Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Simulacion de Procesos Del SBR
Simulacion de Procesos Del SBR
513
Abstract Modeling of the operation of sequential batch In order to improve the quality of ef¯uents in SBR plant
reactor (SBR) was performed to ®nd out optimum design it is necessary to understand the mechanism of nutrient
parameters for simultaneous removal of nitrogen and removal, upon which we can evaluate the process perfor-
phosphorus in a small-scale wastewater treatment plant. mances with con®dence. We believe that a mathematical
The models were set up with material balances on SBR model on complex biochemical phenomena occurring in
operation and Monod kinetics. The model parameters SBR operation can provide a better insight in the design
were obtained to best ®t the experimental results in a small and operation of SBR plants under various process con-
scale SBR. The models were useful in optimizing hydraulic ditions. An especially common characteristic in Korean
retention time (HRT) and successfully simulated opera- wastewater is low in carbon content resulting in a lower
tions of SBR in a larger scale. Especially the model pre- C/N ratio. This creates a dif®culty in applying various
dicted well the reactions occurring in the ®lling period as American or European processes to the treatment of Ko-
well as the effect of dilution, and evaluated the perfor- rean wastewater. We carried out experimental studies in a
mance of SBR process under diverse operating conditions. small-scale SBR system of 30 l to de®ne important pa-
rameters affecting the process performances. The current
1 simulation study will help us understand the system be-
Introduction havior and play an important role in improving the system
A concept on wastewater has become more speci®c and performances eventually.
diverse with advances of industrial development and in-
tensi®cation of urban population. Accordingly, research
on wastewater treatment has developed into a more sys- 1.1
tematic and specialized process. Especially, the increase of Biological removal of nitrogen and phosphorus
nitrogen and phosphorus discharged into a river from Nitrogen in wastewater can be removed by physico±
sewage and industrial wastewater has made self-cleaning chemical methods such as break-point chlorination,
function of the river ineffective and promoted abnormal stripping by ammonia gas desorption, and ion exchange
increase in algae growth resulting in rapid eutrophication. by clinoptilolite column packed with zeolite [1], but bi-
It was known that sequential batch reactor (SBR) is suit- ological methods receive more attention because it is
able for treating wastewater containing high nitrogen and more stable in operation and cheaper. Also it has an
phosphorus in a small and medium-size city of high advantage of simultaneous removal of nitrogen and
population density. The SBR has following advantages in a phosphorus. Nitrogen compound can be metabolized into
small-scale system: ¯exibility in operation, low construc- a protein, but its amount is not much signi®cant. How-
tion and maintenance costs, and simultaneous removal of ever, a large amount of nitrogen can be removed by
nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter oxidizing ammonia to ni-
trite and nitrate, followed by denitri®cation of hetero-
trophs that can utilize the nitrate and nitrite as electron
acceptor [2, 3].
The kinetics of nitri®cation is represented by multiple
Received: 2 November 1999 Monod kinetics and the limiting nutrients are ammonia
and oxygen concentrations. When organic nitrogen is
Ho Nam Chang (&), Ra Kyung Moon, Byung Geon Park, present in wastewater, the kinetics is limited by the
Seong-Jin Lim, Dong Won Choi, Woo Gi Lee
Department of Chemical Engineering and conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonia [3, 4]. Ex-
Bioprocess Engineering Research Center, ternal factors affecting nitri®cation are known to be
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH and temperature.
Taejon 305-701, Korea Denitri®cation is carried out mainly by facultative het-
erotrophs such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. stutzen,
Seok Lyong Song, Yong Hee Ahn Bacillus cereus, which require the presence of organic
Department of Environment Research, carbon as electron donor. Nitrate and nitrite serve as
Hyundai Research Institute,
1, Cheonha-Dong, Dong-Ku, Ulsan, Korea electron acceptor and is used partly as nitrogen source.
