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UTANGULIZIWA LUGHA NA ISIMU OSW 101

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CHUO KIKUU HURIA CHA TANZANIA
KITIVO CHA SANAA NA SAYANSI ZA JAMII

OSW 101
UTANGULIZI WA LUGHA NA ISIMU

Ahmad Kipacha

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 OSW 101
UTANGULIZI WA LUGHA NA ISIMU

Dkt. Ahmad Kipacha

Mhadhiri
Kitivo cha Sanaa na Sayansi ya Jamii
Chuo Kikuu Huria cha Tanzania

Chuo Kikuu Huria cha Tanzania

S.L.P. 23409,
DAR ES SALAAM.
Tel: 22-2668992/2668820
Fax: 22-2668759
E-mail: vc@out.ac.tz, deputyvc@out.ac.tz, registrar@out.ac.tz

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 Website: http://www.openuniversity.ac.tz

Chuo Kikuu Huria cha Tanzania

Barabara ya Kawawa-Manispaa ya Kinondoni
S.L.P 23409
Dar es Salaam.
Tanzania.

© Chuo Kikuu Huria cha Tanzania 2005

Toleo la Kwanza, 2005

ISBN 9987 0 0134 3

Haki zote zimehifadhiwa. Hairuhusiwi kuigiza, kunakili au kukitoa kitabu hiki kwa njia
yoyote ile bila idhini ya maandishi ya Chuo Kikuu Huria cha Tanzania. Haki za
mwandishi wa kitabu hiki zinalindwa na mkataba baina yake na Chuo Kikuu Huria cha
Tanzania.

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 YALIYOMO
SHUKRANI
MADHUMUNI YA KOZI

Mhadhara wa Kwanza: Lugha na Isimu

1.1 Utangulizi ………………………………………………………..
1.2 Lugha ni nini? …………………………………………………….
1
1.2.1 Sifa Kuu Bainifu za Lugha za Binadamu………………………….
1
1.2.2 Dhima ya Lugha …………………………………………………
3
1.2.3 Ujuzi wa Lugha: Umilisi na Utendaji …………………………...
5
1.2.4 Lugha na Utamaduni: Nadharia ya Sapir-Whorf ………………. .
1.3 Isimu ………………………………………………………….. 6
7
8
Mhadhara wa Pili: Fonetiki
2.1 Utangulizi ……………………………………………………….
2.2 Maana ya Fonetiki …………………………………………….
2.3 Fonetiki Matamshi …………………………………………….. 14
15
2.3.1 Ala za Sauti …………………………………………………. …
17
2.3.2 Aina za Sauti …………………………………………………..
18
2.3.2.1 Konsonanti …………………………………………………. ….
19
2.3.2.2 AKIKI ……………………………………………………… ….
20
2.3.3 Irabu ……………………………………………………………
21
2.3.4. Vipambasauti ………………………………………………. ….
22
2.3.4.1 Sifa ya Mkazo ………………………………………………. …
25
2.3.4.2 Sifa ya Toni …………………………………………………. ...
2.3.4.2 Urefushaji ……………………………………………………… 26
26
27
Mhadhara wa Tatu: Fonolojia
3.1 Utangulizi …………………………………………………….
3.2 Maana ya Fonolojia …………………………………………..
30
3.2.1 Tofauti Baina ya Fonetiki na Fonolojia ………………………...
31
3.2.2 Fonolojia Vipandesauti ……………………………………….
3.2.2.1 Vitamkwa Asilia ……………………………………………. 31
32
3.2.2.2 Upambanuzi wa Vitamkwa …………………………………...
32
3.2.3 Sifa Bainifu za Makundi ya Vipandesauti …………………. .
3.2.4 Vipashio vya Kifonolojia:Fonimu na Alofoni ……………… 32
3.2.5 Unukuzi wa Vitamkwa ……………………………………….. 34
37
3.2.6 Michakato na Kanuni za Kifonolojia ………………………. ..
38
3.2.6.1 Usilimisho …………………………………………………..
40
3.2.6.1.1 Michakato ya Usilimisho …………………………………….. ..
41
3.2.6.2 Uviringishaji ……………………………………………….. ...
41
3.2.6.3 Usilimisho Pamwe Nazali ……………………………………..
42
3.2.6.4 Utangamano Irabu ……………………………………………..
43
3.2.7 Fonolojia Vipambasauti (Arudhi) …………………………… ..
43
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