | 0.4189 0.4781 0.4338 | 0.3762 0.4269 | 0.3888 | 0.3385 0.3817 0.3492 | 0.3055 0.3422 | 0.3145 | 0.1766 0.3079 0.2842 | 0.2512 0.2781 0.2577 | 0.2289 0.2521 0.2345 | 0.2093 1 0.2204 0.2141 0.1920 20 0.2229 0.2093 0.1962 | 0.1766 24 0.2036 | 0.1920 | 0.1803 | 0.1630 22 0.1867 o.i76s | 0.1662 | 0.1508 23 017 | 0.1628 | 0.1537 | 0.1399 24 0.1585 01306 | 0.1425 | 0.1302 5 0.1967 0.1397 | 0.1325 | 0.1214 26 0.1362 | 0.1299 | 0.1234 | 0.113 17 0.1267 0.1211 0.1153 | 0.1062 28 asa | 0.1132 | 0.1079 | 0.0997 219 0.1105 o.1060 | 0.1012 | 0.0937 3.0 0.1036 o.o994 | 0.0951 | 0.0882 4.8.4.4 Non.Uniform Members (1) Tapered members and members with changes of cross-section within their length may be verified using second-order analysis, see (4) and (6) below. (2) Alternatively, simplified methods of analysis may be based on modifications of the basic procedure for uniform members, (3) No one method is preferred. Any recognised method may be used provided that it can be demonstrated to be conservative. (4) Second-order analysis of a member shall incorporate the appropriate equivalent inital bow imperfection given in Table 4.10 corresponding o the relevant buckling eurve, depending on the method of analysis and type of cross-section verification, £BcS 3-1995 57 Lea a SS ae ean ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR DESIGN OF STEEL sraucTURES G) The equivalent initial bow imperfections given in Table 4, where it is necessary (according to Section 4.2.4.5) to include analysis, 10 and Fig 4.12 shall also be used member imperfections in the global (6) When the imperfections given in Table 4.10 and Fig. 4.12 are used, the resistances of the cross. Sections shall be verified as specified in Section 4.5.4 1 DUE USINg Yq 4.5.4.5 Flexural Buckling 3 (1) Por Mexural buckling the appropriate buckling curve shall be determined from Table 4.11 (2) Sections not contained in Table 4.11 shall be classified analogously, (3) For determination of the slenderness d, refer to Section 4.5.3, (4) Cold-formed structural hollow sections shall be verified using either: (@) The besic yield strength f, of the flat sheet material out of which the cold-forming, with buckling curve b, or (©) ‘The average yield strength f, of the member after cold-forming, dete with the definition given in (5) below, with buckling curve o member is made by mined in conformity ) ‘The average yield strength f, may be determined from full size section tests or as follows: fa Sa > CAM, ~ 0) (4.36) Where fy Is the tensile yield strength of the basic material as defined below (MPa) Ais the censile ulimate strength of the basic material (MPa) + is the material thickness (mm) A,_ is the gross cross-sectional area (mm*) . 8 coetficient depending on the type of forming: 7 for cold rolling & = 5 for other methods of forming 7 [s the number of 90° bends in the section with an intemal radius < St (Factions of 90° bends should be counted as fractions of n) Fre Should not exceed fo 1.2 f, (6) The increase in yield strength due 10 cold worki welded, annealed, galvanised (after forming) produce softening. ing should not be utilised for members which are or subject to heat treatment after forming which may (7) Basic material isthe flat sheet material out of which sections are made by cold-forming, 58. zacs 3. 1995 CHAPTER 4: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES f Table 4.10 Design Values of Equivalent Initial Bow Imperfections, F, z Cross-section Method of global analysis Method used on Elastic or eae Section ype and Rigid Plastic or ; iisiglints ji resistance pias ie zone wnetind) Elastic Aay - Linear plastic Any oX(N-0.2)k, Wy A * \ Teseotion yy-axis | _1,39c(K-0.2)k,Wyy/A (K-0.2)k, Wy JA Nonlinear |_Eseetion zz-axis 2.04, egle Keg plastic Rectangular 1.33a(K-0.2)k, WylA o(K-0.2)k,Wy A hollow section Cireular hollow section Usb eas Iyea'e k =k) + 2KK dur he 10 fy Buckling curve | @ te [jaaios Mais | acne E a 0.21 | 1600 | 0.12 0.33 0.42 b 0.34 | 1380) 0.08 0.22 0.28 ¢ 0.49 | 1270 | 0.06 0.16 0.20 d 0.76 _| miso | 0.04 Oi ould Non-uniform members: Use value of W,/A or Wy/A at centre of buckling length { Figure 4.12 Diagrammatic Representation of Equivalent Initial Bow Imperfection ¢, FacS3-1995 59 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES Table 4.11 Selection of Buckling Curve for a Cross-section Ae Buckling Buckling Cross section Limits ea ee ae Rolled I-sections hlb > 12: ”y a 4s 40mm zz b yy e 40mm < 4 $ 100mm 22 @: hb < 12: ced b | 4, $ 100mm zz CG ” a 4,> 100mm 22 d Welded I-sections Hoe oh 1 < 40mm yy ’ at =e] 2B e vt» ' — {> 40mm yy © : z ze d Hollow Section hot colled any a ff) cold formed. oO CX = using f,** any 6 WZ LI & cold formed ~ using f,** any ¢ Welded box sections generally r —= (except as below) any b oft thick welds and | yy c t bit, < 30 zz c St hit, < 30 U, L, T and Solid Sections Lp YY any e ** see Section 4.5.4.5(4) and (5) 60 £ecs3-1995 ee CHAPTER 4: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES 5 Compression Members with Moments 4. 5.1 Cross-Sectional Resistance to the Combined Effect 1) For the determination of the resistance of the cross-section to the combined action of compressive force and bending moment, refer to Section 4.6 ‘4g -2 Buckling Resistance of Compression Members with Moments (1) Members with Class 1 and Class 2 cross-sections subject to combined bending and axial compression shall satis 4.37) in which %, =| tu y= 090 Xn is the lesser of x, and x, where x, and x, are the reduction factors from Section 4.5.4 for the y-y and zz axes respectively By, and By, are equivalent uniform moment factors for flexural buekling, sce (7) below (2) Members with Class | and Class 2 cross-sections for which lateral-torsioral buckling is a potential failure mode shall also satisfy N, A Be AG RM (4.38) x AA ia Xr W, ty, inwhich 4, =1- 92! burg, = 1 xAR Mer = OAS Xe Buus 0.15 but per < 0.90 Where 8x7 is an equivalent uniform moment factor for lateral-torsional buckling, see (7) below. (3) Members with Class 3 cross-sections shall satisiy Ng Ay My se <1 (4.39) Xan AB Fty Was be tun Wat Mn where 4, k, and x,., are 2s defined in (1) above, Hy = 8,2 Byy-4) but p, = 0.90 (2 By.-4) but u, < 0.90 8CS 32-1995 61 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES (4) Members with Class 3 cross-sections for which lateral-torsional buckling is a potential failure mode shall also satisfy: FM BM RAGA | Yar Way LP = ae *(5) Members with Class 4 cross-sections shall satisfy: New ky Myr + Nu & My sa + Mes zy Sa oe (44 Kenia Aap Syn Wags ft We eh Mal ey) where, k,and xq, ate as in (1) above, but using 4,, instead of A, see Section 4.3.4(10) Band 4, are as on (3) above, but adding Ny ¢y to My when determining @ Lay Wage yr One ate 28 in Section 4.6.2.3, (6) Members with Class 4 cross-sections“for which lateral-torsional buckling is 2 potential failure mode shall also satisfy: Ma, hays + Nu bo), <1 4 att aie Vas, ea) where f,7 is as in (2) above, but using A, instead of A, ste Section 4.3.4(10) ir 8 as in (2) above, but adding V5, e,, to M,,, when determining Byer (7) The equivalent uniform moment factors By, Bye and Byzr shall be obtained from Fig. 4.13 according to the shape of the bending moment diagram between the relevant braced points as follows: Factor Moment about axis Points braced in direction Buy yy a Bue ze yy Swaz ry yy 4.5.6 Built-up Compression Members 4.5.6.1 Basis . (1) Built-up compression members consisting of two ot more main components connected together at intervals to form a single compound member shell be designed incorporating an equivelent geometric imperfection comprising an initial bow e, of not less than 1/500. (2) The deformation of the compound member shall be taken into account in determining the internal forces and moments in the main components, internal connections and eny subsidiary components such as lacings or battens. (3) The design of the main and subsidiary components shall be checked using the methods given in Section 4.4 and Section 4.5.1 to4.5.5. The design of the internal connections shall be checked using Chapter 6. 