22/11/2021

ENGINEERING DESIGN AND

DRAFTING – CAD
APPLICATION
VENUE: KKTM KEMAMAN
DATE: 22 NOV – 24 NOV 2021

BY: TS. JUNITA MOHD SAID

UNIKL MFI

CODE AND STANDARD

OF PRACTICES IN
ENGINEERING DRAWING

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GRAPHIC
LANGUAGE IN
ENGINEERING
DRAWING
The words of the language, as they are written or spoken, do not seem to play any role in my
mechanism of thought. The psychical entities which seem to serve as elements in thought are
certain signs and more or less clear images which can be “voluntarily” reproduced and
combined--this combinatory play seems to be the essential feature in productive thought before
there is any connection with logical construction in words or other kinds of signs which are
communicated to others
--Albert Einstein

GRAPHIC LANGUAGE IN
ENGINEERING DRAWING
“Engineering drawing” or “blueprint” uses lines to
represent the features of an object.

Features of an object are surface (include plane) and

edge.
Surface

Edge

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Engineering design Apply trough

the process of:
•Visualizing / identify the idea.
•Sketches to record initial idea.
•Created geometric model for analysis - 2D assembly
/ exploded assembly.
•Detail drawing / 3D drawing to record the precise
data for production process.

BASIC REqUIREmENTS

A clear, precise and unambiguous engineering drawing

requires both graphics and word languages.

Graphics language
Describe a shape (mainly).

Word language
Describe an exact size,
location and specification
of the object.

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TExT ON DRAWINGS : Example

Dimensions
&
Notes

General
notes Title
block

KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS REqUIRE

Engineering Drawing

Graphics Word
language language

Geometric Projection
construction method Dimensions & Notes

Using line types Visualization

Visualization is the ability to mentally picture things that do not exists.

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mETHOD OF ExPRESSIONYOURS???!!
1.FREEHAND (2D / 3D) BY AUTODESK
The lines are drawn using only pencil INVENTOR
and erasers on a blank or grid paper

3. BY COMPUTER
Computer aided drafting (CAD) software is used
(2D / 3D Modelling).

2. HAND-HELD ISTRUMENT
• Used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately
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• Drawings are usually made to scale

mETHOD OF SHAPE DESCRIPTION

- AVAILABLE TO SHOW SHAPE.
2. Three-dimensional (3D)
• TWO BASIC TECHNIqUES;

1. Two-dimensional
(2D)
Preferred 3D -
ISOMETRIC

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ORTHOGRAPHIC
WRITING

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PROJECTION
THOERY

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CONCEPT
A projection theory is based on 2 variables:
1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection (image or picture plane)

Line of sight (LOS)

is an imaginary ray of light
between an observer’s eye
and an object.

Plane of projection
is an imaginary flat plane upon
which the image created by the
LOS is projected.

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SUmmARY : Types of views

Projections

Parallel Converge

Orthogonal Oblique

Multiview Axonometric

Multiview drawing Pictorial drawing Perspective

drawing

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VIEW COmPARISON
Type Advantage Disadvantage
Multiview drawing Accurately presents Require training
object’s details, i.e. to visualization.
size and shape.

Pictorial drawing Easy to visualize. Shape and angle distortion

Circular hole
becomes ellipse

Right angle becomes

obtuse angle.

Perspective drawing Object looks more Difficult to create

like what our eyes Size and shape
perceive. distortion
Distorted
width

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Definition
Multiview drawing is a set of related images that are created
by viewing the object from a different direction.

Adjacent view(s)
Depth

is needed to
Height fulfill the object
description.

Width Depth
Height

Width Depth

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mETHODS
1. Revolve the object with respect to observer
2. The observer moves around the object.

Glass box concept

Top view

Top view

Front
Right side
view
Front view Right side view play view
play

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GLASS BOx : Revolution of the planes of

projection

Rear view

Left side view

Bottom view

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RELATIVE ORIENTATION OF VIEWS

Top view

Depth
Front view

Width
Height

Rear view Left side view Right side view

Bottom view

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SUmmARY : Problem solving steps

Given
1 2

3 4

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OBJECT FEATURES
Edge is a line that represent the boundary between two
faces of an object.
Surface limit is a line that represents the last visible
part of the curve surface.
Surface is an area that are bounded by edges or surface
limit. Surface can be plane or curve.

No edges!

Prism Cylinder Sphere

Note These features will appear as lines in a Multiview drawing.

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PROJECTION OF AN OBJECT
Glass box concept Multiview drawing

Hidden line is used

to show existence of
a hidden edge.

