Describe the term 'Infection' in the context of nursing Implantation and replication of an organism in host tissue

epidemiology. causing signs, symptoms, and immune response.

What is the definition of 'Carrier' in communicable disease Individual harboring an organism capable of transmission
nursing? without showing disease symptoms.

Define 'Contagious Disease' and explain how it differs from Easily transmitted disease from person to person through
other diseases. direct or indirect.

How is 'Disinfection' defined in the context of nursing Destruction of pathogenic microorganisms on objects using
epidemiology? physical or chemical methods.

Describe the term 'Isolation' in the field of communicable Separation of an individual with a communicable disease
diseases. from others during the period of communicability.

Explain the concept of 'Quarantine' in the context of nursing Limitation of movement for exposed individuals for a period
epidemiology. equal to the longest incubation period.

What is the role of a 'Reservoir' in the transmission of Living organism where an infectious agent multiplies and can
infectious diseases? be transmitted to humans.

Person, animal, or plant on which a parasite depends for

Define the term 'Host' in the context of nursing epidemiology.
survival.

How is 'Infectious Disease' distinguished from other types of Requires direct inoculation of the organism through a break
diseases in terms of transmission? in the skin or mucous membrane.

Explain the concept of 'Habitat' in relation to nursing

Location where an organism lives or is commonly found.
epidemiology.
Describe the components of the Epidemiologic Triangle and Consists of host, agent, environment. Host harbors organism,
their roles in the chain of infection. agent causes disease, environment influences development.

Sporadic: few isolated cases. Endemic: continuous usual

Explain patterns of occurrence and distribution of diseases:
cases. Epidemic: large cases in short time. Pandemic: global
sporadic, endemic, epidemic, pandemic.
epidemic.

Define a causative agent and provide examples of microbes Microbe causing disease. Examples: bacteria, virus, fungi,
that can cause diseases. protozoa.

What is the reservoir of infection and how is it related to the Environment where organism survives. Part of chain of
chain of infection? infection.

How does the portal of exit contribute to the spread of Organism leaves reservoir. Portals: respiratory, GI, skin,
infection? List common portals of exit. placenta.

Describe the mode of transmission in the chain of infection.

Means of passing agent to host. Easiest link to break chain.
What is the easiest link to break?

What are the two types of contact transmission in the spread

Direct and indirect contact.
of infection?

Explain direct contact transmission in the context of

Person-to-person transfer of organism.
infectious diseases.

How does indirect contact transmission occur in the chain of

Susceptible person contacts contaminated object.
infection?

Describe the concept of droplet spread isolation in the

Transmission through respiratory secretions within 3 feet
context of infectious diseases. What are the key
when infected person coughs, sneezes, or.
characteristics of this type of transmission?
How does airborne transmission differ from droplet spread in Fine microbial particles suspended in air for prolonged
terms of the mechanism of infection? period, transmission more than 3 feet.

Define vehicle transmission of infectious diseases. How does

Transmission through articles or substances until ingested or
it differ from other modes of transmission like droplet spread
inoculated into host.
and airborne transmission?

Explain vector-borne transmission of infectious diseases.

Intermediate carriers like fleas, flies, mosquitoes transfer
What role do intermediate carriers play in this type of
microbes to another living organism.
transmission?

What is the significance of the portal of entry in the context

Venue for organism to enter susceptible host; same avenue
of infectious diseases? How does it relate to the exit of
used by microbes to exit reservoir.
infective microbes from the reservoir?

Describe the concept of a susceptible host in the context of

In weakened host, microbes cause infectious disease; strong
infectious diseases. How does the strength of host defenses
defenses prevent infection.
impact the likelihood of infection?

How is natural immunity categorized based on its activation

Active: acquired through recovery; Passive: acquired through
and acquisition? Provide examples of active and passive
placental transfer.
immunity.

Explain the concept of artificial immunity. How is it acquired Acquired through vaccine, toxoid; Types include active
and what are the different types of artificial immunity? (vaccine) and passive (antitoxin, antiserum).

Differentiate between inactivated and attenuated antigens in Inactivated: killed organism, short-lasting, multiple doses;
terms of immunity. What are the characteristics of each Attenuated: live, weakened organism, single dose, long-
type? lasting immunity.

What are the main categories recommended in isolation to

Strict: for highly contagious infections; Contact: for spread by
prevent the spread of communicable diseases? Describe the
close contact; Respiratory: for transmission through air over
purpose of strict isolation, contact isolation, and respiratory
short distance.
isolation.