When COD/oxidized nitrogen (nitrate and nitrite) is 3.0±
This research was supported in part by Hyundai Heavy Industries 3.5, denitri®cation can take place without a supply of
as a part of Hyundai-KAIST cooperative research program. external carbon. Methanol is widely used as an external
Bioprocess Engineering 23 (2000)
carbon source because of its cheap price [2, 5] but ac- justing operating holding time in each cycle-step can
etate is known to be best in the speed of denitri®cation maintain a wide variety of distributions in the population
[6]. of microorganisms. SBR process is known to save more
Phosphorus can be removed by repetitive operation of than 60% of expenses required for conventional activated
anaerobic and aerobic steps. In an anaerobic condition sludge process in operating cost.
microorganisms take up carbon source and accumulate
PHB, and discharge phosphorus [7]. In an aerobic con-
dition Acinetobacter spp. take phosphorus excessively to 2
store it in the form of Poly-P. At this time PHB is de- Modeling
composed and used as carbon and energy source [8].
Organic carbon source taken up in an anaerobic condi- 2.1
514 Previous work and assumptions
tion is metabolized through acetyl-CoA by Embden-
Meyerhof/Entner-Doudoroff pathway, which is incorpo- There was no modeling work on the simultaneous re-
rated into PHB and used as sink for electrons and pro- moval of nitrogen and phosphorus on SBR, but we
tons, and is used as energy source for ATP synthesis. could ®nd a similar work on activated sludge process
Poly-P is used as source of P for ATP synthesis. ATP is [9±11]. A limited model on the substrate removal in a
decomposed to ADP for energy generation, and inorganic SBR was reported [3, 9, 12, 13]. Biological removal of
P is discharged into a medium. The amount of phos- phosphorus can be found in literatures by Carucci et al.
phorus discharged in an anaerobic condition is known to [14], and Smolders et al. [15]. Several models on SBR
be proportional to the amount of short-chain volatile provide much information on the selection of state
fatty acid such as acetate. In summary, in an anaerobic variables and reaction kinetics for the modeling of SBR
step poly-P is decomposed to generate enough energy to [16±19]. Speci®cally for the modeling of nitrogen and
take up organic carbon source and convert to store it as phosphorus removal the following relationships were
PHB and liberated phosphorus is discharged into a so- summarized [6, 20]:
lution. Subsequently in an aerobic condition stored PHB
is decomposed to form ATP and phosphorus taken up 1. The amount of phosphorus discharged in an anaerobic
excessively is stored as poly-P. condition increases in proportion to the food to mi-
croorganism ratio to some extent, but beyond which it
1.2 reaches plateau. The amount increases in the beginning
SBR operation and declines later as external carbon source is ex-
SBR process consists of several time-oriented periodic hausted.
steps during which reactant is ®lled for a given time; re- 2. The amount of phosphorus which can be discharged
action is carried out batchwise; mixed liquor suspended even in the presence of external carbon sources are
solids (MLSS) is precipitated; supernatant is discharged. limited to 30±48% of the total phosphorus content of
SBR can reduce number of reactors in the process and its the microorganisms.
batch operation can improve the ef®ciency comparable to 3. The phosphorus release of microorganisms is very
that of plug ¯ow reactor. Thus SBR can control the dis- dependent on the composition of external carbon
tribution and physiological state of microorganisms which source until it reaches the limit.
are selected to grow in the reactor. Time-varying indi- 4. The amount of PHB storage increases gradually in an
vidual components of incoming wastewater in each pro- anaerobic state. The amount of PHB increased in the
cess steps can have the microorganisms to be placed under cell is in linear relationship with the decrease of car-
nutritional changes from feast to famine states. Thus ad- bohydrates (glycogen) in the cell.
