PRKHIPS \ZLRM

Plebmebmfg?
jr.. Iom
jr Iom Prieuj
Prieujmtk,
mtk, Sp.KG
Sp.KG

–
Ibjurrideif Sieirqifjy – 030.9<.003 Ijmfji Airsyijdmi 030.9<.001
Bihqms
Bihqms N. Fib
Fibmhi
mhi – 030.9<.0:0Ie
Ieih
ihmi
mi Ziti
iti F. – 030.9<.09<

Nlmh
Nlmhif
ifmm Pr
Prmg
mglh
lh Si
Sihe
hei
i – 030.9<.0=1 Lhvmfjrm Fkarmtdicmi – 030.9<.014
E. Fid
Fidjmy
jmymf
mf Ei
Eifgn
fgnu
u Ihi
Ihie
e – 030.9<.99< Eidl
Eidlfj
fjri
ri ]uj
ujdi
di P – 030.9<.907
 • Chlkpitri, slkrifg ritu Elsmr
• Prkhips utlrm elrupinif dih yifg imb piji wifmti

MFJKFLSMI

Sloin juhu
Sloin juhu jm Mfjkfl
Mfjkflsmi
smi • Cdinriblrry eleinim mstmhid eiditm, utn vigmfi yg
tl
tlhi
hidd jmnl
mnlfih
fih jlfg
jlfgif
if hlbir jlfgif smstknlh, rlntknlh
rlntknlh & hislrism
hislrism plrmflue
plrmflue
mstmhi
mstmhid
d plrifi
plrifini
nif f turuf
turuf
jif plrifinif tlrbihmn.

• Dmppkcritls, Slkrifg jkntlr jirm ]ufifm nufk.

• Kri
Krifg plrti
rtiei yifg elflelflririfg
fgni
nif
f bidwi nleifjuhif
‘

jmslbibnif khld nlhimfif hltin ihit glfmtih

Ifwir Ekcdieij, Bizmij Ihm, Pribkwk R. Priomtfk. Mheu Nifjufgif? Nlhimfif Hltin Ihit Ihit Glfmtih. Oinirti? PZ Bmfi Pustini Sirwkfk Priwmrkdirjok> 2099. P3:0.

IFIZKEM HLZIN

Iftlvlrsmahlnsm &
\ZLR\S
Rltrkvlrsmahlnsm
Iftlvlrsm & Rltrkvlrsm

Jlxstrkvlrsm
Jihie
Jihie bu
bunu
nu-b
-bun
unuu Bi
Biri
rit,
t,
Smfmstrkvlrs yifg
yifg jmifgg
jmifggip
ip hltin
hltin utl
utlrus
rus
m
Jlslfsus fkr
fkreih
eih mi
mihid
hid hltin
hlti.n
iftlvlrsmahlnsm.
iftlvlrsmahlnsm

MFJKFLSMI;
Rleelhts elfleunif slnmtir 70% plrlepuif Mfjkflsmi

tlrjipit oiud hlbmd bifyin utlrusfyi jihie hltin

rltrkvlrsmahlnsm.
Ifwir
Ifwir Ekcdieij,Bizmij
Ekcdieij,Bizmij Ihm
Ihm,, Pribkwk
Pribkwk R. Priomtfk.Mheu
Priomtfk.Mheu Nifjufgif?NlhimfifHltin
Nifjufgif?NlhimfifHltin Ihi
Ihit-I
t-Ihit
hit Glfmtih.
Glfmtih. Oinirti?
Oinirti? PZ BmfiPustini Sirwkfk
Sirwkfk Priwmrkdir
Priwmrkdirjok>
jok> 2099.P3:3.

IFIZKEM
PLF]KNKFG
9. Zkfus ktkt utlrus
\ZLR\S
2. Hm
Hmgi
giel
elf-
f-hm
hmgi
gielf
elf yi
yifg
fg e
ele
leamn
amnsis
sismm ut
utlr
lrus?
us?

k Hmg nirjmfihl

k Hmg rktufjue

k Hmg mfaufjmbuhkplhvmnue

k Hmg sinrkutlrmfi

3. Aismi lfjkplhvmn

:. Ktkt-ktkt jisir pifgguh e. hlvitkr ifm

PLF]KNKFG \ZLR\S
 JLAMFMSM
‘ Prkhips utlrm ijihid suitu nkfjmsm nltmni

ktkt jisir jif oirmfgif mnit (hmgielf) jirm

plhvms elhleid jif elrlgifg sldmfggi tmjin

bmsi elfyifggi ridme. Inmbitfyi, ridme

elfoijm turuf iti
tiu
u el
elf
fkfokh nl vigmf
mfi
i.―
 Jksdifm, lt ih. (2007). \tlrmfl prkhipsl. BEO ? Brmtmsd Eljmcih Okurfih, 33<(712:), pp. 49=–
–4
4

LPMJLEMKHKGM
• Prkhipsus utlrm elflepitm urutif nljui tlrslrmfg sltlhid

cystkurltdrkclhl (bhijjlr & urltdrih prkhipsl).

prkhipsl).