Describe the different types of isolation precautions TB Isolation, Enteric Isolation, Reverse/Neutropenic Isolation,
mentioned in the content related to TB and other infectious Standard Precaution, Universal Precaution, Transmission
diseases. Based Precaution.
What are the sources of infection for Chicken Pox as per the
Secretions of respiratory tract, Lesions, Scabs (not infective).
content?

Explain the mode of transmission of Chicken Pox outlined in

Direct contact, Contaminated linen and fomites, Airborne.
the content.

Define the incubation period for Chicken Pox as mentioned in

2 to 3 weeks.
the content.

Describe the period of communicability for Chicken Pox

2 days before rash onset to 5 days after vesicles appear.
according to the content.

What are the potential outcomes of Congenital Varicella as Hypoplastic limb, Retarded growth, CNS and ophthalmic
per the content? issues.

Explain the nursing considerations highlighted in the content Strict isolation, Exclusion from school, Concurrent
for managing Chicken Pox cases. disinfection.

Describe the clinical manifestations of Measles, including the Pre-eruptive: fever, catarrhal, photophobia. Eruptive: rash,
pre-eruptive, eruptive, and convalescence stages. What are fever, sore throat. Convalescence: fading rash, subsiding
the key symptoms each stage? fever, desquamation.

How does Measles spread? Explain the sources of infection Source: nose/throat secretions. Transmission: droplet spread,
and the modes of transmission. direct/indirect contact, airborne.

Define Measles in terms of its etiologic agent and

Etiologic agent: Filterable virus (Paramyxoviridae).
susceptibility. What type of virus causes Measles and who is
Susceptible: children, severe in adults.
most susceptible to it?

Describe the prevention methods for Measles. What vaccine

is recommended and when should Varicella-zoster Immune Prevention: Vaccine. VZIG within 10 days of exposure.
Globulin be administered?
 Explain the key characteristics of Varicella (Chickenpox) in
Occurrence: universal, long immunity, rare second attacks.
terms of occurrence, immunity, and second attacks. Who is
Severe in adults.
most affected by Varicella?

Describe the modalities for a patient with a suspected

Treatment modalities include anti-viral drug, antibiotics,
infection, including the use of anti-viral drugs, antibiotics,
oxygen inhalation, and IV fluids.
oxygen inhalation, and IV fluids.

What are some complications that can arise in a patient with

Complications may include bronchopneumonia, otitis media,
a suspected infection, such as bronchopneumonia, otitis
pneumonia, nephritis, and encephalitis.
media, pneumonia, nephritis, and encephalitis?

How should a nurse manage a patient with a suspected

Nursing management involves isolation, standard
infection, including isolation, standard precautions, negative
precautions, negative pressure room, tepid sponge bath, skin
pressure room, tepid sponge bath, skin care, oral hygiene,
care, oral hygiene, and eye care.
and eye care?

Leprosy, also known as Hansen's Disease or Hansenosis, is a

Define leprosy and provide other terms for the condition,
chronic systematic infection characterized by progressive
along with a brief description of the disease.
cutaneous lesions.

Describe the three distinct forms of leprosy, including

Forms include lepromatous, tuberculoid, and borderline
lepromatous (multibacillary) leprosy, tuberculoid
leprosy.
(paucibacillary) leprosy, and borderline (dimorphous) leprosy.

What are some preventive measures for infections, such as Preventive measures include immunization with anti-measles
immunization with anti-measles vaccines at specific ages vaccines at specific ages and restrictions on pregnant women
and restrictions on who should not receive the vaccine? or those with certain conditions.

Early signs include skin color changes, loss of sensation,

Describe the clinical manifestations of leprosy, both early
nerve thickening, muscle weakness. Late signs include
and late stages, including in skin color, nerve involvement,
madarosis, lagophthalmos, clawing of fingers, and nose
eye symptoms, and musculoskeletal changes.
sinking.

Diagnostic tests include slit skin smear and blood tests.

What are the diagnostic tests used for leprosy, and what are
Blood test shows inc. RBC & ESR, dec. Ca, albumin &
the key components of the blood test results?
cholesterol.

How is leprosy transmitted, and what are the modes of Leprosy is transmitted airborne and through prolonged skin-
transmission for this disease? to-skin contact.
 Define the treatment modalities for leprosy, including the Treatment includes sulfone therapy, multiple drug therapy.
drugs used in multibacillary and paucibacillary cases, and Multibacillary: Rifampicin, Clofazimine, Dapsone for 12
the duration of treatment for each. months. Paucibacillary: Rifampicin, Dapsone for 6-9 months.

What are the key components of nursing management for Nursing management includes isolation, nutritious diet,
patients with leprosy, including isolation, diet, medication, medication, emotional support, eye care, and injury
emotional support, and eye care? prevention.

