Plant germination

Biology project

Fourth period

María José Corredor Sepulveda

801
 PLANT GERMINATION

Introduction
In this project, we will carry out research on the different topics related to the germination of a
plant, in addition to this, we will complement it with the planting of the seed chosen in class, in
this case, rosemary.

In class, we chose the seed of the plant with which we would work our project, as already
mentioned, the plant chosen was rosemary. The seeds of the rosemary were quite small, however
for this we used approximately 10. After separating the seeds, we hydrate it with potassium
nitrate (KNO3) in a petri dish. And days later we went back to the laboratory to put our seeds in
a glass with earth, in addition to moisturizing it (this time with water (H2O)).

In each class we went to the laboratory to make a report on the growth of the plant, until the sixth
day nothing happened, but on the seventh day you could already see the germination of a seed
since a seedling had come out. Although after that he didn't grow anymore.

Conceptual framework

ROSEMARY

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is an aromatic plant known and used since ancient times both
as a condiment in the kitchen and for medicinal purposes. This plant is common in the Iberian
Peninsula and throughout the Mediterranean basin.

It can be used in different aspects, for example:

1. Medicinal properties: it has antioxidant properties due to some of its
components. In addition, it has digestive properties, has a beneficial
effect on the liver and relieves muscles and joints.
2. Culinary properties: it is used as a condiment for meats, rice,
vegetables and vegetables. Fresh and dried leaves can be used for
cooking. Due to its pleasant smell and flavor, it is a very valuable plant
in the kitchen.
 PARTS (PLANTS)

In general, the plants have different parts, so we are going to explain each one and also the ones
we can find in the rosemary will be explained, in addition to their use.

Root: Basic organ in all types of plants used to absorb water and nutrients from their
environment, whether liquid or solid. As a rule, the roots do not usually see the light and grow in
rhizomes, that is, in a disorderly way. In addition, nutrients and essential substances are usually
stored in its structure.

Stem: The stems are aerial extensions of plants that grow in the opposite direction to the roots
and usually have a system of conductive channels that transport sap and nutrients to other organs,
such as leaves. In addition, the stems provide structural support to living organisms, since in
trees (where they are no longer called stems, but trunks), the branches from which they arise are
nothing more than secondary bifurcations of the trunk.

Leaves: Organs of different shapes (round, elongated), colors (between green and red) and
textures, in which photosynthesis is performed. They come from stems or branches and,
depending on the species of plant, they can dry out and fall or not during the cold season
(autumn) to reduce the loss of water from the tree.

Flowers: They are the reproductive organs of the plant, from which fruits and seeds are obtained.
They are usually made up of stamens (male reproductive organs) and anthers (female
reproductive organs), although there are also unisexual plants. Plants never bloom either because
their reproduction is different. Flowers have attractive smells and colors, and their function is to
attract animals (such as bees or certain birds) to transport pollen from one flower to another, thus
allowing fertilization and genetic exchange between plants. frog.

Seeds: When a flower is fertilized, the plant produces seeds, which are embryos ready to produce
new individuals. Sometimes these seeds are produced without flowering or fertilization, it all
depends on the species. Likewise, some seeds are covered by a fleshy substance called fruit,
while others simply fall into the environment or are wrapped in various forms of protection and
transport.

Fruits: Flesh or dry cover of the seeds of the plants, often nutritious, which provides a fertile
support for the germination of the embryon when it is dropped or, on the contrary, when some
animals eat them and then throw them to help protect them from the shadow of their parents.

The parts that we can found on rosemary are:

1. Leaves: Are the most used part. They are used fresh or dried to season food. They are also
used in infusions and extracts for their medicinal properties.
2. Flowers: Are small and can be blue or violet. They are edible
and can be used to decorate dishes. They are also used in the
preparation of essential oils and extracts due to their aromatic
and medicinal properties.
3. Stems: Although they are not as used as leaves and flowers, the
stems of rosemary can be used to give flavor in the preparation
of broths and stews. In addition, the woody stems can be used as
skewers to roast meats and vegetables.
4. Roots: The roots are not commonly used in cooking or medicine,
but they are important for the growth and stability of the plant

XYLEM AND PHLOEM

Xylem and phloem are the main tissues in plant vascular systems and are closely associated in
the plant body. Physiologically, xylem mostly functions in water transport and mechanical
support, while phloem transports photosynthate and various signaling molecules.

Xylem:
It is a plant tissue that is found in plants and plays an important role
in the transport of water and nutrients from the roots to other parts of
the plant, such as the leaves. It is part of the vascular system of plants
and is composed of specialized cells called tracheids and vessel
elements. These cells form tubes that allow the flow of water and
minerals through the plant. The xylem also provides structural
support to the plant.

Something important is that the xylem is always found next to the

other conductive tissue of vascular plants, the phloem. While the
xylem transports water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves, the
phloem is responsible for transporting the sap produced throughout
the plant, thus completing the process of transporting substances
carried out by the xylem.

Phloem:
Is a conductive tissue in plants responsible for transporting substances
beneficial to the plant organism, such as organic and inorganic nutrients,
especially sugars produced by the photosynthetic part of the plant to the
non-photosynthetic underground parts.

The primary phloem originates from the procámbium, which is a specialized embryonic tissue.
On the other hand, secondary floema is formed in plants that have secondary growth. The
primary phloem is responsible for conducting nutrients in the adult organs of plants that do not
have secondary growth.

PLANT NUTRITION

Plant nutrition is the set of processes during which plants obtain and use the nutrients necessary
for their growth, development and reproduction. These nutrients are absorbed through the soil by
the roots of the plant or by the air through the leaves. Plants need a variety of nutrients to grow
healthy. These nutrients are divided into macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients such
as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are needed in large quantities, and micronutrients such as
iron, zinc and manganese in small quantities.

Macronutrients:
They are a group of nutrients that provide most of the body's metabolic energy. The main
macronutrients are carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Other macronutrients include alcohol and
organic acids.

> Carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K).

Carbohydrates: they are what the body uses to get energy. You can find them in foods such as
cereals, fruits, vegetables and dairy products. Well, carbohydrates are like simple sugars or
complex carbohydrates, such as glucose, fructose, starch and fiber.

Proteins: they are very important to build and repair tissues, produce enzymes and hormones and
do all kinds of interesting things. You can find them in foods such as meat, fish, eggs, legumes
and dairy products.

Lipids: they are a concentrated source of energy and help with the absorption of fat-soluble
vitamins. These healthy fats can be found in foods such as oils, butter, nuts, seeds and dairy
products.

Micronutrients:
Micronutrients are essential dietary elements required by organisms in varying quantities to
regulate physiological functions of cells and organs. They support the health of organisms
throughout life and include compounds such as vitamins and dietary minerals

> Magnesium (Mg), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Calcium (Ca), and
Sodium (Na).

These micronutrients are indispensable for the proper functioning of plant metabolism and
participate in various vital functions within plants. Its deficiency can cause negative effects on
the development and growth of plants, and can even lead to the death of the plant.
Conclusion
In this project, we studied rosemary seed germination and plant physiology, including the
specific uses and benefits of rosemary. We hydrated the seeds with potassium nitrate (KNO3)
and planted them in soil, monitoring their growth. Germination began on the seventh day, but
further growth was limited, highlighting the challenges of controlled plant growth.

Our research covered the parts of the plant, focusing on rosemary, and explained the functions of
roots, stems, leaves, flowers, seeds, and fruits. We also discussed the roles of xylem and phloem
in nutrient transport and the importance of macronutrients and micronutrients for plant health.
.
Bibliography
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