• Pi
Piji
ji stuj
stujmm Wkelf”s Dliht
Dlihtd
d Mfmtmi
Mfmtmitmvl
tmvl (W
(WDM
DM)) Ie
Ielr
lrmn
mni
i, :9 % wifmti usmi

<0-7
<0-7=
= tidu
tiduf
f el
elfg
fgih
ihie
iemm Pr
Prkh
khips
ipsus
us Krgi
Krgif
f Pifg
Pifggu
guhh (P
(PKP
KP),
), jm
jmif
ifti
tirif
rifyi
yi 3:%

elfgihiem cystkclhl
cystkclhl,, 9=% elfgihiem rlctkclhl & 9:% elfgihiem

prkhip
prkhipsus
sus utlrm.
utlrm.

• Pr
Prkh
khip
ipsu
sus
s tl
tlro
roij
ijmm jm Ielrmni slbifyin <2% sltl
sltlhi
hid
d wifm
wifmti
ti elhi
elhidm
dmrn
rnif
if if
ifin
in
plrt
plrtie
iei,
i, sl
slji
jifg
fgni
nif
f jm Mfjkflsmi pr
prkh
khip
ipsu
sus
s tlro
tlroij
ijmm slbi
slbify
fyin
in 3,: – <1,:%

piji
piji wifm
wifmti
ti yifg
yifg tl
tlhi
hid
d elhi
elhidm
dmrn
rnif
if

• Jiti RSCE, el
elfu
fufo
foun
unni
nif
f sltm
sltmip
ip ti
tidu
duf
f tl
tlrj
rjip
ipit
it :7
:7-- 17 nisu
nisus
s prkhi
rkhip
psus
sus,
•
jif slbif
bifyin 210 nisus piji tiduf 200<-2090 elfjipit tmfjinif
Birskke RS, Jyfl PH. \tlrmfl Prkhipsl mf Lelrglfcy Eljmcmfl. Eljscipl Irtmchl. ^mftlrfltU. 2093. ^cmtlj 209: Fkv 27 U. Ivimhibhl arke?dttp?//leljmcmfl.eljscipl.cke/irtmchl/7=72=< kvlrvmlw#sdkwihh
• Nismitm N, Hlstirm J, Dirjmiftk G. Ifihmsms Aintkr yifg Blrdubufgif jlfgif Nloijmif Prkhips \tlrm piji Pismlf Nufoufgif Biru jm Pkhm Nifjufgif RS\J Jr. Skltkek Suribiyi. Widifi Rmslt

LZMKHKGM
Plfylbib
Plfylbib prkh
prkhips
ipsus
us krgif
krgif pifgguh bl
pifgguh blhu
hue
e jm
jmnl
nlti
tidu
dumm slci
slciri
ri

pistm.
Fieuf, slciri dmpktltmn plfylbib utieifyi ijihid plrsihmfif

plrv
plrvig
igmf
mfie
ie jlfg
jlfgif
if biy
biym it
itlr
lre.
e.

Piri plflhmtm elfyltuoum bidwi ltmkhkgm prkhipsus krgif pifgguh ijihid

euhtmaintkrmih ji
jif
f bl
blrn
rnle
lebi
bifg
fg sl
slci
ciri
ri bl
blrt
rtid
idip
ip ji
jihi
hie
e rlft
rlftif
ifg
g wi
wintu
ntu ti
tidu
dufi
fif.
f.

Ifwir Ekcdieij, Bizmij Ihm, Pribkwk R. Priomtfk. Mheu Nifjufgif? Nlhimfif Hltin Ihit-Ihit Glfmtih. Oinirti? PZ Bmfi
Bmfi Pustini Sirwkfk Priwmrkdirjok> 2099.
 Wlrflr C, Ekscdks L, Grmaamtd W, Bl
Blsdiy
sdiy Q, Ridf J, Rmcdirjskf J, lt ih. Wmhhmies Gy
Gyflckhkgy
flckhkgy Stujy Gumjl, 2fj lj. \fmtlj Stitls? Ec Griw Dmhh Prkalssmkfih>
Prkalssmkfih>

PIZKAMSMKHKGM
Nlhleidif oirmfgif Zriuei kbstltrm jif
plfyknkfg plhvms, elhmputm hislrism slhiei
ktkt, hmgielf, & aismi plrsihmfif