Describe the prevention strategies for leprosy, including the Prevention involves reporting all cases and suspects of
importance of reporting cases and suspects of the disease. leprosy to prevent further spread.

Clinical manifestations include intense itching, burrows on

Describe the clinical manifestations of scabies. What are the fingers/wrists/elbows, and in face/neck/scalp/ears.
complications associated with scabies infection? Complications include persistent pruritus and secondary
bacterial infection.

Diagnosed by superficial scraping and microscopic

How is scabies diagnosed? What are the treatment options examination. Treatments include Malathion lotion, Permethrin
for scabies infection? cream, Benzyl Benzoate, Sulfur, Ivermectin, and topical
steroids.

Define the etiologic agent of scabies. What is the source of Etiologic agent is Sarcoptes scabei var. hominis. Source of
infection for scabies? infection is human skin.

What is the mode of transmission for scabies? How long is Transmitted via skin-to-skin contact and fomites.
the period of communicability for scabies? Communicable for the entire infection period.

Interventions include cutting fingernails, educating on drug

Describe the nursing interventions for scabies. How can application, disinfecting clothing/beddings, contact
scabies be prevented and controlled? precautions. Prevention involves hygiene, avoiding infected
persons, and treating all household members.

Incubation period is 24 hours for itch mite to lay ova.

Explain the incubation period of scabies. What are the key
Features include intense itching, burrows on skin, and risk of
features of scabies infection?
secondary bacterial infection.

Prodromal period includes fever, headache, malaise, coryza,

Describe the clinical manifestations of rubella, including the
conjunctivitis, and lymphadenopathy. Eruptive period
prodromal period and eruptive period.
features rash, Forchheimer's spot, and joint pain.
What are the complications associated with rubella infection? Complications include encephalitis and neuritis.

Rubella is transmitted via droplets and transplacentally.

How is rubella transmitted, and what is its incubation period?
Incubation period is 2-3 weeks.

Congenital rubella is when the fetus is infected. Features

Define congenital rubella and list the classic congenital
include growth retardation, low birth weight, and 'blueberry
rubella syndrome features.
muffin' skin.

Tests include clinical observation, cell cultures, and

What are the diagnostic tests used for rubella?
convalescent serum for antibody titer.

Treatment includes acetaminophen for fever and joint pain,

Describe the treatment modalities for rubella.
along with isolation.

Clinical manifestations include microcephaly, mental

Describe the clinical manifestations of rubella syndrome. retardation, cataract, deaf-mutism, heart disease. Nursing
What are the nursing considerations for patients with considerations: comfort, avoid exposure, report cases, warn
rubella? How can rubella be prevented? about symptoms. Prevention: MMR vaccine, avoid exposure,
Immune Serum Globulin.

Types: capitis (scalp), corporis (clothing seams), pubis (pubic

What are the types oficulosis and their characteristics? How
hair). Transmission: head-to-head, fomites, sexual activity.
is pediculosis transmitted? Describe the clinical
Manifestations: pruritis, tickling sensation, lice location. Tests:
manifestations and diagnostic tests for pediculosis.
Wood's light, microscopic examination.

Promote comfort, darkened room for photophobia, warm

How can nursing care promote comfort for patients with
saline for eyes, good ventilation. Precautions: avoid
rubella syndrome? What precautions should be taken to
exposure, report cases, suggest cold compress for
prevent complications?
lymphadenopathy.

Rubella syndrome: microcephaly, mental retardation,

Define rubella syndrome and its clinical manifestations. What cataract, deaf-mutism, heart disease. Nursing considerations:
are the key nursing considerations for patients with rubella? comfort, avoid exposure, report cases, warn about
symptoms.

Prevention: MMR vaccine, Immune Serum Globulin post-

Describe the prevention methods for rubella. How can
exposure. Pregnant women: avoid exposure, understand
pregnant women protect themselves from rubella exposure?
risks.
 Capitis (scalp), corporis (clothing seams), pubis (pubic hair).
What are the characteristics of pediculosis capitis, corporis,
Transmission: head-to-head, fomites, sexual activity.
and pubis? How is pediculosis transmitted and diagnosed?
Diagnosis: Wood's light, microscopic examination.

Describe the treatment modalities for pediculosis capitis and Includes Permethrin, Pyrethin, fine-tooth comb with vinegar,
pediculosis pubis. washing hair, and oral anthelminthics.

What are the complications associated with untreated Excoriation, secondary bacterial infections, dry,
pediculosis? hyperpigmented, thickly encrusted skin.

