Fusion Engineering and Design 157 (2020) 111631

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Fusion Engineering and Design

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fusengdes

Progress in development of advanced D1S dynamic code for three- T

dimensional shutdown dose rate calculations
Giovanni Marianoa,b,*, Davide Flamminia, Nicola Fonnesua, Fabio Moroa, Rosaria Villaria
a
ENEA, FSN Department, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044, Frascati, Rome, Italy
b
DIAEE, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, 244, 00186, Rome, Italy

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The Advanced Direct 1-Step (AdD1S) is one of the most validated tools for the evaluation of Shutdown Dose Rate
Shutdown dose rate in complex fusion tokamak machines. The present work is built on the experience in analyzing tokamaks using
D1S prior versions of the code, where the activation analysis was limited to the first-step reactions. In the light of the
Neutronics neutron irradiation scenarios foreseen for fusion power reactors and the increasing importance of safety re-
Activation
quirements, the possibility to treat the multi-step reactions introduced in the present version represents a novel
Code development
and relevant development in the field. Moreover, a new Python library, PyD1S, has been developed to optimize
the MCNP-FISPACT interface and data analysis. In this paper, the recent developments and the first applications
are presented.

1. Introduction first applications to tokamak calculations.

An accurate evaluation of the shutdown dose rate is fundamental for
shielding design, materials’ requirements, licensing and planning of
maintenance operations in high-performance fusion devices. The cal-
culation of the shutdown dose rate requires to combine radiation
transport and inventory codes. The Advanced D1S [1] method is one of
the most validated in complex fusion tokamak machines. It is a Direct 1-
Step class [2] tool based on MCNP5 Monte Carlo [3] and FISPACT [4]
inventory codes, with key computation capabilities, such as the mesh
tally maps and continuous time evolution assessment of the dose rate.
The Direct 1-Step approach foresees a single transport simulation both
of neutrons and decay gammas; photons are treated as promptly
emitted and weighted by correction factors to account for build-up and
decay of the considered radionuclides. Advanced D1S has been vali-
dated through measurements at JET tokamak and comparison with
Rigorous 2-Step codes [5] and it has been also extensively used for ITER
and DEMO calculations. The Advanced D1S Dynamic is an improved
version of Advanced D1S with new features aimed at extending appli-
cations, at overcoming present limitations and at improving its versa-
tility [6]. The most relevant improvement is the possibility to treat
multi-step reactions, despite the restraints of a 1-step computational
scheme. A new Python library has been also developed to optimize the
MCNP-FISPACT interface, the set-up and data analysis. The present
work describes the developments of Advanced D1S Dynamic and its
2. Principles and implementation of advanced D1S dynamic
The D1S approach treats the decay gammas of the radioactive nu-
clides as promptly emitted and hence, the neutrons and decay gammas
are transported in a single simulation. Gammas are emitted and flagged
according to the parent isotope and reaction. Proper time factors, cal-
culated analytically or through activation codes, are applied to the
scored quantities to take into account the build-up and the decay of the
radionuclides considered. The direct emission of decay gammas re-
quires the use of special D1S libraries, where the prompt-gamma
emissions are replaced by decay gammas emitted by the generated
radionuclide.
The D1S approach is based on the assumption that the neutron
spectrum, the number of parent nuclides and the cross-sections are
time-independent. Under this hypothesis, the temporal evolution of the
shutdown dose rate (SDDR) can be treated separating the spatial and
temporal dependence:
k
SDDR (x , y, z , t ) = ∑ Dk (x , y, z )⋅τk−1 (t )
1 (1)
Where, for the k-th radionuclide:

⁎
Corresponding author at: DIAEE, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, 244, 00186, Rome, Italy.
E-mail address: giovanni.mariano@uniroma1.it (G. Mariano).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2020.111631
Received 20 September 2019; Received in revised form 11 March 2020; Accepted 15 March 2020
Available online 19 March 2020
0920-3796/ © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
G. Mariano, et al. Fusion Engineering and Design 157 (2020) 111631

Dk (x , y, z ) = ∫ CC (E )⋅Φk (E ) dE N182W (t ) = N182W (0)⋅e−σ 182W Φt ≈ N182W (0)

1
E N181W (t ) = σ 182W ΦN182W λ (1 − e−λ181W t )
181W the per-
Ak (t ) −σ 181 Φt −σ 181 Φt −λ t
Ta − e 181W
τk−1 (t ) = Yn Ta (t ) =
N181 Wσ 182 W
⎛1 − e
ΦN182
Ta
+
e ⎞
Φ − λ181
Nk |Tirr = 1s, tcool → 0
181
⎝ σ 181Ta Φ σ 181
Ta W ⎠
centage amount of Ta is obtained as:
CC (E ) are the flux-to-dose conversion coefficients in pSv⋅cm2 for
monoenergetic gammas [7], Φk (E ) the gamma spectrum; Yn the total ∫ σ 182W (E ) Φ (E ) dE
N181Ta (t → ∞ )
neutron yield, Ak (t ) the activity, Nk the number of atoms at the end of = E
N182W ∫ σ 181Ta (E ) Φ (E ) dE
instantaneous irradiation assuming that all the neutrons are emitted by E (3)
the plasma in one second.
Where, N182W has been considered constant for solving the equations
The Advanced D1S Dynamic implementation is based on a modified
since σ 182W ΦTirr ≪ 1 is verified in typical irradiation scenarios con-
version of MCNP 5 coupled with the FISPACT inventory code: a single
sidered. The percentage amount of 181Ta is calculated through two
run of MCNP, transporting both neutrons and gammas, is needed to
FISPACT calculations, following these steps:
obtain the spatial distribution of Shutdown Dose Rate, while two runs
of FISPACT (actual and “1s” scenarios) to obtain the time correction
• Setup the actual irradiation scenario for both of them
• Specify the irradiated materials using the FUEL card: W in the
factors for temporal evolution [1]. 182
Using the special libraries, the decay gammas produced by activated
first one, 181
Ta in the other one
• Extract the atoms concentration of Ta at shutdown from the
materials are emitted as prompt. The special libraries have been ob- 182
tained from normal transport libraries: for selected reactions (chosen on
outputs and calculate the ratio
the basis of their contribution to the induced activation), neutron cross
sections have been replaced by the activation library while prompt
The neutron spectrum is obtained from an MCNP pure neutron
gammas have been replaced by the decay gammas emitted by daughter
transport calculation. Such factor will permit to include in the D1S
nuclide.
MCNP calculation an effective constant amount of 181Ta as an impurity
For mesh-based analyses the temporal correction factors are used by
that, at the end of the irradiation, produces the same 182Ta amount as
MCNP and directly applied to the decay gammas. During the coupled
the one coming from multi-step reactions on 182W. The D1S MCNP
neutron decay gamma simulation, the time correction factors are read
calculation is then performed in single coupled neutron-decay gamma
from an external file. These factors are internally applied to each gen-
transport using such fictitious materials.
erated gamma according to its parent and multiplied by the corre-
As the reaction rates of 182W(n,2n)181W and 181Ta(n,γ)182Ta are
sponding flux-to-dose conversion coefficient to provide directly, as an
spatially dependent, the effective amount of 181Ta varies depending on
output result, the shutdown dose rate maps [1]. For time behavior in
the position. Once identified the zones with similar spectrum, few dif-
single run and identification of dominant nuclides, presently im-
ferent material compositions can be assumed. The problem of the spa-
plemented for cell-based tallies, the correction factors are applied in
tial and spectral dependency could be solved through the im-
post-processing phase. Automated time dependence can be also ob-
plementation of a subroutine that flags the gammas’ origin cell id: this
tained by including the decay constant for each radionuclide con-
implementation allows to weight the gammas on the basis of their
tributing to the dose by considering its decay law.
origin in post-processing analysis. The weights can be calculated by
applying the formula (3).
2.1. Multi-step reactions The described approach has been applied to DEMO applications in
Section 3.2 and can be extended to other multi-step reactions.
Due to the underlying assumptions of D1S approach, it is not pos-
sible to perform an accurate evaluation of the dose from multi-step 2.2. Python library for D1S
reactions products: in fact, in this case the number of parent nuclides
depends on the irradiation history. One of the most important devel- A new Python [8] library named PyD1S has been developed in order
opments especially for future machines as DEMO is related to the to facilitate the calculation of time correction factors, the MCNP set-up
possibility to treat the most important multi-step reactions. and the post-processing analysis. Based on Pandas [9] and Numpy [10]
Since standard D1S is able to manage the single activation reactions, Python libraries, PyD1S has been developed following a modular ap-
the adopted strategy consists in modifying the original isotopic com- proach: each module could be reused for future applications.
position of the MCNP material adding a proper amount of the daughter The library is composed of 5 modules:
nuclide responsible for gamma dose [6].
This amount can be evaluated through the general Bateman equa-
tion applied to each member of a multi-step reactions chain:
• fispact_reader_output: taking as input a fispact output, it returns a
Pandas DataFrame containing the FISPACT tables produced for each
time-step;
•
dNi
= (σi − 1 Φ + λi − 1 ) Ni − 1 − (σi Φ + λi ) Ni mctal_reader: it converts the mctal file into DataFrame format;
(2)
•
dt
tc_factors_calc: using the fispact_reader_output module, it reads the
Where, Ni is the number of atoms of the i-th nuclide, Φ the neutron flux, output files of the true and the “1s” irradiation scenarios and it re-
σi the absorption cross section, σi − 1 the Xi − 1 → Xi reaction cross section, turns a DataFrame composed of one or two columns (depending on
λi the decay constant and σ⋅Φ is a reduced form for ∫ σ (E ) Φ (E ) dE , for how many neutron spectra are considered,) indexed by the cooling
E time step and the nuclide name; the correction factors can be ex-
the sake of readability.
ported in a single csv file or in multiple files (one for each cooling
As an example of the application of this approach, the following
time);
•
multi-step reaction, generated by neutron irradiation on pure tungsten,
SDDR_calculation: using the previous modules, it reads the mctal file
will be considered:
and the DataFrame of the time correction factors and creates the
182
W (n, 2n)181W (ECdecay )181Ta (n, γ )182Ta DataFrame of shutdown dose rate indexed by the cell id, the cooling
time step and the nuclide name; it can be exported in multiple excel
The daughter nuclide responsible of gamma dose is 181Ta. files, one for each cell: the first worksheet of the excel file contains a
Applying the previous Eq. (2) to the chain reaction:

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G. Mariano, et al. Fusion Engineering and Design 157 (2020) 111631

Fig. 1. Workflow of PyD1S library. On the left-side the calculation of time correction factors is described: the PyD1S library reads Activities and Atoms from two
FISPACT outputs and exports the calculated time correction factors in a proper format. In the right side the gamma and neutron transport and post-processing phase
are described: for cell-based analysis, the correction factors are applied in post-processing phase for all the considered cooling time while for meshtally analysis a
single cooling time needs to be selected as input of the MCNP calculation.

resume table, while the others contains the calculations related to a Pb, W and Ca.
single cooling time step, where the contribution to the dose of each
radionuclide is reported;
• decay_gamma_spectra: it works like the SDDR_calculation module, the 3.1. Divertor Tokamak test facility
output is the decay gamma spectra for the cooling time steps con-
sidered. The Shutdown Dose Rate analysis has been performed to support the
design and the licensing phase of DTT [14]. The Advanced D1S dy-
The execution time of each module requires just few seconds on a namic has been applied to the 20o model of DTT (Fig. 2) using a con-
commercial laptop. The implemented workflow (Fig. 1) can be divided servative irradiation scenario. The maximum DD neutron yield is as-
into three main phases: 1) calculation of correction factors, 2) radiation sumed to be 1.5⋅1017 n/s; 1.5⋅1015 n/s from DT fusion reactions (1% of
transport calculation with the modified version of MCNP and 3) post- DD neutrons) have been considered to take into account the triton burn-
processing analysis. The calculation of correction factors requires two up. Three representative phases of the machine life have been con-
FISPACT runs: the first one needs the actual irradiation scenario, the sidered: 18 months, 42 months and end of life. Details are in reference
second the “1 s” scenario where all the neutrons are generated in 1 s; [14].
both require as input a representative neutron spectra (DD or DT) and a The cell-based analysis has been performed in the positions in-
fictitious material composition including all parents of the activation dicated in Fig. 2 and the results for the “End of Life” are reported in
reactions of interest. PyD1S extracts the Activities from the first FIS- Fig. 3 in terms of temporal evolution of SDDR. At the end of life, the
PACT output and the Atoms from the second one, for each cooling time, shutdown dose rate exceeds 100 μSv/h outside ports up to 1 day after
to calculate the time correction factors of the selected nuclides. Given a
specific application, the calculation of the correction factors should be
performed for each irradiation history of interest.
The radiation transport calculation consists of an MCNP run, that
requires the definition of: geometry, materials, neutron source and
tallies. Special data libraries and decay data are also required. For mesh
tally analyses, the selection of a single cooling time is necessary, since
the temporal evolution still needs to be implemented for maps pro-
duction.
In post-processing phase, PyD1S calculates the temporal evolution
of Shutdown dose rate and decay gamma spectra for the considered
cooling times.

3. Applications

In this section, recent applications of Advanced D1S dynamic to

Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) facility and DEMO are presented. FENDL
3 [11] and JEFF3.3 [12] cross section data library have been used for
radiation transport in DTT and DEMO, respectively. The D1S special
libraries are based on FENDL3.1c [13].
As for the calculation of the time correction factors a fictitious Fig. 2. DTT 20o MCNP model: the blue spheres indicate the position where
material containing the main parent nuclides of the most important SDDR has been evaluated through a cell-based analysis using Advanced D1S
activation products is created. In these applications the fictitious ma- Dynamic. The positions identified by “1” are in front of port, while the ones
terial contains: Ni, Co, Fe, Ag, Na, Cu, Nb, Mn, Zr, Al, Ta, Sc, Ti, Cr, Mo, identified by “2” are in front of cryostat.

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G. Mariano, et al. Fusion Engineering and Design 157 (2020) 111631

Fig. 3. Shutdown Dose Rate (μSv/h) versus Time After Shutdown (days). The
relative statistical errors are below 5 %.

Table 1
Contribution to the shutdown dose rate of Cobalt impurities 1000 wppm in
cryostat SS304 at the end of life in Ob2 position.
Time after Shutdown SDDR due to Cobalt/1000 wppm Total SDDR %
Fig. 5. DEMO WCLL 2018 SMS blanket and heterogeneous divertor. Position of
in Cryostat (μSv/h) (μSv/h)
tally cells D1-D4 and details of Plasma facing component.
1 day 13 29 45
12 days 12 22 55
1 month 12 21 57
3.2. WCLL DEMO 2018
3 months 12 19 63
6 months 11 16 69 The Advanced D1S Dynamic with the multi-step approach has been
1 year 11 14 79 applied to the WCLL 2018 DEMO detailed model within EUROfusion
PPPT SAE activities. The MCNP model (Fig. 5) is based on an integra-
tion of a layered 2018 WCLL SMS blanket [16], with a heterogeneous
shutdown outside cryostat. In the internal position (E0) the dose rate
DEMO divertor that includes a detailed description of the plasma facing
level is a factor of 30 higher than in the external positions (E1).
components [17]. The DEMO 2017 fusion power is 1998 MW corre-
With cell-based analyses, sensitivity studies have also been per-
sponding to 7.094⋅1020n/s , with an average neutron wall loading of
formed to evaluate the impact of the relevant impurities on shutdown
1.032 MW/m2 . The irradiation scenario consists in 1888 days at 30 % of
dose rate, in particular cobalt and tantalum. At the intermediate phase
full power followed by 10 days with 48 pulses (4 h long with 1 h of
the tantalum in steel can impact up to 20 %/100 wppm of the total
dwell time) at full power.
dose; the impact of cobalt is relevant in high performance phase.
In a first stage, after selection of relevant activation reactions,
Table 1 shows, as an example, the contribution of 1000 wppm of Co in
FISPACT II [4] code was set-up to perform the calculation of the tem-
Cryostat SS304 to the total dose in Ob2 position. The results reveal that
poral correction factors needed for Advanced D1S dynamic calculations
the content of Co has a major impact on the doses outside cryostat and
and to assess the effective constant amount of 181Ta as an impurity that,
on the basis of such analyses its concentration in DTT cryostat steel has
at the end of the irradiation, produces the same 182Ta amount generated
been reduced to 500 wppm.
from multi-step reactions on 182W, as described in Section 2. This al-
Fig. 4 shows the SDDR and its statistical errors maps calculated at 3 lows to include the contribution of 182
W
months after the DTT shutdown: the mesh tally voxel resolution is (n, 2n)181W (ECdecay )181Ta (n, γ )182Ta reaction, which is responsible of
10 × 10 × 10 cm3 and the total voxels number is 120000. The statis- more than 80 % of 182Ta production in FW armour and plasma facing
tical error is below 10 % in the zones of interest. components (PFC) of the divertor. The 3-D Advanced D1S calculations
The results have been obtained by running Advanced D1S in a take into account the dose due to the– multi-step reactions chain of
parallel mode using 600 processors on HPC ENEA CRESCO cluster [15]. Tungsten. According to this calculation, the PFC tungsten has been
The computing time reported by MCNP output is 61876 min. doped of 181Ta, increasing its content from 2.03⋅10−5 to 6.83⋅10−2 and
balancing the W accordingly. The shutdown dose rate and decay
gamma spectra have been calculated from 1 h to 1 year after shutdown

Fig. 4. Shutdown dose rate at 3 months after DTT shutdown (top) and relative statistical errors (down) maps. Mesh tally with voxel resolution 10 × 10 × 10 cm3. Y-Z
axes units are in cm.

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G. Mariano, et al. Fusion Engineering and Design 157 (2020) 111631

Table 2
Shutdown Dose Rate Dominant Nuclides in position D1 for W-original (top) and W-doped (down) models. The statistical error is less than 5%.
1h 1 day 12 days 1 year

Nuclide SDDR (Sv/h) % dose Nuclide SDDR (Sv/h) % dose Nuclide SDDR (Sv/h) % dose Nuclide SDDR (Sv/h) % dose

Mn56 12600 55 W187 4500 73 Ta182 700 46 Mn54 300 60

W187 8800 40 Ta182 800 12 Mn54 650 43 Ta182 100 20
Ta182 800 3 Mn54 650 10 Co60g + m 100 6 Co60g + m 80 16
Mn54 660 2 Co60g + m 100 1 Fe59 50 3 Fe59 0.1 0.02
Total 23100 Total 6160 Total 1510 Total 500

Mn56 12600 55 W187 4500 71 Ta182 900 53 Mn54 300 60

W187 8800 38 Ta182 1000 16 Mn54 650 38 Ta182 100 20
Ta182 1000 4 Mn54 650 10 Co60g + m 100 6 Co60g + m 80 16
Mn54 660 3 Co60g + m 100 1.5 Fe59 50 3 Fe59 0.1 0.02
Total 23300 Total 6350 Total 1700 Total 500

changes of the machine configuration during irradiation and at the

shutdown: in particular, the variation of the machine geometry during
operations and at the shutdown and the management of multiple life-
times. The possibility to export the decay gamma source in SDEF format
will be also implemented in the next version.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Giovanni Mariano: Writing - original draft, Methodology,

Fig. 6. SDDR Ratio between W-doped and original model. The statistical error
less than 2.3 %.
Software. Davide Flammini: Visualization, Data curation. Nicola
Fonnesu: Investigation, Writing - review & editing. Fabio Moro:
Validation. Rosaria Villari: Conceptualization, Writing - review &
editing, Supervision.
Declaration of Competing Interest

using two MCNP inputs: the original W and artificial W doped with
181
Ta. Table 2 reports the SDDR results and dominant contribution in
the position D1 in the original and W doped models. The statistical
error associated to the dominant nuclides SDDR is less than 5 %.
The impact of increase of 181Ta on the SDDR value due to the multi-
step reaction on tungsten is shown in Fig. 6: 12 days after shutdown, the
presence of artificial tungsten makes the dose up to a 12 % higher with
respect to the results obtained using the original material (D1). A minor
effect is found on D3 and D4 due to the low amount of W in FW armour.
The statistical error for the total SDDR is less than 2.3 % for each po-
sition.
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influ-
ence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
The computing resources and the related technical support used for
this work have been provided by CRESCO/ENEAGRID High
Performance Computing infrastructure and its staff [15]. CRESCO/
ENEAGRID High Performance Computing infrastructure is funded by
ENEA.

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