62 cacs3- 1995 CHAPTER 4: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES Joa eae Cauietint uniferer mement (eslor 7. end momenta 1 Rr on Bug = 18 - 0.79 -1e¥st moments due te in-plane Iotera loose we LB TT | Bue = LLY | Ms, tity | \ fanaa ROS bassie SS Pi | imamests dle to in-plane Tolerel foods plus end moments an a My ) Be = Paig + 2 (Bug Bag . ee Me |mox M| due 40 loteral tosd only K > a = Jae te leteral ood on SEs? } r ewes ob LSS r Se me wet saeeaieacaian SSS sina ehangr ah san + awe ms Imex Mj + [min Mi Sitthonge af Sm woe th change of - SS MY” fg r Figure 4.13. Equivalent Uniform Moment Factors £BCS3-1995 63 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES @ The design procedures given in Section 4.5.6.2 to Section 4.5.6.5 apply only to built-up members with two main components, except where itis explicitly stated that they can be applied to menibers with more than two main components. (G) In addition to the axial forces, allowance should also be made for any other forces o moments applied to the member, such as the effects of the self-weight or wind resistance of the member. 4.5.6.2 Laced Compression Members - (2) The design procedure given in this sub-clause is for a design compressive forcé Ny applied to 2 built-up member consisting of ovo similar parallel chorcs of uniform cross section, with fully tiangulated system of lacing which is uniform throughout the length of the member. @) The chords may be solid members or may themselves be laced or battened in the perpendicular plane. (3) Where Variations on the above are necessary, the procedure shall be supplemented or modified as appropriate (4) Where possible, single lecing systems on opposite sides of the main components shall be corresponding systems as shown in Fig. 4.14(a), arranged so that one is in the sbadow of the other, ) Single acing systems on opposite sides ofthe main components shall not he mutually opposed in direction 2s shown in Fig. 4.14(b), unless the resulting torsional deformation ofthe main components can be accepted. {6) Tie panels shal he provided at the ends of lacing systems, at points where the lacing i interrupted and at connections with other members 2 (7) Tie panels may take the form of battens conforming with Section 4.5.6.3(1) to (6); alternatively ross braced panels of similar rigidity may be used. (8) Except for these tie panels, if other components perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the ember are combined with double intersection lacing systems (see Fig. 4.15(a)), or single intersection lacing systems mutually opposed in direction on opposite sides of the main components (ace Fig. £-15(0)) the resulting internal forces produeed in the lacings due to the continuity of the main components shall be determined and allowed for in the design of the lacings and theic end connections. ©) The lacings shall be positively connected fo the main components. either by fasteners or by welding. (10) The effective second moment of area Jy of a laced compression member with :wo components shall be taken as: Ing = 0.5 hy Ay 443) where 4, is the cross-sectional area of one chord hg is the distance between centroids of chords, 64 sacs 3- 1995 Lacing on Lacing on Lecing on Lecing on | toca A face 8 face & face & {0) Corresponding lecing (b) Mutually opposee (Recommended system) Ast ragentriagee) Figure 4.14 Single Lacing systems on Opposite Sides of Main components (11) The chord force N,,, at mid-length shall be determined from Nig = 0.5Ny + M,/h, (4.44) | where M, = Ny eM -Ny/Ny-Ny/s,) & = 500 (see Section 4.5.6.1 | Ni, Ely/P S, is the shear stiffness of the Iacings (the shear force required to produce unit shear deformation) (12) Values of S, for various lacing systems are given in Fig. 4.16 (13) ‘The buckling length of a chord in the plane of a lacing system showld be taken as the system length a between lacing connections (see Fig. 4.16). exes 3-1995 65 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES (2) datuay apsses (Sot Fectnerendes) Figure 4.15 Lacing Systems Combined with Other Components Perpendicular to the Longitudinal Axis of the Member (14) In a member with four chords made of equal-lez angles with lacing in both directions, the buckling length ¢ for buckling about the weakest axis depends on the arrangement of the lacings, (see Fig. 4.17), (15) The lacing forces adjacent to the ends of the member shall be derived from the internal shear force ¥, taken as with M, from (11) above (16) The force N, in a diagonal lacing is given by: Vid N,= 5 4 Th, with d, n and A, from Fig. 4.16 66 cecs 32-1995 CHAPTER 4: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES ni the number of