Drug Mechanism of Indications Adverse Drug

Action RXNs Interactions

Levodopa In the brain, levodopa is Parkinson’s Nausea Non-selective
(L-dopa) taken up by dopaminergic Disease (PD) Vomiting monoamine oxidase
Dihydroxy- neurons in the striatum Orthostatic inhibitors  inhibit
Phenylalanine and converted to hypotension breakdown of
dopamine by L-amino acid Cardiac dopamine
decarboxylase (LAAD) dysrhythmias
Dyskinesias Antipsychotic drugs
This conversion can also Psychotic effects  block dopamine
occur in the periphery and  receptors
is the reason only around Depression,
1% of administered anxiety,
levodopa reaches the CNS insomnia,
confusion,
DOPAMINE CAN NOT hallucinations,
CROSS THE BLOOD BRAN nightmares
BARRIER
Carbidopa Inhibits L-amino acid PD Reduces side
decarboxylase (LAAD) effects caused by
peripheral
Reducing the peripheral dopamine
conversion of Levodopa to
dopamine and increasing
the amount of levodopa
entering the brain

Does not cross BBB

Amantadine Antiviral drug Early or mild PD Sedation,
Increases the release of restlessness,
dopamine from vivid dreams,
nigrostriatal neurons nausea, dry
mouth,
hypotension

Livedo
Reticularis 
reddish-blue
rash of the skin
Selegiline & Inhibits monoamine PD Should not be taken
Rasagiline oxidase type B (MAO-B) with SSRI’s
 Prevents the oxidation of
dopamine to
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
& hydrogen peroxide

Decreased production of
hydrogen peroxide is said
to help inhibit/minimize
progression of PD
Tolcapone & Inhibits catechol-O- PD Diarrhea,
Entacapone methyltransferase (COMT); nausea, &
increasing the half-life of hepatic toxicity
levodopa Orange
discoloration of
urine

Entacapone 
less side effects
Bromocriptine Ergot alkaloid PD Nausea,
D2-receptor agonist and a confusion,
D1-receptor antagonist dyskinesias,
sedation, vivid
dreams, &
hallucinations
Pramipexole & D2 & D3 receptor agonists Advanced PD Impulse control
roprinirole (D3  pramipexole) Restless leg disorders
syndrome
Apomorphine Dopamine receptor agonist Treatment of
acute,
intermittent
hypomobility
Benztropine & Antagonists at cholinergic Effective in
Trihexyphenidyl muscarinic receptors reducing tremor
and rigidity
Donepezil Reversible cholinesterase Alzheimer’s Diarrhea,
inhibitor that selectively disease (AD) nausea, and
inhibits cholinesterase in vomiting
the CNS and increases
acetylcholine levels in the NO
cerebral cortex HEPATOTOXICITY
Tacrine Cholinesterase inhibitor AD Hepatotoxicity
Diarrhea
Nausea, vomiting
 & urinary
incontinence
Rivastigmine & Cholinesterase inhibitor AD
Galantamine
Memantine Noncompetitive antagonist AD
at NMDA receptor

Helps prevent excitoxicity

Caprylidene Brain food AD

Improves energy utilization

by neurons
Tetrabenazine Reversibly inhibits the Huntington’s
human vesicular Disease
monoamine transporter
type 2 (VMAT2) 
decreased uptake of
monoamines into synaptic
vesicles & depletion of
monoamine stores 
decreased NT released
from nerve terminals
Interferon Beta- Synthetic analog of Multiple Sclerosis
1b/1a recombinant interferon-
beta; increases the
cytotoxicity of NK cells and
phagocytic activity of
macrophages

Reduces the amount of

interferon-gamma
secreted (interferon-
gamma is thought to
exacerbate symptoms of
MS)
Natalizumab Blocks the molecular Multiple Sclerosis
pathway involving cell
adhesion that draws
lymphocytes into the CNS
Mitoxantrone Suppresses activity of T- Multiple Sclerosis
cells, B-cells, &
macrophages
Glatiramer Synthetic protein that Multiple Sclerosis
acetate mimics the structure of
myelin; blocks myelin-
damaging T-cells by acting
as a myelin decoy
Dalfampridine Blocks potassium channels Multiple Sclerosis
 enhancing conduction
in damaged nerves
Fingolimod Sphingosine-1-phosphate Multiple Sclerosis
receptor modulator 
blocks the migration of
lymphocytes into the CNS
Riluzole Inhibit voltage-gated Amyotrophic
sodium channels that Lateral Sclerosis
mediate the release of (ALS)
glutamate
Baclofen GABA receptor agonist  Antispastic agent
reduce motor neuron
excitability
Tizanidine Centrally acting alpha2- Antispastic agent
receptor agonist  blocks
nerve impulses through
presynaptic inhibition of
motor neurons

