JC Social Studies Revision Book 1 Final 2021 March - 10

JC: Social Studies Revision Notes Book 1
JUNIOR CERTIFICATE PROGRAMME
SOCIAL STUDIES REVISION NOTES
BOOK 1
1 ©BOU 2021
Acknowledgements
This revision booklet is a product of many people who worked hard to see it ready for use by
Botswana Open University (BOU) learners. BOU wishes to acknowledge contributions from the
following:
Subject Specialist Programme Developer

Jane Dikinya
Writers
Oteng. P. Molefe
Kgomotso. P. Balisi
Content Editor
Obenne Kepaletswe
Editor
Unopa Tomeletso
Graphic Designer
Masole Otukile
2 ©BOU 2021
Course Overview
Hello learners and welcome to Botswana Open University. Social Studies is the study of the
relationship between human beings and the environment, the past, present and the future. It is a
subject made up of content from many disciplines such as History, Political Science, Law,
Civics, Geography and Economics, among others. Social Studies takes into consideration the
problems and benefits of living in a society with different cultures and different ways of
thinking.
The Junior Secondary Social Studies builds on the foundation provided by the Lower Primary
Cultural Studies and the Upper Primary Social Studies. It lays the foundation for learners who
intend to study History, Geography, Development Studies and Social Studies at Senior
Secondary level.
Aims of the Junior Secondary Social Studies Programme
On completion of the three years of Junior Secondary Social Studies, learners should have:
1. Developed interest in the application of information technology

2. Acquired the skills and attitudes required for the country’s socio-economic and political
development
3. Acquired a culture of peace and tolerance
4. Developed an understanding of Botswana’s social, political, and economic environment
and that of the world around them
5. Developed an appreciation of the historical events leading to the birth of the nation
6. Acquired a national identity and demonstrated a sense of patriotism and good citizenship
Course Structure
The course content is covered in three (3) revision booklets, namely:
Revision Booklet 1: covers map reading and research skills in which learners are expected to
interpret and read maps as well as manage information. Learners also cover topics that will
enable them to know and understand the importance of using natural, human, and economic
resources sustainably.
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Revision Booklet 2: Learners study human evolution and Botswana’s historical events that led
to nation building. Covers Botswana’s political, social, cultural, and economic developments.
Learners develop an understanding of civil rights and responsibilities.
Revision Booklet 3: Covers Botswana’s economic activities. These are activities which deal
with the production of goods and services. Economic sectors covered in this booklet include
agriculture, tourism, mining, and other services that drive the economy.
Teaching Learning Approach
To help you study and understand the course, the study material has been divided into three
revision booklets. Each booklet divided into lessons. Each lesson has a number of activities,
which you must all attempt. These activities do not only help you interact with the material, but
they also test your knowledge and understanding of the lesson content. The lesson content is
written in note form. This is meant to help you go through all the booklets within the short period
of time before you sit for your final exams. The course material has other teaching/learning tools
such as introductions, glossaries of difficult words used in the lesson reference materials and self
check exercise. Answers for the self-assessment exercises are provided at the end of the revision
booklet.
How the Examination Papers are structured
Paper 1 consists of objective test items. These are multiple-choice questions drawn from all
levels (Knowledge to evaluation). Candidates will be required to answer all questions. The
duration of the paper is 1 hour 30 minutes and it carries 37.5% of all the marks in the JC Social
Studies examination.
Paper 2 consists of three sections and candidates are required to answer all questions from each
section. This paper addresses skills that are manipulative in nature. These are short essay
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questions, questions of inference, deduction and logical reasoning. The students would be
required to use tools/references to answer questions. Section C of this paper is made up of
questions that are based on research techniques. The duration of the paper is 2 hours 30 minutes,
and it carries 62.5% of the total marks of the whole examination.
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Revision Book 1
Overview
Welcome to the JCE Social Studies Revision Booklet 1. The first topics will equip you with map
reading and research skills. The topics that follow are about the natural environment of Botswana
and the world at large and the economic activities related to particular environments. We will
therefore look at human impacts on the environment and management practices, which affect
sustainable use of resources. We also will conclude by discussing major environmental issues
with more focus on natural disasters, their impact and mitigation efforts.
Contents list
Lesson 1 Map Reading Skills .................................................................. 7

Lesson 2 Research Skills ......................................................................... 25
Lesson 3 The Physical Environment ....................................................... 36
Lesson 4 Environment and Humanity ..................................................... 47
Lesson 5 The World Physical Environment ............................................ 56
Lesson 6 Climate Change ........................................................................ 73
Lesson 7 International Environmental Issues .......................................... 81
Lesson 8 Settlements in Botswana .......................................................... 90
Lesson 9 Population Studies .................................................................... 99
Answers to Self-assessment Exercises .................................................. 107
References . .............................................................................................. 116
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Map Reading
Lesson 1
Introduction
Map reading is a way of understanding information on a map. In map reading, the reader
develops a mental map of the real world information by processing of symbolised information
shown on a map. The reader will then need to get important information shown in the map such
as direction, distance, natural and man-made features and other topographic features.
Learning Objectives
Learners should be able to:

• identify the attributes of a map
• differentiate a map from a plan, an aerial photograph and a satellite image
• use a map scale to calculate ground distance
• use directions to locate places on a map
• locate features on a map using latitude, longitude and the four figure grid reference
• determine rivers, hills/mountains, cliffs, plateau, depression and flat land on a map
• produce sketch maps from given descriptions
• use basic Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques
1.0 Attributes/Characteristics of a Map
A map is a drawing representing all or parts of the earth surface. The attributes of a map
are:
• Title: tells us what the map is about.
• Scale: it shows the relationship between real life ground distance and distance on the
map.
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• Key/legend: explains the meaning of symbols used on the map.

• Direction: shows where the north is.
2.0 Difference between a Map and a Plan
A plan is a drawing showing how something or parts of something are arranged. The
differences are as follows:
• Maps provide general information while plans give detailed and specific information
about a small area.
• Maps are drawn to a large scale while plans are drawn to a small scale.
2.1 Difference between Maps and Aerial Photographs

An aerial photograph is a photograph taken from the air by a camera flying across an
area. The differences are as follows:
• Map is a drawing made by hand while aerial photograph is a picture taken by
camera above the earth surface.
• Maps only show the information that the map maker wants to show while
aerial photographs show everything that is on the surface at the time the picture
is taken.
2.2 Difference between a Map and Satellite Image (Space Borne

Photographs)
A satellite image is an image taken by a satellite orbiting around the earth. The
differences are as follows:
• Maps only show what the map maker wants to, but satellite images show
everything that is within the lens of satellite camera.
• Maps use symbols to represent features and objects on the earthly surface while
satellite images do not use a key because features in the photographs appear as
they are in reality.
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3.0 Using Map Scale to Calculate Ground Distance
There are three types of map scales, namely:

• Statement/word scale
• Linear/ Bar scale
• Representative Fractional / Ratio scale
3.1 Statement Scale
Statement scale is written in a form of statement or words e.g. one centimetre

represents hundred kilometres.
You are given a map scale of one centimetre represents hundred kilometres on the
ground. Calculate the actual distance on the ground if the measured map distance
between the two places is 10 centimetres. The Answer: (100km x 10 cm =1000km)
Activity 1
Use the scale of 1 cm represent 500 km to find the distance between A and B.
a) A B
b) A B
c) A B
Answers to Activity 1
a) 2000 km
b) 1000 km
c) 3000 km
3.2 Linear scale
It is shown in a form of a line/bar. Figure 1 shows examples of a linear scale.
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Figure 1: Linear Scale
Measuring distance between two points using a linear scale

• Take a piece of paper/ruler.
• Place it along the line that you are measuring.
• Mark each distance and hold along the linear scale.
3.3 Ratio scale/representative fraction scale
It is written in ratio form e.g. 1:20 000. This means that 1cm on the map represent
20 000 cm on the ground. It can also be in a form of a fraction e.g. 1/20 000.
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4.0 Using Direction to Locate Places on a Map
An instrument called a compass is used to give directions. There are four main compass
directions, which are known as cardinal points.
N
W E
S
Between the cardinal points there are Intermediate points.
NW NE
W E
SW SE
S
Figure 2: Compass Points
When giving direction always imagine standing at the place mentioned immediately after
the word from e.g. find the direction of X from T. this means you are at point T and you
tell the direction of X.
NOTE: The North is always at the top of your book.
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Activity 2
Study the map in figure 3 and answer the questions below.
Figure 3
1) In which direction is:

a) Jwaneng from Moshaweng _________________
b) Ramotswa from Otse _________________
c) Magonapitse from Goodhope _______________
d) Gabane from Moshupa _____________________
a) South West
b) North East
c) North West
d) North East
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5.0 Locate on a Map Using Latitude, Longitude and Four

Figure Grid Reference
5.1 Latitudes
These are horizontal line running parallel to the equator line. All latitude lines begin
at the line of Equator, which is 0 degrees (0⁰). The equator line divides the earth into
Northern and Southern hemisphere. Other important latitudes lines are:
• Tropic of Capricorn – 23 1/2 ⁰S (Passes in Botswana near Mahalapye)
• Tropic of cancer – 23 1/2⁰N
• Arctic circle – 66 1/2 ⁰N
• Antarctic circle – 66 1/2 ⁰S
90˚N
80˚
N
60˚N
40˚N
20˚N
NORTH
0˚ TO 90˚ TOR
EQUA
20˚S SOUTH
TO 90˚
40˚S
Figure 4
Source; www.google.com
5.2 Longitudes
These are vertical lines. The zero degrees line (0⁰) longitude is known as the
Greenwich meridian/prime meridian. It divides the earth into eastern and western
hemisphere. All longitude lines meet at the south and north poles.
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150˚E
180˚ 120˚E
150˚W 90˚E
60˚E
120˚W
30˚E
90˚W
60˚W 30˚W 0˚
PRIM
E ME
RIDI
AN
T
EAS 0˚
18
WEST TO
˚
TO 180
Figure 5
• When you locate places using the latitude and longitude lines, always start by giving
the latitude then the longitude.
• The coordinates consist of the degree of angle and the direction of the line e.g. 24◦ S
25◦ E.
• Latitude position is north or south.
• Longitude position is east or west.
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Activity 3
Study the map of Botswana figure 6 and answer the questions that follow.
20º 21º 22º 23º 24º 25º 26º 27º 28º 29º
kasane
18º 18º
Shakawe
19º 19º
Okavango Delta
20º Maun 20º

Tsau Nata
Ramokgwebana
Sehithwa
Lake Ngami Makgadikgadi Pans
21º Rakops 21º
MopipiOrapa Francistown
Tonota
Mmadinare
22º
Ghanzi X Serule Bobonong
22º
Selibe
Serowe Phikwe Sefophe
Manuno
Palapye
23º 23º
Ncojane Mahalapye
Kang
Tshane
24º Letlhakeng 24º
Sekoma Molepolole
Mochudi
Thamaga
Jwaneng Gaborone
Kanye
25º Werda 25º
Lobatse
Ramatlabama
26º Tsabong 26º
Bokspits
20º 21º 22º 23º 24º 25º 26º 27º 28º 29º
Figure 6
Source; www.mapsofworld.com
a) Give the latitude of

Ghanzi _______________
Werda _______________
b) Give longitude of
Mamuno ______________
Serowe _______________
c) Give the latitude and longitude of the following areas:
Kasane _______________
Kang ________________
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a) - 21 S
-25 S
b) - 20 E
-26 E
c) - 17 S,25 E
-23 S,22 E
6.0 Grid Reference

A grid reference is a network of spaced horizontal and vertical lines used to locate places on a
topographic map. The horizontal lines of a grid reference are called Northings because their
number or values increase as one moves northwards. The vertical ones are called Eastings as
their value increases eastwards.
How to locate places using a 4 figure grid reference?
• Start with vertical lines (Eastings)

