International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 3 Issue 5, August 2019 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Risk Assessment for Building Construction Sites in Myanmar

Nyein Nyein Thant1, Zin Mar Soe2
1Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Technological University, Mandalay, Myanmar
2Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Technological University, Mandalay, Myanmar

How to cite this paper: Nyein Nyein

ABSTRACT
Thant | Zin Mar Soe "Risk Assessment for
In Myanmar, construction industries carry on to become safety first. There are
Building Construction Sites in Myanmar"
many hazards and risks in construction that can cause employee injuries and
Published in
illnesses. In order to be safe, risk assessment technique is widely used in
International Journal
international but less in Myanmar. So this paper aims to help what kind of
of Trend in Scientific
risks can occur and to know how to reduce these risks by using additional
Research and
controls. Firstly, it is required to collect data. Therefore, three construction
Development
companies in Mandalay (Myanmar) are chosen. Hazards are obtained from the
(ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
observed data. Questionnaires concerned with likelihood and severity are
6470, Volume-3 | IJTSRD26655 collected from the project engineers in these sites. The results from
Issue-5, August
questionnaires are used to evaluate the risks. The evaluated risks are reviewed
2019, pp.1260-1266,
whether these are acceptable or additional controls are required to reduce
https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd26655
risks. On the basis of outcome results, risk prioritization number charts can be
obtained. Thus, this study can provide for developing necessary controls to
Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and
reduce risks and to be safe for construction industries.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific
Research and Development Journal. This KEYWORDS: risk assessment technique, questionnaires, risk prioritization
is an Open Access number
article distributed
under the terms of I. INTRODUCTION
the Creative Commons Attribution License No matter how valuable a facility or structure may be, it is no valuable than the
(CC BY 4.0) health and welfare of the people who build and use the building. Safety is one of
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by the major factors that have to be considered in building construction.
/4.0)
A proactive, rigorous approach to safety planning and 7. Electrical Hazards
management is one of the most construction goals. To create 8. Chemical and Biological Hazards
a safe working environment, we have to identify the hazards 9. Physical and Psychological Hazards
which may encounter in construction and assess their
impacts. Building construction is a high-hazard place and III. Risk
workers engage in many activities that may expose them to A risk is the likelihood of a substance, activity or process to
serious hazards. Accidents or serious safety violation can cause harm. Risk is also linked to the severity of its
impact not only project cost but also project schedule. consequences. A risk can be reduced and the hazard
Serious accidents can cause even project shutdown. controlled by good management. Activities often called high
risk are in fact high hazard. There should only be high
Risk assessment is a systematic method of identifying and residual risk where there is poor health and safety
analysing the hazards associated with an activity and management and inadequate control measures.
establishing a level of risk for each hazard. It is carried out A. Risk Evaluation
by identifying risk and using appropriate control measure to Risk evaluation is the process of comparing on estimated
minimize the risk. The hazards cannot be completely risk against given risk criteria to determine the significance
eliminated, and thus there is a need to define and estimate of the risk. Once the hazards are identified, it needs to
an accident risk level possible to be presented either in evaluate risk that is presented by these hazards.
quantitative or qualitative way.
B. Risk Control
II. Identification of the Hazard The next stage in the risk assessment is the control of the
Hazard identification is the crucial first step of risk risk. In established workplaces, some control of risk will
assessment. One of the root causes of construction injuries, already be in place. The effectiveness of these controls needs
illnesses and incidents is the failure to identify or recognize to be assessed so that an estimate of the residual risk may be
hazards that are present or that could have been anticipated. made. Many hazards have had specific acts, regulations or
The most common types of hazards identified in the other recognized standards developed to reduce associated
construction are as follows; risks. Where there are existing preventative measures in
1. Working at Height Hazards place, it is important to check that they are working properly
2. Excavation Hazards and that everybody affected has a clear understanding of the
3. Demolition Hazards measures. The following hierarchy defines the order of
4. Movement of People and Vehicles Hazards considering the controls, one or a combination of several
5. Work by using Equipment Hazards kinds of controls may be chosen to implement. Hierarchy of
6. Manual and Mechanical Handling Hazards controls is shown in Figure 1.