plotes of acing < FAGY WS wit, Figure 4.16 Laced Compression Member ©8683-1995 67 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR DESIGH OF STEEL STRUCTURES 4.5.6.3 Baitened Compression Members (2) The design procedure given in this sub-clause is for a design compressive force built-up member consisting of two similar parallel + @) The chords may be solid members or may themselves be laced or battened in the perpendicular Plane, (3) Where variations on the above are necessary th ‘© procedure should be supplemented or modified as appropriate. Figure 4.17 Buckling Lengths of angle Chords in Laced Members (4) Battens shall be supplied at each entd of the member. (S) Battens should also be suy plied at intermediate points where loads are applied or iateral restraint is supplied 68 cscs 3- 1996 EE CHAPTER 4: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES (6) intermediate battens should be supplied to divide the length of the member into at least 3 panels There should be at least 3 panels beiween points which are taken as laterally restrained in the plane of the baitens. As far as possible, the intermediate battens should be spaced and proportioned uniformly throughout the length of the member, (D) Where parallel planes of battens are supplied, the battens in each plane should be arranged opposite each other. (8) When S, is evaluated disregarding the flesibility of the batten plates themselves (see (13) below) the width of an end batten along the length of the member should not be less than A, and the width of an intermediate batten should not be less than 0.5h,, where fi, is the distance between the centroids of the chords, (9) Unless the flexibility of the batten plates is explicitly taken into account in the evaluation of S,, the battens should also satisfy |, i nb i, > 10. 4.47) aks where J, is the in-plane second moment of area of one batten Jy is the in-plane second moment of area of one chord his the distance between centroids of chords @ is the system length between centerlines of battens nis the number of battens (10) The effective in-plane second moment of area Jy of & battened compression member with two main components should be taken as: O.5h,A, + 2p, (4.48) with » obtained fror STS: b TS << 150 b hz 150: BOOS in which \ = Hii, where .4, is the orose-seetional area of one chord J, 4s the second moment of area of one chord A, is the distance berween centroids of chords i, = (0.54 /A)* 1, is the value of I.y with y 11) The chord force Mg at mid-length should be determined from: Neus = O.5(Neg + Mdtey leg) (4.49) Ney € [CNN ~ Nu (Sy e, = 1/500 (see Section 4.5.6.1(1)) My = wt Ely i recs 3.1995 69 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES (12) Provided that the criterion in (9) above is stisfea, the shea stiffuess S. should be taken 2s (4.50) (13) ‘When the criterion in (9) above is not sasfied, the flexibility of the ba taken into account by obiaining S, from: fen plates should be ’ S, (14) ‘The buckling length of a chord in the plane of the battens should be taken as the systern Le a between ceatrelines of battens, (13) The battens, their connections to the chords and the chords themselves should be checked for the moments and forces in the end panel indicated in Fig. 4.18 in which the faternal shear force 1 is taken as V, = Mt (452) with M, from (11) above (16) For the purpose of this check, the axial force in each chord may be taken as 0 5My even when there are only three panels in the length of the member (17) In the case of chords with unsymmettc cross-sections (such as channels) the reduced plastic resistance moments for use in the expression given in Section 4.6.2. I(11) may be taken as the meen of the values for positive and negative bending momemts for the purpose of this chest 4.5.6.4 Closely Spaced Built-up Members (1) Built-up compression members such as those shown in Fig. 4.19 with main components in contac OF closely spaced and connected through packing plates, need not be treated as battered members Provided that they are connected together by bolts or welds at a spacing of not more than 154 Where fyi, is the minimum radius of gyration of « main component (2) The interconnecting bolts or welds shall be designed to transmit the longitudinal