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in cattle kept on distillery and brewery dregs. Lead taken in small
quantities in soft water that has run through lead pipes or stood in
leaden cisterns produces in cows and other animals chronic
affections of the kidney. Ellenberger and Hofmeister have produced
the disease experimentally with lead and copper respectively.
Microbian invasions of the kidney that advance slowly like
glanders and tubercle are further causes of chronic nephritis. Other
secondary microbian infections of the kidney are complications of
infectious diseases in other parts, including abscess, pyæmia,
septicæmia, ulcerative endocarditis of the left heart, bronchitis,
pneumonia (Fröhner), and of others less directly in the line of the
circulation, as omphalitis, uterine phlebitis (Lustig), abscess of the
nasal sinuses, bones, and fistulæ (Trasbot).
In other cases the nephritis is evidently a result of the irritation
caused by toxins in process of elimination by the kidneys, as there is
no evidence of a nephritic infection.
In some instances minute emboli originating in the lungs or heart,
become the starting point of the nephritis, which slowly extends by
reason of infection or low condition and special susceptibility.
Disease of the aorta or renal artery may lead to this condition as
noticed by Cadeac and Lustig. Cadeac has also noticed its association
with aneurism of the mesenteric arteries so that the strongylus
(sclerostoma) armatus may be considered as a factor. Again in old
horses and dogs it has been associated with atheroma of the aorta
and renal vessels (Trasbot).
Overfeeding is not without its influence, especially when on animal
food, which charges the kidneys with excreting an excess of the
irritating urea and uric acid, and this is one reason why it is far more
frequent in house dogs than in other domestic animals. When the
meat is already decomposing and putrid there is the added evil of a
quantity of toxins and even of microbes to be eliminated from the
system by the much abused kidneys. Add to these that the dog’s
urine is even in the normal condition more dense and contains more
irritating ingredients than that of herbivora, and that owing to the
slight activity of his perspiratory apparatus he can obtain less relief
from the skin, and we find a substantial ground for the prevalence of
chronic nephritis in this animal.
 Disease of the valves of the right heart or dilatation with
insufficiency of the auriculo-ventricular valves is a potent cause of
nephritis, the reflux of blood into the veins and the increased venous
tension, speedily producing passive congestion and a slow type of
inflammation in the kidney. This factor is especially liable to operate
in dogs, which are particularly obnoxious to rheumatism and
valvular ulceration, and are very subject to nervous cardiac
disorders; in horses that have contracted heaves; and in beef breeds
of cattle which suffer from fatty degeneration of the heart with
dilatation.
The influence of calculi must not be overlooked, whether they are
lodged in the pelvis, the chalices, or the uriniferous tubules. Their
tendency is to induce local irritation and exudation, with fibroid
degeneration and thickening of the walls of the tubules or pelvis and
of the adjacent tissue.
When to one or more of the above conditions there are added
overfeeding or what is worse a low condition from starvation or
unwholesome food (permeated by bacteria or cryptogams or
containing vegetable acids), and when to crown all there are frequent
exposures to cold or wet, we have a vicious combination especially
conducive to kidney trouble.
Habitual retention of urine in mares in harness, in house dogs, or
in horses in railway cars, and violent exertion, or sprains of the back
are among the remaining accessory causes.
Symptoms. These are often slight or obscure, so that not only
owners and attendants but even veterinarians are liable to overlook
them. Loss of flesh, flabbiness of the muscles and a lack of spirit and
energy are among the first symptoms. The horse appears stiff,
