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+2 PHYSICS
eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
+2 differnces and point type questions ( can expect any one for publics exam).
assaa 1. Differences between electrostatic
aa dda as saforce
a and gravitational force
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aassaa as
asaa

.N
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww

lai
eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
2. Properties of electric field lines of forces
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa • The electric field lines startaadfrom aa charge and end at negative chargesaassaa
w.

a s
a s
dcharge the electric field lines point radially
a positive dd
P P
or at infinity. For a positive point P
.. P a
. . point charge, the electric field lines pointwwradiallya
ww
www wwww
ww

inward. w
outward and for a negative

• The electric field vector at a point in space is tangential to the electric field line
t t
at that point
ee eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
• The electric field lines are denser (more closer) in a region where the electric

assaa aa aa
field has larger magnitude and less dense in a region where the electric field is of
a
ddass a
dd s
a s
smaller magnitude. In other words, the number of lines passing through a given
P
..Paa P
.. Paa
surface area perpendicular to the lines is proportional to the magnitude of the
ww w
w
wwww
electric field in that region.
wwww
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+2 PHYSICS
eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
• No two electric field lines intersect each other. If two lines cross at a point, then

assaa ssaa s aa
s
there will be two different electric field vectors at the same point.
a dd aa a a
dd a
• The number of electric field lines that emanate from the positive charge or end
a a
w P
.. P ww P
..P
at a negative charge is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charges.
w
ww ww w
w ww
3. Properties of equipotential surfaces.
(i) The work done to move a charge q between any two points A and B, W = q (V B

et t t t
– VA). If the points A and B lie on the same equipotential surface, work done is
e ee

et
lalai.iN
.N zero because VA = VB.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
(ii) The electric field is normal to an equipotential surface. If it is not normal, then
aass as
as

.N
PP add P P dd
there is a component of the field parallel to the surface. Then work must be done
a aa
ww.. w
w ..
to move a charge between two points on the same surface. This is a

wwww wwww
contradiction. Therefore the electric field must always be normal to equipotential

lai
surface.

4. properties a conductor at electrostatic equilibrium

eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
(i) The electric field is zero everywhere inside the conductor. This is true
i i .
assaa aa aa
regardless of whether the conductor is solid or hollow.
a
dd s
a s a
dd s
a s
(ii) There is no net charge inside the conductors. The charges must reside only on
aa aa
da
P
.. P
the surface of the conductors.
w
w ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
(iii) The electric field outside the conductor is perpendicular to the surface of the
𝜎
conductor and has a magnitude of where σ is the surface charge density at
𝜀0
Pa

that point.
t t t t
(iv) The electrostatic potential has the same value on the surface and inside of the
e e e e
l a
l i
a .iN
.Nconductor.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa 5. Applications of capacitors. aa aa
w.

aa s s
dinddigital cameras for taking photographs.P dda s
a s
P Paa
.camera
(a) Flash capacitors are.used Pa a
. .energy
The flash
w w w w
www w wwww
ww

which comes from the when we take photographs is due to the

released from the capacitor, called a flash capacitor
(b) During cardiac arrest, a device called heart defibrillator is used to give a

eet eet
sudden surge of a large amount of electrical energy to the patient’s chest to
t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lala .iN
retrieve the normal heart function.
i .N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
(c) Capacitors are used in the ignition system of automobile engines to eliminate
sparking a
ddass a
dd s
a s
P
..Paa P
.. Paa
(d) Capacitors are used to reduce power fluctuations in power supplies and to
ww w
w
wwww wwww
increase the efficiency of power transmission.

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+2 PHYSICS
e t
e t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1. Seebeck effect is used inaathermoelectric s aa generators (Seebeck
s s aa
s
6. Applications of Seebeck effect
a a a
dd generators are used in power plants toPPconvert
aadd a
..P P
generators).These thermoelectric
w w ww ..
waste heat intow w ww
w w electricity.
w w
2. This effect is utilized in automobiles as automotive thermoelectric generators
for increasing fuel efficiency.

e t t t t
3. Seebeck effect is used in thermocouples and thermopiles to measure the
e ee

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
temperature difference between the two objects.
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 7.(a)Elements aassaa as
asaa

.N
P P aa dd
of the Earth’s magnetic field.
P Padd
a
(b) magnetic w ww . . (I)
magnetic declination (D)
w
w ..
wwwcomponent of the Earth’s magnetic fieldw(Bww
dip or inclination w

lai
(c) the horizontal ) H

8. Properties of magnet
e
1.e At freely
t e et t
i .
i NN
. direction.
sa i .iN. N
suspended bar magnet will always point along the north-south
i .iN
.
l a
l a l a
l a l a
l a
assaa a a a
2. A magnet attracts or repels another
assamagnet
a or magnetic substances towards aassaa
dd force is maximum near the end of the barPPaadd
da
magnet. When aw
w P
itself. The attractive or repulsive
P
bar. magnet
. the .
is dipped into iron filling, they cling to w
w .
ends
w w
of the magnet.ww w w ww
3. When a magnet is broken into pieces, each piece behaves like a magnet with
Pa

poles at its ends.

e t t t t
4. Two poles of a magnet have pole strength equal to one another.
e e e
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
5. The length of the bar magnet is called geometrical length and the length
l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
between two magnetic poles in a bar magnet is called magnetic length.
w.

dd a ass
Magnetic length is always slightly smaller than geometrical length. The ratio
dd aass
..P P aa
of magnetic length and geometrical length is 5/6 .
..PP a a
ofww w w ww ww
ww

w
9. Propertiesw Magnetic field lines w w
1. Magnetic field lines are continuous closed curves. The direction of magnetic field
lines is from North pole to South pole outside the magnet and from South pole to North

eet t
pole inside the magnet.
eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
2. The direction of magnetic field at any point on the curve is known by drawing

assaa s aa s aa
tangent to the magnetic field lines at that point.
a
dda s a
dd a s
3. Magnetic field lines never intersect each other. Otherwise, the magnetic compass
P
..Paa P
.. Paa
needle would point towards two different directions, which is not possible.
ww w
w
wwww wwww
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answerkeys to us : .N
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+2 PHYSICS
eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
4. The degree of closeness of the field lines determines the relative strength of the

assaa aa aa
magnetic field. The magnetic field is strong where magnetic field lines crowd and weak
a
dd a ss
where magnetic field lines are well separated. a
dd s
a s
P P aa
.diamagnetic
. P
..Paa
w w
ww is negative. ww
10. The properties of
wwsusceptibility
i) Magnetic
materials
wwww
ii) Relative permeability is slightly less than unity.
iii) The magnetic field lines are repelled or expelled by diamagnetic materials when
e e t t e t
e t

et
placed in a magnetic field.

lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
iv) Susceptibility is nearly temperature independent.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 11. The properties of paramagnetic a a ssaa a assaa

.N
P P a add and small.
materials
P Paa dd
ww . .is greater than unity.
i) Magnetic susceptibility is positive
w w ..
wwwwfield lines are attracted into the paramagneticww
ii) Relative permeability ww

lai
iii) The magnetic materials when placed
in a magnetic field.
iv) Susceptibility is inversely proportional to temperature.
e e t t sa e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
12. The properties of ferromagnetic materials
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a a dd aa saalarge.
i) Magnetic susceptibility is positivesand
aadd aassaa
da
ii) Relative permeability is large.
w w P
. P
iii) The magnetic field.lines
w w . P
. P
are strongly attracted into the ferromagnetic materials
w w wwin a magnetic field.
when placed
wwww
iv) Susceptibility is inversely proportional to temperature.
Pa

e t t t t
13. Special features of magnetic Lorentz force
e ee
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
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+2 PHYSICS
e et t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N materials l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa ssaa s aa
s
14. Differences between soft and hard ferromagnetic
aadd a a aa a
dd a
ww P
.. P w
w P
..P
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aassaa as
asaa

.N
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww

lai
eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a s
a aa
s
dd field (from Coulomb’s law) and magneticaa dd aassaa
da
ww .
15. Differences betweenP
. P
electric
ww . P
. P field
wwww law)
(from Biot-Savart’s
wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
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+2 PHYSICS
eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N
16. Limitations of cyclotron
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa s aa
s s aa
s
(a) the speed of the ion is limited
a a
dd a
(b) electron cannot be accelerated
a aa a
dd a
P
.. P
(c) uncharged particles cannot be accelerated
w
w ww P
..P
wwww
17. Application of eddy currents
wwww
Though the production of eddy current is undesirable in some cases, it is useful
in some other cases. A few of them are
t t
i. Induction stove
ee eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N
ii. Eddy current brake
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
iii. Eddy current testing
a ass as
as

.N
PP add
iv. Electromagnetic damping
a P Padd
a
18. Methods ofw ww. . induced emf. w
w ..
www producing
wwww

lai
eet t sa e e t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a add a assaa
aadda s
a aa
s
da

19. Advantagesw ww P P
. . armature-rotating field alternator ww. . P P
www
1) The current
of stationary
wwwwithout
is drawn directly from fixed terminals on the stator
w the use of
Pa

brush contacts.
2) The insulation of stationary armature winding is easier.
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
3) The number of sliding contacts (slip rings) is reduced. Moreover, the sliding
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
contacts are used for low-voltage DC Source.
l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

dd a s s a s s
4) Armature windings can be constructed more rigidly to prevent deformation due to
a dd a
P
.. Pa
any mechanical stress.
a P
.. Paa
20. Advantagesw w w w ww w w
ww

w w of three phase alternator

ww
1) For a given dimension of the generator, three-phase machine produces
higher power output than a single-phase machine.

e t t t t
2) For the same capacity, three-phase alternator is smaller in size when
e ee
l a
l i
a .iN
.N compared to single-phase alternator.
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
3) Three-phase transmission system is cheaper. A relatively thinner wire is
dd a as s
sufficient for transmission of threephase power. a
dd s
a s
P P aa
. .internal reflection P
.. Paa
21. conditions w ww w
w
www for total
wwww
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+2 PHYSICS
eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
21. Advantages and disadvantages of AC over DC
et
e t eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aassaa as
asaa

.N
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww

lai
eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 23. Analogies between electrical
a add a ass
and
amechanical
a quantities
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

24. Properties of electromagnetic waves

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
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+2 PHYSICS
eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aassaa as
asaa

.N
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww

lai
eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
25. Laws of reflection
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
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+2 PHYSICS
eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
eet t e et t

et
26. Characteristics of the image formed by plane mirror
lalai.iN ai .iN
.N i) The image formed by a plane mirror lisalvirtual, .Nerect and laterally inverted l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa sidewise (left / right). aaddaassaa ssaa
(
a a

.N
P P P P a dd
a
ww . . behind the mirror is equal to the object distance
(ii) The size of the image is equal to the size of the object.
w w . .in front of
www
(iii) The image
the mirror. w
distance
wwww

lai
(iv) If an object is placed between two plane mirrors inclined at an angle θ, then the
number of images n formed
e et t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
27. Cartesian sign convention
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aaddaassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

e e t t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
28. Laws of reflection
a
ddass a
dd s
a s
P
..Paa P
.. Paa
w w w
w
wwww wwww
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eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aassaa as
asaa

.N
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww

lai
eet t
29. The techniques to produce coherent sources
sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N (i) Wavefront division
l a
l i
a .iN
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P.KANNAN.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,SLET(PASSED) +2 PHYSICS EM Page 10

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P.KANNAN.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,SLET(PASSED) +2 PHYSICS EM Page 11

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P.KANNAN.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,SLET(PASSED) +2 PHYSICS EM Page 12

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eet t eet t
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36. Laws of photoelectric effect
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38. Applications of photo cells
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photocells.

P.KANNAN.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,SLET(PASSED) +2 PHYSICS EM Page 13

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N eet t eet t
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Photo cells are used for reproduction of sound in motion pictures and are
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used as timers to measure the speeds of athletes during a race.
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40. Drawbacks of Rutherford model

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41. Postulates of Bohr atom model eet t
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P.KANNAN.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,SLET(PASSED) +2 PHYSICS EM Page 14

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eet t eet t
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42. Properties of cathode rays

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P.KANNAN.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,SLET(PASSED) +2 PHYSICS EM Page 15

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eet t eet t
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44. Important inferences from of the average binding energy curve
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45. Properties of neutrinos
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· Recent experiments showed that the neutrino has very small mass.
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P.KANNAN.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,SLET(PASSED) +2 PHYSICS EM Page 16

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eet t eet t
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46. Applications the zener diode
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47. Applications the light emitting diodes
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49. Applications Solar cells

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P.KANNAN.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,SLET(PASSED) +2 PHYSICS EM Page 17

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eet t eet t
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Optical fiber system has a number of applications namely, international
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53. Applications Satellites communication
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P.KANNAN.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,SLET(PASSED) +2 PHYSICS EM Page 18

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eet t eet t
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.N l a
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54. Merits and demerits of optical fibre communication

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P.KANNAN.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,SLET(PASSED) +2 PHYSICS EM Page 19

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eet t eet t
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.N l a
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56. Applications of Mobile communication

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57. Applications of Internet
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P.KANNAN.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,SLET(PASSED) +2 PHYSICS EM Page 20

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eet t eet t
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P.KANNAN.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,SLET(PASSED) +2 PHYSICS EM Page 21

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