shear between ‘he main components derived from the internal shear force V, (3). V,amay be taken as 2.5% of the axial force in the member. Alternatively V, may be determined as in Section 4.5 6.3(15 {B “The longitudinal shear per interconnection may be taken as 0.25V, ali, where a is the system length of the main components centre-to-centre of interconnections 4.5.6.5 Star-Battened Angle Members ; {B Buileup compression members consisting of two similar angle members counected by pairs of battens in two perpendicular planes as shown in Fig. 4.20 may, be checked for buckling about the . %9 axis as a single integral member, provided that the buckling lengths in the two perpendicular 70 cecs 3- 1995 Se CHAPTER 4: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES planes y-y and z-2 ere equal and provided that the spacing of paits of battens is not more than 70 fj, where i... is the minimum radius of gyration of one angle. (2) In the case of unequal-leg angles it may be assumed that: = W115 (4.53) Where ¢, 6 the minitum radius of gyration of the built-up member. N/a N/2 Figure 4.18 Battened Compression Member Figure 4.19 Closely Spaced Built-up Members £BCS 3-1995 71 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES = Figure 4.20 Star-Battened Angle Members 4.6 BENDING MEMBERS 4.61 Cross-Sectional Resistance to Bending and Shear 4.6.1.1 Resistance to Pure Bending (1) In the abses shall satisfy: ¢ of shear force, the design valuc of the bending moment Mz, at each cross-section Ma S Meng (4.54) where M.2, is the design moment resistance of the cross-section, taken as the smallest of: (@) the design plastic resistance moment of the gross section Sant = Wah, "tu0 (b) the design local buckling resistence moment of the gross section Mane = Wesh, Mino where W, is the effective section modulus (see Section 4.3.4) (©) the design ultimate resistance moment of the net section at bolt holes HM,» see (6) below. (2) For a Class 3 cross-section the design moment resistance of the ‘gross section shall be taken as the design elastic resistance moment given by: Mane = Wad, 100 72 gBcs3-1995 CHAPTER 4; ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES (B) Refer to Section 4.6.1.3 for combinations of bending moment and shear force. (4) In addition, the resistance of the member to lateral-torsional buckling shell also be verified, Section 4.6.3, (5) For bending about one axis in the absence of shear force, the design moment resistance of a cross- section without holes for fasteners may be determined as follows: (@) Class 1 or 2 cross-sections: Mart = Waly! 1u0 (b) Class 3 cross-sections: Mors = Wah, (©) Class 4 cross-sections: M, e Wah, 150 (6) Fastener holes in the tension flange need not be allowed for, provided that for the tension flange 102A poe Ad = Uf fle M0] 4.56) () When Ap,.;/4y is less than the limit in (6) above, a reduced flange area may be assumed which satisfies the limit. (8) Fastener holes in the tension zone of the web need not be allowed for, provided that the limit given in (6) above is satisfied for the complete tension zon comprising the tension flange plus the tension zone of the web. (9) Fastener holes in the compression zone of the cross-section need not be allowed for, except for oversize and slotted holes. (10) For bending about both axes, the methods given in Section 4.6.2(11) shall be used. 4.6.1.2 Resistance to Shear (1) The design value of the shear force Vey at each cross-section shall satisfy: Vea S Yours asp where Vives is the design plastic shear resistance given by Vee = Aly M3) Yu0 where A, is the shear ares, (2) The chear area A, may be taken a3 follows (@) Rolled and H sections, load parallel to web A= by + (t, + 2Hy (®) Rolled channel sections, toad parallel to web A- 2b + (+ ry (©) Welded I, H, and box sections, load parallel to web E(dt,) (@ Welded 1, H, channel and box sections, load parallel to flanges A- Slat) (@) Rolled rectangular hollow sections of uniform thickness: load parallel to depth ARNO +h) load parallel to breadth AGI +h) (Circular hollow sections and cubes of uniform thickness Ale (g) Plates and solid bars 4 £BCS3-1995 73 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES where A is the cross-section area b isthe overall breadth