BUILDING CONSTRUCTION-III

B. A r c h I I /I I

CONCRETE FLOORS
3. FLOORS

FLOOR:
• Floor is a horizontal surface of the building.

• Types of floor:
- Ground Floor
- Upper Floors

Floors resting directly over ground surface are known as ground floors,
while floors situated a b o v e ground level are known as upper floors.
3. FLOORS
Functional Requirements of Floor:
•Strength a n d stability

•Durability a n d freedom from maintenance

•Fire safety

•Should transfer d e a d a n d live load to the

earth

•Resistance to passage of sound a n d heat

•Prevention of passage of ground

moisture
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SUSPENDED FLOORS:
• Ground floors resting directly
on ground are termed as
Solid ground floor.
• Ground floors supported at
a little distance above the
ground are called
Suspended floors, generally
ma d e of timber and also of
concrete.
 3. FLOORS

SUSPENDED CONCRETE FLOORS:

• Providing reinforced slab
supported by external a n d
internal load bearing walls.
• These are independent from the
ground
• Suspended floors are provided
to resist the ground moisture.
• Used where dampness is major
problem due to soil with high
water table.
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• Hollow s pa c e between flooring a n d site concrete is kept dry a n d well

ventilated by providing air bricks in outer walls a n d voids in the sleeper
walls.

• Sleeper walls are not s pa c e d more than 2m.

 3. FLOORS

Resistance to ground moisture

• Use of insulation layer below

screed i.e. DPM(damp proof
membrane).

Advantage:

• Concrete b e d remains dry,

better thermal insulation
• During construction prevent
leakage of cement mix.
 3. FLOORS
SUSPENDED TIMBER FLOORS:
• Entire are a of ground below the floor is covered with a 15cm thick layer of
cement concrete (known as site concrete).
• Hollow spa ce between flooring a n d site concrete is kept dry a n d well
ventilated by providing air bricks in outer walls a n d voids in the sleeper
walls.
• The flooring consists of boarding supported on bridging or floor joists of
timber, which are nailed to wall plates at their ends.
• Sleeper walls are not s pa c e d more than 2m.
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ADVANTAGE OF CONCRETE FLOORS

Concrete floors are widely used in modern buildings,

becaus e of its numerous advantages.

• Concrete though strong in compression, is weak in tension.

• Steel has g o o d tensile strength, so these are

c o m b i n e d to form reinforced c e m e n t concrete (R.C.C.)

• Concrete floors has overall reduced thickness, as thickness is

reduced, self weight is also reduced.

• Concrete floors are comparatively fire proof a n d d a m p

proof.

• C a n b e used for rooms of comparatively large spans.

• Method of construction is comparatively easier.

3. FLOORS

CONCRETE UPPER FLOORS:

• Normally called Framed Floors.

• Slabs are used to span some clear

distances to achieve the floors
• The design of floor depends on;
➢ Loads
➢ Size a n d proportion of
the Structural bays
➢ Form of support
➢ Desired floor depth
➢ Special Floor finishes
3. FLOORS
FLOOR SYSTEMS:

A) ONE WAY SLAB:

• Beam or wall supported on two sides i.e. spanning on
only one direction

• Bay proportion: Length is more than twice the

breadth

• Used for medium to heavy loads over short spans

 3. FLOORS

Typical Details of One Way Slab

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B) TWO WAY SLAB:

▪ Beam or wall supported on four sides i.e. spanning on both directions

▪Bay proportion: nearly square

▪Depth: Slab perimeter/ 180 (4” min.)