• Find horizontal lines (Northings)
• The position of any point will be described by the bottom left corner of the point that
you are locating or southwest corner of a square in which a particular point is found.
E.g.
Figure 7
Answer: The position of Y is 4992.
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Activity 4
Study the diagram (figure 8) below and answer questions that follow.
Figure 8
a) Give four figure reference of the following:

a) Hospital _______________
b) School _______________
Answers to activity 4
a) A 0422
b) B 0121
7.0 Determining Landforms on Maps
Landforms: are features such as hills, mountains, rivers, lakes that we find in our own
environment.
Contour lines: are lines drawn on maps joining places of the same height or altitude.
Altitude: the height above sea level and it is shown in metres.
Contour interval/vertical interval: the difference between two adjacent/successive
contour lines. For Example:
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Figure 9 Contour interval
The contour interval is therefore 10.
Hills: a small area of land rising steeply from the surrounding land. The altitude of hills
increases towards the centre of the hill top. The contour lines are circular.
Mountain: a large area of land that rises steeply from the surrounding area. Mountains
have a summit area.
Cliffs: a vertical or almost vertical slope. Its contours are so close to each other. The
contour lines seem like they merge (combine).
For Example:
Figure 10: Cliff
Plateau: is a high ground in an area with a flat top. On a contour map, it is shown by a
large open space at the centre of the contour lines.
For Example:
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Figure 11: Plateau
Depression: is a low laying area shown by contour lines decrease towards the centre.
For Example:
900
850
800
750
Figure 12: Depression
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River valley: is an example of a depression. Rivers flow from high land to a low land. Its
contours lines are v shaped and points towards high land.
For Example:
WaterFall
River valley
860
840
820
800
Figure 13: River Valley
The river in the valley on figure 13 is flowing to the southwest.
Flat land: contour lines of a flat land are very far from each other.
For Example:
100
200
Figure 14: Flat Land
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Activity 6
Study the contour diagram below and identify the physical features.
1 2
1500
1400
1300
1200
2300 1100
2200 1000
2100
2000
3 4
750
800
0
70
0
75 00
7 50
6
0
650 60
600
Figure 15: Contours
Physical feature
a) 1 ________________________________________
b) 2 _________________________________________
c) 3 _________________________________________
d) 4 _________________________________________
a) 1 plateau
b) 2 cliff
c) 3 flat land
d) 4 hill
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8.0 Drawing Sketch Maps from Descriptions
Sketch map is a simple map that shows only the main features of an area and their
location. Features of a sketch map must be labelled clearly so that they can be identified
easily, where symbols are used. Sketch maps can be drawn from memories of descriptions.
For Example: from my house, I follow a road and pass a hospital on my right. I then pass a
bus stop on my left. I ignore the road that turns to the East and turn on the next road that
turns to the West. The road crosses a river that has a bridge. After the river there is a school
on the Northern part of the road where my friend works. See an Example of a Sketch Map
in Figure 16.
Figure 16: Sketch Map
Activity 7
The Water Utilities Corporation office wants to connect a water pipe at your home. Draw a
sketch map showing what route they would take to get to your house.
Answer to Activity 7
Learners will draw a sketch map showing their own route from any government office or
local institutions in their communities to their homes.
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9.0 Basic Geographical Information System (GIS) Techniques
Geographical Information System is a computer-based system used for storing,

analysing and displaying data or information about places and features on the surface of
the earth.
9.1 GIS uses 3 main types of data/ information

• Geographic data is information such as maps, satellite images, aerial photographs,
map features such as rivers, lakes, cities, and locations such as latitude and longitude
of places.
• Statistical data is information in the form of numbers.
• Descriptive data is information which describes features or places such as names,
types and species.
10.0 Glossary
Aerial photograph: These are photographs taken from flying objects.
Latitude line: These are imaginary horizontal lines.
Self-assessment Exercise 1
Duration: 30 minutes Total: 20 Marks
Instructions
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
1. Define the following words:
a) Latitude_____________________________________________________________ [1]
b) Map scale___________________________________________________________ [1]
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c) Grid reference________________________________________________________ [1]
2. What do we call the latitude line that divides the earth into two equal parts?
_____________________________________________________________________ [1]
3. Geographical Information System uses the three types of data, namely:

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ [3]
4. Which unit of measurement is used to measure the height of contour lines?

______________________________________________________________________[1]
5. Differentiate a map from a plan.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[2]
6. List the three types of map scale.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[3]
7. Describe the patterns of contour lines of a mountain.

_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ [3]
8. Describe any two attributes of a map.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ [4]
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Lesson 2
Research Skills
Introduction
Understanding more about an issue requires one to carry out an investigation. There are several
reasons why you carry out a research: to increase our understanding about an issue, to get new
knowledge that can help make our lives better and to get correct information before making
important decisions. There are key components of a research project you need to know about in
order to gather sound information or data. The important components include different ways of
collecting data, methods of analysing and presenting data.
Examinations hints
For the sake of the examinations, students must focus more on describing all components of the
research. They must know the advantages and disadvantages of various methods of data
collection. Questions on research skills mostly appear in paper 2 of the final exam.
Learning Objectives
On completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
• explain the purpose of research

• identify the components of a research project
• explain the different ways of collecting data
• describe methods of analysis and presenting data
• discuss ways of writing a report
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1.0 What is a Research?

A research is a careful study or investigation of an issue or a problem.
1.1 Purpose of research

The purpose of research is to:
• get correct information before making important decisions
• help one identify the causes and possible solutions to problems in the society
• get new knowledge
• increase our understanding about an issue or a problem.
Activity 1
1. In groups of three or on your own, brainstorm on any issue you would like to investigate.
Briefly explain why you would want to investigate that issue.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Answers for Activity 1

1. You may want to find out the causes of an issue, possible solutions for an issue, gain new
knowledge
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1.2 Components of a Research

Component Description
1. Topic This tells us what the project or research is about.

2. Background information This is a description of the research. It gives us detailed
information about the research.
3. Statement of the problem The researcher explains things that caused him or her to
carry out the research.
4. Research aims or These are the things that the researcher wants to find out
objectives (what the researcher intends to achieve).
5. Hypotheses This is a reasonable guess of what one thinks are the
possible answers the research will provide.
6. Literature review The researcher writes the information that is in other
sources, for example. books, newspapers, journals etc.
about his / her topic.
7. Methods of Collecting data • Observation the researcher observes by taking part
– These are the different ways in the activity and writes down his / her experiences.
of collecting data. • Questionnaire the researcher writes questions and
gives them to respondents to answer.
• Documents or written materials these are books,
diaries, or journals that the researcher reads.
• Oral Interview the researcher asks people questions
and they answer orally.
8. Acknowledgements The researcher thanks the people that helped him / her to
carry out the research.
9. Limitations These are the problems that the researcher encountered
when doing the research. For example, harsh climatic
conditions, lack of money for transport, uncooperative
respondents etc.
10. Data analysis Analysis involves describing and comparing facts.
11. Data presentation Data can be presented in the form of tables, pie charts
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and graphs.
A researcher can collect two forms of data:

a) Quantitative data – This is data that is in the form of
numbers. It provides answers to questions of height,
quantity, value etc.
b) Qualitative data – This is data that is in the form of text.
It can be people’s knowledge, attitudes, beliefs etc.
12. Conclusion The researcher summarizes the project.
13. Sample size The total number of respondents the researcher chooses to
collect information from.
14. Recommendations The research states what should be done to correct or
minimise the problem.
15. Bibliography The researcher lists the books that he or she used as
references in the research. These must be written in
alphabetical order. For Example:
1. Maotwe, T. (1998) Principles of Agriculture. Gaborone:
McMillan.
2.0 The Different Ways of Collecting Data

• Interview – this method involves a two way discussion between the researcher and
the respondent. The researcher comes with pre-set questions and asks the respondent
who answers on the spot.
• Questionnaire – consists of written questions which are given to the respondent to
answer on their own.
• Observation – the researcher goes into the field and watches an individual, a group of
people, an event or activity to collect data.
• Document Study – in this method the researcher studies written materials to collect
information concerning the topic under study.
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• Survey – the researcher administers questions (by interview or questionnaire) to a

fraction or representative of the total variables being studied.
NB: Types of interviews

There are three types of interviews, namely:
• Structured interview – The researcher asks the interviewees (respondents) the same
questions and in the same order.
• Unstructured interview – The researcher asks different questions and at no particular
order.
• Semi structured interview – Part of the interview involves set questions and the other
part involves oral interview.
Activity 2
1. State any issue you want to investigate.

_________________________________________________________________________
2. Write down three questions you would like the respondents to answer.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Answers for activity 2

1. Example: The rate of crime in Lobatse town 2018-2019
2. What is meant by crime?

Which criminal activities are committed mostly in Lobatse?
What are the causes of crime in Lobatse?
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2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Methods of Data Collection
Methods of data collection Advantages Disadvantages

Questionnaire . Easy to answer . Easy to be misplaced
. It saves time . Some questions might be
. Respondents can take more returned unanswered.
time to think about the . Questionnaire may not be
questions returned
. Provides cheap means of
collecting data from large
number of people.
Oral interview . Quick to clarify points . Easy to distort information.
(misunderstanding). . More bias
. It is expensive to collect data
from large number of people.
Observation . Gives the researcher . Time consuming
accurate information.
Documentary studies . Cheap means of collecting . Outdated information.
data . Time consuming
2.2 Steps for carrying out a research

• Identify the research topic
• Formulate the research objectives/aims
• Formulate the hypothesis
• Identify methods of data collection.
2.3 Methods of analysing and presenting data

Data Analysis – requires the researcher to interpret the data collected.
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• It involves identifying, describing, and discussing things for example trends,

rates, reasons, averages, modes, medians, distribution, frequency, patterns,
classifications.
Presenting Data
• Presenting Quantitative Data – can be presented using line graph, bar graphs,
pie charts, histograms, tables
• Presenting Qualitative Data – is presented in descriptive paragraphs or
continuous writing. The data can be illustrated with pictures, drawings,
photographs, and pictures.
2.4 Research report

After collecting information and analysing it, the researcher will have to present a
report about his/her research, in the form of writing. The report must include:
• Title
• Acknowledgements
• Table of Contents
• Introduction
• Research Problem
• Research Aims
• Hypothesis
• Research Methods
• Data analysis and presentation of findings
• Conclusion
• Recommendations
• Sources of Information or Bibliography
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Duration: 30 Minutes Total: 30 marks

Instructions
1. Answer all questions.
2. Use black or blue ink only.
Section A: 10 (Marks)
1. Which of the following statements describe a questionnaire?
a) A set of written questions.
b) Asking people questions orally.
c) Observing the situation closely.
d) Asking people questions through word of mouth.
2. Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?
A. Notes form
B. Bar chart
C. Pie Chart
D. Histogram
3. The purpose of a research is
A. To acquire marketing skills
B. To improve individuals writing skills
C. To improve individuals speaking skills
D. To increase our understanding of issues.
4. Which of the following is a component of a research project?
A. Table
B. Findings
C. Histogram
D. Questionnaire
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5. Which of the following statements describe recommendation?

A. Possible solutions to the issue.
B. Summarising the findings of the research.
C. List of all sources of information used during the research.
D. Thanking everyone who provided the researcher with information.
6. What is hypothesis?
A. An intelligent guess.
B. Summary of the research.
C. It is what the research is all about.
D. List of books used during the research.
7. Which of the following is a disadvantage of a questionnaire?
A. Not easy to be displaced.
B. Questionnaire returned unanswered.
C. Questions are always easy to answer.
D. Respondents answer questions during their own time.
8. Which one of the following components of the research provides possible solutions to the
problem?
A. Bibliography
B. Recommendations
C. Acknowledgements
D. Background Information
9. Which of the following statements best describe oral interview?
A. Easy to distort information.
B. Questions written in a piece of paper.
C. Gathering information by watching the situation.
D. Information provided by the respondents is always correct.
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10. Qualitative data is

A. Presented in a line graph.
B. Presented in a histogram.
C. Presented in notes form only.
D. Data in the form of statistics only.
Section B: 20 (marks)
Question 1
Use the information provided to answer question 1 (a-g)
A student at Mowana JSS carried out a research on BGCSE overall percentage (%) of
grades with C or better in Botswana. When carrying out the research she visited different
institutions. The student presented the following findings:
YEARS Overall % of Grades with C or better

2013 27.91%
2012 28.82%
2011 30.86%
2010 32.76%
(a) Suggest an appropriate title for the research.

______________________________________________________________________ [1]
(b) Which data presentation method was used by the researcher?