especially in his loins and hind limbs, and fails to advance the hind
feet as far under the belly as formerly, and straddles more. When put
to work he is early fatigued and appears unfit for sustained exertion.
His movements are slow and if urged to a trot he may even groan
with every step and quickly settles back to his sluggish pace. If
turned sharply round on himself he does so with difficulty and often
groans. When he is mounted or when the loins are pinched he may
droop to excess. If you come on him lying down, and urge him to rise
he may rise on his fore limbs and sit on his haunches until urged
before he makes any attempt to raise himself on his hind. The dog
may spend most of his time in the kennel, and show little disposition
to run, play or hunt. On the contrary the owner may have to call him
several times before he will come out and then he moves listlessly,
wearily and even weakly.
In all animals the appetite is poor or capricious, and the patient
gradually loses condition, at first slowly and later, after a few weeks
or months, more rapidly. The advance of anæmia is also steadily
progressive.
Dropsical effusion is not uncommon. It is often prominent in the
horse as stocked limbs, but may be absent for a length of time. In
other animals it is more likely to appear later in the disease and
under the chest or abdomen or in one of the internal serous cavities.
Trasbot has found it absent for months in the nephritic dog.
The exploration of the kidney through the flaccid abdominal walls
in small animals, and through the rectum in small horses and cattle,
may reveal renal tenderness and even swelling. If there is a tendency
to frequent passage of urine in small quantities, or to straining
without micturition, the indication is of value.
There may be little or no fever, and, when left at rest, little
evidence of discomfort.
Any indication of urinary trouble, and especially with dropsy,
weakness, flabbiness and anæmia and a subnormal temperature,
should lead to examination of the urine, as a crucial test. A high
density is good ground for suspicion. But this is not constant. In
advanced cases (chronic interstitial nephritis, small white kidney,
atrophic nephritis) it may be 1015 to 1025, in exceptional advanced
cases with polyuria, it may be 1010, 1005, or even 1001. With such a
condition, however, there is great anæmia, pallor of the mucosæ, and
prostration. Tested with nitric acid and heat, the urine throws down
an abundant precipitate of albumen. Under the microscope it shows
a profusion of granular, degenerating epithelial cells, and casts of the
uriniferous tubes.
Progress. The course of the disease is usually slow, extending over
several months, but with a tendency to constant advance. The thirst
increases and the urine increases in amount, clearness and levity.
There may supervene extreme sluggishness, dropsies, anæmia, and
weakness, irritability of the heart, and palpitations on slight exertion.
So long as the heart’s action is strong, elimination may be
maintained and life prolonged for months (in cow, Dickinson), or
years (Friedberger and Fröhner). When the heart’s action becomes
weak, elimination is rendered imperfect and the animal shows
catarrh of the lungs or bowels (common in dogs), local inflammation
of the lungs, pleura or pericardium, or œdemas, or hæmorrhages.
The toxic effect on the nerve centres is shown by stupor or lethargy,
or vertigo. When an abscess forms it is associated with a temporary
rise of temperature (Trasbot). The patient may die in convulsions, in
a state of coma, or by gradually advancing debility and failure of the
heart.
Lesions. In cases of comparatively short standing the kidney is
usually of full size, or somewhat enlarged, with firmly adherent
capsule and rough or even nodular surface. The surface of the cortex
may be red or grayish or parti-colored, pink and gray. The cortical
portion is firm and it may even be attenuated somewhat, while the
medullary portion, naturally lighter, has often grayish streaks
converging toward the hilus. When the gray streaks are scraped with