How should nurses handle patients with pediculosis to Maintain contact precautions, cut patient's fingernails short,
prevent infection spread? watch for adverse reactions, avoid direct contact.

Acute inflammation caused by varicella-zoster virus, also

Define herpes zoster and its causative agent.
known as shingles.

Starts with fever, malaise, severe pain, pruritus, and

Describe the clinical manifestations of herpes zoster.
paresthesia.

From a day before rash to 5-6 days after last crust,

What is the period of communicability for herpes zoster?
communicable via airborne, droplet, and direct contact.

Describe the characteristics, complications, diagnostic

Vesicles with fluid/pus, cranial nerve involvement, CNS
procedures, management, nursing interventions, and
infection, antiviral therapy, airborne precautions, vaccination
prevention methods for respiratory diseases outlined in the
against varicella.
content.

Explain the description, etiologic agents, sources of infection,

Acute febrile infection, Corynebacterium diphtheria, contact
mode of transmission, incubation period, period of
transmission, 2-5 days incubation, 2-4 weeks
communicability, and types of diphtheria as per the provided
communicability, nasal type.
content.

How can herpes zoster be differentiated from herpes simplex Fluorescent light differentiation, tissue culture technique,
virus using diagnostic procedures mentioned in the content? vesicle fluid smear, microscopy.
 Define the complications associated with respiratory CNS infection, acute transverse/ascending myelitis,
diseases as per the content provided. intractable neurologic pain.

What are the nursing interventions recommended for Airborne precautions, cold compress for ruptured vesicles,
patients with respiratory diseases according to the content? analgesics for pain, hygiene maintenance, supportive care.

Describe the prevention methods for diphtheria outlined in Avoid exposure to infected patients, vaccination against
the content. varicella, contact transmission precautions.

Includes bull neck formation, grayish exudates, fatigue, sore

Describe the clinical manifestations of diphtheria including
throat, breathing difficulty, husky voice, palate swelling, low-
symptoms and physical findings.
grade fever.

Clinical manifestations include violent coughing, nose

Describe the clinical manifestations of pertussis (whooping bleeding, distended neck veins, periorbital edema, and
cough) and list the complications associated with the conjunctival hemorrhage. Complications may include
disease. bronchopneumonia, convulsion, umbilical hernia, otitis
media, and severe malnutrition.

Pertussis is transmitted through direct spread via respiratory

How can pertussis (whooping cough) be transmitted, and
and salivary contacts. The period of communicability is seven
what is the period of communicability for an infected person?
days after exposure to three weeks after typical paroxysms.

Etiologic agents include Haemophilus pertussis, Bordet

Define the etiologic agents responsible for causing pertussis
Gengou bacillus, and Bordetella pertussis. The source of
(whooping cough) and identify the source of infection for this
infection is discharges from laryngeal and bronchial mucous
disease.
membranes of infected persons.

Recommended tests include nasopharyngeal swabs (positive

What are the recommended diagnostic tests for pertussis for B. pertussis), sputum culture, CBC (leukocytosis), and
(whooping cough), and what might these tests reveal? chest radiography (may reveal infiltrates or pulmonary
edema with atelectasis).

Treatment includes supportive therapy (fluid & electrolyte

replacement, adequate nutrition, oxygen therapy) and
Describe the treatment modalities for pertussis (whooping
antibiotics (Erythromycin, Ampicillin). Post-exposure
cough) and the post-exposure treatment options available.
treatment options include hyperimmune convalescent
serum/gamma-globulin.

Describe the general care measures for patients with Provide warm baths, keep bed dry, monitor I & O, care for
pertussis according to the content provided. nose/throat discharges, instruct cough/sneeze etiquette.
 What are the prevention measures for pertussis as outlined Report cases, isolate patients, give reinforcing injection to
in the content? immunized children.

Through droplets, direct contact, and indirect contact

How is influenza transmitted according to the content?
fomites.

Define the incubation period of influenza based on the

1 to 3 days, occasionally up to 5 days.
information provided.

Describe the clinical manifestations of influenza according to Chilly sensation, hyperpyrexia, severe aches, vomiting, sore
the content. throat, cough, coryza.

What are some complications associated with influenza as Hemorrhagic pneumonia, encephalitis, myocarditis, SIDS,
mentioned in the content? myoglobinuria.

How can the presence of specific antibodies or antigens be

Complement Fixation Test - an immunological medical test.
detected in a patient's serum according to the content?

Skin infection with sore, ulceration, black scab, purplish

Describe the clinical manifestations of cutaneous anthrax.
vesicles. Systemic symptoms may include rigors headache,
What are the common symptoms and the diagnostic feature?
vomiting. Diagnostic feature is the sore.

