AP WORLD HRG Unit 1 Noteguide Answers

HEIMLER REVIEW GUIDE
UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

ANSWERS CHINA: THE SONG DYNASTY (960-1276 CE)
Answers from Video: Examples:

State-Building & maintenance
of the state are a major theme An organized political community under one government (like a country, empire, nation, etc.)
of unit one. What is a state?
The Song Dynasty demonstrated continuity and

innovation to maintain and justify its rule.
The revival of Confucianism, or Neo-Confucianism helped to
Confucianism as the state philosophy and the Civil
legitimize Song Dynasty rule due to its ancient history in China. Service Exam began during the Han Dynasty (202
How did the Song Dynasty BCE - 220 CE) which means this was a continuity
The use of an imperial bureaucracy also in Chinese History. However, Neo-Confucianism
maintain and justify their rule?
showed innovation.
The use of a large bureaucracy began during

the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE). This is also a
continuity.
Society is hierarchical. There are superiors and inferiors. The Chinese cultural traditions continued.
State was superior to citizens. Men were superior to women, etc.
Harmony depended on keeping the proper relationships.
What were some of the
main ideas of Confucianism? Filial piety was part of this. It emphasized the need for children
to obey and honor their parents, grandparents, and deceased
ancestors.
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UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

Women were always in a subordinate position and were stripped of legal rights.
What was life like for
Women could not own property, remarry, etc. Women had limited access to Chinese cultural traditions continued.
women in Song China?
education and in elite social circles the practice of footbinding became popular.
How did China influence

In Korea they used a civil service exam in order to join the bureaucracy. They Chinese cultural traditions influenced
its neighbors in East
also adopted Buddhism. neighboring regions.
and Southeast Asia?
Buddhism starts with the Four Noble Truths which acknowledge that there Buddhism and its core beliefs
is suffering in the world and desire/craving is the cause. The way to stop continued to shape societies in Asia
suffering is the Eightfold Path. Buddhists believe in reincarnation, but the and included a variety of branches,
schools and practices.
ultimate goal is to stop the cycle of reincarnation and achieve nirvana through
What are the basic tenets of
enlightenment.
Buddhism and what are some of
the different forms of Buddhism?
Theravada Buddhism was the original form of Buddhism. Many Buddhist
monks lived within monasteries to focus on attaining enlightenment.
Mahayana Buddhism was a new form that traveled to East Asia. It encouraged
broader participation and offered help to achieve nirvana from bodhisattvas.
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UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

Song rulers inherited the prosperity and growth The economy of Song China flourished as a result of increased
started from previous dynasties like the Sui productive capacity and innovations.
and Tang Dynasties. Between the 8th and 10th China’s expertise in Silk and Porcelain production which depended on
centuries the population doubled. free peasant labor (raising silkworms) and artisanal labor (creating
What helped Song China textiles & ceramics) were also part of the Song Dynasty becoming
The economy also commercialized, making increasingly commercialized. China also had centers of iron and steel
to have such a strong economy?
goods that were sold across Eurasia like production all over the country. The economy of Song China flourished
porcelain and silk. as a result of increased productive capacity and expanding trade
networks.
The expansion of the Grand Canal also helped to
facilitate trade.
Champa rice is a good example of why the economy of Song China

flourished due to agricultural innovations.
This also helps to explain the effects of Chinese cultural traditions on East
Asia over time.
It was a drought resistant crop that matured
Why was the introduction
early, increasing the amount of food available The Chinese Tribute System was a way for countries to acknowledge
of Champa Rice so important China’s superiority and gain access to trade rights. Champa rice first got
in the empire, therefore increasing the
for the Song Dynasty? to China from Vietnam through the Tribute System c. 8th-11th c. CE.
population.
The Song Dynasty expanded agriculture & its production. Through the
Tribute System Japan, Korea and Vietnam also adopted Chinese cultural
practices like Confucianism (including filial piety & the subservient
position of women, especially in Korea) and Mahayana Buddhism.
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UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

ANSWERS MIDDLE EAST: ABBASID CALIPHATE (750-1258 CE)
All were practiced in Dar al-Islam and the prophet Mohammad

Islam, Judaism, Christianity and the core
What is the connection between claimed to be the final prophet in the line of God’s messengers stretched
beliefs and practices of these religions
Islam, Judaism and Christianity? back through the Jewish and Christian scriptures. All three were shaped societies.
monotheistic.
By 1200 the Abbasid caliphate had begun to break up and lose its
Describe the condition of the The Abbasid Caliphate fragmented
powerful position in the Muslim world. In 1258 their capital, Baghdad
Abbasid caliphate c. 1200.
was conquered by the Mongols which was their end.
This demonstrates similarities and differences

in the processes of state formation from
Describe the new Islamic
c.1200 to c. 1450. Other Turkic Muslim states
political entities that replaced They were dominated by ethnic Turks, not Arabs.
include the Delhi Sultanate in South Asia
the declining Abbasid caliphate. and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt which
was started by slave soldiers.