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Typical Details of Two Way Slab

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C) ONE WAY RIBBED SLAB:

▪ Used for light to medium loads over medium spans (15’-50’)

▪ Not as suitable for heavy concentrated loads as one and two
way slabs
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One way ribbed slab

▪ Joists are flared at b e a m support
points for greater shear resistance
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D) TWO WAY WAFFLE SLAB:

▪Used for large spans (25’-60’)

▪May accommodate lighting and mechanical

systems within the slab depth
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Two way waffle slab

▪ It also gives better aesthetic view

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Two way waffle slab

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E) TWO WAY FLAT SLAB:

▪ Supported by columns without bea ms

▪Drop panels and column capitals help

to resist large loads
▪Span : Up to 40'
▪Depth : Approx. 3% of span
 3. FLOORS

F) TWO WAY FLAT PLATE:

▪ Similar to the flat slab but without drop panels or column

capitals

▪Minimum construction depth permits

greater clear heights
▪Simplified form work
▪Depth : 5” to 14”
▪Spans : Up to 35'
 3. FLOORS
REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOORS:

• Better resistance to d a m a g e by fire a n d

• C a n safely support greater superimposed loads.

MONOLITHIC REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOORS:

• Unbroken solid mass of 100 to 300 m m thick

• Cast in situ concrete reinforced with proper reinforcing bars

•Temporary centering/ form work is used to

support wet concrete till it sets
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• Reinforcement bars are laid over centering raised

about 15- 20 m m (called cover) by small concrete
blocks. This prevents

➢ rusting of steel a n d
➢ protection from fire.

• All reinforcements are tied with binding wires.

• Wet concrete is spread over centering a n d

m a d e well c o m p a c t e d a n d leveled off

• From loads a n d span, thickness of concrete a n d

cross sectional area of steel is determined.
 3. FLOORS
SELF- CENTERING CONCRETE FLOORS (PRE-
CAST CONCRETE FLOORS) :

Self centering concrete floors are used

for:
• Fast and unobstructed building
construction.
• These are usually constructed with
pre-cast reinforced concrete
beams.
• Mixing plant and storage of
materials in large quantity at site
c a n b e eliminated.
• The construction period is
considerably shorter a n d generally
over all weight a n d cost is less.
 3. FLOORS

Two types are generally used;

A) HOLLOW BEAM FLOOR UNIT:

• Hollow reinforced concrete

beams, rectangular in
section are pre-cast.

• The width of beam is

usually 355mm, the depth
130- 200 a n d the length up
to 5.5m.
 3. FLOORS

• The concrete walls of

these beams are 15 to 20
m m thick
• Not suitable for carrying very
heavy loads

• 50 m m thick concrete is
spread for load distribution.

• It is lighter in weight than

similar monolithic concrete
floor, but is deeper.
 3. FLOORS

B) SOLID PRE-CAST BEAMS WITH HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCKS:

• Solid reinforced concrete

beams generally shaped
like an inverted "T‟ in
section are pre- cast in
factory or yard.
• The depth of beams varies
130- 250mm, width 90 mm
at bottom and length up
to 6m.
• Placed at 270mm center to
center
 3. FLOORS
• Hollow pre-cast light weight infilling
blocks are used to reduce the
weight of floor
• Sizes of blocks: width = 225, length
= 225 or 300 and height = similar to
beam

• Blocks are placed between

the beams an d finished with
50 mm thick layer of
concrete topping
• The advantage is that its
units c a n be handled by two
men
 3. FLOORS

C. SITU-CAST REINFORCED CONCRETE AND TERRA COTTA BLOCK FLOOR:

• Sometimes called “fire resisting

reinforced concrete floor”.
• Constructed with situ- cast
reinforced concrete beams with
hollow terra cotta infilling blocks
cast in between the beams.
• Terra cotta means “earth burned”
Situ-cast reinforced concrete and terra
cotta block floor:
 3. FLOORS
• The blocks are m a d e hollow to make them
light in weight.
• It requires temporary supports

• To improve the fire resistance value of the

floor, pieces of burned clay tiles are p l a c e d
beneath the reinforcing bars of the b e a m .
• Concrete is poured a n d p l a c e d between
terra cotta blocks a n d spread 50mm thick
over top of the blocks for load distribution
• Depth of the blocks, depth of the finished
floor a n d size & number of reinforcing bars
d e p e n d on the super imposed loads a n d
span.
• Now a day, it is lessused