PRKHIPS
\ZLRM
Slmrmfg prksls plfuiif, Prksls
Prksls plr
plrsih
sihmfi
mfif
f plr vigm
vigmfie
fie
tlrjipit  nijir lstrkglf, elfylbib
elfylbibnif
nif plrl
plrlgifg
gifgif
if piji

sldmfggi oirmfgif plhvms jisir plhvms, jif dih mfm elrupinif

plfyl
plfylbib
bib pih
pihmfg
mfg smg
smgfma
fmamni
mnif
f ji
jirm
rm
nldmhifgif lhistmsmtis &
prkhips utlrm
nlnuitiffyi
 Lrwmfiftk. Prkhips \tlrm. Elj Dksp 209<> vkh 3 (2) ? 934-9

GIEBIR PRKHIPS \ZLRM

 Eiyk Chmfmc. 2020. \tlrmfl
\tlrmfl Prkhi
Prkhipsl
psl - Syeptk
Syeptkes
es I fj

JLRIOIZ
Blrjisirnif smstle PKP-Y yifg jmbigm elfoijm < jlrioit,
yimtu?
JLRIOIZ 0 JLRIOIZ 9 JLRIOIZ 2 JLRIOIZ 3 JLRIOIZ :

Bigmif
Bigmif pihmfg
pihmfg jmstih
jmstih
Nrmtlr
Nrmtlrmi
mi uftun
uftun
prkhipsl utlrm 6 9 Lvlrs
Lvlrsmm nkephm
nkephmtt tktih
tktih
jlrioi
jlrioitt 0 tmjin
tmjin Bigmif
Bigmif pihmfg
pihmfg jmstih
jmstih
ce jirm
jirm dy
dyelf
elf , bigmif
bigmif jmstih
jmstih
Zmjin
Zmjin tiepin
tiepin jmtleunif, tipm prkhipsl utlrm ≪ 9
tltipm
tltipm tmj
tmjin
in prkhip
prkhips
s utlrm,
utlrm,
prkhip
prkhips
s utlrm
utlrm bigmif
bigmif jmstih
jmstih ce prknsmeih
prknsmeih itiu
elfu
elfuru
ruf
f hlbm
hlbmd
d ji
jirm
rm elfuru
elfuruf
f siepim
siepim
prkhip
prkhips
s 6 9 ce jmstih dyelf
2 ce jirm
jirm ZQH (tktih
(tktih ZQH-
ZQH- 2ce
2ce
jmitis
jmitis hlvlh dyelf
dyelf
vigmfih hlfgtd)
 Brigi I, Ciccmi G. Plhvmc Krgif Prkhipsl? Pitdkpdysmkhkgy ifj Lpmjlemkhkgy
Lpmjlemkhkgy.. 2094>9= –30.
–30.

JLRIOIZ
JLRIOIZ PRKHIPS
PRKHIPS \
\ZLRM
ZLRM
 Brigi I, Ciccmi G. Plhvmc Krgif Prkhipsl? Pitdkpdysmkhkgy ifj Lpmjlemkhkgy. 2094>9= –30.

JLRIOIZ
JLRIOIZ PRKHIPS
PRKHIPS \
\ZLRM
ZLRM
Elfurut Armljeif & Hmtthl
k Jlslfs
Jlslfsus
us \tl
\tlrm
rm
\tlrus
\tlrus tur
turuf,
uf, tlt
tltipm
ipm slr
slrvmn
vmns
s eis
eismd
md jih
jihie
ie vig
vigmfi
mfi

k
Prkhips \tlr
Prkhips \tlrmm Zmf
Zmfgnit
gnit 9
\tlrus
\tlrus tur
turuf
uf jlf
jlfgif
gif slr
slrvmn
vmns
s utl
utlrm
rm tu
turuf
ruf pih
pihmfg
mfg rrlfj
lfjid
id
siepim
siepim mft
mftrkm
rkmtus
tus vig
vigmfi
mfi

k
Prkhips \tlr
Prkhips \tlrmm Zmf
Zmfgnit
gnit 2
Slbi
Slbigm
gmif
if bl
blsi
sirr utlr
utlrus
us nl
nlhu
huir
ir ji
jirm
rm vi
vigm
gmfi
fi

k Prkhips
Prkhips \tlr
\tlrmm Zmfg
Zmfgnit
nit 3

\tlrus nl
\tlrus nlhui
huirr slh
slhuru
urudfy
dfyi
i jir
jirmm vig
vigmfi
mfi,, jmslr
jmslrtim
tim mfv
mfvlrs
lrsmk
mk
vigmfi
Ifwir, E, Bizmij, I, & Pribkwk, R.P. Mheu Nifjufgif Sirwkfk Priwmrkdirjok. Oinirti? Bmfi Pustini. 2099.