the knife a serous fluid, mixed with fatty granules or globules, is
obtained. The glomeruli may be still about the normal size with some
increase of the epithelial tuft cells. The tubules contain casts (colloid,
hyaline, granular), and their epithelium normally columnar, are
flattened down to cubes and are swollen, granular or fatty.
In cases of older standing the connective tissue has usually
undergone a marked increase. The capsule is thick, dense and
adherent. The cortical substance is shrunken with a great increase of
the fibrous elements, and the same holds true of the medullary
portion. In consequence of this, even in the cortical substance the
white or gray color predominates. The parenchymatous tissue
(glomeruli, tubules) have greatly shrunken. In connection with the
contraction of the forming fibrous hyperplasia, there is a general
shrinkage of the kidney in size, it may be to one-half its original
volume. Trasbot reports a case of nephritis, of 8 months standing, in
the dog, with a kidney half the normal size. In the end the
parenchyma may have practically disappeared, and the kidney may
have shrunken to a small, firm, white, fibrous mass. Abscess of the
kidney is exceptionally met with (Laurent, Lafosse).
 Lesions of distant organs are not uncommon. Bronchitis,
pneumonia, pleurisy, insufficiency of the tricuspid or mitral valves,
dilated heart, hypertrophied or fatty heart, congested or fibroid liver,
arteritis, and dropsies are among such morbid conditions.
Prognosis. This is almost always unfavorable. Death may be
delayed for months or years, and partial transient recoveries may
take place but a restoration to normal structure and function is not to
be looked for.
Treatment. This cannot be expected to be much more than
palliative. The avoidance of overwork, and of the exposure to cold
and wet, and the securing of a free action of the skin by warm
buildings and clothing, are essential. The diet should be easily
digested and non-stimulating, for herbivora green food, carrots,
roots, apples, silage, with a moderate allowance of oats to counteract
weakness and anæmia; and for carnivora, milk, buttermilk, mush
made of oat, wheat or barley meal, with, if necessary, a slight
allowance of tender raw meat. Tonics fill a similar need. Iron and
bitters may be combined. Or hydrochloric acid or nitromuriatic acid
with bitters (nux, calumba, salicin, quassia) may be tried. These
acids are especially valuable when the case has originated in or is
maintained by calculi, indigestion or hepatic disorder. When the
heart is defective in tone, it may be stimulated by small doses of
digitalis, strophanthus, sparteine, caffein, or nitro-glycerine, or to a
certain extent by strychnia or nux. These, however, must be used
with judgment, if it is found that they aggravate the case by
increasing the arterial tension. In those cases in which there is an
excessive secretion of watery urine, the possible source of this in
musty aliment should be avoided, and the flow checked by nux
vomica, in moderate doses, and bromide or iodide of potassium in
full doses. When, on the other hand, the urine becomes scanty and
dense, the great danger of a toxic action must be met by agents that
favor excretion. Pure water at will is perhaps the least objectionable
of such agents, but potassium or sodium acetate or citrate, or even
sodium chloride, in weak solution, may be given. In some cases
benefit will come from a moderate use of the balsam of copiaba, or
the leaves of buchu, which may improve the tone of the secretory
elements. The most promptly effective of these agents is pilocarpin
(Friedberger and Fröhner), but it has the serious drawback of
inducing profuse and dangerous depletion and debility. Yet in careful
hands, and with good cardiac tone, it may often be used to
advantage.
Fomentations over the loins, warm baths and mustard
embrocations, may at times be beneficial. Attempts have been made
to check the hyperplasia by the use of arsenic, mercury or the
compounds of iodine, but their use in such cases is based on theory
rather than accomplished results.
 HYPERTROPHY OF THE KIDNEY.