d isthe depth of the web hk isthe overall depth ris the root radius t isthe flange thickness y 4, isthe web thickness 4 (3) For other ca! A, should be determined analogously (4) For simplicity, the value of A, for a rolled I, H or channel section, load parallel to web, may be taken as (.04h1,.. (5) In appropriate cases the formulae in (2) above may be applied to components of a built-up section. (6) If the web thickness is not constant, 4, should be taken 2s the minimum thickness (7) In addition the shear buckling resistance shall also be verified as specified in Section 4.6.4 when: (@) for an unstiffened web: dh, > 6¢ (b) fora stiffened web: dh, > 3eVE, where Xk, is the buckling factor for shear, see Section 4.6.4. €= 2354)" (f in MPa) (8) Fastener holes need not be allowed for in shear verifications provided that: Ae = li) A, 4.58) when A,,,, is less than this imit, an effective shear area of (f, /f)Ayeq May be assumed. (9) The block shear criterion given in Chapter 6 shall also be verified at the ends of a member. 4.6.1.3 Resistance to Bending ané Shear (1) The theoretical plastic resistance moment of a cross-section is reduced by the presence of shear For small values of the shear force this reduction is so small that it is counter-balanced by strain hardening and may be neglected. However, when the shear force exceeds half the plastic shear resistance, allowance shall be made for its effect on the plastic resistance moment. (2) Provided that the design value of the shear force V., does not exceed 50% of the design plastic shear resistance Vj, no reduction need be made in the resistance moments given by Section 4.6.1.16). 74 ECS 3- 1995 ¥ | CHAPTER 4: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES (3) When V,, exceeds 50% of Via) the design resistance moment of the cross-section should be reduced to M, » the reduced design plastic resistance moment allowing for the shear force, obvained as follows: (a) For cross-sections with equal flanges, bending about the major axis: by where p = (2 (b) For other cases M,,q, should be taken as the design plastic resistance moment of the cross- section, calculated using a reduced strength (1-pY, for the shear area, but not more than M, (© Paragraph () above applies to Class 1, 2, 3 and 4 cross-sections. The appropriate value of M, a4 should be used, see Section 4.6.1.1(5). 2 Cross-Sectional Resistance to Bending and Axial Force 1 Resistance of Class I end 2 Cross-Section (1) For Class {and 2 cross-sections, the criterion to be satisfied ia the absence of shear force is: Ms <= Maas (4.60) where is the reduced design plastic resistance moment allowing for the axial force. 2) For a plate without bolt holes, reduced design plastic resistance moment is given by: Mira = Myyaill > (Nea !Noyae)?) (4.61) and the criterion becomes: 42 My .| New| cy (4.62) Ton [Mal * (3) I Mlanged sections, the tedustion of the theoretical plastic resistance moment hy the presence of small axial forces is counter-balanced by strain hardening and may be neglected. However, for | bending about the y-y-axis, allowance shall be made for the effect of the axial force on the plastic | resistance moment when the exial force exceeds half the plastic tension resistance of the web, or 2 | quarter of the plastic tension resistance of the cross-section, whichever is smaller. Smarty, for | bending about the z-z-axis, allowance shall be made for the effect of the axial foree when it exceeds | the plastic tension resistance of the web. | (4) For cross-sections without bolt holes, the following approximations may be used for standard rolled I or H section: Myyas = My yar - n= 05a) but My as S Moyat (4.63) gecs 33-1995 75 CHAPTER 6 il CONNECTIONS BASIS | 6.1.1 General (1) All conneeti capable of satisfying all the basic design requirements given in Chapter 2. ions shall have a design resistance such that the structure remains affective and is (2) Conneczions shell be designed on the basis of a realistic assumption of the distribution of internal fore 3) The p: (4) Residual stresses due to tightening of fasteners and normal accuracy o provided that: (a) the assumed internal forces and moments are in equilibrium with the applied forces and moments, (b) each element in the connection