AINZKR RMSMNK

• Ifwir Ekcdieij, Bizmij

Bizmij Ihm, Pribkwk R. PrPriomtfk.
iomtfk. Mheu
Mheu Nifjufgif? Nlhimfif Hltin Ihit-Ihit Glfmtih. Oinirti? PZ Bmfi Pustini Sirwkfk Priwmrkdirjok> 2099.
• Wlrflr C, Ekscdks L, Grmaamtd W
W,, Blsdiy Q, Ridf J, Rmcdirjskf J, lt ih. Wmhhmies
Wmhhmies Gyflckhkgy Stujy Gumjl, 2fj lj. \fmtlj Stitls? Ec Griw
Griw Dmhh Prkalssmkfih> 2092.
• Fmzkey MR, Pribkwk RP, Dirjmiftk
Dirjmiftk G. Ckrrlhitmkf bltwllf Rmsn Aictkrs ifj Plhvmc Krgif Prkhipsl
Prkhipsl mf Gyflckhkgy Kutpitmlft Chmfmc, <4 Jr. Skltkek Dkspmtih Suribiyi, 2007-2099.

EIFMALSZISM
EIFMALSZISM NHMFMS
Qigmfih S yeptkes
• Slfsism elfggifo
Slfsism elfggifoih
ih
• Zlrjipi
lrjipitt itiu
itiu elrisi
elrisinif
nif tkfokh
tkfokhif
if piji
piji vigmfi
vigmfi
• Zlrjipit
lrjipit tlnifif
tlnifif
• Zlrisi plfud
plfud

\rmfiry S yeptkes
• Mfnktm
Mfn ktmflf
flfsmi
smi urmf,
urmf, arlnulfs
arlnulfsmm 66, urglfsm
urglfsm (+)
• Ihmrif urmf yifg hleid jif hiei
• Buif
Bu ifg g imr
imr nlcmh
nlcmh tl
tlri
risi
si tmji
tmjin
n tu
tuft
ftis
is
• Plrubi
Plr ubidif
dif pksmsm
pksmsm jmplrh
jmplrhuni
uniff uftun
uftun eleuhi
eleuhimm itiu
itiu elfylh
elfylhlsi
lsimni
mnif
f BIN
B kwlh S yeptkes
yeptkes
• Ahitus yi
Ahitus yifg
fg tlr
tlrus
us elflru
elflrus,s, alsls
alsls yi
yifg
fg cimr
cimr itiu
itiu nlris
nlris
• BIB tlr
tlrisi
isi tmjin
tmjin tuftis
tuftis
• Elfg
El fglo
loif
if siit
siit BIB
BIB
• Elfggufini
Elfgg ufinif f tlnfmn
tlnfmn ‘Jmgmtih lvicuitmkf― uft
uftun
un elfyl
elfylhls
hlsimn
imnif
if BIB
• Elflni
Elf lniff irli
irli vigmfi
vigmfi itiu plrmfl
plrmflue
ue uft
uftun
un eleuhi
eleuhimm eiupuf
eiupuf
elfylhlsi
elfy lhlsimnif
mnif BIB

S lx
lxuih
uih S yeptkes
• Jmspirlufmi Jksd
Jksdif
ifmm I, Zl
Zlk
k RL
RLC,
C, Ei
Eiyf
yfll
 Slfsism
Slfsism yifg blrnuri
blrnurifg
fg CO, Zmfclhhk JG. \tlrmfl
Prkhipsl.
Prkhipsl. 33<(9
33<(9)>
)> p>49=
p>49=-423
-423

PLELRMNSIIF AMSMN
• Elfurut Armljeif & Hmtthl plf
lfj
jlrmti jihie pksmsm okfgnkn jif elfgloif.
Plrmnsi jlfgif oirm, ipinif pkrtmk piji pksmsm fkre
rei
ih itiu pkrtmk siepim piji
mftrkmtus itiu sujid nlhuir.. Slhifoutfyi, jlfgif plfjlrmti pksmsm hmtktkem
jm
jmtl
tlft
ftun
unif
if pi
pifo
foif
ifg
g sl
slrv
rvmn
mns.
s. Sl
Slrv
rvmn
mns
s yi
yifg
fg hlbm
hlbmd
d pi
pifo
foif
ifg
g 5 lhkf
lhkfgi
gitm
tmk
k nk
nkhm
hm
 9. Birskke
Birskke RS, JJyfl
yfl P PH.
H. \tlrmfl
\tlrmfl Prkhip
Prkhipsl
sl mf Lelrglfcy
Lelrglfcy Eljmcm
Eljmcmfl.
fl. Eljscip
Eljscipl l Irtmchl.
Irtmchl. 2099.
2099.
2. Ifwir,
Ifwir, E,
E, Bizmij
Bizmij,, I, & Pribkw
Pribkwk,k, R.P.
R.P. Mheu Nifjufgif
Nifjufgif Sirwkfk
Sirwkfk Priwmrkdi
Priwmrkdirjok.
rjok. Oinirti?
Oinirti? Bmfi Pustini
Pustini