How can chest radiography help in diagnosing pneumonia? It may reveal bilateral symmetrical interstitial infiltrates.
What specific findings may be seen on the radiograph? Indicative of pneumonia.

Define the mode of transmission of anthrax through

Contact with tissues of infected animals, contaminated hair,
cutaneous infection. What are the sources of contact leading
wool, soil associated with infected animals.
to cutaneous anthrax?

Active immunization with influenza vaccine, education on

What are the preventive measures for influenza mentioned in
sanitary practices, avoiding crowded places and sharing
the content?
common items.
Describe the management strategies for patients with flu-like Stay at home, proper disposal of tissues, handwashing, drink
symptoms. What steps should be taken to prevent the fluids, fever management, contact precautions, avoid contact
spread of infection? with others.

Explain the etiologic agent of anthrax. What bacterium is

Bacillus anthracis is the etiologic agent of anthrax.
responsible for causing anthrax?

Describe the manifestations of intestinal anthrax following Violent gastroenteritis, fever, vomiting, bloody stools,
ingestion of infected meat. septicemia.

PCR, swabs from cutaneous lesions, blood cultures, lymph

What are the diagnostic tests for anthrax?
node or spleen aspirates, CSF staining, chest radiology.

Antibiotics like penicillin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline; oral

How is anthrax treated? antibiotics for cutaneous anthrax, 60-day treatment for GI
anthrax.

Cutaneous: septicemia; Inhalational: meningitis, effusions,

List complications of cutaneous, inhalational, and GI anthrax.
mediastinitis, shock, ARDS; GI: hemorrhage, shock.

Obtain culture specimens before antibiotics, provide

What are important nursing considerations for anthrax supportive care, prompt medical attention, complete
patients? antibiotic course, avoid scratching lesions, wash hands with
soap.

Pretreatment of animal products, good occupational health,

proper disposal of infected animals, mass animal vaccination,
Define key prevention strategies for anthrax.
non-cellular vaccines for at-risk individuals, awareness for
workers.

Etiologic agents: Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus

Describe the etiologic agents, incubation period, and mode aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Pneumococcus of
of transmission of pneumonia. Friedlander. Incubation period: 2 to 3 days. Mode of
transmission: Droplet infection, Indirect contact (fomites).

Clinical manifestations: Rhinitis, Chest indrawing, Rusty

sputum, Productive cough, High fever, Vomiting, Convulsions,
What are some clinical manifestations and complications of
Flushed face, Dilated pupils, Pain over the affected lung.
pneumonia?
Complications: Emphysema, Endocarditis, Pneumococcal
meningitis, Otitis Media, Jaundice.
 Diagnostic tests: Chest X-ray, Sputum Analysis,
Blood/Serologic Exam, Dull percussion note on affected side.
How can pneumonia be diagnosed and managed?
Management: Bed rest, Adequate salt, fluid, calorie, and
vitamin intake, TSB, Frequent turning from side to side.

Prevent common colds, influenza, and other upper

Describe the prevention and control measures for respiratory infections. Immunization with pneumonia vaccine.
pneumonia. Eliminate contributory factors like exposure to cold, pollution,
fatigue, and alcoholism.

Other terms: Koch’s Disease, Phthisis, Galloping Consumption

What are some other terms for tuberculosis and where does
Disease. It ranks in the top 8 highest cases of TB in the world
it rank in terms of highest cases worldwide?
(Philippines).

Describe the characteristics of tuberculosis as a respiratory Tuberculosis is a chronic respiratory disease forming
disease. What are the etiologic agents responsible for tubercles. Etiologic agents include Mycobacterium
tuberculosis? tuberculosis, M. africanum, M. bovis.

Sources include sputum, blood, nasal discharge, saliva.

What are the sources of infection for tuberculosis? How is
Transmission via airborne or direct/indirect contact with
tuberculosis transmitted?
infected persons.

Explain the incubation period and period of communicability Incubation period is 3-8 weeks. Communicability lasts as long
for tuberculosis. as tubercle bacilli are in sputum.

Symptoms include cough, temperature rise, chest/back

List the clinical manifestations of tuberculosis. What are the
pains, hemoptysis, weight loss, fatigue, malaise, shortness of
common symptoms?
breath, night sweating.

Tests include sputum analysis for AFB, chest X-ray, tuberculin

What are the diagnostic tests used for tuberculosis? How is
testing (Mantoux, Tine, Heaf). Confirmation through AFB in
tuberculosis confirmed?
sputum.