Anti-Epileptic drugs

Drug Mechanism Indications Adverse Drug

of action effects interactions
Phenobarbital Enhances GABA- Tonic-Clonic & Sedation, Induction of
mediated chloride status epilepticus cardiorespiratory cytochrome P450
influx  depression
hyperpolarization
Phenytoin Blocks voltage-sensitive Tonic-clonic Megaloblastic Induction of
sodium channels by seizures anemia, cytochrome p450
prolonging the osteomalacia,
inactivation state of gingival Teratogenic
these channels  hyperplasia,
inhibits repetitive firing hirsutism
of neurons in a seizure Cerebellar
focus symptoms 
 ataxia, diplopia,
nystagmus
Fetal Hydantion
syndrome 
cardiac defects,
malformation of
ears, lip, palate,
mouth, & nasal
bridge, mental
retardation, &
microcephaly
Carbamazepine Blocks voltage-sensitive Complex partial Diplopia, ataxia, Induction of
sodium channel in seizures, agranulocytosis, cytochrome p450
neuronal cell generalized tonic- aplastic anemia,
membranes  inhibits clonic, simple hyponatremia & Teratogen
spread of abnormal partial water intoxication
electrical discharges (SIADH)
from seizure focus to 1st line for
other neurons trigeminal
neuralgia

2nd line treatment

for patients with
BPD
Ethosuximide Inhibits T-type calcium ABSENCE Fatigue, GI distress,
channels in thalamic SEIZURES headache,
neurons drowsiness, &
rashes (SJS)
Valproic acid 1. Inhibits voltage- Absence seizure, GI symptoms, Teratogen (NTD)
Valproate sensitive tonic-clonic, weight gain,
sodium simple partial, hepatotoxicity,
channels complex partial,
2. Inhibits T-type myoclonic, atonic Increased risk of
calcium seizures neural tube defects
channels
3. Increases GABA Rapid cycling BPD
synthesis and
decreases GABA
degradation
4. Decreases
glutamate
synthesis
Felbamate Blocks glycine co- 3rd line drug for Aplastic anemia,
activation of NMDA refractory partial hepatotoxicity
 receptor seizures
Benzodiazepines Potentiates GABA DRUG OF CHOICE Sedation &
action FOR STATUS respiratory
EPILEPTICUS depression
Gabapentin GABA analog Seizures & Ataxia, dizziness,
neuropathic pain sedation
Vigabatrin Irreversible inhibitor of Partial tonic-clonic Vision loss
GABA transaminase
increases levels of
GABA

GABA transaminase is
the enzyme responsible
for the metabolism of
GABA
Lamotrigine Blocks sodium channels Seizures Rash  SJS
and prevents the
release of excitatory
NTs (glutamate)
Levetiracetam Binds to synaptic Seizures Neuropsychiatric
vesicle protein (SVA2) symptoms
 reducing vesicular
package of GABA and
impeding
neurotransmission
across synapses
Topiramate 1. Blocks voltage – Seizures Sedation, weight
gated sensitive loss, ataxia
sodium
channels
2. Augmentation
of GABA
3. Block excitatory
glutamate
receptors
 Local Anesthetics

Drug Mechanism of Indications Adverse Drug

action RXNs interactions
Ester linked  Block sodium channels by Minor surgical More Hypersensitivity
procaine, binding to specific procedures reactions
tetracaine, receptors on cytosolic
benzocaine, portion of channel; Most Short acting,
chloroprocaine effective in rapidly firing metabolized by
neurons plasma esterase
Amide Linked Block sodium channels by Minor surgical Less hypersensitivity
 binding to specific procedures reactions
Lidocaine, receptors on cytosolic
mepivacaine, portion of channel; Most
bupivacaine, effective in rapidly firing Longer acting,
ropivacaine neurons metabolized by
[Amides have the liver
an extra i]

General Anesthetics

Drug Mechanism Indications Adverse Drug

of action RXNs interactions/
properties
Nitric Oxide Incomplete Most commonly Least potent
anesthetic; MAC > used during
100 % dental procedures

