Illumination - 3

An Najah National University
Faculty Of Engineering And Information Technology
Building Engineering Department
Environmental Systems Design I - Lighting

(10611330)
Instructor: Haitham Sawalha
1
LIGHT SOURCES
Building Illumination (Lighting):

 Natural lighting.
Can be:
 Direct (direct sunlight or diffuse skylight)
 Indirect (light reflected)
 Artificial Lighting.
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DESIGN I - LIGHTING. HAITHAM SAWALHA

LIGHT SOURCES
Lighting Design Objectives:

 Ensure safety and health.
 Performance quantity and quality.
 Appearance and comfort.
Lighting Design Procedures:

 Consideration of space function.
 Provision of quality and quantity of illumination.
 Selection of lighting system components .
 Consideration of economics.
3

LIGHT SOURCES
Light sources:
 The lighting industry makes millions of electric light sources, called lamps.
 Those used for providing illumination can be divided into three general classes:
1. Thermal radiators. (Incandescent lamps).

2. Discharge lamps.
3. Solid state lamps. (LED)
 Incandescent lamps produce light by heating a filament until it glows.

 Discharge lamps produce light by ionizing a gas through electric discharge inside a lamp.
 Solid state lamps use a phenomenon called electroluminescence to convert electrical energy
directly to light. 4

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Lamp Choices
This section discusses:
 The various types of lamps that are available,
 How they work
 And their pros and cons, particularly with respect to their efficacy and, therefore, their contribution
towards sustainability. The diagram below summarises the main categories of lamps:

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Parameters for lamp selection:
1. Luminous Flux [lm] 8. Response times

2. Lamp Efficacies “K” [lm/W] 9. Service life (hours)
3. Luminance [cd/m2] / Brilliance 10. Direction
4. Correlated Color temperature “CCT” [Kelvin] 11. Cost
5. Color rendering index (CRI) or (Ra) 12. Auxiliary devices: Control gear, ballast,
starter etc.
6. Spectrum: A spectral power distribution
(SPD) 13. Durability
7. Dimensions
7

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Luminous Flux [lm]
Φ =K. P
Lamp Efficacy “K” [lm/W]
Luminance [cd/m2] / Brilliance

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Correlated Color temperature (CCT): [Kelvin]
 It defines whether the light from the lamps look ‘warm’ or ‘cool’.
 Lamps with a warm appearance having a CCT of 2700-3000K are generally
considered appropriate in a domestic setting.
 Lamps of 4000K and above are considered ‘cool’ and are more appropriate for
office and some retail applications.
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Diagram of KRUITHOFF
Warm color
Cold color
10

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Diagram of KRUITHOFF
Influence of light color on human beings
11

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A cold and a warm fluorescent lamp
Cold 6.500K
Warm 3.000K
12

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Color Rendering Index (CRI) or (Ra)
 It is the ability of a light source to show surface colors as
they should be, usually in comparison with a tungsten or
daylight source.
 It’s scale goes from 0% up to 100%.
 Where accurate color judgment is required, such as in
offices and shops, lamps with CRI over 80 are
recommended.
 CRI is the effective sum of the reflected light.
13
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Color Rendering Index (CRI)
Color targets
Spectra of targets
14

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Lamp of continuous spectrum with CRI =100.
Mercury-vapor lamps CRI=60
15

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Incandescent lamps
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Incandescent lamps:
Incandescent lamps are the most commonly used type of lighting. They
are inexpensive to buy, but their running costs are high.
Standard incandescent lamps are most suitable for areas where lighting is
used infrequently and for short periods, such as laundries, toilets, and
store areas..
1. Tungsten lamps:
 Principle of work: using electric current to heat a coiled tungsten
filament to incandescence.
 The glass envelope contains a mixture of nitrogen and a small amount
of other inert gases such as argon.
 Some incandescent lamps, such as some flashlight lamps, also contain 19
xenon.
LIGHT SOURCES
Incandescent lamps:
 With the use, the tungsten slowly evaporates, eventually
causing the filament to break.
 It is available in many shapes and finishes.
 Incandescent lamps are strongly affected by input voltage.
Reducing input voltage can double the lamp’s service life.
 Release radiant heat which adds load to space cooling.
 Service life depends on the time of using the lamp not the
number of (On) and (OFF).
20