Do the same procedures for

all remaining edges (or planes)
Play

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PROJECTION OF AN OBLIqUED PLANE

Glass box concept Multiview drawing

Play

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TRANSFERRING A DEPTH : DIRECT

mEASUREmENT
3

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0

Prefer space between

front and side views

0 1 2 3 27

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TRANSFERRING A DEPTH : mITER LINE

miter line

45o
Prefer space between
front and side views

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OVERALL STEPS
152
64 Top
1. Select the
necessary views
25~40

45 Front
2. Layout the
selected views 152
on a drawing
Choose a drawing scale
sheet. (say 1:1)
x
3. Complete each x
selected views. z
y

Top
4. Complete the
dimensions and
y

x x
notes.
Front
y

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VIEW SELECTION PROCEDURES

1. Orient the object to the best position relative to

a glass box.

2. Select the front view.

3. Select adjacent views.

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SUGGESTIONS : ORIENT THE OBJECT

1. The object should be placed in its natural position.
2. The orthographic views should represent the true size
and true shape of an object (as much as possible).

GOOD NO !

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Suggestions : Select the front view

1. The longest dimension of an object should be presented
as a width (in a front view).

First choice Inappropriate Second choice Good

Use more space

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Suggestions : Select the front view

2. The adjacent views project from the selected front view
should be appeared in a natural position.

Inappropriate

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Suggestions : Select the front view

3. It has the fewest number of hidden lines.

Good Inappropriate

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SUGGESTIONS : SELECT AN ADJACENT VIEW

1. Choose the view that has the fewest number of hidden lines.

Inappropriate

Inappropriate

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SUGGESTIONS : SELECT AN ADJACENT VIEW

2. Choose the minimum number of views that can represent
the major features of the object.
All information is placed
on a single view.

Necessary

Hole’s information is placed

on a separated view.

Necessary

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SUGGESTIONS : SELECT AN ADJACENT VIEW

3. Choose the views that are suitable to a drawing sheet.

Poor

Not enough space

for dimensioning.

Choose another adjacent view. Good Change orientation of the Good

selected views.

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SUmmARY
View selection has 3 steps

Orient Select Select

the object front view adjacent view

In practice, drafter should consider all recommendations

simultaneously before start to draw.

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ADDITIONAL
ExAmPLES ON A
VIEW SELECTION

Contents

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NOTES
Generally, three views orthographic drawing
is selected to describes an object’s information.

In some specific case, a necessary view may be less

or more than three views.

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OBJECT THAT REqUIRES ONLY ONE-VIEW

Flat (thin) part having a uniform thickness such as
a gasket, sheet metal etc.
Cylindrical-shaped part.

Example

1 Thick
Adjacent views
provide only a
part’s thickness !

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OBJECT THAT REqUIRES ONLY ONE-VIEW

Flat (thin) part having a uniform thickness such as
a gasket, sheet metal etc.
Cylindrical-shaped part.

Example Example

Repeat !

Infer from CL

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OBJECT THAT REqUIRES ONLY TWO-VIEW

Identical adjacent view exists.
The 3rd view has no significant contours of the object.
(provides no additional information)
Example
Repeat !

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OBJECT THAT REqUIRES ONLY TWO-VIEW

Identical view exists.
The 3rd view has no significant contours of the object.
(provides no additional information)
Example 1

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Object that requires only two-view

Identical view exists.
The 3rd view has no significant contours of the object.
(provides no additional information)
Example 2

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ALIGNmENT
OF VIEWS

Contents

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PROJECTION SYSTEmS
1. First angle system
- European countries
First
- ISO standard quadrant

2. Third angle system

- Canada, USA,
Japan, Thailand
Transparent
planes Opaque
planes

Third
quadrant

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ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
1st angle system 3rd angle system
(Opaque planes) (transparent planes/glass box)

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ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
1st angle system 3rd angle system

Folding
line

Folding
line
Folding
line

Folding
line

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VIEWS ARRANGEmENT
1st angle system 3rd angle system
Top View

Right Side View Front View Front View Right Side View

Top View

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PROJECTION SYmBOLS
1st angle system 3rd angle system

d 1.7d

2.2d

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PICTORIAL
PROJECTION

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TYPES OF A PICTORIAL PROJECTION

Axonometric Projection Oblique Projection

Parallel & normal

to picture plane Parallel & oblique
to picture plane
B
A

D A
Line C
B A
of A
Line
B B
sight of C
D sight C
C
D D

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TYPE OF AN AxONOmETRIC PROJECTION

a
1. Trimetric Axonometric
None of b c axes
the angles
are equal.

a
2. Dimetric
Two angles c
are equal. b

3. Isometric a

All angles b c
are equal.

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Type of an oblique projection

1. Cavalier 2. Cabinet

Full
scale Half
scale

45o 45o

This obliqued angle

can be any angles
but for convenient
a 45o is chosen

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Isometric projection

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ISOmETRIC PROJECTION
The projected lengths of the edges parallel to the axonometric
axes are approximately 81% of their true length.