Laughing gas
Volatile liquids Analgesia, amnesia, Surgery Halothane  Order of fastest 
(halogenated): loss of anesthesia hepatotoxicity & slowest:
Halothane, consciousness, cardiac dysrhythmias Desflurane
enflurane, inhibition of Sevoflurane
isoflurane, sensory and Enflurane  seizures Enflurane
desflurane, & autonomic Isoflurane
sevoflurane reflexes, skeletal Malignant Halothane
muscle relaxation Hyperthermia
 DANTROLENE
Thiopental Potentiates GABA Induction of
activity at GABA- anesthesia
receptor-chloride
ion channel
Midazolam Facilitates GABA Premedication 
anxiolysis,
amnesia, &
sedation prior to
induction
Propofol Potentiates GABA Induction and Apnea (decreased
maintenance of respiratory drive),
anesthesia decrease in blood
pressure, pain at site
Prolonged of injection
sedation  ICU
Etomidate Rapid induction Little effect on CV
(ER) and Resp.
Opioids: Morphine, Agonists at opioid Post-op analgesia High doses 
fentanyl, receptors & premedication respiratory
sufentanil, depression
alfentanil,
remifentanil
Ketamine Blocks the action of Dissociative Increase in HR, BP,
excitatory amino anesthesia and CO
acids (glutamate)
@ NMDA receptors Unpleasant effects
during recovery 
delirium,
hallucinations, &
irrational behavior

Antidepressants
Drug Mechanism Indications Adverse Drug
of Action RXNs interactions
Isocarboxazid, Monoamine Oxidase Depression & Hypertensive crisis Contraindicated with
phenelzine, & inhibitor (MAOI) anxiety  when tyramine SSRI’s, TCAs, and
tranylcypromine is ingested linezolid
Bind irreversibly to
MOA preventing its
 action
Amitriptyline, Tricyclic Major depressive Anticholinergic  Tri-CyCliC’s 
clomipramine, Antidepressants disorder dry mouth, Convulsions
desipramine, (TCAs) epigastric distress, Coma
imipramine, & constipation, Cardiotoxicity
nortriptyline Block neuronal tachycardia,
reuptake of palpitation, Prolonged QT
norepinephrine and blurred vision, and
serotonin urinary retention

Seizure threshold
lowered

Arrhythmia

Give NaHCO3 for

treatment of
arrhythmia
Fluoxetine, Selective Serotonin First line drug is Serotonin Sertraline 
fluvoxamine, Reuptake inhibitors treatment of syndrome  preferred in elderly
paroxetine, (SSRIs) depression! hyperthermia, patients
sertraline, hypertension,
escitalopram, Selectively block Panic disorders & muscle rigidity,
citalopram neuronal reuptake of OCD myoclonus,
serotonin convulsion, &
coma

Sexual
dysfunction, GI
distress, insomnia
Fluoxetine 
SIADH
Citalopram 
prolong QT
interval
Venlafaxine, Serotonin- Increased BP,
desvenlafaxine, Norepinephrine sedation, and
duloxetine, reuptake inhibitors nausea
levomilnacipran, (SNRIs)
milnacipran
Block serotonin and
NE reuptake
Bupropion Atypical Smoking Tachycardia,
antidepressant cessation? insomnia,
headache, seizures
Inhibitor of NE and DA Appetite
reuptake regulation in
obese patients?
Mirtazapine Atypical Antidepressant & Sedation, weight
antidepressant antianxiety gain, dry mouth

Alpha2- antagonist  Anorexia nervosa

increases the release
of NE and serotonin
Trazodone Atypical Primarily for Sedation, nausea,
antidepressant insomnia priapism,
orthostatic
Antagonist @ 5HT2 hypotension
receptor and inhibits
reuptake of serotonin
Vilazodone Atypical Major depressive Headache,
antidepressant disorder diarrhea, nausea,
anticholinergic
Inhibits serotonin effects
reuptake & partial
agonist of 5HT1a
receptor

Mood Stabilizing Agents (drugs for BPD)

Drug Mechanism Indications Adverse Drug

of Action RXNs interactions/
contraindications
Lithium Suppresses the Reduces both Drowsiness,
formation of second manic and weight gain, fine
messengers involved depressive hand tremor, and
in NT signal symptoms of BPD; polyuria
transduction: has a greater
effect on the Hypothyroidism
Reduces the manic phase
formation of inositol
 triphosphate (IP3)
by inhibiting IMPase
and IPP enzymes 
no signal
transduction