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Incandescent lamps
21

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Incandescent lamps:
2. Halogen lamps:
Principle of work:
1. Halogen lamps use a halogen gas fill (typically iodine or bromine).
2. In this lamp a small quartz capsule contains the filament and a halogen
gas.
3. The small capsule size allows the filament to operate at a higher
temperature, which produces light at a higher efficacy than standard
incandescent.
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LIGHT SOURCES
Incandescent lamps:
Halogen lamps:
23

LIGHT SOURCES
Incandescent lamps:
Halogen lamps:
24
LIGHT SOURCES
Incandescent lamps:
Halogen lamps:
Models:
 There are different shapes such as “R,” “BR,” “ER,” and “PAR” shapes.
 They contain a reflective coating on the inside of the glass envelope that gives the entire lamp
accurate light-beam control.
25

LIGHT SOURCES
Incandescent lamps:
Halogen lamps models:
 PAR-lamps ( Parabolic aluminized reflector) are hard glass, commonly used in

residential down-lighting and outdoor lighting, hotels and motels, and especially in
retail display.
 R-lamps (reflector) are generally made in soft glass envelopes for indoor use.
26

LIGHT SOURCES
Incandescent lamps:
Halogen lamps models:
27
LIGHT SOURCES
Incandescent lamps
The following graph shows the full impact
that changes in supply voltage have on
lamp life, and other aspects of its
performance.
Voltage is shown as a percentage along
the bottom (x axis) - 100% is the specified
rating of the lamp.
Lamp life is shown on the green line and
green number scale as a percentage.
Other aspects of performance are shown
as a dark red line and dark red number
scale. 28
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Discharge lamps
General working principle: light is produced by passing an electric current through a gas
(electric arc) that emits light when ionized by the current.
 An auxiliary device known as a ballast supplies voltage to the lamp’s electrodes, which
have been coated with a mixture of alkaline earth oxides to enhance electron
emission.
Two general categories of discharge lamps are used to provide illumination:
1. Low intensity (Fluorescent lamps).
2. High-intensity discharge (HID)
29
LIGHT SOURCES
Low Intensity Discharge
1. Low intensity discharge lamps: Fluorescent FL

Compact Low Pressure
Fluorescent CFL Sodium LPS
A. Fluorescent lamps
 Fluorescent lamps are low pressure mercury gas discharge lamps with a small amount of inert gas for
starting and inner surface of the discharge coated with phosphorus.
 Once an arc is established, the mercury vapor emits ultraviolet radiation. Fluorescent powders
(phosphors) coating the inner walls of the glass bulb respond to this ultraviolet radiation by emitting
wavelengths in the visible region of the spectrum.
30
LIGHT SOURCES
1. Low intensity discharge lamps:

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 A ballast is an electrical component that starts the lamp and regulates the electric power flow to the
lamp.
 There are two types, magnetic and electronic, of which the latter (often more expensive) is generally
more energy- efficient and quieter, and it reduces lamp flicker considerably.
2
 Linear fluorescent lamps range in length from six inches to eight feet, and in diameter from inch ( T2 )
8
1
to 2 8 inches ( T17 ).
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B. Compact Fluorescent lamps
It produces light in the same manner as linear fluorescent lamps. Their tube diameter is usually 5/8
inch (T5) or smaller.
35
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 A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called compact fluorescent light, energy-saving light, and
compact fluorescent tube,
 It is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent light bulb.
 Some types fit into light fixtures designed for incandescent bulbs.
 The lamps use a tube which is curved or folded to fit into the space of an incandescent bulb, and a
36
compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp.