______________________________________________________________________ [1]
(c) Suggest any three purposes of carrying out the research.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[3]
(d) State one data collection method that could have been used by the researcher
______________________________________________________________________ [1]
(e) Explain other three methods of data collection.
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_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[6]
(f) Outline other three ways of presenting quantitative data other than table.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ [3]
(g) State any three ways in which qualitative data can be presented.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ [3]
(h) Define the following words:
(a) Research
____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ [1]
(b) Hypothesis
____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ [1]
35 ©BOU 2021
Lesson 3
The Physical Environment
Introduction
The overall aim of this topic is to give you a deeper understanding of Botswana's physical
environment and that of the world around. It instills in you an appreciation of the influence of
these physical features on humanity. You will also learn to appreciate the use of natural
resources sustainably or in such a way that they will benefit future generations.
Exam Hints: During examinations, learners are tested on identification of various weather
elements, instruments, their use and their units of measurement. Learners should have
information on types of rainfall such as relief, frontal and convectional rainfall. It is also
important to know how various physical features are formed and their importance to humanity.
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

• discuss various elements of the physical environment
• differentiate between weather and climate
• use weather instruments to measure and record weather elements.
• differentiate between orographic/relief, convergence/frontal and convectional rainfall
• describe the climate of Botswana in relation to major environmental zones, soils and
vegetation types
1.0 Various Elements of the Physical Environment
Physical environment is the natural surrounding where people, plants and animals live.
36 ©BOU 2021
Elements of the physical environment are:
• Soil: a layer of small rock particles and organic matter on the earth’s surface. The
different types of soils found in Botswana include sandy soil, alluvial soil, loamy soil
and clay soil.
• Water: it is found in streams, rivers, dams, ponds, dams, lakes, and seas. Water is
needed by people, plants, and animals to survive.
• Animals: there are domestic and wild animals. Animals can be carnivores (eat meat)
e.g. hyenas, lions or herbivores (eat plants only) e.g. livestock, antelope
• Vegetation: types of vegetation includes trees, grass, and shrubs. The amount of
rainfall and soil type determines the vegetation an area can have.
• Atmosphere: it is the air that surrounds the earth. This air contains some gases such
as oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and ozone.
• Landforms: examples of land forms include rivers, hills, mountains, valleys.
2.0 The Difference between Weather and Climate
Weather: the condition of the atmosphere over a short period of time in a particular place.
Climate: is the condition of the atmosphere over a long period of time in a particular
region.
Activity 1
1. Define the following words:

a) Physical
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
b) Environment
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Name any three elements of the physical environment. [3]
37 ©BOU 2021
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain why water is a necessary part of our physical environment.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
1. a) Anything that one can touch or see.
b) Surrounding in which living things live
2. Soil, Vegetation, Water, Rocks, Air, Animals
3. Because people, animals and plants need water in order to live.
2.1 Weather Elements

Study the table below showing different elements of weather, what they measure, instruments
used, their units of measurement and how they are recorded.
Weather Instrument Unit of What is measured

element measure
Rainfall Rain gauge Mm Rain is water falling from the
clouds.
Rain gauge
13 cm
The rain gauge is placed in an
Funnel open area so that when rain falls
10 MM
directly into it. The rainwater is

1
/2 INCH
50 100
Outer container
45
poured into a measuring
90
40
Copper cylinder
35 cylinder and a recording is
80
30 taken. Rain fall is recorded after

70
24 hours.
25
60
20
50
15
10 40
05 30
Glass Bottle
20
10
(a) Rain gauge (b) Ordinary measuring cyclinder (c) A calibrated taper measure
Temperature Thermometer ̊c How hot or cold the air is
Temperature: thermometers
Figure 1: Rain gauge
used for measuring temperature
are kept in a Stevenson screen
box.
39
38 ©BOU 2021
left bulb right bulb

vacuum
A minimum thermometer has
°C
alcohol
°C mercury and a small metal
-25
-20
40
35 maximum
index, as the atmospheric
-15
-10
30 temperature
25 of 30 °C
temperature rises the mercury
-5
0
metal
20
15
expands and the index rises.
in dices
5
10
10
5
Look at the position of the metal
minimum 20
15 0
-5 index and take a reading of
temperature 25
of 24 °C
30
-10
-15 maximum temperature.
A minimum thermometer has
35 -20
mercury
40 -25
alcohol and a metal index, as the

atmospheric temperature falls,
the alcohol contracts and the
index drops. Look at the
position of the metal index and
take a reading of minimum
temperature.
Wind speed Cup anemometer Km/hr The anemometer cups rotate

when the wind is blowing and
anemometer measures how fast
the cups are rotating
Figure 5: Anemometer
Wind Wind vane Compass The wind vane is used to

measure the direction of the
direction point
wind. The arrows always point
towards the direction from
which the wind is blowing.
S E
W N
Figure 4 Wind vane
Humidity Hygrometer ̊c The Hygrometer measures the

amount of water vapour in the
air.
°C 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
°C 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
wick
(muslin cloth)
A hygrometer is made up of a
water
wet-bulb thermometer and a
dry-bulb thermometer. The
difference in the temperature
readings between the two
39 ©BOU 2021
thermometers is the measure of

humidity.
Cloud cover Eyes, oktas scale Oktas Cloud cover: look at the sky and
observe how much clouds are
covering the sky. An Oktas
scale is used to determine the
amount of cloud cover.
Sunshine Sunshine recorder Hours and Sunshine Recorder measures
long day light last from dawn
minute per
until it becomes dark. It has a
day strip of paper marked with hours
and minutes placed in the glass
ball. As the sun shines through
Figure 9: Sunshine Recorder
the glass ball, it burns the small
line along the paper.
3.0 Types of Rainfall in Botswana
Botswana experiences three types of rainfall, namely:

• Relief
• Convectional
• Frontal
3.1 Relief rainfall/orographic rainfall
The diagram in figure 1 shows how relief rainfall is formed.
Clouds
Cold air descending
Condensation level
Mountains
Moist air rising
sea
Figure
Figure 1: Relief
11: Relief rainfall Rainfall
40 ©BOU 2021
46
• Moist air is forced to rise over hills/mountains.

• As the air rises, it cools.
• Water vapour in the air condenses to form clouds.
• Once clouds reach saturation point, water falls on the earth’s surface as rain.
3.2 Frontal rainfall/convergence rainfall
Study figure 2 which shows how frontal rainfall is formed.
Clouds Front
Rising warm Descending

moist air cold air
Figure 2: Convergence
Figure 12 Frontal rainfall
or Frontal rainfall
Frontal Rainfall is formed when:
• Cold and warm air masses meet47

• The hot air is forced to rise over the cold air
• As warm air rises it cools
• Water vapour in the air condenses to form clouds
• Once the clouds reach saturation point, water falls to the earth’s surface as rain
41 ©BOU 2021
3.3 Convectional rainfall
Figure 3 shows how convectional rainfall is formed.
Figure
Figure 3: Convectional
13: Convectional rainfall rainfall
Convectional rainfall is formed when:

• the sun heats the air and water
• the hot moist air rises and cools
• water vapour in the air condenses to form clouds
• once clouds reach saturation point, water falls on earth as rain
• the rain falls in the afternoon and is accompanied by thunder and lightning
Activity 2
1. Which type of rainfall occurs in areas where there are mountains?

_________________________________________________________________________
2. What is meant by evaporation?

_________________________________________________________________________
3. What is meant by condensation?

_________________________________________________________________________
4. Differentiate relief rainfall from a convectional rainfall.

_________________________________________________________________________
5. Which type of rainfall is always accompanied by thunder and lightning? [1]

_________________________________________________________________________
42 ©BOU 2021
Answers to activity 3
1. Relief rainfall
2. Loss of moisture into the atmosphere
3. Moisture turns into water to form clouds.
4. Relief rainfall occurs where there are mountains and high areas while convectional
rainfall occurs anywhere if there was a lot of heat during the day.
5. Convectional rainfall.
4.0 Botswana’s Major Environmental Zones
Botswana has five major environmental zones, namely:
• Desert
• Semi-desert
• Hard veld/Eastern margin
• Swamps/wetlands
• Dry deciduous forest
4.1 Desert
a) Rainfall; it receives less than 250mm of rainfall per annum. Rain falls in
summer. it is low and unreliable.
b) Temperature; temperatures are high in summer (between 27 ̊c and 40 ̊c) while
winter they are low (0 ̊c and 12 ̊c). Thus, the desert is very hot in summer and
very cold in winter.
c) Soils; the area is mostly covered by sandy soils which are infertile and poor for
crop farming because it does not hold water.
d) Vegetation; it has few trees. It mostly has dry scrubs and shrub vegetation. The
vegetation is drought resistant. Trees have long roots to enable them to reach
underground water. They have waxy leaves to help them reduce loss of
moisture.
Plants have adapted to the desert area in the following ways:
• They store water in their fleshy leaves and roots
43 ©BOU 2021
• They have waxy leaves that reduce loss of moisture

• They have long roots that can tap underground water.
e) Human activities: people are hunters and gatherers. They live a nomadic life.
4.2 Semi -Desert
a) Rainfall; the area receives 250mm to 400mm of rainfall per annum. Rain falls
in summer and it is unreliable.
b) Temperature; the temperatures in summer are between 27 ̊c and 35 ̊c while in
winter they are between 5 ̊c and 12 ̊c.
c) Soils; most of the semi-desert is covered with infertile sandy soils. The soil has
poor water holding capacity.
d) Vegetation; it has the bush and shrub savannah vegetation. The shrub savannah
grows closer to each other compared to that of the desert because the rainfall is
slightly higher.
e) Human activities; people in the area are hunters and gatherers. They are also
pastoralists that is they keep livestock.
4.3 Hardveld/ Eastern Margin
a) Rainfall; it receives more rainfall of between 350mm and 500mm annually. It

rains in summer and mostly rainfalls are convectional type.
b) Temperature; it has an average temperature. Summers are between 27 ̊c and
35 ̊c while winters are between 5 ̊c and 12 ̊c.
c) Soils; the area is covered with fertile loam soils. The soils have good water
holding capacity making it possible for plant growth.
d) Vegetation; because of enough rainfall, Eastern margin has more vegetation.
The vegetation consists of tall trees e.g. baobab, morula, mokoba and grass.
e) Human activities; people in the Eastern margin are farmers. They grow crops
and rear animals e.g. they produce cattle, cotton, oranges, vegetables. They are
also hunters and gatherers.
44 ©BOU 2021
4.4 Swamps/Wetlands
a) Rainfall; the area receives more rainfall than the Eastern margin. It receives
rainfall of between 450mm and 600mm annually. It rains in summer and are
mostly of convectional type.
b) Temperature; in summer temperatures are between 27 ̊c and 35 ̊c while in
c) Soils; the area is covered by fertile alluvial soils.
d) Vegetation; the vegetation consists of tall trees. Vegetation grows well in water
such as water lilies and reeds. Palm trees are also found at the edges of the
swamps.
e) Human activities; people in this area weave baskets. They also practice farming
because of good rains and fertile soils. They grow crops and keep limited
livestock because of tsetse fly and predators such as lions and hyenas.
4.5 Dry Deciduous Forest
a) Rainfall; it also receives more rainfall of about 600mm or more annually. It

rains in summer and are mostly convectional rainfall.
b) Temperature; in summer temperatures are between 27 ̊c and 35 ̊c while in
c) Vegetation; most of vegetation found in this area is deciduous. The vegetation
loses its leaves in winter. It consists of tall trees, few bushes and grasses e.g.
mukwa and makusi.
d) Soils; the area is covered with sandy and clay soils. Clay soil is a fine textured
soil which becomes water logged easily and cracks when dry while sandy soil
is infertile and does not hold water for a long time.
e) Human activities; people in this area practice lumbering and fishing. They are
pastoralists and arable farmers. They grow crops and keep limited livestock
because of predators.
45 ©BOU 2021
Duration: 30 minutes Marks: 20 marks
Instructions
Answer all questions.
1. List any two elements of physical environment.

_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[2]
2. What is the purpose of cup anemometer?

______________________________________________________________________[1]
3. State any four elements of weather.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[4]
4. Describe the climate of Botswana.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ [3]
5. Why plants in the desert environment have waxy leaves?