Hypertrophy of both kidneys has not been recorded in domestic

animals. On the other hand the extraordinary development of one in
compensation for the loss or atrophy of the other is not uncommon.
In this the organ follows the general law of adaptation, seen in the
double symmetrical organs (testicle, etc.) and the more so that its
functional activity is indispensable to life. Among causes are:
blocking of an ureter by calculus, worms, neoplasm, nephritic
abscess, gangrene, etc. The enlargement of the remaining kidney is a
vicarious act and essentially a physiological one.
If compensation is perfect, it may be impossible to detect
symptoms apart from those of the primary disease.
Prognosis. Life is endangered in case of any subsequent kidney
disease.
 ATROPHY OF THE KIDNEY.

Result of hyperplasia of connective tissues and compression and absorption of

parenchyma. Unilateral or partial. Causes: chronic productive inflammation,
calculus in tubes, ureter, or pelvis, tumor, retention cyst, embolism. Lesions:
sclerosis of kidney, firmness, pallor, anæmia, lack of glomeruli and tubules, cysts,
congenital, urinous retention, colloid. Symptoms: reduced secretion, palpation of
kidney. Treatment: Prevention: arrest conditions, abundance of water, succulent
food, parasiticides, operation on cysts, counteract nephritis.

Unlike hypertrophy, this is constantly the result of a pathological

process. So long as a normal functional activity of the secreting
elements is carried on, such parts must maintain their size and
healthy characters. But with the compression of such secreting
elements (glomeruli and convoluted tubes) by a hyperplasia of
connective tissue, by pressure from without or from the damming
back of the urine in the pelvis and tubes, the secretory elements are
absorbed and removed, and the final result is a general atrophy. If
such atrophy appears in both kidneys at once it can only be very
partial in extent, as extreme atrophy of both, with loss of their
secretory function, would entail poisoning and death from the
retained urinary products. The comparative frequency of the disease
may be inferred from the reports of the numbers of specimens found
by Barrier and Moussu in old horses in the dissecting rooms. The
latter observed a dozen cases in a single winter, other examples are
recorded by Cadeac (horse), Soula (swine) and Trasbot (in various
animals).
Causes. The most common source of the condition is the
occurrence of chronic productive inflammation. The new product in
such cases, if not pus, or a growth that rapidly passes into fatty or
granular degeneration, or into gangrene, tends to form tissue of a
low organization, especially fibrous. The resulting increase of the
fibrous trabeculæ, in undergoing subsequent contraction necessarily
compresses the secretory tissue and the final result is a visible and, it
may be, extreme wasting. Hence any slowly advancing productive
inflammation is liable to result in absorption and removal of the
kidney parenchyma, and distinct atrophy of the gland.
Again the obstruction of the ureter by a calculus in the pelvis
which falls into the infundibuliform entrance, or a stone arrested at
any part of the duct (or even of the urethra) or by worms, hydatids,
cysts or tumors, throws back on the kidney the secreted urine, which
distending the pelvis and uriniferous tubes leads to direct
compression and absorption of the secretory parenchyma. Direct
compression of the kidney by an adjacent tumor will act in a similar
manner. Retention cysts by their gradual increase and augmenting
pressure cause absorption of the gland tissue.
The blocking of individual uriniferous tubules by minute calculi,
which is so often seen in cattle, kept on dry feeding in winter, is a
cause of partial nephritis, and absorption, as noted by Röll.
A somewhat rare cause of atrophy is the diminution of the blood
supply by arteritis and embolism of the renal artery, or by pressure
of tumors on that vessel. Arteritis and blocking suggests at once the
possible agency of the strongylus (sclerostoma) armatus in the horse.
Trasbot records a striking instance of compression of the renal artery
and kidney by an enormous sublumbar melanoma. This occurred in
an aged horse and led to atrophy.
Lesions. In cases due to productive inflammation with sclerosis of
the kidney, the firmness, pallor and bloodlessness of the organ is a
marked feature. When incised it is found to be composed mainly of
fibrous tissue, while the glomeruli and tubuli have to a large extent
disappeared.
If there has been simple lack of circulation the kidney becomes
flaccid, pale and small in size. The secretory elements (glomeruli and
uriniferous tubes) are first absorbed, leaving the fibrous network,
which tends to shrink and form a hard resistent mass. In extreme
cases there may be absolutely no glandular tissue left, and the dense
shrunken mass represents only the hyperplasia of the original
fibrous network. In the different successive stages of this process the
glomeruli and tubules become flattened, the epithelial cells become
granular, or contain colloid casts and refrangent elements like oil
globules and finally they are represented by a small mass of fibrous
material.
Of all the atrophies caused by the pressure of tumors perhaps that
caused by cysts is the most characteristic. There may be a single cyst
or they may be multiple; they may range in size from a pea to the size
of the two fists the total size exceeding that of the normal kidney. In
all such cases the cysts project visibly from the surface of the organ.
They vary according to their origin and nature. Congenital cysts are
said to have resulted from distension by retained urine of the capsule
of the glomerulus. The arterial tuft is atrophied and flattened against
the wall. Serous cysts with clear contents are found in the old.
Urinous cysts again form by distension of the tubules that are
obstructed by cysts or minute calculi. Colloid cysts are found in
certain forms of nephritis formed by the dilatation of the capsule of
the glomerulus or of the uriniferous tubules. The liquid often
contains leucin, tyrosin and cholesterine. In all such cases the walls
of the cyst become thick, and the glandular parenchyma is
compressed leading to progressive degeneration and atrophy.
Symptoms of atrophy of the kidney are necessarily those of
suppression of urine, with, in certain cases, the passage of casts of
the uriniferous tubes and of crystals of salts. There are, however, no
absolutely pathognomonic symptoms. When the kidney can be
reached through the flaccid walls of a comparatively empty
abdomen, or through the rectum, its hard, shrunken condition may
assist in diagnosis.
Treatment is not successful in advanced cases. Prevention is to be
sought by obviating or treating the conditions on which the atrophy
depends. Nephritis must be treated on general principles. Calculi
must be avoided by a liberal supply of water, by soiling, or by
pasturage. Strongylus parasitism should be dealt with by destroying
the parent worms in the bowels, and by securing pure drinking water
free from their eggs and embryos. Cysts, and tumors are only
amenable to surgical measures and not often open even to these.
 FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE KIDNEY:
STEATOSIS OF THE KIDNEY.