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Failure :
 In addition to the wear-out failure modes common to all
fluorescent lamps, the electronic ballast may fail, since it
has a number of component parts.
 Ballast failures are usually due to overheating and may be
accompanied by discoloration or distortion of the ballast
enclosure, odors, or smoke. Energy usage for different types of light bulbs
operating at different light outputs
37
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C. Low Pressure Sodium Lamps (LPS)
 A sodium-vapor lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that uses sodium in
an excited state to produce light at a specific wavelength.
 Low-pressure sodium lamps are highly efficient electrical light
sources.
 Low-pressure sodium lamps only give monochromatic yellow light
and so is used at night.
 But their yellow light restricts applications to outdoor lighting, such
as street lamps.
39
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High Intensity Discharge
High-pressure Metal-halide High-pressure

1. Low intensity discharge lamps: Xenon lamps
mercury vapor lamps sodium lamps
2. High intensity discharge lamps (HID):
Four types of high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps are most widely
available on today’s market:
1. High-pressure mercury vapor lamps,
2. Metal-halide lamps.
3. High-pressure sodium lamps.
4. Xenon lamps.
 They are most often used for street and parking lot lighting and for
large indoor spaces like gymnasiums and industrial work floors.
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LIGHT SOURCES
Xenon lamps
1. High Pressure Sodium Lamps (HPS)
 Light is produced in HPS lamp by an electric discharge through
combined vapors of mercury and sodium, with the sodium radiation
dominating the spectral emission.
 The hard glass outer bulb may be clear, or its inner surface may be
coated with a diffuse powder to reduce the brightness of the arc tube.
 There is a kind of HPS called “white HPS”, where its CCT is 2500K & CRI
is more than 85.
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LIGHT SOURCES
 HPS lamps have been widely used in industrial
lighting, especially in large manufacturing facilities.
 They have also been widely used for outdoor area
lighting, such as on roadways, parking lots, and
security areas.
 HPS lamps are quite efficient lamps.
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LIGHT SOURCES
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LIGHT SOURCES
1. High Pressure Sodium Lamps (HPS):
46
LIGHT SOURCES High-pressure

mercury vapor
Metal-halide
lamps
High-pressure
sodium lamps
Xenon lamps

2. Metal Halide Lamps:
 A metal-halide lamp is a mercury vapor lamp with
other metal compounds (known as halides) added to
the arc tube to improve both color and luminous
efficacy.
47
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Xenon lamps
3. Mercury vapor Lamps:
In a high-pressure mercury vapor lamp, light is produced
by an electric discharge through gaseous mercury. The
mercury, typically along with argon gas, is contained
within a quartz arc tube, which is surrounded by an outer
bulb of borosilicate glass.
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LIGHT SOURCES
3. Mercury vapor Lamps:
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LIGHT SOURCES
Solid State Lamps:

Light-Emitting Diodes (LED’s)
 The working principle: The emission of light
from a semiconductor under the influence of an
electric field. This phenomenon is generally
called electroluminescence.
54
LIGHT SOURCES
Solid State Lamps:
Light-Emitting Diodes
 LEDs (Light-Emitting Diodes) are solid-state semiconductor devices that convert
electrical energy directly into light.
 LEDs can be extremely small and durable; some LEDs can provide much longer
lamp life than other sources.
 LEDs can generate red, yellow, green, blue or white light.
55
LIGHT SOURCES
Solid State Lamps:
56
LIGHT SOURCES
Solid State Lamps:
57
LIGHT SOURCES
Solid State Lamps:
58
59
LUMINAIRES
Luminaires
 A luminaire is the fixture (body) in which the lamps are fixed.
 The main function of a luminaire is to direct light using
reflective and shielding materials.
Characteristics of luminaires:
1- Types
2- Luminaire efficiency
3- Directing Light components (reflector, lenses, louvers)
4- Distribution (classes)
5- Fixation (recessed, hanged, mounted) 60
LUMINAIRES
1. Types of Luminaires:
Intensive
1) Direct lighting luminaires:
 There are two kinds:

- Intensive
- Extensive.
Extensive
 Problems: creates shadows, direct glare, and reflected glare.
61
LUMINAIRES
2) Indirect lighting luminaires:
 The entire ceiling becomes a light source, thus eliminating

shadows and glares.
 Depends on the surfaces reflection factors.
 If the height of the room is small, the ceiling sometimes

could be very bright, then causing glare problems.
62
LUMINAIRES
3) Direct-Indirect lighting luminaires:
 In this type, a portion of the light flux is emitted downwardly and

the other upwardly. Those portions (downward & upward) may vary.
 It also depends on the surfaces’ reflection.
 This type of lighting is incompatible with a low ceiling.
 In case of semi-direct luminaires, they are good for stairways,
corridors, and storage areas.
 In case of semi-indirect luminaires, the fixtures give a good overall
lighting with low surface brightness and low glare. 63
LUMINAIRES
4) Asymmetrical lighting luminaires:
 This type is mainly for lighting tables, billboards, etc.

 They are also used for wall-mounting or enhancement elements of
facades, such as frieze, moldings, etc.
64
LUMINAIRES
1. Types of Luminaires.
2. Luminaire efficiency:
 It is the percentage of lamp lumens produced that actually exit the
fixture.
 Luminaire efficiency is the ratio of light output emitted by the
luminaire to the light output emitted by its lamps.
 Not all light produced by the lamps will exit the luminaire; some
will remain trapped inside and dissipate as heat.
 The luminaire’s physical characteristics will affect how much light
will exit and how much will be directed at the work plane.
65
LUMINAIRES
 Factors that affect the efficiency of the luminaire include:

 Its shape,
 The reflectance of its materials,
 How many lamps are inside the luminaire (and how close they are to each other),
 and whether shielding material such as a lens or louver is used to soften or scatter the light.
66
LUMINAIRES
 While a high level of luminaire efficiency should be valued, overemphasizing it can lead
to poor lighting quality and angry users.
 After all, a bare lamp offers 100 percent efficiency, but is hardly a good choice.
 In reality, the most “efficient” luminaires are often candidates for direct glare, particularly
unshielded luminaires with direct distribution at lower mounting heights typically found
in offices, classrooms and similar applications.
 In such cases, light may exit the luminaire very efficiently, but the luminaire itself is a
“glare bomb,” and users are likely to resort to wearing baseball caps. 67
LUMINAIRES
 Generally, the most efficient fixtures have the poorest visual comfort.
 Conversely, the fixture that provides the highest visual comfort level is the least efficient (using
louvers or lenses).
68
LUMINAIRES
2. Luminaire efficiency.
3. Directing Light components:
Each of the previous luminaire types consists of a number of components that are designed to work
together to produce and direct light.
a. Reflectors.
b. Louvers
c. Lenses (Diffuser)
69
LUMINAIRES
a. Reflectors.
 It is a device, usually of coated metal or plastic, that has a high reflectance.
 It is shaped to redirect by reflection the light emitted from the lamp in order
to achieve a desired distribution of light intensity outside of the luminaire.
 The surface finish of luminaire reflectors usually is classified as specular,
semi-specular, spread, or diffuse.
Examples of reflectors: (a) linear faceted, coated steel reflector in a strip fluorescent lamp luminaire, (b) and (c) spun specular and
grooved aluminum reflectors (d) faceted reflector for a floodlight luminaire, and (e) reflector with "kicker" to direct light for wall- 70
wash luminaire.
LUMINAIRES
b. Louvers .
 Louvers provide superior glare control and high visual comfort compared
with lens diffuser systems.
 The most common application of louvers is to eliminate the fixture glare
reflected on computer screens.
 Although louvers provide the highest level of visual comfort, they reduce
luminaire efficiency to about 35-45 percent.
Examples of baffles, louvers, and shields: (a), (b), and (c) louvers for fluorescent lamp
luminaires. 71
LUMINAIRES
c. Lenses (Diffusers)
 They are light control elements that scatter (redirect) incident light in many directions.
 They are made from clear ultraviolet-stabilized acrylic plastic deliver the most light output and
uniformity of all shielding media.
 However, they provide less glare control than louvered fixtures.
 Lenses are usually much less expensive than louvers.
 Clear lens types include prismatic, batwing, linear batwing, and polarized lenses.
 White translucent lenses are much less efficient than clear lenses, and they result in relatively low
visual comfort probability.
72
Examples of diffusers: (a) and (b) wrap-around white, (c) jelly jar diffuser (d) drop glass diffuser.
LUMINAIRES
3. Directing Light components.
4. Distribution (classes)
 One of the primary functions of a luminaire is to direct the light to
where it is needed.
 The lighting distribution that is characteristic of a given luminaire is
described using the candela distribution provided by the luminaire
manufacturer.
 The candela distribution is represented by a curve on a polar graph
showing the relative luminous intensity 360 around the fixture.
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LUMINAIRES
 The candela distribution that is characteristic of a given luminaire is provided by the luminaire
manufacturer.
74
LUMINAIRES
75
LUMINAIRES
Exapmle:
See external luminaire datasheet taken from Philips
Lighting.
You can find countless examples
76
LUMINAIRES
 The light distribution produced by luminaires is characterized by CIE as follows:
77
LUMINAIRES
3. Directing Light components.
5. Luminaire fixation (Installation) :
1) Recessed.
2) Mounted.
3) Suspended (pendant).
4) Standing.
78
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING DESIGN
Artificial Lighting Design