is capable of resisting the internal forces oF stresses, (c)_ the internal forces follow the direst load path i.e.. the path with the greatest rigidity chrough the elements of connections, and (d) the deformations implied by this load distribution are within the deformation capacity of the fasteners or welds and of the connected parts. tial safety factor jy shall be taken as follows: (a) Resistance of bolted connections: Yu (©) Resistance of riveted connections: (c) Resistance of pin connections: (a). Resistance of welde (e) Resistance of n connections: sections at bolt holes: fi-up need not usually be calculated, (5) Ease of fabrication and erection should be considered in the design of joints and splices Attention should be paid to: (a) the clearances necessary for tightening of fasteners, (b) the need for access for welding, (c) subsequent inspection, (d)_ the effects of angular and k ) surface treatmei wath tolerances on fit-up, and nt and maintenance. 6.1.2 Intersections (1) Usually members meeting at a joint should be arranged with their centroidal axes meeting at @ point, (2) Where there is eccentricity at intersections the members and connections should be designed to accommodate the moments which result. (3) In ihe case of bolted connections of angles and tees with at least two bolts per connection, the { setting out lines of the bolts may be adopted instead of the centroidal axes. i acs 3- 1995 107 | ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES 61.3 Joints in Simple Construction CD Foints between members in simple construction should be capable of transmitting the forces calculated in design and should be capable of accepting the resulting rotation. (2) They should not develop significant moments adversely affecting the structure, 61.4 Joints in Rigid Construction (1) Joints between members in rigid construction should be capable of transmitting the forces and ‘moments calculated in design ©) For elastic design the rigidity of the joint should be not less than that of the members, G) For plastic design the moment capacity ofa joint at aplastic hinge location should be not less than ‘hat of the member and in addition the join should posses suficfent plastic rotation capacity 61.5 Joints in Semi-Rigid Construction (1) Semi-rigid connections should provide a predictable degree of interaction, (2) They should be eapable of transmitting the restraint moments in addition to the other forces and moments at the joint. It is important that the connection is neither too rigid not too Alexible to fulfil accurztely the assumptions made in design 6.1.6 Joints Loaded in Shear and Subject to Vibration and/or Load Reversal (1) Where a connection is subject 10 impact or significant vibration, pretensioned ‘friction grip fasteners, locking devices or welding should be use: (2) Where a connection is subject to revortals of stress (unless such sttess is caused by wind) and where slipping isnot acceprable, then pretensioned frition grip fasteners or welding should be used G) Where repetition of loading mekes fatigue a design criterion the restrictions given in Chapter 8 should be applied. 62 BOLTED AND RIVETED CONNECTIONS 6.2.1 Clearances in Holes for Fasteners (1) The size of holes for all fasteners shall not exceed the dimensions given in Table 6.1 (@) Holes with smaller clearances than standard holes may be specified © Oversize and short sloted holes may be used in all plies of a friction grip connection provided that 2 standard hardened washer is positioned over the holes in the outer plies () Long slotted holes stall not be used in more than one of the connected plies at any individual faying surface, Where long slotted files are used in an outer ply an external plate having sufficient nize fo completely cover the slot should be provided. Such a washer or plate shall be at least Smim thick and of structural material but need not be hardened. Hardened washers shall also be placed under the turned element. 108 eBcs 3 - 1995 ' - CHAPTER 6: CONNECTIONS ‘Table 6.1 Maximum Dimensions of Holes Bolt shank | Clearance | Oversize | short sloted hole —— diameter | diameter — dimensions (mm) (mm) E (am) sis d+1 d+4 | d+1| d+4 |a+1) 254 4

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