Also inhibits the

uptake of inositol
into the cell (inhibits
the SMIT transporter

Antipsychotics

Drug Mechanis Indication Adverse Drug

m of action s RXNs interactions/
contraindication
s
First Block dopamine D2 Schizophrenia, Hyperprolactinemi EXTRAPYRAMIDAL
Generation/Typica receptor psychosis, BPD, a  galactorrhea, SYMPTOMS:
l antipsychotics: delirium, Tourette oligomenorrhea, & 1. Acute dystonia
Chlorpromazine, Positive symptoms syndrome, OCD gynecomastia (hours-days) 
fluphenazine, in schizophrenia muscle spasm,
thioridazine, Anticholinergic  stiffness, torticollis,
haloperidol constipation, dry lock jaw
mouth, decreased 2. Akathasia (days-
sweating months) 
restlessness; strong
Antihistamine  subjective feelings of
sedation anxious distress
3. Parkinsonism (days-
Orthostatic months) 
hypertension bradykinesia; slowing
of movement,
QT prolongation rigidity, tremor, mask
like face (no
emotion), shuffling
gait
4. Neuroleptic
Malignant syndrome
  marked rigidity,
immobility, tremor,
fever,
semiconsciousness,
fluctuating BP, heart
rate, and RR.
(elevation of CK &
myoglobinemia)
5. Tardive dyskinesia 
repetitive, painless,
involuntary, quick
choreiform
movements of the
face (constant
chewing, puffing of
cheeks, lip licking,
blinking) & limb
movement
Second More affinity to Schizophrenia  Prolonged QT
generation/ block 5-HT2 both positive AND Fewer EPS &
Atypical: (serotonin negative anticholinergic
Clozapine, receptors) symptoms than typicals
olanzapine,
quetiapine, Also inhibit D2 Clozapine 
iloperidone, receptors agranulocytosis
paliperidone,
risperidone, Risperidone 
ziprasidone, hyperprolactinemia
lurasidone,
aripiprazole

Opioid Analgesics

Drug Mechanism Indication Adverse Drug interactions/

of action RXNs contraindications
Strong opioid Stimulate opioid Severe & chronic Effects of opioid agonists:
agonists: receptors  decrease pain Analgesia
Morphine, cAMP and Ca2+, Merperidine  Dysphoria/euphoria
fentanyl, increase K+  labor Inhibition of cough reflex
merperidine, hyperpolarize and Methadone  Miosis
 methadone, inhibit NT release  opioid Physical dependance
morphine, blockage of the dependance Respiratory depression
oxycodone, transmission of pain to Sedation
sufentanil, the cortex Decreased myocardial demand
remifentanil Vasodilation and hypotension
(if it don’t make it to Constipation
your brain, you don’t Increased biliary sphincter tone and
feel it) pressure
Nausea and vomiting
Increased bladder sphincter tone
Prolongation of labor
Urinary retention
Inhibition of release of LH hormone
Stimulation release of ADH and
prolactin
Suppression of function of NK cells
Flushing
Pruritus
Urticaria
Moderate [as above] Mild to
opioid agonists: moderate pain
Codeine &
hydrocodone
Tramadol Opioid agonist & Moderate Increased risk
inhibits neuronal chronic pain of suicidal
reuptake of serotonin thoughts and
and NE behavior

Serotonin
syndrome
Buprenorphine Partial agonist at mu Detoxification
(opioid) receptors and
maintenance of
heroin abusers

Prevent relapse
Butorphanol Kappa (opioid) & mu Severe pain Causes less
(opioid) receptor respiratory
agonist depression
than full
agonists
Pentazocine Moderate to Severe
severe pain cardiovascular
 effects

Addictive
Naloxone Competitive opioid OPIOID
receptor ANTAGONIST OVERDOSE

Reverse effects of
opioid agonists
Naltrexone Competitive opioid Treatment of
receptor ANTAGONIST alcohol & opioid
dependence

CNS stimulants (uppers)

Drug Physiological Withdrawal Treatment

effects
Caffeine Increases urine output,
increases salivary flow,
decreases cerebral perfusion,
constricts blood vessels
Restlessness, nervousness,
excitement, insomnia, flushed
face, diuresis, GI disturbance,
muscle twitching
Amphetamines Euphoria,
grandiosity(exaggerated self-
esteem), pupillary dilation,
prolonged wakefulness and
attention, hypertension,
paranoia, fever
Headache, marked
fatigue/drowsiness,
dysphoric mood or
irritability, difficulty
concentrating, flu-like
symptoms
Dysphoric mood, fatigue,
insomnia or hyper-
insomnia, increased
appetite, psychomotor
retardation or agitation