Table 2. Model equations in anaerobic phase Table 4. Model equations in aerobic phase (S1 = 0)
dS1 q S1 Poly-P dS2 dS1 q
S1f S1 a 1 X1 a 4 S1f S1
dt V a 2 S1 a 3 Poly-P dt dt V
dS2 q S2 dS2 q S2
S2f S2 a 5 X3 S2f S2 b 4 X3
dt V a 6 S2 dt V b 5 S2
dP q S1 Poly-P
Pf P a 7 X1 If Poly-P < X1 0:04; then a 1:0; else a 0
dt V a 8 S1 a 9 Poly-P
dPoly-P q dP q PHB P
Poly-Pf Poly-P a 10 Pf P ab 20 X1
dt V dt V b 21 PHB b 27 P
S1 Poly-P 515
X1 dPoly-P q
a 8 S1 a 9 Poly-P Poly-Pf Poly-P ab 22
dPHB q S1 Poly-P dt V
PHBf PHB a 11 X1 PHB P
dt V a 2 S1 a 3 Poly-P X1
b 21 PHB b 27 P
dNH4 q S2
NH4f NH4 a 12 X3 dPHB q PHB
dt V a 6 S2 PHBf PHB b 23 X1
dt V b 24 PHB
dNO q
NOf NO dNH4 q NH4
dt V NH4f NH4 b 11 X2
dX1 q S1 dt V b 12 NH4
X1f X1 a 17 X1 a 13X1 S1 S2
dt V a 2 S1 b 28 X1 b 29 X3
dX2 q b 2 S1 b 5 S2
X2f X2 a 14X2 If NH4 0:0; then a 1:0; else a 0
dt V
dX3 q S2 dNO q NH4
X3f X3 a 15 X3 a 16X3 NOf NO b 13 X2
dt V a 6 S2 dt V b 14 NH4
dV S1 S2
q a b 28 X1 b 29 X3
dt b 2 S1 b 5 S2
dX1 q PHB
X1f X1 b 25 X1 b 15X1
dt V b 22 PHB
Table 3. Model equations in aerobic phase (S1 > 0) dX2 q NH4
X2f X2 b 16 X2 b 17X2
dt V b 12 NH4
dS1 q S1 dS2 dX3 q
S1f S1 b 1 X1 b 3 X3f X3 b 19X3
dt V b 2 S1 dt dt V
dS2 q S2 dV
S2f S2 b 4 X3 q
dt V b 5 S2 dt
If Poly-P < X1 0:04; then a 1:0; else a 0
dP q S1 P
Pf P ab 6 X1 5. The total amounts of PHB produced and removed total
dt V b 7 S1 b 27 P
organic carbon (TOC) are in linear relationship with
dPoly-P q S1 P the amount of phosphorus than can be discharged.
Poly-Pf Poly-P ab 8 X1
dt V b 7 S1 b 27 P 6. PHB is stored in an aerobic condition if external car-
dPHB q S1 bon source is suf®ciently present.
PHBf PHB b 9 X1 7. The uptake rate of phosphorus in an aerobic condition
dt V b 2 S1
dNH4 q NH4 depends on the unsaturated storage capacity of phos-
NH4f NH4 b 11 X2 phorus in the cell and the extracellular phosphorus
dt V b 12 NH4
S1 S2 concentration.
b 28 X1 b 29 X3 8. The limiting nutrients in the nitri®cation process are
b 2 S1 b 5 S2
ammonia and oxygen.
If NH4 0:0; then a 1:0; else a 0
9. The limiting nutrients in the denitri®cation process are
dNO q NH4
NOf NO b 13 X2 external carbon source and nitrate ions.
