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ALL IMPORTANT DEFINITION OF ENGLISH

NOUNS
A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.
Types of nouns include:
1.Common Nouns- These are general names for people, places,
things, or ideas, like "dog," "city," or "happiness."
2. Proper Nouns- These are specific names for particular people,
places, things, or ideas, like "John," "Paris," or "the Eiffel Tower."
3. Concrete Nouns- These are nouns you can physically touch or
see, such as "book," "tree," or "car."
4. Abstract Nouns- These are nouns that represent ideas, qualities,
or states, like "love," "freedom," or "happiness."
5. Countable Nouns- These are nouns that can be counted, like
"apple," "chair," or "person."
6. Uncountable Nouns- These are nouns that cannot be counted
individually, like "water," "air," or "information."
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PRONOUNS
Pronouns are words that replace nouns in sentences to avoid
repetition.

Types of pronouns include:

1. Personal Pronouns- These replace specific people or things.
Examples are "I," "you," "he," "she," "it," "we," and "they."
2. Possessive Pronouns- These show ownership or possession.
Examples are "mine," "yours," "his," "hers," "ours," and "theirs."
3. Reflexive Pronouns- These refer back to the subject of the
sentence. Examples are "myself," "yourself," "himself," "herself,"
"itself," "ourselves," and "themselves."
4. Demonstrative Pronouns- These point to specific things or
people. Examples are "this," "that," "these," and "those."
5. Interrogative Pronouns- These are used to ask questions.
Examples are "who," "whom," "whose," "what," and "which."
6. Indefinite Pronouns- These refer to nonspecific people or things.
Examples are "some," "any," "none," "all," "each," "everybody,"
"anybody," "someone," and "no one."
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ADJECTIVES
An adjective is a word that describes or gives more information
about a noun or pronoun.
Types of adjectives include:
1. Descriptive Adjectives- These describe the qualities or
characteristics of a noun. For example, "blue," "big," "beautiful,"
"tall," or "happy."
2. Demonstrative Adjectives- These indicate which noun or
pronoun is being referred to. Examples include "this," "that,"
"these," and "those."
3. Quantitative Adjectives- These indicate the quantity or amount
of a noun. Examples are "many," "few," "some," "several," or "all."
4. Possessive Adjectives- These show ownership or possession.
Examples are "my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," and "their."
5. Interrogative Adjectives- These are used to ask questions about a
noun. Examples include "which," "what," and "whose."
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ADVERBS
An adverb is a word that gives more information about a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb. It tells us how, when, where, or to
what extent something happens.

Types of adverbs include:

1. Adverbs of manner- These describe how an action is done. For

example, "quickly," "slowly," "carefully," or "happily."
2. Adverbs of time- These tell us when something happens.
Examples include "now," "later," "yesterday," "soon," or "always."
3. Adverbs of place- These indicate where something happens.
Examples are "here," "there," "everywhere," "outside," or "inside."
4. Adverbs of frequency- These show how often something
happens. Examples include "always," "often," "sometimes,"
"rarely," or "never."
5. Adverbs of degree- These tell us the extent or intensity of an
action or quality. Examples are "very," "too," "quite," "almost," or
"extremely."
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CONJUNCTION
A conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, or clauses in
a sentence.

Types of conjunctions include:

1. Coordinating Conjunctions- These join words, phrases, or clauses
that are similar in structure or importance. Examples include "and,"
"but," "or," "nor," "for," "yet," and "so."
2. Subordinating Conjunctions- These connect a dependent clause
to an independent clause. They show the relationship between the
two clauses, such as cause and effect, time, or condition. Examples
are "because," "although," "since," "while," "if," "when," and
"until."
3. Correlative Conjunctions- These are pairs of conjunctions that
work together to join words, phrases, or clauses of equal
importance. Examples include "either...or," "neither...nor,"
"both...and," "not only...but also," and "whether...or."
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INTERJECTION
An interjection is a word or phrase used to express emotion,
feeling, or sudden reaction. It often stands alone and is punctuated
with an exclamation mark. Interjections are used to convey
emotions such as surprise, joy, anger, or excitement.

Types of interjections include:

1. Joy or Approval- These interjections express happiness or

approval. Examples include "Wow!" "Yay!" "Hooray!" or "Bravo!"

2. Surprise or Shock- These interjections express astonishment or

disbelief. Examples are "Oh!" "Wow!" "Gosh!" or "Whoa!"

3. Greeting or Farewell- These interjections are used for greeting or

saying goodbye. Examples include "Hello!" "Hi!" "Goodbye!" or
"Bye!"

4. Pain or Discomfort- These interjections express pain or

discomfort. Examples are "Ouch!" "Ow!" or "Eek!"

5. Approval or Agreement- These interjections show agreement or

approval. Examples include "Yes!" "Alright!" "Okay!" or "Amen!"
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6. Disapproval or Disgust- These interjections express disapproval

or disgust. Examples are "Ugh!" "Yuck!" or "Eww!"
PREPOSTION
A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a
noun (or pronoun) and other words in a sentence. Prepositions
usually indicate location, direction, time, or the relationship
between different elements in a sentence.