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C. Risk Evaluation for Construction Companies
In this step of the process, risks are evaluated from the
hazards identified in the preceding stage. The severity and
likelihood of harm that can be caused by a hazard is
considered. The purpose of risk evaluations is to decide
whether or not a risk is tolerable.

D. Risk Matrices
The WSH code recognizes the various risk evaluation
methods and matrices practiced and preferred by
workplaces. In this study, the numeric 5x5 risk matrix shown
in Table 1 is used. When using the numeric 5x5 matrix, all
references to the scales (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) should be read in
context of the Risk Matrix selected (e.g., “Minor”, “Moderate”
or “Major” in lieu of “1”, “2”, “3”, “4” or “5”). When Hazard
Figure1. Hierarchy of Controls Identification is completed, proceed with risk evaluation
procedure.
C. Risk Assessment
Risk assessment is the overall process of hazard Table1. 5x5 Risk Matrix with Numeric Ratings
identification, risk evaluation and risk control. Risk Likelihood (L)
assessment methods are used to decide on priorities and to
set objectives for elimination hazards and reducing risks.
Severity Almost
Wherever possible, risks are eliminated through selection Occasional Frequent
and design of facilities, equipment and processes. If risks (S) Rare (1) Remote (2) Certain
(3) (4)
cannot be eliminated, they are minimized by the use of (5)
physical controls or as a last resort, through systems of work
and personal protective equipment. The goal of risk
assessment is to reduce all residual risks to as low a level as Catastrophic
reasonably practicable. 5 10 15 20 25
(5)

IV. Data Collection M ajor(4) 4 8 12 16 20

Data are collected from three construction companies in M oderate
Mandalay. The data are conducted in the form of a 3 6 9 12 15
(3)
questionnaire to collect each construction risk factors and its
M inor(2) 2 4 6 8 10
probability of occurrence. The questionnaire sets are
prepared using the significant factors identified by the Negligible
1 2 3 4 5
literature and organization of these companies. The (1)
questionnaire sets contain two parts. The two parts are;
1. Hazard and severity assessment and E. Assessment of Severity
2. Likelihood assessment. With the existing risk controls and residual risks in
consideration, rate the most likely severity outcome of the
A. Hazard Identification for Construction Companies possible injury or ill-health identified. When using the 5x5
Hazard identification is the process of finding, listing, and matrix, the following guidance given in Table 2 should be
characterizing hazards. Only significant hazards, which could used in selecting the level of severity.
result in serious harm to people, should be identified. Trivial
hazards should be ignored. Hazards will vary from Table2. Severity Rating
workplace to workplace but the checklist shows the common Level Severity Description
hazards that are significant in many workplaces. The
methodology used for hazard identification is based on the 5 Catastrophic Death, fatal disease or multiple major injuries.
mainly past experience of organizations and participation.

B. Types of Hazards Serious injuries or life-threatening occupational

The most common types of hazards on construction sites in
this study area are (1) falling people and falling objects from
height, (2) falling people into the pit, (3) falling debris, noise
and vibration from demolition (4) slip on wet floor, striking
with obstacles due to movement of people during working,
(5) broken handles on chisels and hammer, flying particles
from breaking up stone or concrete, (6) dropping a load and
poor posture during lifting operation by manual and
mechanical, (7) inhaling cement dust and exposure to skin
with cement during concrete work, (8) contact to eyes with
radiation during welding work, (9) temperature extreme
during working under direct sunlight, (10) noise and
vibration during concrete work by station pump and (11)
poor ventilation during working on confined space.
diseases (includes amputations, major fractures,
4 M ajor
multiple injuries, occupational cancers, acute
poisoning, disabilities and deafness).
Injury or ill-health requiring medical treatment
(includes lacerations, burns, sprains, minor
3 M oderate
fractures, dermatitis and work-related upper limb
disorders).
Injury or ill-health requiring first-aid only (includes
2 Minor minor cuts and bruises, irritation, ill-health with
temporary discomfort).
1 Negligible Negligible injury.