______________________________________________________________________[1]
6. Describe the formation process of a convectional rainfall.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[4]
7. Which environmental zone in Botswana receives an average annual rainfall of between 350
mm to 550 mm?
______________________________________________________________________[1]
8. Describe any two differences between frontal and relief rainfall.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[4]
46 ©BOU 2021
Lesson 4
Environment and Humanity
Introduction
The environment plays an important role in our lives. We interact with our environment in
different ways. This makes the environment influence the way we live on daily basis. As such
human beings are compelled to adapt to their environment in order for them to survive. We have
to maximise the use of natural resources around us in a sustainable way. This is because some of
these resources are scarce and we cannot live without them.
Examination hints
Learners must focus more on how people have adapted to their environmental zones
traditionally. They must study socio-economic factors that lead to an unsustainable environment
in Botswana. They must also focus on major environmental problems in Botswana and possible
solutions for them. Questions from this topic mainly appear in paper 1 and 2 of the final exam.
Learning Objectives
• assess the influence of the environment on traditional lifestyles in different environmental

zones
• analyse the socio-economic factors that lead to an unsustainable development
• outline the major environmental problems in Botswana and ways of solving them
• analyse the role of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) in the management of natural
resources in Botswana
• discuss the factors affecting water resources in the country
• assess water conservation practices in Botswana
47 ©BOU 2021
1.0 Influence of the Environment on Traditional Lifestyles in

Different Environmental Zones
1.1 How the environment has traditionally influenced people living in the
Desert/Semi – Desert?
People who lived in this environment are:
a) Basarwa (San)
• They were hunter gatherers- They hunted wild animals and gathered
fruits that were in their environment.
• Shelter – They built temporary shelter using branches and grass because
these were readily available in their environment. Their shelter was
known as Mogwaafatshe.
• Nomads – Since they had very little material possessions, they moved
from one place to another following wild animals.
• Rock paintings – They painted on rocks to indicate the activities they did
at that particular area and their ways of life.
• Clothing – They wore skins of animals that they killed in their
environment.
It is very important to note that most Basarwa have changed their lifestyle due
to influence of modern developments. Most of them:
• Live in permanent settlements or villages

• Wear modern clothes
• Some of them practice pastoral farming
b) Bakgalagadi
Groups of Bakgalagadi live a more advanced type of life like people in the
Eastern Hardveld and other parts of the country.
• They were hunter gatherers – They hunted wild animals and gathered
fruits that were found in their environment.
48 ©BOU 2021
• Shelter – They built huts using clay soil and roofed with grass as these
were available in their environment. Modern developments have
influenced them to build modern brick houses. They live in villages and
towns.
• Practice both pastoral where there is vegetation
• Practice arable farming (crop rotation is highly practiced because of poor
sandy soils)
• Wear modern clothes.
1.2 How the environment has traditionally influenced people in the

HardVeld / Eastern Margin
People found in this environment include Barolong, Bakalanga. Batswapong,
Babirwa Bakgatla, Bangwato, Bakwena and Bangwaketsi.
• They were hunter gatherers – They hunted wild animals and gathered fruits
that were found in their environment.
• Shelter – They built huts using clay soil and roofed with grass as these were
available in their environment. Modern developments have influenced them to
build modern brick houses. They live in towns and villages
• Arable farmers – Since their environment had fertile soils, they grew crops.
• Pastoral farmers – Because their environment received high rainfall, they
reared livestock.
• Food – Those who lived near rivers caught fish to supplement their diet.
1.3 How the environment has traditionally influenced people in the

Wetlands or swamp
Examples of People who live here are Bayei, Bambukushu and Batawana.
• Hunter gatherers – They hunted animals such as hippopotamus that were

found in their environment to supplement their diet.
• Farming – Because the area had fertile alluvial soils, they grew crops.
49 ©BOU 2021
• Transport – They used canoes made from tree trunks that they got from their
environment.
• Rivers – Their environment has perennial rivers, so they caught fish.
• Shelter – They used reeds that grew in the swamps and rivers as building
materials.
2.0 Socio-Economic Factors that Lead to Unsustainable

Development
Unsustainable use of the environment is about damaging the resources and misusing the
renewable and non-renewable resources. Misuse of the environment makes it difficult for
people both present and future generations to meet their needs.
The following are some of the economic factors that lead to an unsustainable environment:
Socio-economic factors Analyses

a) Poor farming methods Some farmers overstock or keep too many animals in a
small piece of land. This results in overgrazing.
b) Veld fires Farmers burn the bush to kill insects or to enable new
grass to grow, this damages the environment as the new
grass is less nutritious.
c) Mono cropping This is as a result of farmers who grow the same crop at
the same area year after year. This causes the soil to lose
its fertility.
d) Lack of environmental Some people are not aware that their actions destroy the
awareness environment.
e) Deforestation Some people cut down trees to make fire at their homes
or to fence their fields. This causes soil erosion.
50 ©BOU 2021
3.0 Major Environmental Problems and Possible Solutions

The following are major environmental problems in Botswana:
• Overgrazing – Some farmers overgraze area that they live in because the overstock
cattle. This results in soil erosion.
• Pollution – Some people make the environment dirty and untidy. This affects other
people’s health.
• Deforestation – Some people cut down trees to make fire and for building their
houses. This results in the top soil been easily eroded.
The following are possible solutions to major environmental problems mentioned

above:
a) Solutions to problems of Overgrazing
• The government must come up with laws of how many cattle each farmer
should keep. If the cattle exceed the set number farmers must be forced to sell
them.
• Farmers must be encouraged to buy ranches.
• Over grazed areas must be given time to grow by moving livestock to ungrazed
areas.
b) Solutions to problems of Pollution
• The government must punish people who pollute the environment.

• People must be taught about recycling and reusing waste.
• Areas where old equipment can be disposed safely must be created.
c) Solutions to problems of deforestation
• People must be encouraged to use solar energy.

• People must practice afforestation.
51 ©BOU 2021
4.0 The Role of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) in the

Management of Resources in Botswana
Indigenous Knowledge is all the skills and technologies that a particular culture,
communities or societies have developed over time and use in order to survive in their
environment.
For example:
• When Basarwa hunted, they killed only what they needed or what they thought
would last them for days to come. Thus, if they had meat at their homes they did not
hunt. This ensured that plants and animals multiplied.
• Farmers knew which cattle breeds were best for meat and milk. So those for milk
were never killed.
5.0 Factors Affecting Water Resources in Botswana

• Low rainfall – Botswana receives little rainfall, so it takes long for dams to fill up.
• Seasonal rainfall – Rains only fall in summer, so water sources dry up when there is
no rain.
• Drought – Botswana often experiences drought so sources of water dry up.
• High temperature – Because of high temperatures surface water evaporates.
• Pollution – People pollute water which makes it unsafe for people to drink it.
• Sandy soils – Botswana’s soils have poor water holding capacity, so water quickly
runs off.
6.0 Water Conservation Practices in Botswana
The following are water conservation practices in Botswana:

• In times of drought, the water authorities put up laws such as not allowing people to
water their gardens with clean water.
• Large businesses are encouraged to install recycling systems.
52 ©BOU 2021
• Organisations are encouraged to install water tanks to collect water when rains fall.
• Businesses and organisations re – use water especially industries.
• Dry gardening – Some people use objects such as stones and pottery of different
colours, shapes and texture. They also use plants that use very little water and those
that are drought resistant.
Activity 1
1. What does management of resources mean?

______________________________________________________________________[1]
2. Cite any one role of Indigenous Knowledge System in the management of resources in
your community.
______________________________________________________________________[1]
3. Suggest any two ways in which your community conserves water.
______________________________________________________________________[2]

1. This is careful use of resources or using resources wisely.
2. Cutting only old trees for firewood, increasing the fertility of the soil by adding kraal
manure etc.
3. Recycle of water, paying water bills, repairing leaking taps, using buckets to wash cars
and for watering plants etc.
Glossary
Conservation: Using resources wisely for future use.
Nomadic life: Moving from one place to another frequently.
Pollution: Adding unwanted substances into water, land or air.
Recycle: Using material more repeatedly.

53 ©BOU 2021
Instructions
TRUE OR FALSE (T/F)
1. Alluvial soils are found in the swamp environment.
2. Poverty is not one of the socio- economic factors that lead to unsustainable development in
Botswana.
3. Overstocking damages the environment.
4. Desert environment has traditionally influenced people living there to practice hunting and
gathering.
5. Deforestation can be solved by using other sources of energy like solar energy for cooking
and heating.
6. Recycling of solid materials can help solve the problem of littering.
7. Indigenous Knowledge Systems cannot help people manage their natural resources in
Botswana.
8. Botswana has limited surface water sources because the country receives low rainfall.
9. Canoes are common mode of transport in the Eastern margin.
10. Many people damage the environment due to lack of environmental awareness.
Section B: 20 marks
1. Explain any two ways in which the hardveld has traditionally influenced the lifestyle of
people living there.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[4)]
54 ©BOU 2021
2. Explain any three water conservation practices in Botswana.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[6]
3. Explain any three ways in which the swamp environment has traditionally influenced
people living there.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[6]
4. Discuss one way in which high temperatures affect water resources in Botswana.
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[3]
5. Suggest any one possible solution for deforestation as an environmental problem in
Botswana.
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[1]
55 ©BOU 2021
Lesson 5
World Physical Environments
Introduction
There are different processes that are responsible for the formation of landforms such as
mountains, rift valleys, lakes, craters, and lakes. Therefore, in this lesson you will learn the
formation process of these landforms and how some of them influence climate. You will also
learn about the different types of climates of the world and how they influence humanity.
Learning Objectives
• describe the process responsible for the formation of the mountains, rift valleys, craters,
lakes, and inland deltas
• discuss the importance of mountains, rift valleys, craters, lakes, and deltas to humanity
• explain the influence of altitude, latitude, ocean currents, position on continent and
aspects/mountain barriers on climate
• discuss the characteristics of the Tundra, Monsoon, Desert, Savannah, Equatorial and
Mediterranean climates and their influence on humanity
1.0 The Process Responsible for the Formation of Mountains

(a) Volcanic Mountains
• Formed when magma (molten rock) is released during a volcanic eruption on

to the surface of the earth. On reaching the earth surface the magma is called
lava, where it solidifies into solid rocks and build up into a conical shaped
mountain called volcanic mountain.
56 ©BOU 2021
The
JC: Social diagram below shows the volcanic eruption which leads to the formation of a volcanic
Studies Revision Notes Book 1
mountain.
Ash and
cinders (big rocks)
Crater
Conelet
Ash layer
Dyke
Pipe or vent
Crustal
rocks
Magma
chamber
Figure 5: Volcanic Mountain
Figure 1: Formation of a volcanic mountain
(b) Block Mountains

Are formed as a result of compression and tension forces.
NB: Compression – when the block of the crust push against each other.
Tension force – when the crust pulls apart.
The compression force makes the middle block of the crust to rise above the
surrounding two blocks on the sides – forming a block mountain.
Hosrt
Reverse Fault
Crustal
layers
Forces of compression
Figure 3: Formation of Block Mountains

Figure 2: Block mountain
16
57 ©BOU 2021
(c) Fold Mountains
• Forms when the plates push against each other as a result of compression. The
crust therefore folds upwards creating a fold mountain. Fold mountain often
occur where oceanic crust is sub ducted by continental crust.
Fold Mountains
Figure 4: Formation of fold mountains

Figure 3: Fold mountains
Importance of Mountains to Humanity

• Source of tourist attraction
• Some rivers have their sources in mountains e.g. Orange and Vaal rivers have
their source in the Drakensberg Mountains
• Used for farming as soils around volcanic mountains are very fertile
• Mining
(d) Rift Valleys
• Were formed by forces of tension or compression in the earth crust.
(i) Tension
• As the earth’s crust stretched (pull apart), long and deep parallel
faults (cracks) appeared in the earth’s crust. As a result, the block
between the parallel faults sink creating a long rift valley with steep
sides.
58 ©BOU 2021
The diagram below shows the formation of a rift valley.

Rocks pushed
downwards
and valley
formed
layers
of
tension forces crustal
rocks
fault fault
Rocks pushed Overhanging Rift Valley

Figure 7: Formation of rift valley by tension forces
downwards rock is eroded
Figure 4: Rift valley
layers
of
compression forces crustal
rocks
(ii) Compression
fault fault
• Compression forces along two parallel faults in the earth’s crust causes
the two blocks of the crust to rise above the middle block, forming a
depression called a valley.
Importance of rift valleys to Humanity

• Are suitable for agriculture because of fertile soils and availability of
water from rivers
• Tourist attraction because of availability of variety of animals and unique
features.
(e) Craters
Formed when rocks from space hit the earth surface at a very high speed and create a
depression on the surface of the earth.
Volcanic Craters: Forms during a volcanic eruption (refer to the description of

formation of a volcanic mountain). A small depression forms at the top of the
mountain.
Importance of craters to Humanity

• Tourist attractions
• Mining as the craters contain minerals
59 ©BOU 2021
(f) Lakes
Are formed in different ways:
• As a result of Folding: Forms when the earth’s crust folds forming a

depression, fills with water and becomes a lake.
• Through Volcanoes: After a volcanic eruption, a small depression is formed at
the top of the mountain called crater, fills with water and becomes a lake.
• As a result of Faulting: It is when a block between the parallel faults sink
creating a long/ narrow depression and fills up with water to become a lake.
Importance of lakes to Humanity

• Source of water for domestic use, industries and agriculture.
• Fishing which is a source of food and employment
• Tourist attraction
• Can be used to generate hydro-electricity e.g. Lake Kariba, Lake Cabora Bossa
• Used for leisure – swimming, boat racing.
(g) Inland Deltas

Inland delta is a delta that forms in an inland area (land that is away from the
sea/ocean) at the mouth of a river (where a river ends) or an area of slow moving
water such as lake or where the land is flat.
Formation of an Inland Delta
• As the river flows from a high land area, it carries along sediments (soil, stone,
plant materials)
• When the river reaches a low land or flat land the sediments collect at the river
mouth and slowly build up into a low lying plain called a delta.
• As more sediments are deposited at a low land, at the river mouth, more
channels called distributaries are formed.
Importance of an Inland delta to Humanity
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• Used for fishing