PLELRMNSIIF

AMSMN
• Pl
Plelr
elrmn
mnsii
siif
f ibj
ibjke
kelf
lf  uftu
uftun
n el
elfy
fymf
mfgn
gnmr
mrni
nif
f nl
nleu
eufg
fgnm
nmfi
fif
f tuek
tuekrr ib
ibjk
jkel
elf
f
eiup
eiupuf
uf tu
tuek
ekrr plhv
plhvms
ms

• Ple
Plelrmn
lrmnsiif
siif Gmf
Gmflnkhkgm  uf
lnkhkgm uftu
tun
n el
elfg
fglt
ltid
idum
um jl
jlri
rioi
oitt prkh
prkhip
ips
s

9. Birskke
Birskke RS, JJyfl
yfl PH.
PH. \tl
\tlrmfl
rmfl Prkhi
Prkhipsl
psl mmf
f Lel
Lelrglfcy
rglfcy Eljmcmfl
Eljmcmfl.. Eljscipl
Eljscipl Irtmch
Irtmchl.
l. 2099.
2099.
2. Ifwir,
Ifwir, E,
E, Bizmij
Bizmij,, I, & P
Pribkw
ribkwk,k, R.P.
R.P. Mheu
Mheu Nifju
Nifjufgif
fgif Sirwkfk
Sirwkfk Priwmrkdi
Priwmrkdirjok.
rjok. Oinirti?
Oinirti? B
Bmfi
mfi Pustini
Pustini . 20
2099.
99.
 2. Ifwir,
Ifwir, E,
E, Bizmij
Bizmij,, I, & P
Pribkw
ribkwk,
k, R.P.
R.P. Mheu
Mheu Nifju
Nifjufgif
fgif Sirwkfk
Sirwkfk Priwmrkdi
Priwmrkdirjok.
rjok. Oinirti?
Oinirti? B
Bmfi
mfi Pustini
Pustini . 20
2099.
99.

PLELRMNSIIF PLF\FOIFG

• Zls Pipif
ifmmckhik
iku
u (Pip selir
smtkhkgm))
smtkhkgm itiu bmkpsm jipit
jm
jmmmfjm
jmn
nis
ismmnif pij
iji
i nis
isu
us yifg
jmcurmg
jmcurmgim
im nirs
nirsmfke
mfkei
i
• \h
\htr
tris
iskf
kfkg
kgri
riam
am (\
(\SG
SG)) & ER
ERMM

• T-Riy? BFK MQP. Plelrmnsiif

MQP bmhi prkhipsus utlrm yifg
blsir
blsir sl
slni
nihm
hm
 Birskke RS, Jyfl PH. \tlrmfl Prkhipsl mf
mf Lelrglfcy Eljmcmfl. Eljscipl Irtmchl
Irtmchl..

Zitihinsifi

Plfgkbitif eljms jif plfgkbitif kplritma

Plfgkbitif eljms ?
• Hitmdif ktkt-ktkt jisir pifgguh (slfie Nlglh)
• Stmeuhism ktkt-ktkt jlfgif ihit hmstrmn
• Plfgkbitif jlfgif plsirmue
 Ifwir Ekcdi
Ekcdieij,
eij, Bizmij
Bizmij Ihm, Pribkwk
Pribkwk R. Priomtfk.Mheu
Priomtfk.Mheu Nifjuf
Nifjufgif?
gif? Nlhimfif
Nlhimfif Hltin Ihit Ihit Glfmtih.
Glfmtih. Oinirti?
Oinirti? PZ Bmfi Pusti
Pustini
ni Sirw
Sirwkfk
kfk Priwm
Priwmrkdir
rkdirjok>2097.
jok>2097.

k Hitmdif-hitmdif
Hitmdif-hitmdif ktkt jisir pifgguh
Slfie Nlglh ⇢ tuouiffyi ? elfguitnif ktkt-ktkt jisir pifgguh

Ciri elhinunif hitmdif ?