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
F. Assessment of Likelihood Cleaning up spills, drips and
leaks immediately.
With the existing risk controls and residual risks in Slip on wet
Backaches Using slip-resistance floor 3 3 9
floor
consideration, rate the likelihood that the hazard may cause waxes.
Putting up signs or barriers.
the injury/ ill-health. When using the 5x5 matrix, the
following guidance given in Table 3 should be used in Strucking with
Movement Keeping carefully the rest of
selecting the level of likelihood. 4 of people
obstacles such
Leg injury / the materials after working.
as bricks, 2 5 10
during working minor injury Make sure wearing safety
blocks
shoes.
Table3. Likelihood Rating or timber

Level Likelihood Description Struck by

moving Hand / Leg Keep tools and materials in
2 3 6
or falling abrasion boxes, tool bags and pouches.
1 Rare Not expected to occur but still possible. objects
Broken
handles on Abrasion /
2 4 8
chisels and minor injury Regular inspection of hand
Not likely to occur under normal hammers tools.
2 Remote Repairing of defective tools.
circumstances. Chipped or
loose hammer Abrasion / Avoid overhead work areas.
2 3 6
heads that fly minor injury
3 Occasional Possible or known to occur. Working by off or slip
5 using Flying
equipment particles from
Hay fever / Make sure use safety glasses
4 Frequent Common occurrence. breaking up
Conjunctivitis and face shield.
2 5 10
stone
or concrete
5 Almost Certain continual or repeating experience. Contact with
hot Scalding / Use and maintain carefully
2 4 8
or abrasive Laceration machine.
machine
V. Results of Risk Evaluation Lifting
By using questionnaire survey data from project engineer, operation
Dropping a Make sure all workers
risk can be evaluated. According to possible injuries, severity 6 by manual
load
Leg laceration
wearing safety shoes.
2 5 10
and
score is taken. The likelihood data are obtained. Risk mechanical
prioritization number is resulted by multiplying severity and Inhaling
Put on suitable respirator
cement Asphyxiation 1 5 5
likelihood. Risk evaluation results of Company A, Company B dust
(mask).
7 Concrete work
and Company C are shown in Table 4 to Table 9, respectively. Exposure to
Wear impervious hand
skin Skin damage 2 4 8
gloves/safety boots.
with cement
Table4. Risk Evaluation Results of Company A Inhaling
Put on suitable respirator
Hazard Identification Risk Evaluation welding Asphyxiation 1 4 4
(mask).
fume
No 8 Welding
Contact to
Work Activity Hazards Possible injury Existing controls S L RPN Goggles are used to protect
eye Conjunctivitis 2 5 10
bright lights.
with radiation
Make sure provide scaffold Working
T emperature First-Aid kits, medical
with toe boards and guard 9 under
extreme
Illness
facilities
2 4 8
Falling people Leg injury 3 3 9 direct sunlight
rails.
Make sure apply safety nets. Concrete work
Working on Noise and Minor injury
1 10 by Use ear plugs and ear muffs. 1 5 5
a scaffold vibration (Ear)
station pump
Make sure all persons
wearing safety helmets. Working in
Falling objects Abrasion 2 4 8 11 Poor ventilation Asphyxiation Respirator 1 2 2
Keep tools and materials in confined space
boxes, tool bags and pouches.

According to based on survey data shown in Table 4,

Excavated materials are
Falling people Incident placed away from excavation 1 3 3 movement of people during working, working by using
edge. equipment, lifting operation by manual and mechanical and
Earthwork welding have RPN value 10. They are highest RPN value in
excavation
2
by using
Provide guardrails to this site. Although, these must be taken existing risk controls
excavation.
manual Materials
Notice to warn person of
which are high RPN value. So, these should be performed
falling Incident 1 3 3
excavation. additional controls. Other hazards should be taken too
on workers
Workers must wear helmet additional controls because they are in yellow zone. But,
and safety footwear.
even “earthwork excavation” and “working in confined space
Provide safe footing in the has RPN 2. So, they don’t need to take additional controls.
form of sound flooring or
scaffolds for persons working
Falling debris Abrasion 2 4 8
on exterior wall.
Use of chutes for dropping
Demolition by debris.
3 using
Putting on ear protector such
equipment Noise and
as ear plugs or ear muffs.
vibration
Minor injury Replacing equipment with
from 1 5 5
(Ear) quieter one.
pneumatic
Maintenance of the
drill
machinery or tools.

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Table5. Risk Evaluation Results of Company B According to based on survey data shown in Table 5, falling
No
Hazard Identification Risk Evaluation
people in “working on a scaffold” has 12 RPN. So, it is the
Work Activity Hazards Possible injury Existing controls S L RPN
highest all of them. Work activities which have RPN 10 of
Falling people
Hand / Leg
Make sure provide scaffold with
toe boards and guard rails. 3 4 12
yellow zone are “movement of people during working”,
injury
Make sure apply safety nets. “lifting operation by manual and mechanical” and “concrete
Working on work”. Other activities have average RPN 5. They truly need
1 Make sure all persons wearing
a scaffold
safety helmets. to make additional controls. Among them, electric shock
Falling objects Incident Keep tools and materials in 1 4 4 hazard of “demolition by using equipment” and broken
boxes, tool bags and pouches.
Secure objects properly. handle on chisel and hammer of “working by using
equipment” have RPN 3. So, they don’t need to make
Falling people Leg injury
Excavated materials are placed
2 3 6
additional controls.
away from excavation edge.
Earthwork
excavation
2
by using
Provide guardrails to excavation. Table6. Risk Evaluation Results of Company C
Materials Notice to warn person of
manual Hazard Identification Risk Evaluation
falling Incident excavation. 1 4 4 No
on workers Workers must wear helmet and Work Activity Hazards Possible injury Existing controls S L RPN
safety footwear.
Provide safe footing in the form
Make sure provide scaffold with
of sound flooring or scaffolds for Falling people Leg injury toe boards and guard rails. 3 3 9
Falling debris Shoulder injury
persons working on exterior
2 4 8
Make sure apply safety nets.
wall.
Use of chutes for dropping Working on Make sure all persons wearing
1
debris. a scaffold safety helmets.
Make sure provide with guard
Abrasion /
Falling objects Keep tools and materials in boxes, 1 4 4
Falling people Hand injury rails. 3 3 9 Minor injury
tool bags and pouches.
Wear safety harness.
Secure objects properly.
Putting on ear protector such as Working at
Abrasion / Make sure provide wit h guard rails.
Demolition by Noise and ear plug or ear muff. 2 height by Falling people 1 3 3
Minor injury Use stable, level and firm ladder.
3 using using ladder
vibration Replacing equipment with
equipment Incident 1 5 5 Excavat ed materials are placed away
from quieter one.
from excavat ion edge.
pneumatic drill Maintenance of the machinery Earthwork
Mat erials falling Provide guardrails to excavation.
or tools. 3 excavation by Incident 1 3 3
on workers Not ice t o warn person of excavat ion.
using manual
Workers must wear helmet and
safety foot wear.

Wear electric gloves during Provide safe footing in t he form of sound

handling electrical equipment. Abrasion / flooring or scaffolds for persons
Falling debris 2 4 8
Remove defective plug, socket, Minor injury working on exterior wall.
Electric shock Incident 1 3 3 Demolition
Use of chutes for dropping debris.
wires. 4 by using
Be careful wrong connection equipment Putting on ear protector such as ear plug
Noise and
and poor contact. or ear muff.
vibration from Incident 1 5 5
Replacing equipment wit h quieter one.
pneumatic drill
Maintenance of the machinery or t ool.
Strucking with Cleaning up spills, drips and leaks
obstacles Keeping carefully the rest of the immediat ely.
Abrasion / 2 4 8
such as bricks, materials after working. 2 5 10 Strucking with Using slip-resistance floor waxes.
Movement of minor injury
blocks or Make sure wearing safety shoes. obstacles Abrasion / Putt ing up signs or barriers.
people
4 timber such as bricks, minor injury
during Movement
blocks or timber Keeping carefully t he rest of the mat erials
working Struck by 5 of people
after working. 2 5 10
moving Abrasion / Keep tools and materials in during working
2 5 10 Make sure wearing safet y shoes.
or falling minor injury boxes, tool bags and pouches.
objects
Struck by
Keep tools and mat erials in boxes, tool bags
Broken handles moving or Hand injury 3 5 15
and pouches.
on falling object s
Incident 1 3 3
chisels and
Broken handles
hammers Regular inspection of hand tools. on chisels and 1 3 3
Repairing of defective tools. hammers Regular inspection of hand t ools.
Chipped or Avoid overhead work areas. Incident Repairing of defect ive tools.
loose Chipped or loose
Avoid overhead work areas.
hammer heads Incident 1 3 3 hammer heads
1 3 3
Working by that that fly off or
5 using fly off or slip Working by slip
equipment 6 using
Flying particles equipment Flying particles
from breaking from breaking
Make sure use safety glasses up Conjunct ivit is Make sure use safety glasses and face shield. 1 4 4
up Conjunctivitis 1 5 5
and face shield. st one or
stone or
concrete concrete

Contact with Contact with

Abrasion /
hot Scalding / Use and maintain carefully hot Use and maintain carefully machine. 2 4 8
2 4 8 Minor injury
or abrasive Laceration machine. or abrasive
machine Leg injury /
Dropping a load Make sure all workers wearing safet y shoes. 2 5 10
Lift ing Minor injury
Dropping a Make sure all workers wearing
Abrasion 2 5 10 operat ion
load safety shoes. 7 Poor posture
by manual
Lifting during lift ing Hand injury / Firm grip, avoid lift ing heaviest loads
and mechanical 1 5 5
operation Poor posture or poor Minor injury with hand.
6
by manual and during lift ing technique
mechanical lifting or poor Firm grip, avoid lifting heaviest
Backaches 2 5 10
loads with hand. Wear electric gloves during handling
lifting electrical
technique Working wit h
equipment .
8 elect rical Electric shock Incident 1 2 2
Remove defective plug, socket , wires.
Exposure to equipment
Wear impervious hand gloves/ Be careful wrong connection and poor
7 Concrete work skin with Skin damage 2 5 10
safety boots. cont act .
cement
Inhaling Exposure t o skin
Put on suitable respirator 9 Concrete work Skin damage Wear impervious hand gloves/safety boot s. 2 5 10
welding Asphyxiation 1 4 4 with cement
(mask).
fume Inhaling welding
8 Welding 10 Welding Hay fever Put on suitable respirator (mask). 2 4 8
fume
Contact to eye Goggles are used to protect
Conjunctivitis 2 4 8
with radiation bright lights. Contact t o eye
10 Welding Conjunct ivit is Goggles are used to prot ect bright lights. 2 4 8
with radiat ion
Working Heat stroke/
T emperature Working under T emperature Heat stroke /
9 under leg cramps/ First-Aid kits, medical facilities 2 4 8 11 First -Aid kit s, medical facilit ies 3 4 12
extreme direct sunlight extreme Leg cramps
direct sunlight faint.

Concrete work Concrete work Minor injury

Noise and Minor injury 12 Noise and vibration Use ear plugs and ear muffs. 1 5 5
10 by station Use ear plugs and ear muffs. 1 5 5 by stat ion pump (Ear)
vibration (Ear)
pump

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According to based on survey data shown in Table 6, Check workplace safety by elimination.
Slip on wet floor Backaches Close supervision during replacement 3 1 3
“movement of people during working” and “working under work.

direct sunlight” has RPN 15 and RPN 12. They need to do Movement of
Strucking with Make sure personal protective
obstacles such as Leg injury / equipment.
more carefully in work. Even existing controls are taken, 4 people during
bricks, minor injury Make sure safe work procedure
2 3 6
working
their RPN values are higher than average level of yellow blocks or timber by administrators.

zone. So, additional controls are truly needed for these work Struck by moving Hand /
Make sure safe work procedure by
administrators. Check workplace 2 1 2
activities. “Working on a scaffold”, “demolition”, “working by or falling objects Leg abrasion
by engineer.

using equipment” and other work activities are average Broken handles
Make sure personal protective
Abrasion / equipment.
yellow zone. “Working at height by using ladder”, on chisels and
hammers
minor injury Close supervision during replacement
2 2 4

work.
“earthwork excavation by using manual” and “working with Chipped or loose
electrical equipment” are lower levels than others. Workers Working by
hammer heads Abrasion /
Make sure personal protective equipment. 2 2 4
that fly off minor injury
in this site have to do carefully for these activities. So, they 5 using
equipment
or slip

do not perform additional controls. Flying particles

Hay fever /
from breaking up Make sure personal protective equipment. 2 4 8
Conjunctivitis
stone or concrete

VI. Risk Control for Construction Companies Contact with hot Scalding /
Make sure personal protective equipment. 2 3 6
or abrasive machine Laceration
Risk controls are the activities implemented to mitigate
Lifting
risks. Controls can attempt to avoid the risk in its entirety. Or operation
6 Dropping a load Leg laceration Make sure personal protective equipment. 2 4 8
the control may be designed to prevent the risk from by manual and
mechanical
occurring. In many cases, the risk may attempt to reduce the
Inhaling cement dust Asphyxiation Make sure personal protective equipment. 1 4 4
losses associated with an activity. Taking actions to eliminate 7 Concrete work
health and safety risk so far as is reasonably practicable. Exposure to skin
with cement
Skin damage Make sure personal protective equipment. 2 3 6

Where risk cannot be eliminated, then implementation of Inhaling welding

Asphyxiation Make sure personal protective equipment. 1 3 3
control measures is required, to minimize risks. A hierarchy 8 Welding
fume

of controls has been developed and is described below to Contact to eye

with radiation
Conjunctivitis Make sure personal protective equipment. 2 4 8

assist in selection of the most appropriate risk control Working under T emperature
9 Illness Close supervision during substitution work. 2 3 6
measures. Risk control procedures are as follows; direct sunlight extreme

Make sure personal protective

1. Additional controls Concrete work
Minor injury equipment.
10 by station Noise and vibration 1 3 3
2. Re-evaluation with additional controls pump
(Ear) Make sure safe work procedure by
administrators.
Working in
11 Poor ventilation Asphyxiation NA 1 2 2
confined space
A. Additional Controls
Compare the existing controls against the Hierarchy of
Control. When considering additional measures to reduce Table8. Risk Control Results of Company B
Hazard Identification Risk Control
risk, the more effective measures in the hierarchy of control No
should be considered first. Work Activity Hazards Possible injury Additional controls S L RPN

Hand / Close supervision during

Falling people 3 3 9
B. Re-evaluation with Additional Controls Leg injury replacement work.
When Additional Control(s) have been decided, re-rate the Working on Make sure safe work
1
Severity, Likelihood and RPN scores. The new risk control a scaffold procedure
Falling objects Incident by administrators. 1 2 2
RPN shall not be higher than the risk evaluation RPN.
Check workplace by
Risk control results after making additional controls of engineers.
Company A, Company B and Company C are shown in Table
Close supervision during
7 to Table 9 respectively. Falling people Leg injury replacement 2 2 4
Earthwork
work.
excavation
Table7. Risk Control Results of Company A 2
by using Make sure safe work
Hazard Identification Risk Control manual Materials falling procedure by administrators.
No Incident 1 2 2
Work Activity Hazards Possible injury Additional controls S L RPN on workers Check workplace
by engineers.
Close supervision during replacement
Falling people Leg injury 3 2 6 Falling debris Shoulder injury Check workplace by engineers 2 3 6
work.
Working on
1 Make sure safe work procedure by
a scaffold Falling people Hand injury Check workplace by engineers 3 2 6
Falling objects Abrasion administrators. 2 2 4 Demolition
Check workplace by engineers. by Check workplace by
3 Noise and
using engineers.
Earthwork Falling people Incident NA 1 3 3 vibration
equipment Incident Make sure safe work 1 3 3
excavation from pneumatic
2 procedure
by using Materials falling drill
Incident NA 1 3 3 by administrators.
manual on workers
Electric shock Incident NA 1 3 3
Falling debris Abrasion Check workplace by engineers. 2 3 6 Make sure personal
Demolition by Strucking with protective
3 using Noise and vibration Check workplace by engineers.
Minor injury obstacles such Abrasion / equipment.
from pneumatic Make sure safe work procedure by 1 3 3 2 3 6
equipment (Ear) as bricks, minor injury Make sure safe work
drill administrators. Movement of blocks or timber procedure
4 people during by administrators.
working
Make sure safe work
Struck by moving Abrasion / procedure by administrators.
2 3 6
or falling objects minor injury Check workplace by
engineer.

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Broken handles Broken handles
on chisels and Incident NA 1 3 3 on chisels and Incident NA 1 3 3
hammers hammers

Chipped or loose Chipped or

hammer heads loose
Incident NA 1 3 3
Working by that
hammer heads Incident NA 1 3 3
5 using fly off or slip
that fly off or
equipment Flying particles slip
Make sure personal
from Working by
Conjunctivitis protective 1 4 4 6
breaking up stone using equipment Flying particles
equipment.
or concrete from breaking
Make sure personal protective
Contact with Make sure personal up Conjunctivitis 1 3 3
Scalding / equipment.
hot or protective 2 3 6 stone or
Laceration concrete
abrasive machine equipment.
Make sure personal Contact with
Lifting Dropping a load Abrasion protective 2 4 8 hot Abrasion / Make sure personal protective
2 3 6
operation equipment. or abrasive Minor injury equipment.
6 by manual Poor posture machine
Make sure personal
and during
Backaches protective 2 4 8 Leg injury / Make sure personal protective
mechanical lifting or poor Dropping a load 2 4 8
equipment. Minor injury equipment.
lifting technique Lifting
Exposure to Make sure personal operation
7 Poor posture
7 Concrete work skin Skin damage protective 2 4 8 by manual and Make sure safe work
during Hand injury /
with cement equipment. mechanical procedure 1 4 4
lifting or poor Minor injury
Make sure personal by supervisor.
Inhaling welding lifting technique
Asphyxiation protective 1 3 3
fume
8 Welding equipment. Working with
Make sure personal 8 electrical Electric shock Incident NA 1 2 2
Contact to eye
Conjunctivitis protective 2 3 6 equipment
with radiation
equipment.
Exposure to
Make sure personal protective
9 Concrete work skin Skin damage 2 4 8
Working Heat stroke/ equipment.
T emperature with cement
9 under leg cramps/ Check workplace by engineers 2 3 6
extreme
direct sunlight faint. Inhaling welding Make sure personal protective
Hay fever 2 3 6
fume equipment.
10 Welding
Contact to eye Make sure personal protective
Make sure personal Conjunctivitis 2 3 6
Concrete with radiation equipment.
Noise and Minor injury protective equipment.
10 work by 1 3 3
vibration (Ear) Make sure safe work
station pump Working under T emperature Heat stroke / Close supervision during
procedure by administrators. 11 3 3 9
direct sunlight extreme Leg cramps replacement work.

Make sure personal protective

equipment.
Table9. Risk Control Results of Company C 12
Concrete work Noise and Minor injury
Make sure safe work 1 3 3
by station pump vibration (Ear)
Hazard Identification Risk Control procedure
No by administrators.
Work Activity Hazards Possible injury Additional controls S L RPN

Close supervision
Falling people Leg injury
during replacement work.
3 2 6 C. Risk Prioritization Number Charts of Construction
Companies
Working on Make sure safe work There are different kinds of work activities and two types of
1 procedure
a scaffold
Falling objects
Abrasion /
by administrators. 1 2 2
RPN. The comparison results of RPN for construction
Minor injury
Check workplace by companies are shown in Figure 2 to Figure 4 respectively.
engineers.

Working at
Abrasion /
2 height Falling people NA 1 3 3
Minor injury
by using ladder

Earthwork
Materials falling
3 excavation Incident NA 1 3 3
on workers
by using manual
Abrasion / Check workplace by
Falling debris 2 3 6
Minor injury engineers.

Demolition by Check workplace by

4 using Noise and
engineers.
equipment vibration
Incident Make sure safe work 1 3 3
from pneumatic
procedure
drill
by administrators.

Check workplace safety by

Abrasion / elimination.
Slip on wet floor 2 2 4
minor injury Close supervision during
replacement work.
Figure2. RPN Chart of Company A
Strucking with
Make sure personal
Movement of obstacles such as
Abrasion / protective equipment.
This chart shows the risk prioritization number of Company
5 people during bricks, blocks 2 3 6
minor injury Make sure safe work procedur A. In this chart, manual and mechanical handling is the
working or
timber
by administrators. highest risk level compare to other hazards. Those RPN 1
and RPN 2 are in yellow zone. It can’t change zone but
Struck by Make sure safe work reduce the level of risk. RPN 1 and RPN 2 of ‘working at
moving procedure
or falling
Hand injury
by administrators.
3 3 9 height’, ‘demolition’, ‘movement of people’ and ‘vehicles,
objects Check workplace by engineer. working by using equipment’ and ‘chemical and biological
hazards’ are in yellow zone. Among them, in physical and

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26655 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 1265
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
psychological hazard, the level of RPN 1 during existing
control is in yellow zone. After additional control, it changes
to the green zone. Excavation is the lowest level which RPN 1
and RPN 2 are green zone. In green zone, risks are
acceptable and additional controls are not needed.
Figure3. RPN Chart of Company B
The chart shows the risk prioritization number of Company
B. First of all, the level of RPN 1of “movement of people and
vehicles” and “manual and mechanical handling” are the
same which are in yellow zone. By taking additional control,
the level of RPN 2 is significantly fall but it is still higher than
compare to other hazards which is still in yellow zone. The
levels of “working at height, demolition, chemical and
biological, physical and psychological” are the same yellow
zone. The yellow zone of excavation is changed to the green
zone after taking additional control. The yellow zone of
working by using by equipment does not change to the green
zone until taking additional control.
Figure4. RPN Chart of Company C
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26655 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5
The chart shows the risk prioritization number of Company
C. In this chart, the value of RPN1 of “movement of people
and vehicles” are the highest in all. After taking additional
control, RPN 2 is still in yellow zone but risks are reduced. In
excavation and electrical hazards, the level of RPN 1 is in
green zone, in which risks are acceptable and additional
controls are not needed. In other hazards, RPN 1 and RPN 2
are in yellow zone both during existing control and after
taking additional control.
VII. Conclusions
If there is no proper construction safety procedure, the
required work result cannot be obtained. In construction
safety, risk assessment is important to reduce risks. In this
study, three construction companies in Mandalay (Myanmar)
are chosen. The charts which RPN 1 (during existing
controls) is compared with RPN 2 (after additional controls)
for each construction company are presented. From risk
prioritization number chart, RPN 1 and RPN 2 of each
activity and the changes to lower levels can be known by
making up necessary controls as the jobs progress.
Construction projects cannot deeply control the risks for all
levels. But controlling procedures used in these projects are
acceptable. The project engineers should prepare additional
controlling procedures for major items of projects.
Therefore, this study can be beneficial for construction
safety system and project engineers will know how to reduce
the risk of such constructions.
When three construction companies are inspected, “working
at height”, “movement of people and vehicles” and “manual
and mechanical handling” of each construction company are
generally taken as risks. These activities are maximum risk
levels when compare other work activities. They do not
change from yellow zone until additional controls are made.
So, when machine and scaffold damage, they are eliminated
and substituted with good one as further controls than PPE.
REFERENCES
[1] Green C bot, Hierarchy of Hazard Controls,
March,(2016),
[2] WSH Council, Code of Practice on Workplace Safety and
Health (WSH) Risk Management, (2012).
[3] Phil Hughes, Ed Ferrett, Introduction to Health and
Safety in Construction, 2nd Ed. (2007).
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