Causes: age, overfeeding, idleness, atony, retention of urine. Lesions: kidney

enlarged, pale yellow, capsule loose, cut surface glistening unctuous, oil globules in
scrapings, granules soluble in ether. Symptoms: in idle, overfed, obese, improved
meat producing breeds, closely confined, starchy or saccharine food, fatty granules
in urine, finally dropsies, anæmia, debility, sluggishness. Prognosis unfavorable in
advanced stage. Treatment: butcher, restricted regimen, open air exercise,
nitrogenous diet, crossing, diuretic food or drugs, oil of turpentine, balsam
copiaba. Palliation only.

Fatty degeneration of the kidneys is by no means unknown in the

domestic animals. It has been observed in dogs and cats (Rogers,
Goubaux, Vulpain, Trasbot). In dogs it has been erroneously set
down as a characteristic lesion of rabies. Like fatty degeneration of
other organs, it is also met with in old and overfed individuals of
meat producing breeds of animals, in which the tendency to early
maturity and rapid and excessive fattening has been fostered from
generation to generation. In man small, granular, fatty kidney is a
common result of chronic parenchymatous nephritis, and often
coincides with fatty liver. Chronic poisoning by arsenic or
phosphorus is another cause, as it is of fatty degeneration in other
organs.
Vulpain has attributed it to a lack of active exertion and of general
tone, associated with excessive amylaceous feeding, sluggish, shallow
breathing and tardy elimination. Goubaux and Trasbot attach great
importance to the compulsory retention of urine in house dogs, cats
and horses. The damming back of the urine in the convoluted tubes
and glomeruli, temporarily arrests secretion, and the inactive and
compressed cells tend at once to granular and fatty degeneration.
 Lesions. The gland is sensibly increased in size, and pale, yellowish
or straw yellow. The capsule is easily detached from the cortical
substance, contrary to what is the case in chronic productive
inflammation. The cortical substance is increased in thickness, and
pale, the pallor being largely in ratio with the duration or extent of
the fatty degeneration. The cut surface may be glistening and
unctuous to the touch. It is softer than usual, rather friable, and if
scraped, furnishes a serous or grayish pulp in which oil globules are
prominent features, together with granular epithelium and free
granules that dissolve readily in ether. Tubules are varicose and
unequal at different parts. The medullary portion has undergone
little change. It may be paler at certain points, with some shrinking
of its substance and increase of firmness.
Symptoms. As a rule the disease occurs in pampered, overfed and
obese animals, and in those of the improved breeds which have great
power of digestion, assimilation and fattening. It is especially to be
looked for after close confinement on full, stimulating, amylaceous
diet. Symptoms are not usually recognized during life. There is,
however, a lessening of the urinary secretion, and, as the disease
advances, albuminuria. When examined microscopically this is
found to contain characteristic elements, such as granular epithelial
cells, the granules soluble in ether, oil globules, and at times crystals
of cholesterine (Beale). A diagnosis based on the mere presence of oil
globules may, however, be fallacious, as these may be present in
animals that have just been heavily fed on oleaginous food, and again
the oil used to smear the catheter may float in the urine and prove
misleading. Under such circumstances vaseline or glycerine may be
substituted on the catheter. Scriba induced fatty urine by injecting
fat or oil emulsion into the blood, and Chabrie by ligating the large
intestine. Trasbot says that cylindroid casts may be present. As in
other grave kidney affections, dropsies supervene as the disease
advances. These may show in the limbs, in the abdomen, or in other
serous cavities. A steadily advancing anæmia with pallor of the
mucosæ, listlessness, weakness, debility and sluggishness are to be
noted.
Prognosis. Since the disease is rarely diagnosed until it has
reached an advanced stage, it usually progresses steadily to a fatal
issue. If, however, it can be detected at an earlier stage, it may be
palliated, or held in abeyance, for a length of time varying with the
extent of the lesions. As it is very largely a disease of meat producing
animals and as the subject is at first in a condition of marked obesity,
it can usually be turned over to the butcher without material loss.
Treatment. If the disease has resulted from the inbred propensity
to fattening, the family that shows the disposition must be subjected
to a somewhat different regimen, open air exercise must take the
place of confinement in warm stables, a rather bare pasturage is
valuable for herbivora, and a restricted diet in which the oleaginous,
saccharine, and amylaceous constituents do not predominate, is
strongly indicated. Crossing with a strange male having many of the
desirable qualities of the herd, but which is more vigorous may be
resorted to. When the secretion of urine becomes scanty an
abundance of pure water, or a diet of succulent grass or roots or
ensilage or even small doses of alkaline diuretics may be resorted to.
Any source of arsenic or phosphorus poisoning should be cut off, and
as an antidote to phosphorus, oil of turpentine may be given in small
doses. This agent may, indeed, replace the alkalies as a diuretic,
bringing in an element of tone for the mucosa which is not to be
despised. Or balsam of copaiba or buchu leaves may be substituted.
When the small white kidney (granular, fatty) results from chronic
nephritis, the prevention and treatment would be as for that disease.
Little hope is to be entertained of entire restoration to health.
 AMYLOID KIDNEY. LARDACEOUS OR WAXY
KIDNEY.