Types of prepositions include:

1. Prepositions of Place- These indicate where something is located.
Examples include "in," "on," "at," "under," "over," "beside,"
"behind," and "between."
2. Prepositions of Direction- These indicate the direction of
movement. Examples are "to," "from," "into," "onto," "out of,"
"off," "towards," and "away from."
3.Prepositions of Time- These indicate when something happens.
Examples include "before," "after," "during," "at," "on," "in,"
"since," "for," "until," and "by."
4. Prepositions of Agent or Instrument- These indicate the means
by which an action is performed. Examples are "by," "with,"
"using," "through," and "via."
5. Prepositions of Purpose or Reason- These indicate the reason or
purpose for something. Examples include "for," "because of," "due
to," "owing to," and "thanks to."
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ACTIVE PASSIVE
An active sentence is when the subject of the sentence performs
the action. It's straightforward and easy to understand.
For example: "John (subject) ate (action) the pizza (object)."
A passive sentence is when the subject of the sentence receives the
action. It's a bit more indirect.
For example: "The pizza (subject) was eaten (action) by John
(agent)."

In active sentences, the subject is doing the action. In passive

sentences, the subject is receiving the action. It's like the difference
between "John hit the ball" (active) and "The ball was hit by John"
(passive).
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DIRECT & INDIRECT

Direct and indirect speech are ways to report what someone else
said.

Direct Speech
In direct speech, we quote the exact words of the speaker inside
quotation marks.
For example:
- Direct: Sarah said, "I love ice cream."
Indirect Speech
In indirect speech, we convey what someone said without quoting
them directly. We usually use reporting verbs like "said" or "told."

For example:
- Indirect: Sarah said that she loved ice cream.

Types of Direct and Indirect Speech

1. Statements
- Direct: He said, "I am tired."
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- Indirect: He said that he was tired.

2. Questions
- Direct: She asked, "Are you coming?"
- Indirect: She asked if I was coming.

3. Commands
- Direct: The teacher said, "Do your homework."
- Indirect: The teacher told us to do our homework.

In indirect speech, we often need to change the pronouns, tense,

and sometimes the word order to match the new context. It's like
reporting what someone said in our own words.
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VERB
A verb is a word that shows action or a state of being in a sentence.
It tells us what someone or something is doing or how they exist.

Types of Verbs
1. Action Verbs- These verbs show actions that someone or
something is doing.
- Example: "run," "jump," "eat," "write," "sing"
- Example sentence: "The dog runs in the park."

2. -Linking Verbs- These verbs link the subject of a sentence to a

noun or an adjective that describes it. They don't show action but
rather a state of being or a condition.
- Example: "is," "am," "are," "was," "were," "seem," "appear"
- Example sentence: "She is happy."

3. Helping Verbs (Auxiliary Verbs)**: These verbs work with the

main verb to show tense or to form questions and negatives.
(Asked in SPA/PA in 2019)
- Example: "do," "have," "will," "shall," "can," "may," "must"
- Example sentence: "I have finished my homework."
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4. Modal Verbs- These verbs express possibility, necessity, ability,

permission, or obligation.
- Example: "can," "could," "will," "would," "shall," "should,"
"may," "might," "must"
- Example sentence: "You should eat your vegetables."
QUESTION TAG
A question tag is a short question added to the end of a statement
to confirm or seek agreement with what has been said. It's a way to
engage the listener and confirm whether they agree with the
statement or not.

Example:
- Statement: "You're coming to the party, aren't you?"
- Question tag: "aren't you?"
Another example:
- Statement: "She doesn't like coffee."
- Question tag: "does she?"
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PHRASAL VERBS
Phrasal verbs are combinations of a verb and one or more particles
(typically prepositions or adverbs) that together function as a single
unit with a meaning different from the original verb. These
particles can change the meaning of the verb, adding nuances such
as direction, intensity, or completion.

Here are some examples:

1. Bring up- To mention or introduce a topic.

- Example: "She brought up the idea of going on a vacation."

2. Turn off- To deactivate or stop the operation of something.

- Example: "Please turn off the lights before leaving the room."

3. Get along- To have a good relationship with someone.

- Example: "They've been getting along very well since they met."

4. Run into- To encounter someone or something unexpectedly.

- Example: "I ran into an old friend at the grocery store."
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5. Look forward to- To anticipate something with excitement.

- Example: "She's looking forward to her trip to Paris."

6. Take off- To remove something quickly or to become airborne.

- Example: "He took off his jacket as soon as he entered the warm
room."

Phrasal verbs are common in English and are often used in both
informal and formal contexts. They can sometimes be challenging
for non-native speakers because their meanings may not be
obvious from the individual words.
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SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

Subject-verb agreement is a grammatical rule that states that the
subject and the verb in a sentence must agree in number. In
simpler terms, if the subject of a sentence is singular, the verb must
be singular, and if the subject is plural, the verb must be plural.

Here's a clearer explanation:

-Singular Subjects- When the subject of a sentence is singular
(referring to one person, thing, or idea), the verb must also be
singular.
- Example: "She runs every morning."

Plural Subjects- When the subject of a sentence is plural (referring

to more than one person, thing, or idea), the verb must also be
plural.
- Example: "They run every morning."

The agreement between the subject and verb is important for the
sentence to make sense grammatically. When there is
disagreement between the subject and verb, it can lead to
confusion or ambiguity in the sentence.