• Tourist attraction
• Used for farming as they contain fertile alluvial soils
• Source of raw materials e.g. reeds used as building material
• Source of water for domestic use and agriculture
2.0 The Influence of Altitude, Latitude, Ocean Currents,

Position on Continent and Aspect/Mountain Barriers on
Climate
(a) Altitude
• Means height of land above sea level
• Areas of high altitude tend to be cooler
• Areas of low altitude are warmer
• Air becomes cooler as the altitude increases
(b) Latitude
• Places closer to the equator have hot climate
• Places far away from the equator have cooler climates
• When the sun shines directly overhead of the equator, the sun’s rays travel a
shorter distance to reach the earth surface and the amount of heat is greater
than when shining at an angle.
(c) Ocean Currents
• Ocean currents are water that surrounds the continents and flow as streams.
• Warm currents from the Equator carry water Polewards (North and South
poles), on reaching the Polar Regions it gradually cools and sinks.
• Cold currents from the Polar Regions carry water towards the Equator where it
warms up and rises to the surface
• Coastal areas generally have milder temperatures in winter and summers than
inland areas because of the influence of ocean currents.
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(d) Position on the continent

(i) Distance from the ocean/sea
Areas near the ocean
• Winters – are warmer because of the warmer ocean air
• Summers – are cooler
• Rainfall – coastal areas receive more rainfall because of moist air from
the ocean.
(ii) Inland areas
• Winters – are cold
• Summers – are hot
• Rainfall – inland areas receive less rainfall than coastal areas
(ii) Direction of wind
• Winds influence rainfall and temperature.
• Winds from the ocean towards land are moist and bring rainfall.
• Winds from land toward the ocean are dry and make a dry climate.
• Winds from Polar regions towards the Tropics bring cool/cold weather.
• Winds from the Tropics towards Polar regions bring warm or hot
weather.
(iii) Ascending or descending air masses

• Hot air masses ascend/rise.
• Cold air masses descend/sink.
• A place located where cold air masses descend have dry climate because
the air has very little moisture.
• A place located where hot air masses ascend have wet climate because
the air has moisture.
(e) Aspect
• Horizontal direction a slope faces.
• A slope can have East, West, North or South aspect.
• Slope facing the sun is warmer.
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• Slope not facing the sun is cooler.

(f) Mountain barriers
• Areas on the windward side of the mountain receive more moisture and
rainfall
• Areas on the leeward side/rain shadow side receive little moisture and
little/no rainfall
3.0 The characteristics of the Tundra, Monsoon, Desert,

Savannah, Equatorial and Mediterranean Climates and
their influence on Humanity
3.1 Tundra Climate
a) Temperatures
Winter: Long (eight to ten months) and very cold (temperatures can drop below
-70 degrees Celsius).
Summer: Short (two to four months) and cool (3 degrees to 12 degrees
Celsius.)
b) Rainfall
• Receives very low rainfall – annual average rainfall is less than 250 mm.
• Rain comes during summer.
• It snows in winter.
c) Soils
• Soil is covered by snow during winter months.
• A thin layer of topsoil thaws allowing plants to grow in summer.
• A ground below the topsoil is permanently frozen called permafrost.
d) Vegetation
• Tundra vegetation is composed of mosses, lichens, blueberries and
bearberries
• Flowering plants grow during summer when the soil thaws.
• The Tundra has no trees.
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e) Animals
• Tundra has variety of animals that have adapted to the very cold
environment e.g. reindeer, caribou, polar bears and artic fox.
• To survive the very cold environment animals have thick fur.
• Some animals like the polar bear have white fur which helps camouflage
them in winter.
f) People living in Tundra
• Inuits who were known as Eskimos
• Nganasan and Nenets
• Sami
Tundra Influence on Humanity
(a) Food
• Traditional food of the Inuits, Nganasan, Nenets and Sami were meat and
fish.
• They obtained meat from animals they hunted e.g. seals, whales, caribou
and birds
• Staple food in winter was the seal.
• Nowadays they eat manufactured food.
(b) Clothes/Dress
• Their traditional clothes included jackets, boots, trousers, parkas and
mittens made from animal skins and fur mainly of caribou, polar bears.
• Nowadays they also were modern warm clothes.
3.2 Equatorial climate
a) Temperatures
• The Equatorial does not have winter.

• The daily temperatures never rise above 34 degrees Celsius due to
continuous cloud cover and heavy rainfall.
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• Average daily temperatures are around 26 degrees Celsius

• Temperature is influenced by the latitude, as the sun shines directly
overhead of the equator twice a year.
b) Rainfall
• Receives very high rainfall (due to high humidity) as it rains throughout
the year – annual average rainfall is between 1500mm and 2500mm.
• The wettest months in the Northern hemisphere are May, June and July
while in the Southern hemisphere are September, October and
November.
• The Equatorial receives mainly convectional rainfall accompanied by
thunder and lightning often in the afternoon
c) Soils: Soils have very little mineral salts and other soil nutrients.
d) Vegetation
• The Tropical Rainforest, the name for the Equatorial vegetation, contains
thick, dense evergreen forest.
• The vegetation is in three layers;
• Top layer – consists of very tall trees which are between 30-50 meters
high. The trees grow close together and form a canopy.
• Middle layer – consists of young trees which are still growing.
• Bottom layer – consists of climbers, herbaceous plants, and ferns.
e) Animals: Has a variety of animal species in large numbers for example,
monkeys, apes, crocodiles, fish, snakes, frogs, birds, wild pigs.
f) People living in the Equatorial: Pygmies, Indians of the Amazon (South
America)
Equatorial Influence on Humanity

• Hunting and gathering: They eat meat from the animals they hunt such as wild pigs,
monkeys, birds. They also gather wild fruits, roots or tubers, mushrooms, insects e.g.
locust, collect honey.
• Fishing: The people live near perennial rivers such as Congo River and Amazon.
Fish is a source of food and income.
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• Clothes/Dress: Since the Equatorial is hot and humid the people wear simple and
light clothes.
• Lumbering: The Rainforest contains trees that are a source of timber e.g. mahogany,
ebony, teak and sapele trees
• Farming: The people practise shifting cultivation, ploughing one area until the soil is
no longer fertile before moving to another area. This system helps the soil to regain
its fertility. Some of the crops grown include cassava and maize.
3.3 Desert Climate
a) Temperatures
• Experience extreme temperatures.
• Summer temperatures are very hot.
• Winter temperatures are very cold.
• Deserts along the coast have lower temperatures than deserts in the
interior.
b) Rainfall
• Receives very low and irregular rainfall of less than 250 mm per annum.
• Rainfall is mainly convectional accompanied by thunder and lightning.
• Rainfall is received in summer.
c) Soils
• Soils are excessively drained sandy soils with poor water holding
capacity.
• Deserts have sand dunes.
d) Vegetation
• The vegetation has adapted to the hot dry desert and poor soils plants
include cactus, acacia, shrubs and grass.
• Plants have long tap roots to search for underground water.
• Many plants have small leaves/waxy leaves to reduce the loss of water
through transpiration.
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• Plants store water in their roots, leaves and bark.

• Seed remain dormant for years only to germinate when there is enough
moisture.
e) Animals
• Have different animal species e.g. snakes, birds, lizards, insects, camels.
• These animals have adapted to the hot conditions of the desert.
f) People living in the Deserts: Tuaregs, Bedouin, Himba, San/Basarwa,

Aborigines
Desert Influence on Humanity
• Nomadic lifestyle: The people of the desert move from one place to another in search
of food and water.
• Hunting and gathering: Hunting wild animals and collect wild fruits.
• Nomadic Pastoralism: The Tuaregs and Bedouin keep camels, goats and sheep that
have adapted to the hot and dry conditions of the desert. They moved from one place
to another in search of water and pasture for their livestock.
• Crop farming: Grow crops along the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates rivers e.g. rice,
wheat, barley, cotton and vegetables.
• Mining: The presence of oil and diamonds has enabled mining to take place in Libya,
Saudi Arabia and Namib and Kgalagadi deserts respectively.
• Transport: The Tuaregs and Bedouin use camels to transport their goods from one
place to another.
• Shelter: People of the desert built temporary shelter, the San and Aborigines made
shelter using grass and sticks. The Tuaregs and Bedouin used tents for shelter and
carried them on their move.
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3.4 Savanna Climate

a) Temperatures
• Summers are hot.
• Winters are cool.
• The temperature range increases the further away an area is from the
Equator.
b) Rainfall
• Receives seasonal rainfall during summer and comes as convectional
rainfall.
• Rainfall amount varies in the different parts of the Savannah.
• The wettest areas are located closer to the Equator while areas far away
from the Equator receive less rainfall.
c) Vegetation
• Consists of grass and scattered shrubs and trees.
• The vegetation in Savanna areas nearer the Equatorial region is denser
and taller than areas away from the Equatorial region.
d) Animals
• Have different animal species e.g. lions, antelopes, buffaloes, leopards,
zebras.
Savanna Influence on Humanity
• Tourism: Savanna has plenty of flora and fauna and as a result there are many
national parks and game reserves that attract tourists.
• Mining: Some areas of the Savanna have mineral deposits e.g. diamond, gold,
copper and nickel, coal.
• Agriculture: As a result of adequate rainfall the Savanna people practise the
growing of crops (maize, sorghum, millet, tobacco, tea, coffee and rearing of
animals and vegetables such as tomatoes, cabbage, onions)
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• Fishing: Takes place because of availability of water sources e.g. Zambezi

River, Okavango Delta, Lake Malawi, Lake Kariba. Fishing is a source of food
and income.
3.5 Mediterranean Climate

a) Temperatures
• Summers are warm.

• Winters are cool.
b) Rainfall
• Receives rainfall during winter when the moist winds blow from the sea
to land.
• Summers are dry because the winds are blowing from land to sea
carrying little moisture.
• Mediterranean receives cyclonic or frontal rainfall which falls in heavy
showers.
• The annual rainfall is moderate between 500 mm and 900mm.
c) Vegetation
• Consists of woodland and scrub.

• The vegetation has adapted to the hot and dry summers and moderate
rainfall in winter.
• Some plants have long tap roots to reach underground water e.g. olives
and eucalyptus.
• Some have thick barks that reduce transpiration and store water e.g. cork.
• Some trees store water in their roots to survive dry, hot summers.
• Some store water in their leaves and stems e.g. cactus.
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Mediterranean Influence on Humanity
• Tourism: Tourists are attracted by the mild temperatures and because

Mediterranean areas are near the sea.
• Agriculture: There is growing of cereal crops such as wheat, barley,
millet, oats and citrus fruits such as lemons, grapefruits, oranges)
deciduous fruits such as (apples, plums) and grapes. The Mediterranean
is known for rearing of dairy cattle, sheep and goats.
• Fishing: Occurs along the sea.
• Wine making: Growing of grapes makes the region important for wine
making.
3.6 Tropical Monsoon Climate
a) Called Monsoon because of the seasonal winds, in summer winds blow from
ocean towards land while in winter the winds blow from land towards the
ocean.
b) Temperatures and Rainfall: Monsoon has three seasons; November to
February the temperatures are cool and dry season, from March to May hot and
dry season, June to October- hot and wet season.
Monsoon Influence on Humanity
Agriculture
• The rains permit growing of crops such as rice grown in wetter areas, while wheat,
maize, millet and cotton are grown in drier parts.
• People rear livestock such as cattle, sheep and goats.
Glossary
Lava: Magma on the earth surface.
Sediments: are materials such as soil, stones and plant materials carried along when a river
flows.
Tension: a force applied when plates move away from each other.
Compression: a force applied when plates move against each other.
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Self-Assessment Exercise 5
Duration: 30 minutes Total : 20 Marks
Instructions:
• Answer all the questions.
• Use the space provided to answer the questions.
• Circle the correct answer for multiple choice questions.
• The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part
question.
Section A
Circle the letter of the correct answer
1. Which of the following climates receives winter rainfall?
A. Savanna
B. Equatorial
C. Monsoon
D. Mediterranean
2. Which of the following is an example of a volcanic mountain?
A. Kilimanjaro
B. Atlas Mountain
C. Table Mountain
D. Drakensberg Mountains
3. Which of the following explains magma?
A. A volcano that erupts frequently

B. Compressed rock below the surface
C. Hard rock found beneath the Earth’s surface
D. Molten rock flowing beneath the Earth’s surface
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Section B
4. Explain how a volcanic mountain is formed.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[4]
5. Discuss how the Equatorial climate has influenced humanity/people living in the climatic
region.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[6]
6. State three importance of the Mediterranean climate on humanity

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ [3]
7. Explain the rainfall of Tundra Climatic Environment

_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ [2]
8. State two factors that influence climate.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[2]
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Lesson 6
Climate Change
Introduction
The topic gives you a deeper understanding of global issues affecting climate and ways of
responding to challenges of climate change. You will develop an appreciation of the role that
climate plays in the way we live. This will help you know how to better prepare yourself for the
effects of climate change.
Examination hints
Learners must focus more on the causes, effects, and ways of meeting challenges of climate
change. Questions from this lesson mostly appear in paper 1 of the final exam.
Learning Objectives
• explain climate change

• cite evidence of climate change
• discuss the causes and effects of climate change
• suggest ways of meeting the challenges of climate change
1.0 What is Climate Change?