• Pismlf elfgufcupnif
elfgufcupnif (nkftinsm)
(nkftinsm) ifus jif
jif oirmfgif
oirmfgif jisir
pifggu
pifgguhh slplrt
slplrtmm sltlhi
sltlhid
d slhlsi
slhlsimm buifg
buifg imr blsir
blsir itiu
itiu

plfjlrmt
plfjlrmti
i jmsurud
jmsurud elebiy
elebiyifgn
ifgnif
if slkhid-kh
slkhid-khid
id sljifg
sljifg
buifg imr nlcmh jif tmbi-tmbi elfgdlftmniffyi
• Zidif nkftri
nkftrinsm
nsm slhiei < jltmn
jltmn ⇢ hihu rlhix slhiei <
jltmn ( ekjmamnism jlfgif tidif nkftrinsm slhiei 2 jltmn
⇢ hihu rlhix slhiei 3 jltmn
• Jmhifoutnif
Jmhifoutni f jlfgif nkftrinsm slhiei 90 jltmn
• Hinun
Hinunif
if slbif
slbifyin
yin 3 slt ⇢ jihie
jihie 9 slt
slt sl
slbi
bify
fyin
in 90
rlpltmsm
Dieieid O, PifgistutmF. Nirintlrmstmn pismlf prkhips utlrm jm RS\P jr. Sirjomt
Sirjomtk
k ]kgyinirti tiduf 2093. Ou
Ourfih
rfih Nlslditif Rlprkjunsm 2097 2097>:(9)?97-22
 Dieieid O, PifgistutmF. Nirintlrmstmn pismlf prkhips utlrm jm RS\P jr. Sirjomt
Sirjomtk
k ]kgyinirti tiduf 2093. Ou
Ourfih
rfih Nlslditif Rlprkjunsm 2097 2097>:(9)?97 22
Jksdifm I. \tlrmfl prkhipsl. BEO 2007>33<?49=-23
2007>33<?49=-23

k Plssirmue ⇢ vigmf
vigmfih
ih plssiry (phistmc / rubblr rmfg)
plssiry ⇢ mftlrvlfsm
fkf-surgmcih

Rmfg plssiry Cubl plssiry

Jkfut, mfahitibhl kr Glhhdkrf plssiry Jkfut ifj mfahitibhl plssirmls

Rmfg plssiry wmtd suppkrt

Dieieid O, Pifgistutm F. Nirintlrmstmn

Nirintlrmstmn pismlf prkhips utlrm jm RS\P jr. Sirjomtk ]kgyinirti
]kgyinirti tiduf 2093. Ourfih Nlslditif Rlprkjunsm 2097 2097>:(9)?97-22
 Jksdifm I. \tlrmfl prkhipsl. BEO 2007>33<?49=-23
Qmlri IO. Prlictmcih usl ka tdl plssiry. IIAP 2000. ivimhibhl it ? dttps?//www.iiap.krg/iap/2000/0<09/p279=.dteh

Zitihinsifi

Plfgkbitif kplritma ?
Mfjmnism kplrism prkhips utlrm ⇢
k \eur plfjlrmti
k Nlmfgmfiffyi uftun eismd elfjipitnif ifin itiu uftun
Nlmfgmfiffyi
eleplrtidifnif utlrus
k
Zmfgnit prkhipsls
k Olfms nlhudif

Ifwir Ekcdi
Ekcdieij,
eij, Bizmij
Bizmij Ihm, Pribkwk
Pribkwk R. Priomtfk.Mheu
Priomtfk.Mheu Nifjuf
Nifjufgif?
gif? Nlhimfif
Nlhimfif Hltin Ihit-Ihit
Ihit-Ihit Glfmtih.
Glfmtih. Oinirti?
Oinirti? PZ Bmfi Pusti
Pustini
ni Sirw
Sirwkfk
kfk Priwm
Priwmrkdir
rkdirjok>2097.
jok>2097.
 Zitihinsifi
Plfgkbitif kplritma ?
• Smstknlh
⇢

Kplrism nkhpkriam iftlrmkr

• Rlntknlh jif lftrknlh
lftrknlh
Kplrism ⇢ nkhpkplrmflkphistmn ⇢ ruoun nl jkntlr splsmihms urkgmflnkhkgm
• Qlftrkamnsism
Piji plrlepuif yifg tlrgkhkfg eismd euji jif eismd elfgmfgmfnif ifin
• Kplrism Eifcdlstlr jif Dmstlrlntkem vigmfih
Zmfjinif ndusus splsmihmstmn (urkgmflnkhkgm)

Ifwir Ekcdi
Ekcdieij,
eij, Bizmij
Bizmij Ihm, Pribkwk
Pribkwk R. Priomtfk.Mheu
Priomtfk.Mheu Nifjuf
Nifjufgif?
gif? Nlhimfif
Nlhimfif Hltin Ihit-Ihit
Ihit-Ihit Glfmtih.
Glfmtih. Oinirti?
Oinirti? PZ Bmfi Pusti
Pustini
ni Sirw
Sirwkfk
kfk Priwm
Priwmrkdir
rkdirjok>2097.
jok>2097.
 MFALNSM 2
NKEPHMNISM SIH\RIF
NLEMD