dt V b 12 NH4
S1 S2
a b 28 X1 b 29 X3 2.2
b 2 S1 b 5 S2
dX1 q S1 Model equations
X1f X1 b 14 X1 b 15X1 We formulated models based on scienti®c principles of
dt V b 2 S1
nitrogen and phosphorus removal, mass balances and
dX2 q NH4
X2f X2 b 16 X2 b 17X2 multiple substrate Monod kinetics (Table 1). The model
dt V b 12 NH4
equations of Wentzel et al. [10] and Smolders et al. [16]
dX3 S2
q X3f X3 b 18 X3 b 19X3 were modi®ed to ®t simultaneous removal of nitrogen and
dt b 5 S2 phosphorus in SBR (Tables 2±6). In mixed culture systems
dV external environments such as pH, temperature and sub-
q
dt strate composition can in¯uence the distribution of mi-
Bioprocess Engineering 23 (2000)
Table 5. Model equations in anoxic phase (S1 > 0) Table 6. Model equations in anoxic phase (S1 = 0)
dS1 q S1 NO dS1 q
S1f S1 c 1 X1 S1f S1
dt V c 2 S1 c 27 NO dt V
S2 dS2 q S2 NO
c 3 X3 S2f S2 c 4 X3
c 5 S2 dt V c 5 S2 c 12 NO
dS2 q S2 NO If Poly-P < X1 0:04; then a 1:0; else a 0
S2f S2 c 4 X3 dP q PHB P
dt V c 5 S2 NO c 27 Pf P ac 18 X1
If Poly-P < X1 0:04; then a 1:0; else a 0 dt V c 19 PHB c 24 P
dP q S1 P dPoly-P q PHB
Pf P ac 6 X1 Poly-Pf Poly-P ac 20
dt V c 7 S1 c 24 P dt V c 22 PHB
516 P
X1
dPoly-P q S1 P b 24 P
Poly-Pf Poly-P ac 8 X1
dt V c 7 S1 b 24 P dPHB q PHB NO
PHBf PHB c 21 X1
dt V c 22 PHB c 12 NO
dPHB q S1
PHBf PHB c 9 X1 dNH4 q
dt V c 10 S1 NH4f NH4
dt V
dNH4 q dNO q NO S2
NH4f NH4 NOf NO c 11 X3
dt V dt V c 12 NO c 5 S2
dNO q NO S2
NOf NO c 11 X3 PHB NO
dt V c 12 NO c 5 S2 c 25 X1
c 2 PHB NO c 27
S1 NO
c 25 X3 dN2 q
c 2 S1 NO c 27 N2f N2
dt V
dN2 q NO S1 dX1 q PHB NO
N2f N2 c 29 X1 X1f X1 c 23 X1
dt V c 27 NO c 2 S1 dt V c 22 PHB c 12 NO
dX1 q S1 NO
X1f X1 c 13 X1 c 14X1 c 14X1
dt V c 2 S1 c 12 NO
dX2 q
X2f X2 c 15X2
dX2 q dt V
X2f X2 c 15X2 dX3 q
dt V X3f X3 c 17X3
dX3 q S2 NO dt V
X3f X3 c 16 X3 c 17X3 dV
dt V c 5 S2 c 12 NO q
dt
dV
q
dt
518
Time # 6 3 1 2 ± ±
#1 3 3 0 0 1 2 1 2 77 87
#2 0 6 0 0 0 3 1 2 88 89
#3 2 2 2 0 2 1 1 2 92 96
Table 11. Operating strategy and removal ef®ciencies of 3 cycles/day (h) 519
Fill period Reaction period Period Removal rate (%)
water, optimal values of operating parameters on SBR in for phosphorus removal (X1), nitri®er (X2) and denitri®er
maximizing nitrogen and phosphorus removal rates were (X3) become dominant as the treatment time progresses.
obtained. The sludge acclimation conditions were con- Figure 2 shows the distribution of the microbial popula-
trolled at 25 °C and pH of 7±8. A steady-state experimental
condition is given in Table 8.
3.3
Influent wastewater
Synthetic wastewater was used in this experiment and its
composition is given in Table 9.
3.4
Analysis
Concentration of NO2 , NO3 , NH
4 and PO4 were measured
with eutrophication meter (HC-1000, Central Kagaku, Ja-
pan). Total nitrogen and phosphorus was measured by the
methods described in Standard Methods [21].