Treatment involves 6-month chemotherapy with Isoniazid,

Describe the treatment modalities for tuberculosis. What is Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol. Rifampicin taken on
the standard chemotherapy regimen? empty stomach, causes red-orange body fluids,
hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity.

Describe the nursing considerations for patients taking Includes monitoring for liver impairment, visual disturbances,
Isoniazid,razinamide, Ethambutol, and Streptomycin for and nephrotoxicity; advising on vitamin B6 intake; and
tuberculosis treatment. reporting specific symptoms.
 How can healthcare providers prevent non-compliance in
By directly observing patients taking medication to ensure
tuberculosis treatment using Direct Observation Treatment
adherence.
Short Course (DOTS)?

Define the term 'Avian Influenza' and explain its range of Avian Influenza is an infectious disease in birds that can vary
severity in birds. from mild to severe illness.

Respiratory isolation, medication administration, patient

What are some key nursing management strategies for
education, smoking cessation, proper disposal of secretions,
patients with tuberculosis?
balanced diet, and caution with oral contraceptives.

Describe important prevention and control measures for Involves BCG immunization for babies, avoiding
tuberculosis, including BCG immunization and Tuberculin Test overcrowding, improving health status, and testing exposed
for exposed individuals. individuals.

Explain the significance of maintaining respiratory isolation To prevent the spread of the disease to others and protect
in tuberculosis management. vulnerable individuals.

How can healthcare providers address potential medication By cautioning patients on the reduced effectiveness of oral
interactions with rifampin in tuberculosis treatment? contraceptives while taking rifampin.

Describe the clinical manifestations of Severe Acute Includes fever, body weakness, cough, sore throat, difficulty
Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) breathing, sore eyes.

Rapid destruction, proper disposal of carcasses, quarantining,

What are the control measures for SARS in poultry farms?
disinfection, movement restrictions.

How does SARS spread among humans? Through droplet contact.

Define the incubation period of SARS in humans. Mean of 5 days, range of 2-10 days, may extend to 14 days.
 What are the preventive measures for SARS in healthcare Screening, isolation of suspected cases, barrier nursing
settings? technique.

Describe the etiologic agent of SARS. Human coronavirus.

What are the early signs of SARS during the prodromal

Fever, chills, malaise, myalgia, headache.
phase?

Dry cough, hypoxia, crackles, dullness on percussion,

How can SARS be recognized in the respiratory phase?
decreased breath sounds.

Explain the susceptibility of domestic poultry to SARS

High vulnerability, can lead to rapid epidemic spread.
infection.

Describe the prevention measures for typhoid fever outlined Protect food and water from fecal, boil and chlorinate water,
in the content. pasteurize milk, ensure sanitary disposal of human excreta.

What are the sources of infection for typhoid fever according

Feces and urine of infected persons.
to the content?

Includes headache, N/V, ladder-like fever, rose spots on

Explain the clinical manifestations of typhoid fever as
abdomen, coma vigil, subsultus tendinum, carphologia,
described in the content.
delirium.

Define the etiologic agent of typhoid fever mentioned in the

Salmonella typhi or Typhoid bacillus.
content.

Through tests like Typhidot, ELISA, Widal, rectal swab, and

How is typhoid fever diagnosed based on the content?
bone marrow aspiration.
 Describe the period of communicability for typhoid fever
As long as typhoid bacilli appear in excreta.
according to the content.

What are the complications associated with typhoid fever as Hemorrhage/perforation, peritonitis, bronchitis, pneumonia,
outlined in the content? typhoid spine, septicemia, Reiter’s syndrome.

Includes Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, Co-trimoxazole,

Describe the treatment modalities for bacillary dysentery
Ciprofloxacin, Cefixime/Azithromycin, Ceftriaxone (for
according to the provided content.
complicated cases).

Isolation, standard precautions, nourishment fluids,

What are the nursing management strategies recommended monitoring vital signs, preventing injury, watch for
for patients with bacillary dysentery? complications, skin and mouth care, turning patient, mild
exercises, applying heat.

Acute bacterial infection of the intestine with symptoms like

Define bacillary dysentery and list some other terms used to
diarrhea, fever, tenesmus, and bloody stools. Also known as
refer to this condition.
Shigellosis or Bloody Flux.

How can bacillary dysentery be prevented and controlled Sanitary excreta disposal, supervision of food handlers,
based on the information provided? enteric isolation, safe drinking water, detection of carriers.

Describe the etiologic agents responsible for bacillary Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii, Shigella
dysentery as outlined in the content. dysenteriae.

Explain the incubation period of bacillary dysentery

Ranges from 12 to 96 hours, potentially up to 1 week.
according to the content.