This condition of the kidney has been found in the ox (Gerlach)

and dog (Rabe, etc.). There are usually similar degenerative lesions
in the liver, pancreas, intestines and other organs. It is usually a
concomitant of some chronic wasting disease (chronic nephritis,
tuberculosis, etc.).
Morbid Anatomy. The kidney is usually enlarged, pale and on
section waxy or glistening. Soaked in dilute compound tincture of
iodine it shows spots of a walnut or mahogany brown color. The
glomeruli are well marked and show the earlier changes, later the
tubes do so excepting the epithelium. The latter is swollen, granular,
fatty.
Symptoms. There may have been those of chronic nephritis. Rabe
has noticed in dogs dropsy of the limbs, ascites, emaciation,
anorexia, followed by uræmia, coma, weakness, vomiting, and if the
kidney alone was affected great lowering of temperature (35.9°C).
With hepatic complication there was greater weakness, giddiness,
and higher temperature (39.6°C). Urine is usually increased (in man
albuminous) and the casts have shown the anyloid reaction. They
tend to be fatty or finely granular. Casts may, however, show anyloid
reaction when the kidney, post mortem, does not (Jaksch).
Diagnosis from Bright’s disease is often impossible.
Treatment is essentially the same as in chronic nephritis, and is
not hopeful.
Trasbot recommends KI 3 to 7 grs., or tinct of iodine 3 drops for
shepherd dog. Ol. terebinth and alkaline diuretics are also
commended.
 RENAL CALCULUS.