4
Results and discussion
4.1
Simulation in the start-up period
The microbial concentration responsible for the removal
of nitrogen and phosphorus is generally low in the start-up
period. Thus the simulation shows that the distributions
and cell density of the microorganisms would approach
those of desired ones with the treatment progressing. We
de®ned the ®ve different microorganisms categories as
phosphorus-removing X1, nitri®er X2 (autotrophs), den-
itri®er X3, anaerobic heterotrophs X4 and aerobic het-
erotrophs X5. The material balances of PHB, ammonia,
oxidized nitrogen, growth and deactivation of microbial
cells, and discharge and uptake of phosphorus were rep-
resented with Monod kinetics in anaerobic, aerobic and
anoxic conditions of oxygen.
Figure 1 shows clearly that discharge and uptake of
phosphorus become stabilized as the sludge becomes ac-
climated. Figures 2 and 3 show that the microorganisms Fig. 7. Simulation results of 2 cycles/day operations in Table 10
Bioprocess Engineering 23 (2000)
4.2
Measured and simulated concentrations
520 of N and P in the SBR system
The measured values of nitrogen and phosphorus con-
centrations in the SBR system are in good agreements with
those predicted by the simulation study (Fig. 4). An initial
phosphorus concentration of 6 ppm increases to 11 ppm
and decreases to 3 ppm at the end of cycle time when 2.5 h
of anaerobic, 3 h of aerobic, and 3 h of anoxic cycles are
applied. The ®tness of the experimental results to those by
the simulation justi®es the validity of the various param-
eters assumed in the simulation study to some extent.
4.3
Efficiency of phosphorus removal with BOD loading
Figure 5 shows the removal ef®ciency of P with BOD
loading. When the BOD loading is only 100 ppm, the ®nal P
concentration drops from 6 to 2 ppm. But when the BOD
loading is raised to 350 ppm, the ®nal P level can drop to
nearly zero. When the initial BOD loading is not high, then
extent of uptake and discharge of P becomes smaller. This
will result in less ef®cient removal of P. Thus this simula-
tion result shows that the in¯uent wastewater should have a
minimum level of BOD for the ef®cient removal of P.
4.4
Variation of HRT Fig. 8. Simulation results of 3 cycles/day operations in Table 11
Varying HRTs with the BOD loadings of 100, 200 ppm
could yield optimized removal rates of N and P within a
shorter cycle time (Fig. 6). Six hours of cycle time with V0 (sludge volume) = 500 ton
1±3±2 h (anaerobic±aerobic±anoxic) at 200 ppm BOD Q (in¯uent ¯ow rate) = 167 ton/h
loading was found to have best removal rates for N and P Q¢ (ef¯uent ¯ow rate) = 500 ton/h
(Fig. 6b).
3 cycles/day:
HRT = 8 h,
4.5 V (working volume) = 1000 ton
Simulation of full scale SBR process system V0 (sludge volume) = 500 ton
An advantage of large-scale SBR plant is to have ¯exible Q (in¯uent ¯ow rate) = 125 ton/h
®lling time. During the ®lling period aerobic, anaerobic Q¢ (ef¯uent ¯ow rate) = 500 ton/h
and anoxic condition can be imposed to carry out desired
reactions. Also the precipitated sludge can function as The results of these simulations are given in Tables 10, 11
dilution reservoir to prevent shock loading. In a large- and Figs. 7, 8. Having 3 cycles/day operation could have a
scale SBR ®lling period can take 25±75% of the total cycle much smaller reactor size than that of 2 cycles/day. This
time and reaction period can range from 0 to 50%. The simulation for a large-scale plant can be a valuable tool for
time for precipitation is relatively constant as 0.5±1.5 h the optimization of the reactor size and performance of
depending on the sludge volume index (SVI). The dis- SBR system.
charge time may take 5±30% of the total cycle time.
