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selfexplanatory.2022
Saba Parvin Haque
M.Sc. Life Sciences
(Specialization in Neurobiology)
from “Sophia College”
(Autonomous), Mumbai.
EFFECT OF GUT MICROBIOME ON
What is Schizophrenia?

Source: https://youtu.be/H1blxu9S94s
 Who is affected?
1. Schizophrenia affects about 1% of
the population.
2. Several studies indicate that the
incidence of schizophrenia is
higher in men.
3. In women usually occurs between
25-35 years of age and in men
usually occurs between 15-25
years of age.
4. 3.5 million Americans have
schizophrenia.
Types of Schizophrenia
What causes Schizophrenia?

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/1vfca6JX6XWFd9A47 Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/iQvSa8HN2TkzyWJE7

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/iQvSa8HN2TkzyWJE7
Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/iQvSa8HN2TkzyWJE7
 Symptoms: 1. Positive Symptoms
1. Delusion
2. Hallucination
3. Thought Disorder
4. Movement disorder
All Schizophrenia
affected persons are
Dangerous to
themselves or others.
Violent Behavior
Symptoms: 2. Negative Symptoms
Symptoms: 3. Cognitive Symptoms
Symptoms: 4. Affective Symptoms

Source: (Morrissette & Stahl, 2011)

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/oVXR8CzoG9FxyVfP6
 Ref: (Munawar et al., 2021)

Figure: Symptoms, factors involved, and current therapeutics in schizophrenia. A combination of genetics,
epigenetics, environmental factors, including gut microbiota, resulting in the prognosis of the illness.
Schizophrenia involves variable symptoms having limited therapeutic options. On the left side of the figure, solid
arrows indicate the potential etiology (genetics, epigenetics and gut microbiota dysbiosis) of schizophrenia and
the dotted arrows are representing bi-directional relation of gut microbiota in health and disease.
Gut Microbiota and Its Significance

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/qK3HcHC4PFBak6hU8 Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/59HAG1YFgiksxEU98

Gut Microbial Diversity, Dysbiosis, and CNS

Figure: Gut microbial dysbiosis-related disorder

Ref: (Munawar et al., 2021)
 Ref: (Munawar et al., 2021)

Figure: Communication between the gut microbiota and brain in schizophrenia. (A): (1) Junk food, frequent use of drugs, lack of exercise result in gut
microbial dysbiosis. (2) Gut microbial dysbiosis means alteration in gut microbial species. (3) Decrease in healthy gut microbiota and increase in
pathogenic species. (4) Direct influence of altered gut microbes causes the hypoactivity of NMDA and BDNF receptors. (5) Hypoactivity of NMDA and
BDNF receptors results in damaged synapsis, neurological impairments, and increased intestinal membrane permeability as indicated by solid
arrows. Consequently, abolishment of spinogenesis, gastritis, enteritis, colitis, and irritable bowel syndrome occurs (indicated by dotted arrows). (6)
Altered microbial products such as indole propionic acid (IPA), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). (7) Anomalous
expression of microbial products leads to dysfunction of the intestinal barrier as well as induces autoimmunity and neuroinflammation. (B): Normal
gut microbiota is crucial to maintain the gut–brain axis.
Potential Therapeutics
Psychotherapy involves:
(i) individual psychotherapy,
(ii) cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) or
(iii) cognitive enhancement therapy https://images.app.goo.gl/MFTZjnjTBD2wsT3r9

(CET)

Antipsychotic Medications:
• Olanzapine (zyprexa)
• Risperidone (risperdal)
• Quetiapine (seroquel)
• Ziprasidone (geodon)
Ref: (Munawar et al., 2021)
 Ref: (Munawar et al., 2021)

Figure: Types, mechanism of action, and side effects of first-generation and second-
generation antipsychotics.
Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/iQvSa8HN2TkzyWJE7
 References
• Akhondzadeh S. (2019). Microbiome and Schizophrenia. Avicenna journal of medical biotechnology, 11(4), 269.
• Aneja, J., Singhai, K., & Paul, K. (2018). Very early-onset psychosis/schizophrenia: Case studies of spectrum of presentation and management issues. Journal of family
medicine and primary care, 7(6), 1566–1570. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_264_18
• Graham, L., Marshall, M., & Oritz, R. (2016). Neurobandits : a runaway dopamine molecule that can ’ t be stopped.
• Home. (2024, April 18). https://www.who.int/
• Health News - Medical News Today. (n.d.). https://www.medicalnewstoday.com
• Home. (2024a, April 18). The Pharmaceutical Journal. https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/
• Kelly, J. R., Minuto, C., Cryan, J. F., Clarke, G., & Dinan, T. G. (2021). The role of the gut microbiome in the development of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research,
234, 4–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.02.010
• Munawar, N., Ahsan, K., Muhammad, K., Ahmad, A., Anwar, M. A., Shah, I., al Ameri, A. K., & al Mughairbi, F. (2021). Hidden Role of Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in
Schizophrenia: Antipsychotics or Psychobiotics as Therapeutics? International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(14), 7671. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147671
• Morrissette, D. A., & Stahl, S. M. (2011). Affective symptoms in schizophrenia. Drug Discovery Today. Therapeutic Strategies, 8(1–2), 3–9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ddstr.2011.10.005
• NIMH » Home. (2024, April 18). Y. https://www.nimh.nih.gov
• The role of the gut microbiome in the development of schizophrenia. (2021, August 1). ScienceDirect. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0920996420300864
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