The Seljuks were Turks from Central Asia who the Abbasids tried to use
Describe the rise c.1200 to c. 1450. Other Turkic Muslim states
to prop up their failing state. However, they created their own empire
of the Seljuk Empire. include the Delhi Sultanate in South Asia
instead and became a dominant force in the region. and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt which
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UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

ANSWERS MIDDLE EAST: ABBASID CALIPHATE (750-1258 CE)

What practices in the new
c.1200 to c. 1450. Other Turkic Muslim states
Islamic empires were borrowed Sharia law, a legal code based on the Quran
include the Delhi Sultanate in South Asia
from previous empires? and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt which
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi invented trigonometry.
Muslim scholars in places like the House of Wisdom in Baghdad preserved

What were some of the Muslim states and empires encouraged
the works of Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle, translating them
intellectual innovations of significant intellectual innovations and
into Arabic and commenting on them. These works eventually made transfers.
Dar al-Islam and their effects?
it back to Europe, and would have been lost to history if not for their
preservation by scholars in Dar al-Islam.
Empires spread through military expansion (like the Seljuks, Mamluks and Explain the causes and effects of the rise
Describe the expansion of Delhi Sultanate). Islam spread through the travels of Muslim merchants of Islamic states over time including the
the Islamic World c. 1200-1450. (for example, the Empire of Mali in West Africa). Islam also spread due to expansion of Muslim rule and Islam.
the work of missionaries like the Sufis who allowed for some local belief.
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UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

ANSWERS SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
The 3 main religions were Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism. This shows how the various
belief systems and practices
By c. 1200 Buddhists in South Asia were mostly reduced to monastic communities. of South and Southeast Asia
affected society over time.
What religions could be found
Most people in South Asia were Hindu. Bhakti Hinduism was a new movement
in South Asia and what effect
that began in the Southern part of India and emphasized devotion to 1 Hindu god
did they have on society?
(Hindus are polytheistic). It challenged social and gender hierarchies in Hindu India.
The establishment of the Delhi Sultanate made Islam the religion of the elite.
What religions could be Buddhism and Islam. Islam was more widely practiced eventually but in states like Thailand and Cambodia
found in Southeast Asia? Buddhism was established.
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UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

ANSWERS SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
The Delhi Sultanate was in Northern India. They were Muslims but the majority When merchants from South
population was Hindu. Asia went to Southeast Asia
to trade they often formed
The Rajput kingdoms were rival warring Hindu Kingdoms who held the Delhi diasporic communities
and brought Hinduism,
Sultanate back from conquering more land.
Buddhism and Islam with
them. Governments there then
The Vijayanagara Empire was a Hindu kingdom formed by brothers who had
adopted these religions and
previously converted to Islam to serve the Delhi Sultanate. Their kingdom rivaled the used them to build relationships
Describe the emergence of new Delhi Sultanate. with powerful trade partners
states in South and Southeast Asia as well as unify and maintain
and how they kept power. The Majapahit Kingdom on Java was a Buddhist Kingdom who maintained influence control. This demonstrates
by controlling sea routes for trade, but declined when China supported its rival the similarities in the processes of
Sultanate of Malacca. state formation from c.1200 to
c. 1450.
The Khmer Empire began as a Hindu Empire, but eventually leadership adopted
Buddhism. Art and architecture (like Angkor Wat) reflect both faiths.
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UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

ANSWERS STATE BUILDING IN THE AMERICAS
Founded in Mesoamerica in 1345 by the Mexica, their capital was the Together, the Aztecs, Inca & Mississippian
Describe the development Culture show innovation and diversity of
magnificent Tenochtitlan. In 1428 they began a program of expansion
of the Aztec Civilization. state systems in the Americas.
and created a huge empire. They were decentralized in how they ruled.
How did the Aztecs maintain Conquered people were forced to pay tribute in goods or labor. Conquered people were also enslaved and
control of their empire? sometimes sacrificed in religious rituals.
The Inca had an elaborate bureaucracy throughout the Andean region to control conquered territories. They
How did the Inca maintain used the mit’a system as a source of labor for state projects like farms, mining, military service, and construction
and improve their empire? projects. They were highly centralized in how they ruled.
Located in North America around the Mississippi River Valley, they focused on agriculture. Larger towns
controlled smaller ones around them. They were known as mound builders, one of the largest was built by the
Describe Mississippian Culture.
Cahokia people & consisted of 80 burial mounds up to 100 feet tall.
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UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