DMJRKFLARKSMS 9
& DMJRK\RLZLR

Rmsm
Rmsmnk
nk IRA
IRA

S lvlr l prkc mjlftmi

mjlf tmi cius mfg
mf g kbs truc tmv
tmvll urkpitdy
urk pitdy
E.N. Ekshlem lt ih. / Mftlrfitmkfih Okurfih ka Surglry Cisl
Cisl Rlpkrts : (2093) 3:4–3<0
–3<0

NKEPHMNISM
DMPLRZRKAM SLRQMNS 3
\ZLRM & LHKFGISM :
NKHM
JLN\BMZ\
S
NLEIFJ\HIF <

Nlhimf
Nlhimfif
if pksmsm
pksmsm
utlrus
7
1 DLEKRKMJ IBKRSM SPKFZIF
SPKFZIF
& PRLEIZ\RMZIS
 PRKGFKSMS
Bmhi prkhips utlrm tmjin jmtitihinsifi, eini slciri blrtidip inif eleblrit.
Prkgfksms inif bimn piji pismlf usmi euji, jihie nkfjmsm nlslditif kptmeih (tmjin
jmslrtim plfyinmt himffyi), jif MEZ jihie bitis fkreih. Pr
Prkg
kgfk
fksm
sms
s bu
burun piji pismlf
run

usmi tui, nkfjfjms

msmm nlsl
sld
dit
iti
if bu
buru
run
n, eleleepuf
ufyi
yimm gi
gifg
fggu
guif
if sm
sms
stl
tlee rls
lspm
pmri
ris
sm (is
(isei
ei,,
PPKN),, sl
PPKN) slrrti ME
MEZ
Z jmjmi
iti
tis
s bit
itis
is fk
fkre
reih
ih.. Rln
Rlnurl
urlfsm
fsm pr
prkhi
khips
ps utlrm
utlrm slt
sltlhi
lhid
d tmf
tmfji
jinif
nif kp
kplri
lrism
sm
slbifyin 91%
Ij Qmtie Bkfie

Ij Aufctmkfie Bkfie

Ij Sifitmkfie Jubm
Jubmi
i ij bk
bkfi
fie
e
Lrwmfiftk
Lrwmfiftk L. Prkhip
Prkhips
s \tlrm.
\tlrm. Eljmci Dk
Dkspmtih
spmtihmi?
mi? Okur
Okurfih
fih ka Chmfmcih
Chmfmcih Eljmcmfl.
Eljmcmfl. 209<>3(2).
209<>3(2).
 LJ\NISM
k Khid
Khidri
rigi
gi plfg
plfgui
uiti
tif
f kt
ktkt
kt jisi
jisirr pi
pifg
fggu
guhh

k Pleb
Plebit
itisi
isif
f ou
ouehi
ehid
d nl
nldi
diem
emhi
hif
f & plrs
plrsih
ihmf
mfif
if

k Plfgiturif pkhi jmlt, slrti nlslhurudif

plrbimnif giyi dmjup  jmdiripnif jipit
elfurufnif rmsmnk jmsaufgsm jisir pifgguh jm
nleu
nleujm
jmif
if dirm
dirm
Pifgistutm F, Sirm JC, Siftksk BM, Igustmfmfgsmd J, Lemhmi K. Giebirif Aintkr Rmsmnk Prkhips Krgif Pifgguh Pisci Plrsihmfif Qigmfih jm Jilrid Mstmelwi ]kgyinirti. Eioihid
Eioihid
Nljkntlrif Bifjufg. 2094 Ouf 30><0(2)?902-4.

RLALRLFSM
9. Jksd
Jksdif
ifm,lt
m,lt ih
ih.. (2
(200
007)
7).. \tlr
\tlrmf
mfl
l prkh
prkhip
ipsl
sl.. BE
BEO
O ? Brmt
Brmtms
msd
d Eljm
Eljmci
cihh Ok
Okur
urfi
fih,
h, 33<(
33<(71
712:
2:),
), pp
pp.. 49=
49=–423
–423
2. Birskke RS, Jyfl PH. \tlrmfl Prkhipsl mf Lelrglfcy Eljmcmfl. Eljscipl Irtmchl. ^mftlrfltU. 2093. ^cmtlj 209: Fkv 27 U. Ivimhibhl
arke?dttp?//leljmcmfl.eljscipl.cke/irtmchl/7=72=< kvlrvmlw#sdkwihh

3. Nismi tmtm N, Hl st
stirm J, Dirjmiftk G. Ifihmsms Ai nt
ntkr yif g Bl rrd
dubuf gi
gif j lf
lfgif Nloijmif Prk hhi
ips \tl rrmm pi j
ji
i Pi sm
smlf Nuf oou
uf gi
gif Bi rru
u jm Pkhm
Nifjufgif
Nifjufgi f RS\J
RS\J Jr Jr.. Skltkek
Skltkek Sur
Suribiy
ibiyi.
i. Widi
Widififi Rmslt
Rmslt Nls
Nlsldit
lditif>
if> 209
2099.
9.