Fever, tenesmus, nausea/vomiting, headache, abdominal

What are the common clinical manifestations of bacillary
pain, anorexia, weakness, bloody-mucoid stool, rapid
dysentery based on the provided information?
dehydration.

Describe the diagnostic tests for Shigella. What may be

Fresh stool: mucus, RBCs, leukocytes. Immunofluorescence
observed in a fresh stool specimen? How can Shigella be
with specific antisera.
using immunoflucence?
What are the treatment modalities for Shigella infection? List Antibiotics: Ampicillin, Ceftriaxone, etc. Low residue diet.
some antibiotics used. What diet is recommended? Avoid anti-diarrheal drugs.

How can Shigella infection be prevented and controlled?

Sanitary disposal of feces, handwashing, fly control, food
What measures should be taken regarding personal hygiene
safety, water purification.
and food preparation?

Define Paragonimiasis. What are the etiologic agents Lung fluke disease. Paragonimus westermani, Paragonimus
involved? siamenses.

What are the modes of transmission for Paragonimiasis? How Ingesting raw crabs, contaminated food, infected animal
can the disease be contracted through food? products.

Describe the reservoir hosts for Paragonimiasis. Which

Cats, dogs, rats, pigs.
animals can carry the disease?

What are the clinical manifestations of Paragonimiasis? What

Cough, blood-streaked sputum, chest pain, TB-like signs.
symptoms may be present, resembling TB?

How is Paragonimiasis diagnosed? What tests are commonly

Sputum microscopy, immunology, cerebral tests.
used to confirm the infection?

Describe the prevention and control measures for Praziquant Treatment of infected person, anti-mollusk campaigns,
(Billtrizide) infection. educating the population, avoiding eating infected foods.

Sudden headache, earache, loss of appetite, fever, swelling

What are the clinical manifestations of Mumps?
of the parotid gland.

Orchitis, oophoritis, mastitis, nuchal rigidity, deafness,

Explain the complications associated with Mumps infection.
meningoencephalitis, pancreatitis, myocarditis, nephritis.
 Cases are infectious 2 days before parotid swelling until 9
How is the period of communicability determined for Mumps? days after, with highest communicability 48 hours before
swelling.

Define the etiologic agent of Mumps and its source of

Paramyxoviridae; Secretions of the mouth and nose.
infection.

Serum amylase determination, complement fixation test,

What are the diagnostic tests used for Mumps? hemo-agglutination inhibition test, neutralization test, viral
culture.

Direct contact, indirect contact with articles soiled with

Describe the mode of transmission of Mumps.
nasopharyngeal secretions.

Describe the nursing management strategies for a patient

Includes single-occupancy room, bed rest, eye care, no food
with botulism, including medical aseptic protective care,
restrictions, and warm salt-water gargles.
general disease management, and dietary considerations.

Describe the diagnostic process for botulism, including stool

Stool and food culture, EMG for nerve response, mouse-
culture, food culture, electromyography and mouse-
inoculation test for confirmation.
inoculation test.

What are the potential complications of botulism? Aspiration, permanent weakness, death.

List the treatment modalities for botulism, including

Botulinus antitoxin, IV fluids, nasogastric tube, intubation.
botulinus antitoxin and respiratory support.

What nursing considerations are important for patients with Food history, respiratory/cardiac monitoring, neuro checks,
botulism, including monitoring and education? hygiene education.

Describe the suggested on-call actions for suspected Admit to hospital, obtain food history, identify at-risk
botulism cases. individuals, inform authorities.
 Define amoebiasis and its progression from the colon to
Protozoal infection spreading via lymphatic dissemination.
other organs like the liver and lungs.

Identify the etiologic agent of amoebiasis and its two stages. Entamoeba histolytica, cyst and trophozoites forms.

What are the common sources of infection and modes of

Contaminated food/water, flies, fecal-oral, oral-anal.
transmission for amoebiasis?

Describe the incubation period and period of Incubation: 3 days for severe infections, 2-4 weeks on
communicability of amoebic dysentery. average. Communicable until cysts in stool.

Acute: diarrhea with blood-streaked mucus, gaseous

What are the clinical manifestations of acute and chronic
distension, nausea. Chronic: diarrhea, weight loss, bloody
amoebic dysentery?
mucoid stool.

Stool exams for cysts, blood exams for leukocytosis,

Explain the diagnostic procedures for amoebic dysentery.
sigmoidoscopy.

Metronidazole (Flagyl) 800mg TID x 5 days, Tetracycline,

How is amoebic dysentery managed medically?
Ampicillin, Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol.

What nursing interventions are important for patients with Isolation precautions, proper stool specimen collection, skin
amoebic dysentery? care, hygiene, comfort, diet fluid.