This is much more common than is supposed. Small calculi formed

in the tubuli uriniferi of cattle on dry winter feeding often pass
without recognition, and habitually disappear on rich spring and
summer grass.
If retained in the pelvis until increasing size forbids their passage
through the ureter they form pelvic calculi.
If retained in the bladder so that they cannot enter the urethra
they form cystic calculi.
Pelvic calculi or concretions are often (in cattle and swine) mere
scales lying in chalices. They may fill the whole pelvis and send
branching processes into chalices.
Causes. They are attributed to phosphaturia, lithæmia or uric acid
diathesis, oxaluria, etc. In cattle they are associated with dry feeding
and are common on all magnesian limestone soils. There are usually
catarrh of the kidney and the presence of bacterial ferments and
colloids (pus, albumen, etc.). (Sharing and Ord.) Calculi or gravel is
preceded by renal catarrh, but this is aggravated by the crystalline
deposit. Bacteria act also in producing NH3O, which instantly
precipitates ammonio-magnesian phosphate. Retention of urine
greatly favors the precipitation.
Symptoms. A white or brownish yellow deposit in the last urine
discharged collects on the floor. Cloudy urine. Passage of crystals—
round—or angular. Colic. Lameness in one or both hind limbs.
Arched back. Sensitive loins. Pain paroxysmal. Attempts to urinate.
Little passed but often with drops of blood. Sudden relief when the
calculus enters the bladder.
Retained in the kidney it may cause no suffering in meat
producing animals, but in horses it usually causes stiffness or
lameness especially under violent effort. Also hematuria; blood
globules are found in the deposit when placed under the microscope.
There may be sepsis and specially cloudy offensive urine.
Diagnosis: May be confounded with renal tuberculosis, or sarcoma
or oxaluria. Examine for bacillus, small cells, or oxalate of lime or
oxalic acid.
Prophylaxis. In the early stages give succulent, watery food,
ensilage, roots, potatoes, spring grass, and water ad libitum.
Treatment. Salt may tempt the patient to drink. Nitro-muriatic
acid is a solvent and antiseptic. Or alkalies with salicylate of soda.
Also tonics. Quiet pain by morphia and other anodynes. Use
piperazine.
These failing, an operation on the kidney may be considered.
 HYDRO-NEPHROSIS.
A common result of calculus or other obstruction, causing
increasing pressure of urine in the pelvis and absorption of the
parenchyma, and finally leaving a mere urinous sac.
 RENAL TUMORS.

1. Non-malignant: Fibroma.
Lipoma.
Angioma.
Adenoma.
Papilloma.
2. Malignant: Sarcoma.
Carcinoma.
 RENAL PARASITES.
Echinococcus: Herbivora, Omnivora.
Bilharzia Crassa: Egyptian cattle.
Strongylus Gigas: Horse, ox, dog, man.
(Cysticercus Tenuicollis: Ruminants: Pig).
Tænia serrata: Dog. Pelvis.
Sclerostoma equinum: (renal arteries, kidney pelvis), soliped.
Stephanurus dentatus: Pig, (pus cavities).
Trichosoma plicata: (Urinary bladder), dog.
T. felis: (Cat), bladder.
Indetermined embryos: Kidneys, dog; small tumors.
Cytodites nudus: Kidneys; hens.
Œstrus, (Gast. Hemorrhoidalis): Bladder walls: horse.
Mucorimyces: Kidneys; dog.
Coccidia: Kidney, Horse, dog, goose.
 INJURIES OF THE URETERS.

Lesions by bullets, arrows, stabs, bruises and lacerations in parturition, treads,

wheels, tumors, ulcers, calculi, tubercles, parasites. Course. Pathology: transverse
division may cause hydronephrosis, or septic peritonitis. Symptoms: uncertain,
traumatism, bloody urine, arched, stiff, tender loins, straining, recumbency,
groaning in turning or rising, rectal palpation of distended ureter, of ascitic fluid,
pitting on pressure of loin, flank or groin, liquid drawn through a cannula is
urinous, urine still discharged by normal channel. Crystals in urine, worm ova.
Treatment: compresses, fomentations, sinapisms, anodynes, balsams,
antispasmodics, extraction of calculus, lateral implantation of urethra.

From their deep and protected position it might be plausibly

concluded that the ureters were secure against every kind of
traumatism. This however, is not the case, since in both man and
animals they have been known to have been injured by bullet
wounds, arrow wounds, and stab wounds of various kinds. In
dystokia with laceration of the womb, vagina or bladder the ureter is
liable to be injured. By blows and kicks it may even be ruptured or
torn across, and also by sudden and severe mechanical compression
of the abdomen as when run over by a wagon or trodden on by a
horse, ox, or other large animal. Tumors of various kinds may grow
in, or press upon the ureter, ulcers with thick indurated margins or
base may obstruct the passage, or calculi, or worms may block and
give rise to overdistension and even rupture. Kopp describes
obstruction by multiple calculi with saccular dilation in front, close
to the kidney in a cow. Cadiot records cases of thickening of the
mucosa by numerous cysts as small as hempseed. Intra-abdominal
tumors of the spermatic cord have been known to block the passage.
Again tubercles have formed on the urethra, and polypi on the
trigonum vesicæ have blocked the ureter and produced all the evil
consequences of calculus, parasites, etc.