Skin excoriations with meth

usage
Cocaine Impaired judgement, pupillary Highly addictive
dilation, paranoia, angina,
sudden cardiac death
Nicotine Restlessness Irritability, anxiety, Nicotine patch, gum, bupropion
difficulty concentrating
 CNS depressants (downers)
Drug Physiological Withdrawal Treatment
effects
Alcohol Emotional liability, slurred Anxiety, insomnia, tremor, Naltrexone  reduce craving
speech, ataxia, coma, blackouts palpitations, nausea, for alcohol
anorexia
Disulfiram  antiabuse drug;
Delirium tremens  flushing throbbing headache,
tachycardia, hypertension, nausea, vomiting, sweating,
low-grade fever, tremor, hypotension, and confusion
diaphoresis, delirium, occur within minutes of
agitatino alcohol consumption

Barbiturates Marked respiratory depression
Benzodiazepines Minor respiratory depression
Opioids Euphoria, respiratory and CNS
depression, decreased gag
reflex, pupillary constriction,
seizures
Delirium, life-threatening
cardiovascular collapse
Sleep disturbance,
depression
Sweating, dilated pupils,
piloerection, rhinorrhea,
lacrimation, yawning,
nausea, stomach cramps,
diarrhea
INHIBITS ALHEHYDE
DEHYDROGENASE
(INCREASING LEVELS OF
ACETYLALDEHYDE)
Forced alkaline diuresis
(NaHCO3)
Flumazenil  receptor
antagonist
Naloxone

(methadone &
buprenorphine)

Hallucinogens
Drug Physiological Withdrawal Treatment
effects
Lysergic acid Perceptual distortion,
diethylamide (LSD) synesthesia (see music, hear
colors), dilated pupils,
elevated body temperature,
 elevated BP, increased
salivation
Marijuana Euphoria, anxiety, paranoid
delusions, perception of
slowed time, impaired
judgment, social withdrawal,
INCREASED APPETITE, dry
mouth, conjunctival injection
MDMA (ecstasy) Hallucinogenic stimulant:
euphoria, disinhibition,
hyperactivity, distorted
sensory and time perception,
bruxism
Irritability, sleep
difficulty, depression,
restlessness,
decreased appetite,
abdominal pain,
shakiness/tremor,
sweating, fever, chills,
or headache
Depression, fatigue,
change in appetite,
difficulty
concentrating, anxiety

Hypertension, tachycardia,
hyperthermia, hyponatremia,
serotonin syndrome
Phencyclidine (PCP) Violence, impulsivity,
psychomotor agitation,
nystagmus, tachycardia,
hypertension, numbness to
pain, ataxia, dysarthria,
seizures

“dissociative anesthetic”

GIT Drugs

Drug Mechanism of Indication Adverse Drug

Action RXNs interactions
Ondansetron, Antiemetic Cancer Headache,
granisetron, 5HT3 receptor antagonist chemotherapy constipation, and
dolasetron, &  reduces stimulation of induced emesis diarrhea
palonosetron vomiting reflex and
activation of afferent Palonosetron  Dolasetron 
vagal nerves in the GIT long duration of prolongation of QT
action b/c it has a interval and torsade
long half life des pointes
 (acute & delayed
vomiting)
Aprepitant Antiemetic Delayed phase of
Neurokinin-1 receptor vomiting during
antagonist  blocks at chemotherapy
solitary tract (CNS)
Dimenhydrinate, Antiemetic Dimenhydrinate
meclizine, H1 receptor antagonist  motion
promethazine sickness
Meclizine  sea
sickness
Hyoscine & Antiemetic Motion sickness Sedation & dry
scopolamine Anticholinergic Hyoscine  mouth
abdominal
cramps
Metoclopramide Prokinetic drug Diabetic Drowsiness,
& domperidone Blocks D2 receptors & gastroparesis, seizures,
increases Ach release in GERD, & hyperprolactinemia,
enteric neurons  intractable hiccup diarrhea, &
prevents relaxation and hematologic
enhances propulsive toxicity
activity
Psyllium, BULK-FORMING Chronic
methylcellulose, LAXATIVES constipation &
& polycarbophil Indigestible hydrophilic diarrhea 
substances  absorb and changes
retain water in intestinal consistency and
lumen  increasing mass frequency of
in intestines  stimulates bowel
peristalsis movements