ANSWERS STATE BUILDING IN AFRICA
Swahili city-states grew powerful due to Indian Ocean Trade. They were Together, these states demonstrate the
Describe the development of the continuity, innovation and diversity of
politically independent but very influenced by merchants from Dar al-
Swahili Civilization in East Africa. state systems in Africa.
Islam. The language Swahili is a combination of Bantu and Arabic.
Describe the development These were powerful and highly centralized. They also grew due to trade Together, these states demonstrate the
of the empires of West Africa with Dar al-Islam. The elites of society converted to Islam, but most continuity, innovation and diversity of
state systems in Africa.
(Ghana, Mali, and Songhay). subjects held onto indigenous beliefs.
How was the Hausa Kingdom, They were decentralized city-states, more like the Swahili civilization. Together, these states demonstrate the
also in West Africa, different They shared a common culture and grew powerful through trade because continuity, innovation and diversity of
state systems in Africa.
from the empires there? they acted as brokers for trans-Saharan trade.
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UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

ANSWERS STATE BUILDING IN AFRICA
Its capital was built between 1250-1450 and contained massive structures.
Describe how the development of Together, these states demonstrate the
It had a population of 18,000. Like other African states, it became
Great Zimbabwe in Southern Africa continuity, innovation and diversity of
wealthy due to trade, farming and cattle herding. Its main source of
was similar and different from other state systems in Africa.
wealth was the gold trade. It was different in that the rulers and people
African states in this time.
never adopted Islam but maintained their indigenous shamanistic faith.
Describe how the development

Similarly it grew due to trade with the Mediterranean and Arabian Together, these states demonstrate the
of Ethiopia in East Africa was continuity, innovation and diversity of
peninsula. They had a monarch and strict hierarchy like other states. The
similar and different from other state systems in Africa.
big difference is that they were Christians.
African states in this time.
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UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

ANSWERS DEVELOPMENTS IN EUROPE
Christianity dominated Europe, but in the East the most powerful state, This explains how Christianity, Judaism,
the Byzantine Empire, practiced Orthodox Christianity and shared it and Islam shaped European society. And
the causes of political decentralization in
with Kievan Rus by 988.
Europe.
In the West, the Roman Catholic Church was the most powerful entity.
Describe the belief systems Following the fall of Rome and the rise of small decentralized states,
of Europe and how they Roman Catholicism bound the region together culturally.
affected European society.
Muslims were primarily in the Iberian Peninsula which they had
conquered in the 8th century.
Jews were a minority group who faced waves of anti-Semitism

(persecution) and were forced to the outskirts of European life.
The political system of decentralized Europe where powerful lords and This describes the consequences of political
kings gained allegiance from lesser lords, who became their vassals. decentralization in Europe.
What was feudalism?
Vassals got land in exchange for military service.
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UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

ANSWERS DEVELOPMENTS IN EUROPE
The economic system of decentralized Europe where peasants were This describes the consequences of political
bound to the land where they lived and worked in exchange for a lord’s decentralization in Europe.
What was manorialism
protection. Those who were tied to the land were called serfs. They were
and what was serfdom?
not the property of the lords, but they could not leave the land without
permission.
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AP WORLD HRG Unit 1 Noteguide Answers

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AP WORLD HRG Unit 1 Noteguide Answers

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HEIMLER REVIEW GUIDE

UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

Answers from Video: Examples:

The Song Dynasty demonstrated continuity and

The use of a large bureaucracy began during

UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

Answers from Video: Examples:

How did China influence

UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

Answers from Video: Examples:

Champa rice is a good example of why the economy of Song China

UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

Answers from Video: Examples:

All were practiced in Dar al-Islam and the prophet Mohammad

This demonstrates similarities and differences

This demonstrates similarities and differences

UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

Answers from Video: Examples:

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi invented trigonometry.

Muslim scholars in places like the House of Wisdom in Baghdad preserved

UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

Answers from Video: Examples:

UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

Answers from Video: Examples:

UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

Answers from Video: Examples:

UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

Answers from Video: Examples:

UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

Answers from Video: Examples:

Describe how the development

UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

Answers from Video: Examples:

Jews were a minority group who faced waves of anti-Semitism

UNIT 1: 1200 CE - 1450 CE

Answers from Video: Examples:

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