Ambient
Lighting
Artificial lighting is classified by intended use into four types
depending mainly on the distribution of the light produced by
the fixture.
Decorative Artificial Accent

 Types of Artificial Lighting Lighting Lighting Lighting
1) Ambient Lighting (General)

2) Accent Lighting
3) Decorative Lighting (Architectural)
Task
Lighting
4) Task Lighting
79
• Ambient Lighting
Artificial • Accent Lighting
Lighting • Task Lighting
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING DESIGN • Decorative Lighting

 Ambient lighting (general) provides an overall, uniform level of illumination over a large area.
 Indoors, it is generally done by a fixture on the ceiling or a basic lamp on a table or floor.
 Usage :
1) Defines spatial appearance.
2) Forming spatial zones and borders.
3) Establish continuity.
80
81

 It makes up the "base" amount of light in a room.
 Ambient light can come from recessed downlights mounted in the ceiling, ceiling lights mounted to the
surface of the ceiling, or table and floor lamps. These types of fixtures characteristically give an even,
diffuse light level for the space.
 The type of light source selected for ambient light depends on the type and use of the space or room.
Example: Living rooms and bedrooms may use Soft White incandescent to achieve a warm even glow in
the space. Fluorescent lights will achieve higher illumination levels in larger area such as garages and utility
rooms.
82
2) Accent Lighting
 Accent lighting is used to highlight specific features within a
room such as art objects, pictures or plants.
 Usage :
1) Emphasis on element.
2) Establish hierarchy.
3) Highlights / Ratios
4) Information gathering. 83
2) Accent Lighting
84
3) Task Lighting
 Task lighting illuminates specific work areas like desk and
counter-tops.
 Task lighting reduces the reliance on general overhead
lighting and provides better quality lighting for specific tasks
with lighting pointed directly at the work area.
 Usage :
1) Satisfy functional requirements.
2) Orientation and safety.
85
3) Task Lighting
86
3) Task Lighting
87
4) Decorative Lighting (Architectural Lighting )

 Architectural lighting aims to accentuate the features and specific elements of the
space itself, like walls, ceilings, floors, etc., instead of the objects present in the room.
 Usage : Narrative and effects.
88
4) Decorative Lighting (Architectural Lighting )
89
Recommended illuminance levels for some spaces:
90
91
Illumination
Activity
(lux, lumen/m2)
Public areas with dark surroundings 20 - 50
Simple orientation for short visits 50 - 100
Working areas where visual tasks are only occasionally performed 100 - 150
Warehouses, Homes, Theaters, Archives 150
Easy Office Work, Classes 250
Normal Office Work, PC Work, Study Library, Groceries, Show
500
Rooms, Laboratories
Supermarkets, Mechanical Workshops, Office Landscapes 750
Normal Drawing Work, Detailed Mechanical Workshops,
1,000
Operation Theaters
Detailed Drawing Work, Very Detailed Mechanical Works 1500 - 2000
Performance of visual tasks of low contrast and very small size
2000 - 5000
for prolonged periods of time
Performance of very prolonged and exacting visual tasks 5000 - 10000 92
Performance of very special visual tasks of extremely low contrast