Health education, fly control, sanitary feces disposal, safe

Describe the prevention strategies for amoebic dysentery.
water, proper food handling, carrier detection and treatment.

Schistosoma japonicum in the Philippines and China,

Describe the causative agents of schistosomiasis and their Schistosoma mansoni in South America, the Caribbean,
respective endemic regions. Africa, and Arab Middle East, Schistos haematobium in Africa
and the Middle East.
 What are the sources of infection for schistosomiasis? Stool and urine of infected persons or animals.

Contaminated water ingestion, skin penetration, intermediary

Explain the modes of transmission for schistosomiasis.
host Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi.

What are the clinical manifestations of schistosomiasis in the Pruritic rash ('swimmers itch') 24 hours post cercariae
1st stage? penetration.

Describe the clinical manifestations of schistosomiasis in the Bloody mucoid stools, Katayama Fever with fever, headache,
2nd stage. cough, chills, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly.

Liver cirrhosis, bleeding esophageal varices, bladder cancer,

Explain the complications associated with schistosomiasis. pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, ascites, renal failure,
cerebral schistosomiasis.

Fecalysis, liver and rectal biopsy, ELISA, Circumoval

What are the diagnostic procedures for schistosomiasis?
precipitation test (COPT).

Praziquantel for 6 months: 1 tab 2x a day for 1st 3 months,

How is schistosomiasis managed pharmacologically? then 1 tab a day for next 3 months; alternative:
Ovamniquine.

Describe the nursing interventions for sexually transmitted

TSB, skin care, comfort provision, proper nutrition.
infections as outlined in the module.

What are the prevention and control measures for sexually Reduce snail density, proper waste disposal, control of stray
transmitted infections according to the module? animals, health education.

Symptoms range from no symptoms to organ damage; tests

Describe the clinical manifestations of syphilis and the
include Dark Field Illumination, FTA-ABS, VDRL, and CSF
diagnostic tests used for its identification.
analysis.
 What are the treatment modalities for syphilis and the Treatment includes Penicillin G, Tetracycline, Doxycycline;
nursing considerations to keep in mind? emphasize completing treatment and universal precautions.

How can syphilis be prevented and controlled according to Report cases, control prostitution, require sex worker check-
the provided content? ups, provide proper sex education.

Define trichomoniasis and its etiologic agent, mode of Caused by Trichomonas vaginalis; transmitted sexually or
transmission, and incubation period. indirectly; incubation period of 5 to 21 days.

Females have discharge, itching, soreness; males experience

What are the clinical manifestations of trichomoniasis in
itching, painful urination, discharge; diagnosed via
females and males, and how is it diagnosed?
microscopic slide, culture, physical exam.

Describe the treatment options for trichomoniasis and

Treat with Metronidazole, Tinidazole; complication can
mention a potential complication associated with the
include cervical cancer.
infection.

Describe the nursing considerations for a patient with

Standard precautions, specimen collection for culture, avoid
Chlamydia, including precautions, specimen collection, and
alcohol with metronidazole.
medication instructions.

Cervical erosion, mucopurulent discharges, dyspareunia,

What are the clinical manifestations of Chlamydia in
abdominal pain, chills, fever, dysuria, urinary frequency,
patients?
painful scrotal swelling, diarrhea, tenesmus.

How is Chlamydia diagnosed and what are the treatment Diagnosed by culture or nucleic acid probe, treated with
options available? tetracycline, erythromycin, or azithromycin.

Define the complications associated with Chlamydia Sterility, prematurity, stillbirths, infant pneumonia, eye
infection. infections in infants.

Standard precautions, HIV testing, assess newborns, inform

What are the key nursing management practices for patients
sexual contacts, complete antibiotics, practice hygiene,
with Chlamydia?
prevent eye contamination.
 Etiologic agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Incubation period: 2
Describe the etiologic agent, incubation period, and mode of
to 5 days. Mode of transmission: Sexual intercourse,
transmission of gonorrhea.
contaminated secretions during birth, fomites.

Females: Often asymptomatic, burning sensation, frequent

What are the clinical manifestations of gonorrhea in females urination, yellowish vaginal discharge. Males: Dysuria,
and males? purulent discharge, rectal infection, urethral inflammation,
prostatitis, pelvic pain.

Complications: Sterility, pelvic infection, epididymitis,

Explain the potential complications of gonorrhea.
arthritis, endocarditis, conjunctivitis, meningitis.

Diagnostic tests: Gram staining, culture of cervical & urethral

What are the diagnostic tests used for gonorrhea?
smear.