We have simulated 3000 ton/day SBR plant using 2 and References
3 cycles/day operations. The conditions are as follows: 1. De Renzo, D.J.: Nitrogen control and phosphorus removal
in sewage treatment. New Jersey: Noyes Data Corporation
2 cycles/day: 1978
HRT = 12 h, 2. Tam, N.F.Y.; Wong, Y.S.; Leung, G.: Effect of exogeneous
V (working volume) = 1500 ton carbon sources on removal of inorganic nutrient by the ni-
Ho Nam Chang et al.: Simulation of sequential batch reactor operation
tri®cation±denitri®cation process. Wat. Res. 26 (1992) 1229± 13. Wang, J.H.; Altzis, B.C.; Lewandowski, G.A.: Reduction of
1236 nitrate and nitrite in a cyclically operated continuous bio-
3. Castens, D.J.; Rozich, A.F.: Analysis of batch nitri®cation logical reactor. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 46 (1995) 159±171
using substrate inhibition kinetics. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 18 14. Carucci, A.; Majone, M.; Ramadori, R; Rossetti, S.: Dynamics
(1985) 461±465 of phosphorus and organic substrates in anaerobic and aer-
4. Dold, P.L.; Ekama, G.A.; Marais, G.V.R.: A general model for obic phases of a SBR. Wat. Sci. Technol. 30 (1994) 237±246
the activated sludge process. Prog. Wat. Tech. 12 (1980) 47±77 15. Smolders, G.J.F.; van Loosdrecht, M.C.M.; Heijnen, J.J.: A
5. Ericsson, B.: Nitrogen removals in a pilot plant. J. WPCF 47 metabolic model for the biological phosphorus removal pro-
(1975) 727±740 cess. Wat. Sci. Technol. 31 (1995) 79±93
6. Somiya, I.; Tsuno, H.; Matsumoto, M.: Phosphorus release 16. Smolders, G.J.F.; van der Meij, J.; Loosdrecht, M.C.M.; Heijen,
storage reaction and organic substrate behavior in biological J.J.: Stoichiometric model of the aerobic metabolism of the
phosphorus removal. Wat. Res. 22 (1988) 49±58 biological phosphorus removal process. Biotechnol. Bioeng.
7. Nicholls, H.A.; Osborn, D.W.: Bacterial stress: prerequisite for 44 (1994) 837±848 521
biological removal of phosphorus. J. WPCF 51 (1979) 557±569 17. Zhao.; Hao, O.J.; Mcavoy, T.J.; Chang, C.H.: Modeling nutri-
8. Harold, F.M.: Inorganic polyphosphate in biology. Bact. Rev. ent dynamics in sequencing batch reactor. J. Environ. Eng.-
30 (1966) 772±794 ASCE 123 (1997) 311±319
9. Henze, M.; Grady, G.P.L.; Gujer, W.; Marais, G.V.R.; Tatsuo, 18. Novak, L.; Goronszy, M.C.; Wanner, J.: Dynamic mathemat-
T.: A general model for single wastewater treatment systems. ical modeling of sequencing batch reactors with aerated and
Wat. Res. 21 (1987) 505±515 mixed ®lling period. Wat. Sci. Technol. 35 (1997) 105±112
10. Wentzel, M.C.; Ekama, G.A.; Marais, G.V.R.: Processes and 19. Brenner, A.: Use of computers for process design analysis and
modeling of nitri®cation±denitri®cation biological excess control ± sequencing batch reactor application. Wat. Sci.
phosphorus removal systems ± a review. Wat. Sci. Technol. 25 Technol. 35 (1997) 95±104
(1992) 59±82 20. Stenstrom, M.K.: The effect of DO on nitri®cation. Wat. Res.
11. Grif®ths, P.: Modi®cations to the IAWPRC task group general 14 (1979) 643±649
AS model. Wat. Res. 28 (1994) 657±664 21. APHA: Standard Methods for Examination of Water and
12. Painter, H.A.: A review of literature on inorganic nitrogen Wastewater, 18th edn. Washington, DC.: American Public
metabolisms. Wat. Res. 4 (1976) 393±450 Health Association 1992