10000 - 20000
and small size
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING CALCULATION
Artificial lighting calculation methods:

1. Point by point method.
2. Zonal cavity method.
 What are the differences between the two methods?
 What are the cases in which each method is used? and Why?
93
1. Point by point method:
94

1. Point by point method.
2. Zonal cavity method.
 This method can be used in calculating the required number of light sources within a
space. These sources are necessary to ensure the recommended level of illuminance
in that space with respect to its main function.
 The zonal cavity method implies two main equations in calculations.
95
Zonal cavity method:
𝑛 .∅ . 𝑀𝑓 . 𝑈𝑓
𝐸= ------ equation 1.
𝐴
Where:
 E: illuminance (Lux) (lumen/m2).
 n: number of lamps.
 ∅: flux per lamp (Lumen)
 𝑀𝑓 : maintenance factor.
 𝑈𝑓 : utilization factor.
 A: area of space (m2).
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 The maintenance factor (Mf) is based on many factors.

 The most important three factors are:
a) Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD).

b) Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD).
c) Room Surface Dirt Depreciation (RSDD).
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a) Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD):
 This factor depends upon the type of lamp and
the replacement schedule.
 Use the following table when exact data are
unavailable.
98
a) Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD):
 This factor depends upon the type
of lamp and the replacement
schedule.
99

The maintenance factor (Mf) is based on many factors.
b) Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD):
 This factor depends upon luminaire design, atmosphere conditions in the space, and
maintenance schedule.
100
The maintenance factor (Mf) is based on many factors.
b) Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD).
c) Room Surface Dirt Depreciation (RSDD):
 This factor is self-explanatory.
101
E. A . δ
F = ------ equation 2.
η .Uf
Where:
 F = n .N .∅
 E: illuminance (Lux) (lumen/m2).
Where:
 F: Total flux in space (lumen)
 F: Total flux in space (lumen)
 𝛿: dust deposit
 n: number of lamps per luminaire.
 𝑈𝑓 : utilization factor.
 ∅: flux per lamp (Lumen)
 η: luminaire output ratio. 102
 N: number of luminaires.
 A: area of space (m2).
Lighting calculation steps:
 Considerations of space function: (E, GI, etc.)
 Determine the space specifications: Room index (K),
surface reflection, Uf .
 Selection of lighting system components (from
catalogue): type of lamps, LOR, weight, dimension,
type of installation, protector; class, etc.
 Calculations:
1) Room index (K):
𝒂. 𝒃
𝑲=
𝒂 + 𝒃 𝒉𝒎
𝟏
2) Suspension index (J), ( 𝟎 ≤ 𝑱 ≤ )
𝟑
𝒉′
𝑱= ′
𝒉 + 𝒉𝒎 103
3) Utilization factor: (from Uf table according to J, K and

class of luminaire).
Photometric Class of Luminaires
104
Luminaires example : from catalogues.
105
Lighting calculation steps:
 Lighting distribution and luminaires’ spacing.
 S max. = 1.5 hm
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛.
 Uniformity (U), 𝑈 = ≥ 60%
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥.
 Minimum initial illumination (MIE)
This value depends on two factors:

1. Factor of space= 70%
2. Factor of time= 1.25
106
Glare index (GI)

 Glare is a visual impression created by the presence of illuminated
area in the field of view. It can cause tiredness, errors and injuries.
107
Unified Glare Rating (UGR) or (GI)