Climate change is any long – term change of the patterns of average weather of a specific
region or the earth as a whole.
1.1 Evidence of Climate Change

• General rise in temperature throughout the world.
• Ice sheets called glaciers.
• Prolonged severe droughts.
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• Summers being longer than winters or vice versa.

• Dying of vegetation.
2.0 Causes of Climate Change

The following are the causes of climate change:
• Volcanic activity – When a volcano erupts it throws out large volumes of gases like
sulphur dioxide, water vapour, dust, and ash into the atmosphere. These block the
sun’s rays leading to cooling. Sulphuric acid is a strong reflector of sunlight and
screens the ground form some of the energy that it would receive from the sun.
• Ocean Currents – Move huge amounts of heat across the planet. Warm ocean
currents warm the waters of the Eastern Pacific Ocean, this warming affects global
climate.
• Burning of fossil fuels - Human beings burn wood, waste, coal and gas oil for heat
energy. These gases are released into the atmosphere where they cause climate
change.
• Agriculture – Cow dung gives out a gas called methane. Methane helps in
destroying the ozone layer which is a layer that absorbs the dangerous ultra-violet
rays and stops them from reaching the earth. Ultra-violet rays may cause skin cancer.
• Fumes from industries – Pollutants released into the atmosphere affect the
vegetation badly and this may lead to reduced rainfall amounts in areas of the world
where air pollution poses a very serious problem.
• Global warming – The global rise in temperatures is caused by the release of
greenhouse gases and human activities such as mining.
3.0 Effects of Climate Change

The effects of climate change are as follows:
• Changes rainfall patterns.

• Reduces crop yields.
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• Increases temperatures.
• Causes less moisture in the atmosphere.
• Accelerates erosion.
• Leads to flooding.
4.0 Ways of Meeting the Challenges of Climate Change

• Environmental Education – People must be informed of how climate change will
affect the environment within which they live.
• Adaptation – People must try to manage their own environment in a more sustainable
way.
• Governments must formulate climate change policies e.g. people must be taxed so as
to encourage the use of clean and safe technologies.
• Carpooling (travel together in one car) must be encouraged to reduce exhaust fumes.
• People must be encouraged to cycle to work where distances are shorter.
• Use of environmentally friendly technologies like solar and wind energy.
Activity 1
1. Define the following terms:
a) Global warming
_________________________________________________________________________
b) Greenhouse gases
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Explain how climate change affect vegetation in your area.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Which human activities produce methane gas?
________________________________________________________________________
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1. It is the long-term trend of increases in the Earths average temperature. These are gases
that trap heat and make the Earth warmer.
2. Plants species disappear, plants lose their leaves and plants leaves turn brownish in
colour.
3. Rearing of cattle and growing of rice.
Glossary
Glaciers: snow that has frozen into ice and is slowly moving across the land.
Self- assessment Exercise 6
Duration: 30 minutes Total: 30 marks

Instructions
1. Which of the following human activities leads to climate change?
a) Afforestation
b) Deforestation
c) Crop rotation
d) Ploughing across the slope
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2. Which of the following strategies helps in meeting challenges of climate change?

a) Deforestation
b) Volcanic activities
c) Recycle of materials
d) Burning of fossil fuels
3. Global warming causes problems such as

a) Mulching
b) Leaching
c) Soil fertility
d) Rising sea levels
4. Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?

a) Oxygen
b) Methane
c) Nitrogen
d) Carbon dioxide
5. Which of the following is an evidence of climate change?

a) Sulphur dioxide
b) Carbon monoxide
c) Cutting down of trees
d) Change in rainfall patterns
6. Which of the following is a negative effect of climate change?

a) Fertile soils
b) Good vegetation cover
a) Drought and heat waves
b) Good agricultural production
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7. Which of the following international protocols was signed by countries to combat climate
change?
a) Cotonou agreements
b) 1997 Kyoto protocol
c) The River sand Convention
d) Lome Convention agreements
8. Which of the following statements best describes global warming?

a) Afforestation
b) The burning of fossil fuels
c) Adding fertilizer to the soil
d) Ploughing along the slope
9. “It is a large sheet of ice that moves very slowly.’’ This defines…
a) Igloos
b) Glacier
c) Polar ice
d) Permafrost
10. Which of the following is a natural cause of climate change?

a) Volcanic eruptions
b) Cutting down of trees
c) Burning of fossil fuels
d) Panting more tree in an open area.
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1. What is meant by global warming?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[2]
2. Explain the greenhouse effect.

_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[2]
3. Discuss any two human activities that causes climate change.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[6]
4. Discuss any two positive effects of climate change.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[ 6]
5. How can afforestation help in meeting challenges of climate change?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[2]
6. Give any two examples of fossil fuels.

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_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[2]
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Lesson 7
International Environmental Issues
Introduction
The global village is currently facing a number of environmental issues. Many of these issues are
the direct results of human activities. As such learner's must be aware of the role the environment
plays in our lives. As such they must appreciate the efforts being made by countries to reduce the
effects of mismanaging the environment.
Examination Hints
Examination questions in this lesson appear in Paper 1 and Paper 2. Learners can be tested on
identifying the environmental problems in the world and describe their impact.
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• discuss the major environmental issues in the world

• outline the consequences of mismanagement of the world environment
• evaluate efforts being made to address mismanagement of the world environment
• suggest ways of conserving the world environment.
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1.0 Major Environmental Issues in the World

The major environmental issues in the world are as follows:
1.1 Global Warming

Global warming has to do with the earth’s average temperature rising faster. Gases
such as carbon dioxide and methane trap heat and help to keep the earth warm.
Causes of global warming
• Increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the air. (greenhouse gases are

gases that are generated from burning fossil fuels) when this fossil fuels are
burnt, they produce carbon dioxide, so more fossil fuel we use, the more
carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere leading to global warming.
• Deforestation, because once trees have been cut there will be few trees to
absorb carbon dioxide and the excess gas will remain in the atmosphere.
• Methane gas is mostly produced by animal waste such as cattle dung, It is also
produced by the burning of charcoal, biomass such as forests and
decomposition of waste mainly from landfills. Methane gas has what is known
as the “Green House Effect”. In other words, this gas traps heat in the
atmosphere.
1.2 Pollution
Pollution means adding something to the environment that harms or destroys it.
Pollution is an issue of concern because it has many negative effects on the
environment.
Causes of pollution
• Improper disposal of waste such as human sewage, household and industrial

garbage.
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• Accidental release of chemicals and substances into the environment that

damages it e.g. oil spills.
1.3 Deforestation
Forest support biodiversity and are homes to a large variety of plant and animal
species. They help protect the soil from erosion. They ensure rain water does not run
off but sinks into the ground.
Causes of deforestation
• People cut down forests to have land for settlement, for growing crops and
rearing livestock.
• Trees are a source of timber, firewood, making furniture and building
materials.
• Forests are cleared to build roads.
Activity 1
1. Give any two examples of waste that pollute the environment.

_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[2]
2. State any three negative effects of pollution on the environment.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[3]
3. What is meant by biodiversity?

_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[1]
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1. Plastics and Tins

2. Polluted land can kill animals and people. Livestock eat plastic bags and die as a result.
Polluted land can lead to various health problems like skin and respiratory diseases.
Reduced the beauty of the environment.
3. Refers to different types of plants and animals found on the Earth.
1.4 Depletion of the ozone layer
Ozone is a bluish gas which is found in the upper layer of the atmosphere
(stratosphere). Ozone absorbs the sun’s ultra violet rays preventing them from
reaching the surface of the earth. If the ozone layer is depleted the sun’s harmful rays
will reach the earth surface.
Causes of the depletion of the ozone layer
• It is destroyed by a chemical called chlorofluorocarbon’s (CFC’s). CFC’s

contains chlorine which destroys ozone gas molecules. Nitrogen oxides which
are produced as a result of fuel burning.
1.5 Acid rain
It is caused by airborne acidic pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide
released from industries as well as from volcanic activities. Acid rain causes
destruction of plants because the water is toxic.
1.6 Desertification
This is the process that transforms an area into a desert. It usually occurs in areas that
experience either dry or semi-dry climatic conditions. It is caused by over grazing,
overstocking, overcutting and over harvesting of fuel wood and veld products.
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2.0 Consequences of Mismanagement of the World

Environment
The results of mismanaging the environment by people are as follows:
• Loss of land; the rise of sea levels will result in some low lying islands and states
being destroyed.
• Changes in weather patterns e.g. the weather could become either extremely hot or
cold.
• Very hot and dry temperatures may lead to trees and animals dying from drought.
• Desert conditions developing in areas that are not normally deserts may lead to
extinction of some animal and plant species.
• Depletion of the ozone layer increases health risks to people and threatens the
survival of some plants and animals.
• Scarcity of clean water due to pollution.
• Increased poverty and famine levels due to land degradation and desertification
caused using poor farming methods and deforestation.
• Increased conflicts and wars over limited resources especially water sources.
Activity 2
1. Why is deforestation an issue?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[2]
2. What are the effects of acid rain?

_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[2]
3. Why is ozone layer important?

_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[1]
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1. Trees provide all living things with oxygen and use up carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.
2. Kills animals, people, and plants.
3. Absorbs the sun's ultraviolet rays preventing them from reaching the surface of the Earth.
3.0 Efforts Being Made to Address Mismanagement of World

Environments
Different stakeholders play an important role in finding solutions and addressing

environmental problems; some of them are:
• The National Conservation Strategy encourages and assists Batswana societies. It

ensures that any use of natural resources is ecologically sustainable.
• Many countries including Botswana have created forest reserves.
• Governments sign multi-lateral Environmental Agreements such as the Kyoto
Protocol to reduce greenhouse gases.
• Countries and Non-Governmental Organisations educate the public and children in
schools about the importance of conserving the world environment.
• Somarelang Tikologo aims to promote sustainable environmental protection by
educating people, demonstrating, and encouraging best practices in environmental
planning, resource conservation and waste management.
• Carbon trading schemes have been set up by the European Union and Australia.
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4.0 Ways of Conserving the World Environment
The following are ways in which the environment can be conserved:
• Educate the public about environmental issues; people must be taught what they
could do to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.
• Countries should sign and implement climate agreements; to sustainably reduce
emissions of greenhouse gases all countries need to work together to make the
necessary behavior and policy changes.
• Production of solar power and use; countries must turn to solar power, hydro-
electric power, and geothermal power as these have less known environmental side
effects as compared to fuels.
• Recycling: recycling of paper on a large scale could help in reducing the cutting
down of forests for production of pulp (soft tissue) and paper production.
• The use of towel napkins instead of diapers; towel napkins can be reused
repeatedly, and this could reduce environmental pollution as compared to diapers
which are used once and dumped in large quantities.
• Replacement of waste generating commodities; with the advance of technology, it
would be advisable to depend on online news sources rather than hardcopy
newspapers.
• Laws that control the disposal of waste must be passed and those that break the law
must be punished.
Glossary
Bio-diversity: Different types of plants and animals found in the environment.
Re-cycling: Using solid materials for different purposes.
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Instructions
Answer all questions.
Section A
True or False (T/F). (10 marks)
1. Recycling of solid materials reduce pollution of the environment. T/F
2. The Kyoto Protocol was signed by countries to address the issue of global warming. T/F
3. Deforestation produces methane gases that leads to global warming. T/F
4. Basel Convention agreement was signed by countries as an effort to address pollution of

the environment. T/F
5. Large amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere destroys the ozone layer. T/F
6. Conserving the environment prevents animals and plants species from becoming extinct.
T/F
7. Mismanagement of the environment results in scarcity of clean water due to pollution.

T/F
8. Global warming does not lead to shortage of food. T/F
9. Deforestation means cutting down of trees for firewood. T/F
10. Reducing of waste means less waste will end up in landfills. T/F
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Section B
Structured Questions. (10 Marks)
1. List any two consequences of pollution.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[2]
2. Suggest any two ways of preventing deforestation.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ [2]
3. List any two agreements Botswana has signed as an effort to address issues of
environmental mismanagement.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[2]
4. Explain any one benefit of a sound environmental management.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[2]
5. State any two examples of solid materials that can be recycled to reduce mismanagement
of the environment.
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ [2]
89 ©BOU 2021
Lesson 8
Settlements in Botswana
Introduction
In this lesson you will learn to differentiate urban from rural way of life. It is important to note
that lifestyles in different types of settlements vary. You will appreciate the factors that influence
the location of different types of settlements.
Examination hints
Learners must focus on factors that influences the location of settlements in Botswana. They
must be able to analyse the link between rural and urban settlements.
Learning Objectives
• discuss the factors that influence the location of settlements in Botswana.

• differentiate urban from rural settlements.
• discuss the opportunities and challenges of rural and urban life.
• analyse the link between rural and urban settlements.
• explain the factors that have led to increase in urbanisation in Botswana.
1.0 What is Settlement?

Settlements are places where people live. Examples are: Lobatse, Gakuto, Gaborone,
Sefikile etc.
90 ©BOU 2021
1.1 Factors that influence the location of settlements in Botswana

• Relief or physical appearance of land – People choose to settle on flat land
and gently sloping land as it is easy to construct shops and buildings.
• Water availability - Water is needed for human consumption and for
economic activities like flour milling and meat processing.
• Insect and disease prone areas –People want to settle in areas that have no
diseases and pests.
• Availability of Fertile soils – Fertile soils encourage settlement as they enable
people to practice different types of farming.
• Defence – People choose locations that can be defended easily e.g. hills.
• Availability of minerals – Areas where minerals have been discovered attract
settlements e.g. Orapa and Jwaneng.
2.0 Difference between Rural and Urban Settlements

Urban settlement Rural settlement
Most of the land is used for building Most of the land is used for growing
industries and shopping centres. crops and grazing.
Tarred and improved roads. There are few or no tarred roads &
heavy traffic.
More recreational facilities. No or few recreational facilities.
Highly populated. Smaller population as people migrate to
towns.
91 ©BOU 2021
3.0 Opportunities and Challenges of Urban life

Opportunities Challenges
Better education and health facilities. High crime rates.
Fast and efficient transport Increased traffic congestion.
More improved recreational and sporting High cost of living e.g. expensive medical
activities. charges
More business opportunities and markets. Increased pollution
Better housing facilities with utilities. Lack of accommodation and development of
squatter settlements
4.0 Opportunities and Challenges of Rural life

Opportunities Challenge
Clean air and less pollution Low production yields as the young migrate
Availability of plenty of agriculture land Lack of business opportunities and markets
Cheaper accommodation Slow infrastructure
Families have strong kinship ties. Lack of social entertainment centres
It is easy to secure residential plots Unemployment and low paying jobs.
Activity 1
1. Why is pollution less in rural areas?

______________________________________________________________________[1]
2. Why there is high crime rate in urban areas?
______________________________________________________________________[3]
3. Give any two examples of urban areas in Botswana?
________________________________________________
_____________________________[2]
92 ©BOU 2021

1. There are few manufacturing industries.
2. Lack of employment opportunities
3. Gaborone, Francistown, Jwaneng etc.
5.0 The Link between Rural and Urban Settlements

There are many factors that link rural to urban settlements. The link causes movements
between the two areas. Examples of such factors that link the areas include:
• To seek for employment from industries, farms, government departments.
• To sell or buy products.
• For social visits.
• To access social amenities, e.g. Gaborone provides services to Oodi, Tlokweng,
Gabane.
• To attend social events such as funerals and weddings.
6.0 Factors that have Led to an Increase in Urbanisation in

Botswana
NB: Urbanisation is the rapid and massive growth of towns and cities due to migration of
people in large numbers from rural to urban areas as well as development of industries and
services. The following are factors that led to an increase in urbanisation in Botswana:
• The unpredictable nature of rainfall – this makes agriculture difficult for people to
depend on, so moving to towns to seek economic opportunities is the only solution.
• Increased service activities – Towns have entertainment, banking and catering that
are better than those in rural areas, so these attract people.
• Lack of employment opportunities and low wages in rural areas – Young people go
to urban areas to seek for employment.
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• Transport improvements – Better communication lines encourage the growth of

towns and cities. People move in large numbers to towns so that they can
communicate and move easily.
• Poor medical facilities in rural areas – People move to towns because hospitals in
towns have specialist’s doctors in different human ailments. Rural areas sometimes
run out of medicine.
Activity 2
1. List any two ways in which people living in rural areas relate to those in urban areas.
______________________________________________________________________[2]
2. What is meant by urbanisation?
______________________________________________________________________[1]
Answers for Activity 2

1. People in rural areas go to urban areas to look for jobs.
People in urban areas send money to those in rural areas every month end.
2. It is the process whereby people migrate from rural areas to urban areas.
Glossary
Migration: is moving from one place to another to live.
94 ©BOU 2021
Self-assessment: Exercise 8
Instructions
1. Answer all questions

2. Use black or blue ink only
Section A: 10 Marks
1. Which one of the following is an example of a rural area?
A. Mogonye
B. Lobatse
C. Gaborone
D. Francistown
2. Which of the following statements best describes an urban area?
A. Poor infrastructure
B. More job opportunities
C. Limited job opportunities
D. Based on agricultural activities
3. Which of the following is a challenge of rural life?
A. Cheap housing
B. Low cost of living
C. Poor infrastructure
D. Cheap labour
4. What is meant by settlement?
A. A place where people live.
B. A resting place for people.
C. A place where animals are kept.
D. A place where people sell vegetables.
95 ©BOU 2021
5. Which of the following is a mining settlement in Botswana?

A. Mabule
B. Jwaneng
C. Mafikeng
D. Good-Hope
6. Why more people live in the Eastern part of Botswana?
A. Low rainfall
B. No mining areas
C. Fertile soils for crop production
D. Presence of tsetse fly in the western part of Botswana.
7. Which of the following settlements is more populated?
A. Lands
B. Urban
C. Rural
D. Cattle post
8. Which of the following is an opportunity of rural life?
A. Cultural tourism
B. Good infrastructure
C. Better health facilities
D. Better educational services
9. Which of the following factors leads to rural – urban migration in Botswana?
A. Low rainfall in urban areas
B. Low criminal activities in towns.
C. Outbreak of malaria in rural areas
D. Lack of job opportunities in rural areas
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10. Why is pollution common in urban settlements?

A. More industries
B. Less agricultural activities
C. Few manufacturing companies
D. Few people living in urban areas.
Section B: 20 marks
1. Discuss any two opportunities of rural life.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ [6]
2. List any three examples of rural settlements in Botswana.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[3]
3. Discuss any two factors that influence the location of settlements in Botswana.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[6]
4. Why is the Western part of Botswana less populated?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[2]
97 ©BOU 2021
5. State any one difference between rural and urban settlements.

_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[1]
6. How does soil fertility influence the location of settlements in Botswana?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[2]
98 ©BOU 2021
Lesson 9
Population Studies
Introduction
Population, the total number of people living in a specific area, has always been essential to any
country. In this unit you are going to learn about the different aspects of population/dynamics
such as population problems, the relationship between population, development and
environment. You will also learn about internal and internal migration and their consequences on
population growth.
Learning Objectives
• discuss factors influencing population growth
• analyse population distribution in Botswana
• outline the main population problems in Botswana
• explain the relationship between population, development and environment
• evaluate the strategies used to manage population growth
• investigate the causes and consequences of internal and international migration
1.0 The Factors Influencing Population Growth

Migration
• When more people move into a particular area, then area population increases.
• If more people leave an area to settle elsewhere than come to settle in the area, the
population decreases.
Birth rate and death rates

• Population decreases if the death rate is higher than the birth rate.
99 ©BOU 2021
• Population increases if birth rate is higher than death rates.

• The reasons for high birth rates include: lack of use/access to family planning
services (contraceptives), religious believes that discourage the use of contraceptives,
cultural values that encourage many children, early parenthood and unplanned
pregnancies, improved health services resulting in less infant mortality.
• The reasons for high death rates include: diseases e.g. HIV and AIDS that kill many
people.
• Poor health care and medical facilities, lack of access to good nutrition and good
sanitation
2.0 Population Distribution in Botswana

• Factors that influence population distribution in Botswana include rainfall amount,
soils, water supply, pastures and minerals, availability of employment and business
opportunities, availability of social facilities and services.
• The Eastern and Western parts of Botswana is occupied by most people because of
adequate rainfall and fertile soils while the large parts of the Kgalagadi and Western
part of Ngami land have poor soils not suitable for agriculture.
• The Eastern and Southern parts of Botswana (Francistown, Mahalapye, Palapye,
Mochudi, Gaborone, Molepolole, Kanye) have better and more services and facilities
e.g. roads, schools, medical facilities, banks, shopping malls therefore have many
people than Western parts of Botswana
• Mining towns such as Jwaneng, Orapa, Palapye (Morupule) are occupied by many
people as a result of availability of minerals such as diamonds and coal than areas
such as the Kgalagadi District. The availability of minerals has availed employment
opportunities and as such have attracted many people.
100 ©BOU 2021

3.0 The Main Population Problems in Botswana

The main problems facing population in Botswana are as follows:
• HIV and AIDS
• Unemployment
• Gender Inequality
• Income Inequality
• Young population
4.0 The Relationship between Population, Development and

the Environment
(a) The Relationship between Population and Development
• A country with a small population, adequate natural resources and financial

resources can provide services and facilities (development), good wages that
improve the standard of living of the population.
• An uncontrolled/rapid population growth results to overpopulation. Where
there is overpopulation (many people than natural resources) the development
of an area suffers.
(b) The Relationship between Population and Environment
• High population produces more waste in the environment leading to pollution.

• High population increases the demand for natural resources such as land,
water.
• Use of technology such as electricity forces people to over mine minerals such
as coal leading to extinction.
• High cost of electricity, gas in rural areas leads to deforestation.
• A population with less or no knowledge of environmental care engage in
practises that damages the environment and depletion of natural resources.
• An environment with adequate rainfall, fertile soils, and good pastures attracts
many people.
101 ©BOU 2021

5.0 The Strategies used to Manage Population Growth

The government of Botswana has come up with the following strategies to manage
population growth:
a) Birth Control Measures

The government of Botswana provides contraceptives such as pills, injections,
condoms, intrauterine devices (IUDs) for free in clinics and hospitals to control birth.
The strategy has been effective as it has declined birth rate thus reduced population
growth.
b) Family Planning Education

The education is provided in hospitals clinics – when women attend prenatal and
postnatal pregnancy and in the media such as television. This is done in order to
reduce family sizes, discuss child spacing and avoid teenage pregnancy. The strategy
has been effective as it is able to reach most of the population in rural and urban
areas. This has controlled rapid population growth in Botswana.
c) Women Empowerment
Empowerment of women has been done through education. All women in Botswana
have the opportunity to attend school and pursue their careers. The process of
education and formal employment has reduced the number of children born by the
educated women. The strategy therefore has helped women to concentrate in their
education and careers therefore reduced birth rates in the country and controlled
population growth.
d) Infusion of population issues in school curriculum

The government of Botswana has introduced population topics in the school
curriculum through subjects such as Social Studies, Geography and Development
Studies to become aware of population and family issues e.g. limiting family size
through the use of contraceptives. The strategy has been effective as the information
has helped many to limit the number of children thus reduced population growth.
102 ©BOU 2021

6.0 The Causes and Consequences of Internal and

International Migration
6.1 Definition of concepts

• Internal migration – when people move from one place to another within the
same country.
• International migration – when people migrate from one country to another.
• Pull factors – are the factors that attract people to a particular area.
• Push factors – are the factors that make people leave their areas.
6.2 Causes of Migration

We can differentiate between the pull factors and push factors that cause migration.
a) Push Factors
• Lack of employment opportunities
• Lack of social facilities and services
• Famine
• Conflicts/wars/political instability
• Natural disasters e.g. floods, earthquakes
• Harsh weather/climate
• Lack of security
b) Pull Factors
• Availability of employment opportunities/better employment
opportunities
• Availability of social facilities and services
• Peace and security/political stability
• Good weather/climate
• Adequate water supply
• Reliable water supply
• Less or low risks of natural disasters
6.3 The consequences of internal and international migration

The consequences of migration can be classified as positive or negative as shown
below:
a) Positive consequences on the receiving area
• Increased number of skilled workers
103 ©BOU 2021
• Availability of cheap labour

• Increased competition for jobs and therefore increased productivity
• Transfer of skills to the locals
b) Negative consequences on the receiving area
• Increased population resulting on depletion of natural resources
• Pressure on social services
• Spread of infectious diseases
• Increased social ills e.g. crime, prostitution
• Increased unemployment
Activity 1
(a) Explain the relationship between population and the environment

_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[2]
(b) Explain two strategies used to manage population growth in Botswana

_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[2]
(c) Define pull factors and push factors

_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[2]
(d) Outline three negative consequences of international migration on the receiving area.
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________[3]
(a) - High population produces more waste in the environment leading to pollution.
- High population increases the demand for natural resources such as land, water leading
to pressure on these resources.
- Use of technology such as electricity forces people to over mine minerals such as coal
leading to extinction.
(b) - Birth Control Measures – through provision of contraceptives by the government.
- Family Planning Education – done in hospitals, clinics, media to reduce family size.
104 ©BOU 2021

- Women Empowerment – women have the opportunity to attend school and pursue their
careers and reduces the number of children born by educated women.
- Infusion of population issues in school curriculum – done through different subjects such
as Social Studies, Development Studies for people to be aware of population.
(c) – Pull factors – are the factors that attract people to migrate to a particular area
- Push factors – are the factors that make people leave their areas.
(e) – Pressure on social services

- Increased unemployment
- Increased social ills
Glossary
Migration: the movement of people from one place to another.
Internal migration: the movement of people from one place to another within the same country.
International migration: the movement of people from one country to another.
Pull factors: The factors that attract people to a particular area.
Push factors: are the factors that make people leave their areas.
Duration: 30 minutes Total Marks: 20
Instructions:
Answer all the questions.
Use the space provided to answer the questions.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question
1. Define the following terms
105 ©BOU 2021

(i) Internal migration
_________________________________________________________________ [1]
(ii) International migration
_________________________________________________________________ [1]
2. State two factors that could lead to population growth.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ [2]
3. Explain the relationship between population and development.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ [4]
4. Discuss two factors influencing population growth.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ [4]
5. Outline four main population problems in Botswana.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ [4]
6. Discuss two strategies used to manage population growth.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ [4]
106 ©BOU 2021

Answers to Self-assessment Exercises
1. a) latitudes - Imaginary lines running across the face of map from East to West.
b) Map scale: the ratio of map distance to ground distance.
c) grid reference: network of Eastings and Northing lines drawn on a topographical map.
2. Equator line
3. Geographic data, Statistical data, and Descriptive data
4. Meters
5. Map provides general information while Plan provide detailed information.
6. Linear scale, Ratio Scale and Statement scale.
7. Contour lines are circular in shape. Valves increases towards the center. There is a small
space at the center.
8. - Title: Tells what the map is all about.
- Key: Interpret signs, symbols and colours used on the map.
Section A : 10 (marks)
1. A 2. A 3. D 4. B
5 A 6. A 7. B 8. B
9. A 10. C
107 ©BOU 2021

Section B
(a) BGCSE overall percentage (%) of grades with C or better in Botswana from 2010-2013
(b) Table
(c) -To increase our understanding about an issue
-To get new knowledge in order to make our lives better
-To identify causes and solutions to the problems faced by a society
-To get correct information before making important decisions.
(d) –Questionnaire or Document Study
(e) -Interview - this method involves a two way discussion between the researcher and the
respondent. The researcher comes with preset questions and asks the respondent who
answers on the spot.
-Questionnaire – consists of preset questions which are given to the respondent to answer
on their own.
-Observation – the researcher goes into the field and watches an individual, a group of
people, an event or activity to collect data.
-Document Study – in this method the researcher studies written materials to collect
information concerning the topic understudy.
(f) -line graph, bar graph, pie chart, histograms

(g) -descriptive paragraphs or continuous writing, pictures, drawings, photographs and
pictures.
(h) –Research- an investigation of an issue or problem
-Hypothesis-guess/prediction of what you think are the possible answers your research will
provide
108 ©BOU 2021

Self Assessment Exercise 3
1. Vegetation, animals, water, soil, air & Landforms e.t.c

2. Measuring Wind Speed
3. Rainfall, temperature, cloud cover, sunshine e.t.c
4. Semi arid. Cold, dry winters and hot, wet summers.
5. To reduce transpiration rate
6. Sun heats earth surface. Warm air rises. Condensation takes place. Clouds form and rain
falls.
7. Eastern Margin / Hard veld
8. *Frontal rainfall is not accompanied by thunder and lightning while convectional rainfall is
accompanied by thunder and lightning.
* Frontal occurs after warm air and cold air meet while convectional occurs after the sun
heats the air.
Section A: 10 (marks)
1. True 2. False 3. True
4. True 5. True 6. True
7. False 8. True 9. False
10.True
109 ©BOU 2021

Section B: (20 marks)
1. - Growing crops because of the availability of fertile loan soils/ enough rainfall.
- Keeping livestock because of good grazing pastures.
- Mining because of the availability of mineral ores in the zone etc.
2. In times of drought, the water authorities put up laws such as not allowing people to water
their gardens with clean water.
- Large businesses are encouraged to install recycling systems.
- Organisations are encouraged to install water tanks to collect water when rains fall etc.
3. -Building houses using reeds because of its availability in the Okavango delta and
surrounding areas.
- Arable farming because of the availability of the fertile alluvial soils.
- Pastoral farming in small scale because of the availability of tsetse fly which causes
disease called Nagana in their cattle.
4. Heat surface water and this makes water evaporate quickly.

5. Plant trees (practicing afforestation), cut only dead or old trees etc.
Section A
1.D 2. D 3. D
110 ©BOU 2021

Section B
4. Formed when molten rock (magma) is pushed/erupts onto the earth surface during a
volcanic eruption. On reaching the earth magma is called lava where it becomes solid and
builds to form a conical mountain called volcanic mountain.
5. - Practise fishing because of presence of rivers such as Congo and Amazon
- Hunting and gathering because of presence of wild animals and fruits
- People put on light clothes because the environment is hot and humid
6. – Wine making
- Tourism
- Fishing
- Agriculture
7. Receives very low rainfall – annual average rainfall is less than 250 mm
- Rain comes during summer
- It snows in winter
8. -Altitude, latitude, ocean currents, position on continent or aspect
1. B 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. D
6. C 7. B 8. B 9. B 10. A
111 ©BOU 2021

1. It is the long term trend of an increase in the earth’s average temperature.

2. These are gases that trap heat and make the Earth warmer.
3. - Agriculture – Cow dung gives out a gas called methane. Methane helps in destroying the
ozone layer which is a layer that absorbs the dangerous ultra-violet rays and stops them
from reaching the earth. Ultra-violet rays may cause skin cancer.
- Fumes from industries – Pollutants released into the atmosphere affects the vegetation
badly and this may lead to reduced rainfall amounts in areas of the world where air
pollution poses a very serious problem.
4. New agricultural opportunities: Cooler climates will become warmer and people living
there may be able to grow crops that are suitable for warmer climates. This may increase
crop production in some areas.
5. Plants absorbs carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) thereby reducing amount of it in the
atmosphere.
6. Oil, Coal
Section A: (10 Marks)
1. True 2.True. 3. False 4. True. 5. True.

6. True 7.True. 8. False. 9. True 10. True
Section B: (10 Marks)
1 - Killing plants, animals and people as they inhale contaminated air.

- Land pollution leads to the soil to loose its fertility thereby leading to low agricultural
production.
112 ©BOU 2021

2. - Using of solar energy.

- Educate people about the importance of the forest.
3. - Kyoto Protocol of 1997.
- Basel Convention, 1989
4. - Prevents plants and animals from dying (Protects biodiversity)
- It is cheaper and easier to conserve the environment than to fix problems caused by
mismanagement
5. Plastics and Tins
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. B
6. C 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. A
1. - Less crime
- Availability of plenty of agriculture land
2. Mmathethe, Mogonye, Mmatseta etc.

3. - Relief or physical appearance of land – People choose to settle on flat land and gently
sloping land as it is easy to construct shops and buildings.
- Water availability - Water is needed for human consumption and for economic activities
like flour milling and meat processing.
4. Few job opportunities, poor soils for arable farming etc.
113 ©BOU 2021

5. Urban settlement is more populated while rural settlement is less populated. Urban
settlements are more developed than rural settlements
6. Provides the opportunity for people to practice arable farming in large scale.
1. (i) Internal migration: the movement of people from one place to another within the same
country.
(ii) International migration: the movement of people from one country to another.
2. – Migration
-Birth rate and death rate
3. - A country with a small population, adequate natural resources and financial resources can
provide services and facilities (development), good wages that improve the standard of
living of the population.
- Rapid population growth results in overpopulation and leads to slow development in a

country.
4. –Migration - When more people move into a particular area than leave the area population
increases.
-If more people leave an area to settle elsewhere than come to settle in the area, the
population decreases
-Birth rate and death rates - Population decreases if the death rate is higher than the birth
rate
- Population increases if birth rate is higher than death rates.
5. - HIV and AIDS
- Unemployment
- Gender Inequality
114 ©BOU 2021
- Income Inequality
6. Birth Control Measures – through provision of contraceptives by the government.
- Family Planning Education – done in hospitals, clinics, media to reduce family size.
- Women Empowerment – women have the opportunity to attend school and pursue their
careers and reduces the number of children born by educated women.
- Infusion of population issues in school curriculum – done through different subjects such
as Social Studies, Development Studies for people to be aware of population.
115 ©BOU 2021

References
Makwinja V., Matsheka V.G, Molwane A.B. and Dr Segobye A.K (2001) Exploring Social
Studies – A Junior Secondary Course for Botswana Book 3, Gaborone, Heinemann Botswana
Montsho P., Ngongola V., (2010) Diamond Social Studies A Fresh Start Book 2, Gaborone,
Diamond Educational Publishers.
Ngongola V. and Tsayang G.T (2003) Social Studies is Fun 2, Gaborone, Collegium Educational
Publishers
Ngongola V. and Tsayang G.T (2003) Social Studies is Fun 3, Gaborone, Collegium Educational
Publishers
Waugh D., (1990), An Integrated Approach, London, Thomas Nelson and Sons Limited
116 ©BOU 2021

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JC: Social Studies Revision Notes Book 1

JUNIOR CERTIFICATE PROGRAMME

SOCIAL STUDIES REVISION NOTES

Subject Specialist Programme Developer

Aims of the Junior Secondary Social Studies Programme

1. Developed interest in the application of information technology

The course content is covered in three (3) revision booklets, namely:

Teaching Learning Approach

How the Examination Papers are structured

Lesson 1 Map Reading Skills .................................................................. 7

Learners should be able to:

1.0 Attributes/Characteristics of a Map

• Key/legend: explains the meaning of symbols used on the map.

2.0 Difference between a Map and a Plan

2.1 Difference between Maps and Aerial Photographs

2.2 Difference between a Map and Satellite Image (Space Borne

3.0 Using Map Scale to Calculate Ground Distance

There are three types of map scales, namely:

3.1 Statement Scale

Statement scale is written in a form of statement or words e.g. one centimetre

3.2 Linear scale

It is shown in a form of a line/bar. Figure 1 shows examples of a linear scale.

Figure 1: Linear Scale

Measuring distance between two points using a linear scale

3.3 Ratio scale/representative fraction scale

4.0 Using Direction to Locate Places on a Map

Study the map in figure 3 and answer the questions below.

1) In which direction is:

5.0 Locate on a Map Using Latitude, Longitude and Four

20º Maun 20º

a) Give the latitude of

6.0 Grid Reference

How to locate places using a 4 figure grid reference?

• Start with vertical lines (Eastings)

Answer: The position of Y is 4992.

a) Give four figure reference of the following:

7.0 Determining Landforms on Maps

Figure 9 Contour interval

The contour interval is therefore 10.

Figure 10: Cliff

Figure 11: Plateau

Figure 12: Depression

Figure 13: River Valley

The river in the valley on figure 13 is flowing to the southwest.

Figure 14: Flat Land

Figure 15: Contours

8.0 Drawing Sketch Maps from Descriptions

Figure 16: Sketch Map

9.0 Basic Geographical Information System (GIS) Techniques

Geographical Information System is a computer-based system used for storing,

9.1 GIS uses 3 main types of data/ information

Aerial photograph: These are photographs taken from flying objects.

Latitude line: These are imaginary horizontal lines.

Duration: 30 minutes Total: 20 Marks

1. Define the following words:

b) Map scale___________________________________________________________ [1]

c) Grid reference________________________________________________________ [1]

3. Geographical Information System uses the three types of data, namely:

4. Which unit of measurement is used to measure the height of contour lines?

5. Differentiate a map from a plan.

6. List the three types of map scale.

7. Describe the patterns of contour lines of a mountain.

8. Describe any two attributes of a map.