Docusate STOOL SOFTENER Constipation;

sodium Facilitates the when feces are
incorporation of water hard and painful
into fatty intestinal (hemorrhoids);
material  softening avoidance of
feces straining
Magnesium OSMOTIC LAXATIVES Evacuation of Loss of fluids and
oxide (Milk of Retain water in intestinal bowel electrolytes, kidney
Magnesia), lumen  increase damage
sodium intraluminal pressure 
phosphate, stimulate peristalsis
 lactulose,
polyethylene
glycol
Castor oil, seena, SECRETORY LAXATIVES Evacuating bowel Abdominal pain,
cascara, Alter fluid secretion and before surgery cramping,
bisacodyl stimulate peristalsis electrolyte and fluid
depletion
Diphenoxylate & Antimotility Diarrhea
loperamide Opioid agonists (mu)
Sulfasalazine, Aminosalicylates IBD Sulfasalazine 
olsalazine, Inhibiting prostaglandin More effective in nausea, headaches,
mesalamine synthesis and migration of ulcerative colitis arthralgias,
inflammatory cells into myalgias, bone
bowel wall marrow
suppression,
oligospermia,
hypersensitivity,
photosensitivity
Infliximab, Monoclonal antibodies to IBD
adalimumab, & TNF-alpha
golimumab
Vedolizumab & Monoclonal antibody to IBD Natalizumab 
natalizumab intergrin expressed on T- PML (reactivation of
cells  inhibits their JC virus)
migration
Lubiprostone Increases intestinal IBS-C Nausea
motility by directly diarrhea
activating the chloride Cl-
C2 channel
Linaclotide Stimulates guanylate IBS-C Diarrhea
cyclase  increasing
secretion of chloride and
bicarb  intestinal fluid
accumulation & peristalsis
Alosteron 5-HT3 receptor antagonist IBS-D Ischemic colitis
 decreases intestinal
motility
Cimetidine, Histamine H2 receptor GERD Cimetidine 
famotidine, antagonists  reduce Peptic ulcer antiandrogenic
ranitidine, & production of gastric acid disease activity
nizatidine (gynecomastia) &
inhibitor of CYP450
enzymes
Esomeprazole, Proton Pump Inhibitors GERD Hypomagnesemia, Omeprazole  CYP450
lansoprazole, Inhibit H+-K+-ATPase on Peptic ulcer chronic kidney enzyme inhibition
omeprazole, gastric parietal cells  disease disease, increased
pantoprazole, decreased acid production Zollinger-Ellison risk for
rabeprazole Syndrome osteoporosis,
malabsorption of
vit. B12
Calcium Antacids Acid indigestion & Calcium carbonate
carbonate, Chemically neutralize dyspepsia & aluminum
aluminum stomach acid hydroxide 
hydroxide, & constipation
magnesium
hydroxide Magnesium
hydroxide 
diarrhea
Sucralfate Adheres to ulcer craters Peptic Ulcer Constipation,
and inhibits pepsin- Disease laryngospasm
catalyzed hydrolysis of
mucosal proteins
(cytoprotective)
Misoprostol Prostaglandin E1 analog Prevention of Diarrhea and CONTRAINDICATED
(cytoprotective) ulcers in patients intestinal cramping DURING PREGNANCY
on long term
NSAIDs

Hepatitis Anti-virals
Drug Mechanism of Indications Adverse Drug
action RXNs interaction
Entecavir, Nucleoside/Nucleotide HBV
tenofovir, reverse transcriptase
lamivudine, inhibitors  inhibit
telbivudine formation of DNA copy
of viral RNA
Peginterferon Agonists of interferon- HBV & HCV Flu-like  chills,
alfa, interferon alpha receptor  fatigue, headache,
alfa activates JAK-STAT myalgia
signaling pathway and T- Altered BP, GI
cells distress, hematologic
toxicity, cardiac
arrhythmias
 Sofosbuvir Direct-acting antiviral HCV
Inhibits HCV RNA
polymerase (NS5B)
Ombitasvir, Direct-acting antiviral HCV
velpatasvir,
daclatasvir, Inhibits activator of HCV
elbasvir, & RNA polymerase (NS5A)
ledipasvir
Simeprevir, Direct-acting antiviral
telaprevir,
boceprevir, Inhibits viral maturation
paritaprevir, & by inhibiting a protease
grazoprevir (NS3-4A)