3-D object (Cube) Axonometric projection Isometric view

45

a
a 35o16'
0.8a 0.8a

a
0.8a

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Angle & distance in isometric sketch

Angles in an isometric sketch distort from the actual angle
found in the object.
Actual or true distance can be measured along the isometric
lines of the isometric sketch.
Example
Isometric
axes C
D

90o angle
appears as 120o. B

Correct
A
90oangle
appears as 60o. Wrong

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ORIENTATION OF ISOmETRIC AxES

Isometric axes can be arbitrarily oriented to create different
views of a single object.

Regular Reverse axis Long axis

isometric isometric isometric

View point is looking View point is looking View point is looking

down on the top of up on the bottom of from the right (or left)
the object. the object. of the object.

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PRImARY
AUxILIARY VIEW

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NECESSITY
Auxiliary view is needed when it is desirable to show the
true size and shape of a surface that is not parallel to
anyone of the principal planes of projection.

True size can not be observed

from these principal views.

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USE OF AUxILIARY VIEW

In practice, an auxiliary view is usually a partial view
showing only the desired information.

Example
Complete view Partial view

d d

d d

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TYPES OF AN AUxILIARY VIEW

Primary auxiliary views may be classified into 3 types
by their relative to the principal views.

1. Adjacent to front view

2. Adjacent to top view

3. Adjacent to side view

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AUxILIARY VIEW ADJACENT TO

FRONT VIEW
Glass box and revolution View arrangement

Width True size

& of an inclined plane
Depth

Width & Height

Height
&
&
True length Depth
of edge view

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Example 1
Do you remember?
Depth dimension of the auxiliary view
can be read from top view or side view.

Auxiliary
plane

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Example 2
Hidden lines of the holes
are omitted for clarity.

D B

C A
Reference
line

Start

Prefer
distance

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AUxILIARY VIEW ADJACENT TO TOP

VIEW
Glass box and revolution View arrangement

True size
of an inclined plane

Width & Depth

&
True length
of edge view

Width Height
& &
Height Depth

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AUxILIARY VIEW ADJACENT TO SIDE

VIEW
Glass box and revolution View arrangement

Width
&
Depth

Height & Depth

Width &
& True length
Height of edge view

True size
of an
inclined plane

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Example

C
Start
B
Prefer
A
distance

Reference A
line
B

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DRAWING STANDARD
DRAWING SHEET
(DIN EN ISO 5457(2010-11) AND DIN EN ISO 216 (2007-12))

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DRAWING SHEET : STANDARD SIZE

Trimmed paper of A4

a size A0 ~ A4.
A3

Standard sheet size A2

(ISO)
A4 210 x 297 A1
A3 297 x 420
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
A0
(Dimensions in millimeters)

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DRAWING SHEET : Orientation & Margin

1. Type X (A0~A4)
c

Sheet size c (min) d (min)

A4 10 25
Border d Drawing space
c
A3 10 25
lines
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
c

Title block
2. Type Y (A4 only)

d
Drawing
space Title block

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DRAWING STANDARD
DRAWING SCALE
(DIN ISO 5455(1979-12)

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DRAWING SCALES : Definition

Length, size
Scale is a ratio between the linear dimension of a
drawn representation of an object and the actual object.

1 : 2

Drawing Actual

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DRAWING SCALES : Designation

Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follows

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 (X > 1) for an enlargement scales
SCALE 1:X (X > 1) for a reduction scales
Drawing scale is commonly found in a title block.

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DRAWING SCALES : Notes

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing represent
the “true size” of an object and they are independent of
the drawing scale used.

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DRAWING SCALES : Standard scale

Standard reducing scales are

1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100

Standard enlarging scales are

2:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 50:1, 100:1

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DRAWING STANDARD
LETTERING
(DIN EN ISO 3098-0(1998-04) AND DIN EN ISO 3098
(2000-11))

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RECOmmENDATION
Text’s style on the drawing Examples
must have the following
GOOD
2 properties
Not uniform in style.
Legibility
- Shape Not uniform in height.
- Space between letters
- Space between words Not uniformly vertical.

Uniformity Not uniform in

- Size (or text height) thickness of stroke.

- line thickness Inappropriate space

between letters

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SUGGESTED STROKES SEqUENCE

Upper-case Letters & Numerals
Straight line
letters

Curved line
letters
&
Numerals

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Lower-case Letters

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DRAWING STANDARD
LINE TYPES
(DIN ISO 128-24(2010-11) (1999-12))

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Basic Line Types &

Name according to application
Thickness Thick Thin 1. Dimension line
2. Extension line
Visible line
Style 3. Leader line

Continuous Hidden line

Dash
Chain Center line

1. Visible line represent features that can be seen in the current view.
2. Dimension line
Extension line indicate the sizes and location of features.
Leader line

3. Hidden line represent features that can not be seen in the current view.

4. Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of circles,

axis of axisymmetrical parts

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To be Continue…

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