:. If
fw
wir Ekcdi
kcdiei
eij,
j, Biz
izmmij Ih m,m, Pribkw
ibkwk
k R. Prio
rio mtmtfk.
fk. Mh e
eu
u Nifju
ifjufg
fgif
if?? Nlh
lhim
imfi
fif
f Hlt
Hltin I hhit
it-I
-Ihhit Glfm
lfmt i
ihh. Oinir
inirtti? P Z Bmfi P u
ust
stin
ini
i Sirw
irwkfk
kfk
Priwmrkdirjo
Priwmrkdirjok>
k> 209
2099.
9.
<. Wlrf
Wlrflr
lr C, Ek
Eksc
scdk
dks
s L, Gr
Grma
maam
amtd
td W, Bl
Blsd
sdiy
iy Q, Ri
Ridf
df J, Rm
Rmcd
cdir
irjs
jskf
kf J, lt ih.
ih. Wmhh
Wmhhmi
mies
es Gyfl
Gyflck
ckhk
hkgy
gy St
Stuj
ujy
y Gumj
Gumjl,
l, 2f
2fj
j lj.
lj. \f
\fmt
mtlj
lj Stit
Stitls
ls?? Ec Griw
Griw Dmhh
Dmhh
Prkalssmkfih>
Prkalssmkfih> 2092.

1. Lrwmfi f
fttk . P rk
rkhip s \ tl
tl rrmm. El j D ks
ksp 2 09
09 <>
<> vkh 3 (2 ) ? 93 4-
4-9: 2

7. Brig
Brigi
i I, Ci
Cicc
ccmi
mi G. Plhv
Plhvmc
mc Krgi
Krgif
f Prkh
Prkhip
ipsl
sl?? Pitd
Pitdkp
kpdy
dysm
smkh
khkg
kgy
y ifj
ifj Lpmj
Lpmjle
lemk
mkhk
hkgy
gy.. 20
2094
94>9
>9=
=–
–30.
30.

4. Wlrf
Wlrflr
lr C, Ek
Eksc
scdk
dks
s L, Gr
Grma
maam
amtd
td W, Bl
Blsd
sdiy
iy Q, Ri
Ridf
df J, Rm
Rmcd
cdir
irjs
jskf
kf J, lt ih.
ih. Wmhh
Wmhhmi
mies
es Gyfl
Gyflck
ckhk
hkgy
gy St
Stuj
ujy
y Gumj
Gumjl,
l, 2f
2fj
j lj.
lj. \f
\fmt
mtlj
lj Stit
Stitls
ls?? Ec Griw
Griw Dmhh
Dmhh
Prkalssmkfih>
Prkalssmkfih> 2092.

=. Fmzk
Fmzkey
ey M R,
R, P rrib
ibkw
kwk
k RP, Di
Dirrjmif
jmifttk G. Ckrrl
krrlhhitm
itmkf blt
blt w
wll
llf
f Rm sn
sn Aict
Aictkr
krs
s ifj
ifj P l
lhhvm
vmc
c Kr
Krgi
gif
f P rrkh
khip
ipsl
sl mf Gyf
yflc
lckh
khkg
kgy
y Ku
Kutt p
pit
itmmlft
lft Chmfm
fmc,
c, <4 Jr.
Skltkek Dkspmtih
Dkspmtih Suribiyi,
Suribiyi, 2007-2099.
2007-2099.

90.
90. Jksd
Jksdif
ifmm I, Zlk RLC,
RLC, Eiyf
Eiyfl
l CO
CO,, Zmfc
Zmfclh
lhhk
hk JG.
JG. \t
\tlr
lrmf
mfl
l Pr
Prkh
khip
ipsl
sl.. 33
33<(
<(9)
9)>> p>49
p>49=-
=-42
423.
3.

99.
99. Birs
Birskk
kke
e RS,
RS, Jy
Jyfl
fl PH.
PH. \t
\tlr
lrmf
mfl
l Prkh
Prkhip
ipsl
sl mf Lelr
Lelrgl
glfc
fcy
y Eljm
Eljmcm
cmfl
fl.. Eljs
Eljsci
ciplIrt
plIrtmc
mchl
hl.. 20
209
99.