 The prevention can be achieved by several means:
1- First of them is correct placement of luminaires.
2- The light source should be covered or partially obstructed.
3- Use large luminaires with low luminance.
4- Surface finishes that diffuse and scatter light should be used instead of glossy ones that create
strong reflections.
5- luminaires with appropriate distribution of luminous density should be used.
108
109
 Calculation of GI by using UGR method

 The UGR method relates to glare from ceiling fixtures that are placed in a regular pattern.
110
111
Unified Glare Rating (UGR)
Calculation of GI by using Söllner Diagram
 The Söllner Diagram is a graphical representation
of the calculated luminance values in the area
between 45° and 85° to the vertical.
 Measures to limit discomfort glare by downlights

mainly relate to this area.
 The slanted lines indicate the allowed limit values.

 The limit values depend on the quality class of the
eye task and on the rated value of the illuminance. 112
There is no glare in the space wherever the position of the luminaires
113
There is a glare for all luminaires have gamma angle between (45 & 55)°

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An Najah National University

Faculty Of Engineering And Information Technology

Building Engineering Department

Environmental Systems Design I - Lighting

Instructor: Haitham Sawalha

Building Illumination (Lighting):

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DESIGN I - LIGHTING. HAITHAM SAWALHA

Lighting Design Objectives:

Lighting Design Procedures:

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DESIGN I - LIGHTING. HAITHAM SAWALHA

1. Thermal radiators. (Incandescent lamps).

 Incandescent lamps produce light by heating a filament until it glows.

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DESIGN I - LIGHTING. HAITHAM SAWALHA

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DESIGN I - LIGHTING. HAITHAM SAWALHA

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DESIGN I - LIGHTING. HAITHAM SAWALHA

Parameters for lamp selection:

1. Luminous Flux [lm] 8. Response times

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DESIGN I - LIGHTING. HAITHAM SAWALHA

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DESIGN I - LIGHTING. HAITHAM SAWALHA

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DESIGN I - LIGHTING. HAITHAM SAWALHA

Influence of light color on human beings

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DESIGN I - LIGHTING. HAITHAM SAWALHA

Correlated Color temperature (CCT): [Kelvin]

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DESIGN I - LIGHTING. HAITHAM SAWALHA

Color Rendering Index (CRI)

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DESIGN I - LIGHTING. HAITHAM SAWALHA

Lamp of continuous spectrum with CRI =100.

Mercury-vapor lamps CRI=60

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DESIGN I - LIGHTING. HAITHAM SAWALHA

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DESIGN I - LIGHTING. HAITHAM SAWALHA

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DESIGN I - LIGHTING. HAITHAM SAWALHA

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DESIGN I - LIGHTING. HAITHAM SAWALHA

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DESIGN I - LIGHTING. HAITHAM SAWALHA

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DESIGN I - LIGHTING. HAITHAM SAWALHA

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DESIGN I - LIGHTING. HAITHAM SAWALHA

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DESIGN I - LIGHTING. HAITHAM SAWALHA

 PAR-lamps ( Parabolic aluminized reflector) are hard glass, commonly used in

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS DESIGN I - LIGHTING. HAITHAM SAWALHA

1. Low intensity discharge lamps: Fluorescent FL

1. Low intensity discharge lamps:

compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp.

1. Low intensity discharge lamps:

High-pressure Metal-halide High-pressure

LIGHT SOURCES High-pressure

2. High intensity discharge lamps (HID):

Solid State Lamps:

 There are two kinds:

 The entire ceiling becomes a light source, thus eliminating

 Depends on the surfaces reflection factors.

 If the height of the room is small, the ceiling sometimes

 In this type, a portion of the light flux is emitted downwardly and

 This type is mainly for lighting tables, billboards, etc.

 Factors that affect the efficiency of the luminaire include:

You can find countless examples

Artificial Lighting Design

Decorative Artificial Accent

1) Ambient Lighting (General)

1) Ambient Lighting (General)

1) Ambient Lighting (General)

4) Decorative Lighting (Architectural Lighting )

 Usage : Narrative and effects.

Performance of very special visual tasks of extremely low contrast

Artificial lighting calculation methods:

Artificial lighting calculation methods: