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 SOFTWARE
ENGINEERING
Fundamental

By - Alind Saxena
K. S. Memorial Society for Education & Research
Coordinator, IGNOU-29048
Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi

eISBN: 978-93-9069-720-5
© Publisher
Edition: 2020
Publisher: Pharos Books Private Limited
Plot-55, Main Mother Dairy Road,
Pandav Nagar, East Delhi-110092

Phone: +91 011-40395855

whatsapp : + 91 8447931000
E-mail: sales@pharosbooks.in
Website: www.pharosbooks.in
Facebook www.facebook.com/pharosbooks.in
DEDICATED TO INTENDED LEARNERS
“Being a student is easy. Learning requires actual work.”

- William Crawford
 About the Author

Alind Saxena, M.S. Software System BITS, Pilani (Rajasthan.), M.A.

(Eco.) Agra University, and PGDCS has over 40 years of experience
in the field of computers. His journey started from unit record
machines and IBM 1401 second generation computers, and
reaches to present era. He learned, share and distributed the
knowledge throughout the life. He always got challengeable roles
in his career. He has a long association with Indira Gandhi National
Open University, as a Study Centre Coordinator, K. S. Memorial
Society for Education and Research, Delhi. Counseling and
teaching MCA, BCA etc. He is also a visiting faculty at several
educational institutes in Delhi and NCR. He has the honour of
working at Council of Scientific Industrial Research New Delhi –
Central Road Research Institute New Delhi, where his career
started with an opportunity to work in a project Road User Cost
Study in India, a joint project of World Bank and Government of
India. Further career was processed, cleaved, bruited, polished
and inspected with magnifying glasses in the area of computer of
applications in Road and Transport dealing in research and
development, project management and imparting knowledge to
immediate learners and corporates. His contribution is well
recognized in development of Action Based Computerized Driver
Evaluation System an indigenous project of Central Road Research
Institute in association in association with Department of
Electronics, Govt. of India. He also got an opportunity and honour
to become the member of Member of Management Council of
Central Road Research Institute. He has the credit to receive
outstanding performance award for best in-house R & D project as
project leader. He has also authored and contributed in more than
twenty research/technical papers in national/international journals,
and conference/seminar etc.
 Foreword

It gives me immense pleasure to write the foreword to this book

which has very systematically presented different facets of the
Software Engineering. Mr. Alind Saxena has had a long association
with Indira Gandhi National Open University and his knowledge,
understanding and interaction with the learners has culminated
into this fine piece of work. The book has covered all the aspects
of the subject which will be useful to all concerned.
I am sure, this book will be especially useful to all the learners
studying software engineering in different Universities. The
contents of the book will also enrich the understanding of the
teachers and practitioners in the field of software engineering and
information technology

With best wishes,

Dr. Sanjeev Pandey
Regional Director
IGNOU Regional Centre Delhi-3
Dwarka, New Delhi.
 PREFACE

This is a world of competitions. One has to become capable to

concur the same. You listen the parents’, taught by the teachers,
gone through the books, encyclopedias, and ocean of information
through internet. You move towards desired interest. You gained
the knowledge. The technology is there to support you. Number of
avenues are there in front. Every corner on globe is ready to fetch
you. Wish to become software engineer. A learning journey of 1-
year, 2-year, or 3-year has already been performed or in
continuation. You are waiting for expectations to get fulfilled or
reviewing something left unattended in past. Different reasons can
be put up for justifying the present status. Dear reader software
engineering is a very wide discipline; its importance is well known
in various engineering fields accompanied with wide range of
practices / topics. One can swim from novice to professional to
expert to master in this career.
The aim of this book is to refresh you from software engineering
fundamental concepts, basic day to day Definitions /
Terminologies, Development Models, Encompassing Specifications,
Function Oriented Modelling, Object Oriented Modelling, Dynamic
Modelling, Analysis, Design, Coding, Testing, Implementation,
Metrics, PERT Charts, Gantt Charts, Project Management,
Software Configuration Management, Software Maintenance,
Software Quality Assurance etc. You will utilize it during the period
of learning and even after that. It will give the glimpse of array of
questions and answers. It will induce the capacity and capability
and confidence in you to do real life applications. It is hoped that
you will drink the water not for you only but will provide to others.
A job teaches us to obey while expertise and perfection are the
result of our own efforts. Do practice with software paradigms
(Structured Programming, Modular Programming, Objects
Oriented Programming etc.) and measure the same to become
Software Engineer.
This book is an outgrowth of teaching experience. It is designed
for today’s generation of learner students (BCA, MCA. B.Tech.),
both for regular and distance learning stream. The content of this
book matches to the syllabus of IGNOU, CCS University, GGS
Indraprastha University, IKG Punjab Technical University, MDU
Rohtak, Jamia Millia Islamia and many more. Traditional learning
styles are adjusting to new technology. The learning environment -
mobile, internet, open university distance learning, pedagogy
demands a student-oriented submission. Text books, study blocks
(SIM) visibility has long distance, while e-Books, power point
slides, pdf demands improved organization and high surfing time
from site to site. This book has large number of text, chart,
graphs, tables, diagrams, examples, and exam relevant questions
for interaction with learners to make them a feel of own
stimulating learning world. Glossary at the end of this book helps
the students to assimilate the terms used quite often and keyword
page-index makes’ traversal easy over the book leaves.
It will be my pleasure to receive valuable suggestions from
professors of various educational institutions, other faculty
members and students for improvement of the quality of the book.
The reader may feel free to send in their comments and
suggestions to the under mentioned address.

Alind Saxena
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The completion of this book could not have been possible without
the inspiration, good wishes and support of so many people whose
name may not all be enumerated. However, I would like to
express my deep appreciation and indebtedness particularly
Director Ravinder Singh, K. S. Memorial Society for Education
& Research, Delhi, Regional Director Dr. Sanjeev Kumar
Pandey, Regional Director, RC Delhi-3, Indira Gandhi National
Open University. Deputy Director, Dr. A. M. Saklani, RC Noida,
U.P., Indira Gandhi National Open University,
I like to thanks Prof. DR. Laxmi Ahuja, Dy. Director, Amity
Institute of Informa-tion Technology, Amity University, U.P. who
are friends in feeding my thoughts with new and tricky concepts
every time.
I thanks to Director Dr. Sumit Budhiraja SPD College,
Coordinator IGNOU Study Centre29045, New Delhi, Coordinator
Ms. Monika Khurana, Asstt. Coordinator Ms. Mamta Chadha,
Manager Deepak Gupta Academy of Computer Studies, IGNOU
Study Centre39026, Asstt. Coordinator Amit Sharma, IGNOU-
29048 whose expectations pave the path to carry out the task for
welfare of students.
I wish to thank the numerous B.C.A and M.C.A students whose
enthusiastic participation in face-to-face discussions helped me to
present many ideas and concepts, as discussed in this book, with
more clarity.
 I submit my thanks to my wife whose long patience and energy
put me regularly on task. I thanks to my son, daughter and
daughter in law who were taking care of my even small needs and
my thanks to my grandchildren Arsh and Kutkut whose number
of innocent questions about book kept me going with more
pleasure. One thanks to my son who is in my heart.
Above all, thanks to my parents, teachers and the great
almighty the author of knowledge and wisdom for his countless
love.
Lastly, I thank everyone at Pharos Book Publishing Company for
their efforts in making this book a reality and that too in such nice
format.

Alind Saxena
 PROLOGUE

The Banyan Tree give roots to its new generation. Todays

learners are our new generation. Computer technology
keeps on traveling decades after decades with new
milestones - From Charles Babbage : Analytical Engine in
1834 to Mobile Phone based APPs, from machine
languages to assembly language to structured languages
to object oriented languages to artificial languages, ways
of conceptualization, logical thinking, problem solutions
changed from monolithic to structure to object oriented
styles.
Something which was being understood as an art of
designing solution has reached top level of engineering
i.e. Software Engineering. It encompasses working
solutions, users, devices, interfaces, and technology.
Learners need to acquire knowledge before stepping in
to career related to computer software engineering. Their
journey begins with Software Engineering Fundamentals.
This book smoothens the path of learning through many
illustrations, solved solutions, figures, charts, data in
tables, diagrams, test cases, case studies etc. with the
help of data flow diagrams, entity relationship diagrams,
object diagrams, function diagrams, use case diagrams,
PERT and GANTT chart diagrams etc.
 Glossary at the end of book is presented here to explain the
special terms, acronyms, and phrases to enable the reader for
comfortable practice. The book also has another facility Back of
Book Index, arranged in alphabetical order. A complement to
main index and freedom to readers to traverse over the contents
in desired order.

Ravinder Singh
Director
K S Memorial Society for Education & Research
Delhi
 CONTENTS

About The Author

Foreword
Preface

Acknowledgements
Prologue
CHAPTER 1 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING - AN
INTRODUCTION
1.0 An Introduction
1.1 Early Period

1.2 Software Crises

1.3 Software Myths
1.4 Software Engineering

1.5 Programs And Software Products

1.6 Software Engineering Characteristics

1.7 Objectives of Software Engineering

1.8 Exam Question

CHAPTER 2 PROGRAMMING PARADIGMS

2.0 Introduction

2.1 Complexity
 2.2 Structured Programming
2.3 Non Procedural Programming

2.4 Algorithmic Decomposition

2.5 Object
2.6 Object Oriented Modeling

2.7 Modelling Concepts

CHAPTER 3 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

3.0 Software Development Life Cycle

3.1 Feasibility Study

3.1.1 Economic Feasibility

3.1.2 Technical Feasibility
3.1.3 Operational Feasibility
3.2 Requirement Analysis

3.3 System Design

3.4 Development

3.5 Testing

3.5.1 Black Box Testing

3.5.2 White Box Testing
3.6 Implementation

3.7 Software Maintenance

3.8 Various Development Models

 3.8.1 Build & Fix Model
3.8.2 Waterfall Model
3.8.3 Iterative Enhancement Model
3.8.4 Prototyping Model
3.8.4.1 Throwaway Prototyping
3.8.4.2 Exploratory Prototyping
3.8.5 Spiral Model
3.8.6 Rad Approach
3.8.7 Capability Maturity Model
3.8.8 Key Process Area
CHAPTER 4 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION
4.0 Introduction

4.1 Requirements

4.2 Ieee Software Requirement Specification

4.3 Benefit of Software Requirement Specification

Document

4.4 Software Requirement Specification(Srs)

Characteristics

4.5 Importance of Software Requirement

Specification:

4.6 Srs Structure

4.7 Case Study Srs Development

4.7.1 Business Problem Statement
4.7.2 Srs For Library Information
System For Abc Degree College
4.7.2.1. Introduction - Purpose
4.7.2.2 Scope
4.7.2.3 Definitions
4.7.2.4 Acronym & Other Terms
4.7.2.5. Overview
4.7.3 General Description
4.7.3.1. Product Perspective
4.7.3.2. Product Features
4.7.3.3 Product Functions
4.7.3.4 User Characteristics
4.7.3.5 Constraints
4.7.3.6 Assumption and
dependencies
4.7.4 Specific Requirements
4.7.4.1 External Interface
requirements
4.7.4.2 Hardware Interface
4.7.4.3 Software Interface
4.7.5 Functional Requirements
 4.7.6 Performance requirements
CHAPTER 5 FUNCTION ORIENTED MODELING
5.1 Data Flow Diagrams

5.1.1 Processes
5.1.2 Data Flow
5.1.3 Entity/Actors
5.1.4 Data Stores
5.2 Rules for constructing Data Flow Diagram
5.3 Example Question

5.4 Example Question

5.5 Difference Between Flow Chart & Data Flow
Diagram

5.6 Entity Relatinship Diagram [Erd]

5.6.1 Entity:
5.6.2 Weak Entity
5.6.3 Attributes:
5.6.4 Relationship
5.7 Examples - 1 ERD for Online Student
Admission System

5.8 Examples - 1 ERD for Online Student

Admission System
 5.9 Example - 3 ERD for Saving account in a
Banking System
5.10 Example - 4 ERD for Library Information
System
5.11 Structure Chart

5.11.1 Elements of Structure Chart

[Module, Condition, Loop, Data
Couple and Control Flow]
5.12 Process for construction of structure chart
thru a simple program of average of two numbers:
5.13 DATA DICTIONARIES

5.13.1 Data Item Details:

CHAPTER 6 PROGRAMMING PARADIGMS – OBJECT
ORIENTED MODELING
6.1 Object Oriented Modeling

6.1.1 Principles of Modeling

6.1.2 Characteristics of Object:
6.1.2.1 Objects
6.1.2.2 Class
6.1.3 Unified Modeling Language
6.1.3.1 Structural things
6.1.3.2 Behavioral things
6.1.3.3 Grouping Things
 6.1.3.4 Annotational things
6.1.4 Diagrams in The UML
6.1.5 Architecture of The System
6.1.5.1 Use Case View:
6.1.5.2 Design View:
6.1.5.3 Process View:
6.1.5.4 Implementation View:
6.1.5.5 Deployment View:
6.1.6 Use Case And Use Case
Diagram
6.1.6.1 Rules to create Use Case
6.1.6.2 Template for Use Case
6.1.7 Use Case Diagram
6.1.8 Example
6.1.9 Example
6.1.10 Classes And Class Diagram
6.1.10.1 Class Diagram:
6.1.10.2 Class
6.1.10.3 Class Visibility
6.1.10.4 Association
6.1.10.5 Generalization
 6.1.10.6 Aggregation
6.1.10.7 Dependency
6.1.10.8 Cardinality
6.1.11 Examples - 1 Class Diagram
6.1.12 Examples - 2 Class Diagram
University Admission Process
6.1.13 Examples - 3 Class Diagram -
Vehicle
6.1.14 Examples - 4 Class Diagram -
General Store
6.1.15 Examples - 5 Class Diagram -
On Line Shopping
CHAPTER 7 FUNCTION ORIENTED DESIGN

7.1.1 Object Model

7.1.2 Dynamic model
7.1.3 Functional Model
7.1.3.1 Function:
7.1.3.2 Function State:
7.1.3.3 Sub Function:
7.1.3.4 Function Association
7.1.3.5 Function State Sharing:
7.1.4 Solution Design Principles
 7.1.4.1 Top Down Decomposition:
7.1.4.2 Divide and Conquer:
7.1.4.3 Hierarchical Modelling:
7.1.4.4 Abstraction Modelling:
7.1.5 Solution Design Methods in
Function Oriented Design:
7.1.6 Structured Analysis:
7.1.7 Structure chart
7.1.8 Components Identification And
Their Interaction
7.1.8.1 Functionality Modelling:
7.1.8.2 Design module
development:
7.1.8.3 Sub Function
Development:
7.1.8.4 Interaction modelling
7.1.9 Visual Part of The Solution
7.1.9.1 Conext Diagram
7.1.9.2 Process Steps for
developing the DFD
7.1.10 Example:
 7.1.11 Characteristics of Good
Function- Oriented Design:
7.1.12 Module Level Characteristics
7.1.12.1 Coupling
7.1.12.1.1 Strong Coupling, Loose
Coupling
7.1.12.1.2 Types of Coupling
7.1.12.2 Cohesion:
7.1.12.3 Difference between
Coupling & Cohesion
7.1.12.4 Exam Questions
CHAPTER 8 OBJECT ORIENTED DESIGN

8.1 Object Oriented Design

8.1.1 Historical Development

8.1.2 Object:
8.1.3 Object Model:
8.1.4 Benefits of The Object Model
8.1.5 Object Oriented Design
8.1.6 Object Oriented Design
8.1.6.1 Complexity:
8.1.6.2 Abstraction:
8.1.6.3 Encapsulation:
 8.1.6.4 Contract Specification:
8.1.6.5 Hierarchy Modeling
8.1.6.6 Reusability, Extensibility
and Flexibility:
8.1.7 Well Known Object Oriented
Concepts
8.1.7.1.1 Inheritance
8.1.7.1.2 Polymorphism
8.1.8 Core Feature of a class
8.1.8.1 Attributes:
8.1.8.2 Methods:
8.1.8.3 Association:
8.1.9 Identification Of Problem
Domain Static Objects
8.1.9.1 Problem Domain– Static
Object Mapping Deep Dive
8.1.9.2 Specification of Problem
Do-Main Static Objects
8.1.9.3 Application Logic Objects
8.1.10 Methodology Identification of
Objects
8.1.11 Design Principles:
CHAPTER 9 SOFTWARE TESTING
9.1 Introduction

9.2 Software Testing

9.3 Debugging, Verification And Validation

9.4 Test Cases

9.4.1 Example-1
9.4.2 Example-2
9.5 Type of Testing

9.6 Objective of Software Testing:

9.7 Software Development Life Cycle & Testing of

Software

9.8 White Box Testing

9.8.1 Test Cases

9.8.2 Example-1 (Condition Testing)
9.8.3 Example-2 (Statement
Condition)
9.8.4 Example-3 (Loop Testing)
9.8.5 Example-4 ( For Loop Testing)
9.9 BLACK BOX TESTING

9.9.1 Test Cases

9.9.2 Example 1:
 9.9.3 Advantages of Black Box
Testing:
9.10 Equivalence Partitioning

9.11 Boundary Value Analysis

9.12 Unit Testing:

9.13 Functional / Module Testing

9.13.1 Example: Consider A Online

Shopping Site
9.14 Integration Testing:

9.14.1 Incremental Strategy, Non-

Incremental Strategy
9.14.2 Example:
9.14.3 Bottom Up Integration
9.14.4 Top Down Approach
9.15 Regression Testing
9.16 System Testing

9.16.1 Stress Testing:

9.16.2 Security Testing:
9.16.3 Recovery Testing:
9.16.4 Performance Testing:
9.16.5 Acceptance Testing (Alpha
and Beta Testing):
 9.17 Testing Approaches Brief
9.18 Exam Questions+

CHAPTER 10 SOFTWARE TEST CASES: DEVELOPMENT AND

EXECUTION
10.1 Introduction

10.2 Testing Terminology

10.3 Principles of Software Testing
10.4 Testability

10.5 Software Testing Life Cycle

10.6 What is the Software Testing Life Cycle?

10.6.1 Stage-1: These are the real

10.6.2 Stage-2: Test Case
preparation
10.6.3 Stage-3: Test Case Scripting
10.6.4 Stage-4: Test execution
10.7 Debugging

10.7.1 Debugging Strategies

10.8 Software Testing Tools

10.9 Software Testing Tool Categorisation

10.10 Software Testing Tools Are ALSO
CATEGORISED ON THE BASIS OF TYPE OF
TESTING:
 10.11 Development of Test Cases

10.12 Test Plan:

10.13 Test Plan Have the Following Components
10.14 Example Test Plan

10.15 Test Case Template – An Example

10.16 Example : Filling And Submitting An
Examination Form: Test Case Development With
Test Data - A Case Study

10.17 Exam Questions Filling And Submitting An

Examination Form: Test Case Development With
Test Data - A Case Study

CHAPTER 11 SOFTWARE PROJECT MANAGEMENT

11.1 Project Introduction
11.2 Software Project Management

11.3 Software Project Manager

11.4 Tools
11.6 Software Project Manager Responsibilities &
Skills
11.7 Project Planning

11.7.1 The Main Objective of Project

Plan is To Elaborate
11.7.2 Different Type of Project
Plans
11.7.3 Step Wise Framework of
Project
11.7.3.1 Step 0: Select Project
11.7.3.2 Step 1: describe project
Objective and scope
11.7.3.3 Step 2. Identify project
infrastructure.
11.7.3.4 Step 3: Analyses of
Project Characteristics
11.7.3.5 Step 4: Identify Project
Products and Activities
11.7.3.6 Step 5: Estimate Effort
For Each Activity
11.7.3.7 Step 6: Identify activity
risk.
11.7.3.8 Step 7: Allocate
resources.
11.7.3.9 Step 8: Review
plan/Publicize Plan
11.7.4 Execution of Software
Projects
11.7.5 Initiation
11.7.6 Planning
 11.7.7 Execution:
11.7.8 Testing:
11.7.9 Acceptance and Delivery:
11.7.10 Monitoring of Software
Projects
11.7.11 Controlling of Software
Projects
11.7.12 Factors’ Causing Failures To
Software Projects:
11.8 SOFTWARE MEASUREMENTS

11.9 Software Project Estimations:

11.9.1 Estimating The Size

11.9.2 Estimating Effort
11.9.3 Estimating Schedules
11.10 MODELS FOR ESTIMATION:

11.10.1 Coco-mo Model:

11.10.2 Basic COCOMO Model
11.10.3 Intermediate COCOMO
Model:
11.10.4 Detail Cocomo Model:
11.11 Need For Project Metrics

11.12 Software Metrics

 11.13 Type of Software Metrics

11.13.1 Process Metrics

11.3.2 Product Metrics
11.13.3 Project Metrics
11.13.4 Primitive metrics
11.13.5 Derived metrics
11.13.7 Lines of code (LOC):
11.13.8 Example
11.13.9 Function Point:
11.13.9.1 Function Point Analysis
(FPA) technique:
11.13.10 Transaction Function
11.13.11 Complexity
11.13.12 Pert Chart
11.13.12.1 Structure of PERT
Chart
11.13.12.2 Steps to Create a PERT
Chart
11.13.13 Example
11.13.14 Gantt Chart
11.13.15 Example
CHAPTER 12 SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT
12.1 Introduction:

12.2 Importance of Software Configuration

Management
12.3 Software Configuration Management
Activities

12.3.1 Revision Management

12.3.2 Version Management
12.3.3 Work flow and process
management
12.3.4 Build management
12.3.5 Change Request
12.3.6 Configuration identification
12.4 Requisites of Software Configuration
Management

12.5 Handling of Variants

12.5.1 Inconsistency Problem:

12.5.2 Concurrent Access
12.5.3 Stable Development
Environment
12.6 Baseline

12.6.1 Steps To Modify Any Item

Under Configuration Control
12.6.2 Exam Questions
CHAPTER 13 SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE

13.1 Introduction
13.2 Need For Software Maintenance

13.3 Types of Software Maintenance

13.3.1 Corrective maintenance

13.3.2 Adaptive Maintenance
13.3.3 Perfective Maintenance
13.3.4 Preventive Maintenance
13.3.5 Enhancive Maintenance
13.4 Maintenance Process

13.4.1 Phase 0: Determine

Maintenance Objectives
13.4.2 Phase 1: Program
Understanding
13.4.3 Phase 2: Generating
Particular Maintenance Proposal
13.4.4 Phase 3: Ripple Effect
13.4.5 Phase 4: Modified Program
Testing
13.5 Software Maintenance Models

13.5.1 Quick-Fix-Model
13.5.2 Iterative Enhancement Model
 13.5.3 Reuse-Oriented Model
13.5.4 BOEHM’s model
13.5.5 TAUTE Maintenance Model
13.5.6 Reverse Engineering:
13.5.7 Software Reengineering
13.5.8 Software Restructuring
CHAPTER 14 SOFTWARE QUALITY ASSURANCE (SQA)

14.1 Introduction
14.2 Product Quality

14.2.1 Functionality:
14.2.2 Reliability:
14.2.3 Usability
14.2.4 Efficiency
14.2.5 Maintainability
14.2.6 Portability
14.3 Software Errors, Faults and Failures
14.4 Cost of Quality:

14.5 Software Quality Models

14.6 ISO 9126 Software quality Factors
14.7 Difference Between McCalls Software Quality
Factors and ISO 9126 model
 14.8 Software Quality Assurance (SQA) Activities
14.9 Software Quality Assurance Plan

14.10 Formal Technical Reviews

14.11 Exam Questions
Glossary

Further Readings

FIGURE AND TABLE

Fig. 1.1: Evolution in computer

Fig. 1.2: Software Life Cycle
Fig. 1.3: Occurrence of Change

Fig. 3.1: Software Development Life Cycle

Fig. 3.2: Problem of Software Project
Fig. 3.3: Build & Fix Model

Fig. 3.4: Water fall Model

Fig. 3.5: Water fall Model with Feedback
Fig. 3.6: Iterative Enhancement Model

Fig. 3.7: Throw away Prototype Model

Fig. 3.8: Exploratory Prototype Mode
Fig. 3.9: Spiral Model

Fig. 3.10: Rad Model

Fig. 5.1: Functional Model Notation: Shape of Symbols

Fig. 5.2.1: Data Flow Diagram (Level-0): Student

Admission System
Fig. 5.2.2: Data Flow Diagram (Level-1): Student
Admission System
Fig. 5.2.3: Data Diagram Student Admission System
Process-2 (Level-3)

Fig. 5.2.4: Data Flow Diagram Student Admission System

Process 2 [Level 2]
Fig. 5.3.1: Data Flow Diagram Library-Context Level/Zero
Level -Library Information System

Fig. 5.3.2: Data Flow Diagram-Level (1) -Library

Information System
Fig. 5.3.3: Data Flow Diagram-Level (2) -Library
Information System
Fig. 5.3.4: Data Flow Diagram-Level (3) -Library
Information System

Fig. 5.3.5: Data Flow Diagram-Level (3) -Library

Information System
Fig. 5.4: Entity

Fig. 5.4.1: Weak Entity

Fig. 5.4.2: Attribute Name
Fig. 5.4.3: Key Attribute

Fig. 5.4.4: Multivalued Attribute

Fig. 5.4.5: Relationship One to Many
Fig. 5.6: Relationship- Many to Many
Fig. 5.7: Entity Relationship Diagram- One Line Student
Admission System
Fig. 5.8: Entity Relationship Diagram- Study Centre
Management

Fig. 5.9: Entity Relationship Diagram- Banking System in

Saving Account
Fig. 5.10: Entity Relationship Diagram- Library
Information System

Fig. 5.11: Structure Chart- Library Management System

Fig. 5.12: Structure Chart-Module
Fig. 5.13: Structure Chart-Condition

Fig. 5.14: Structure Chart-Loop

Fig. 5.15: Data Couple and, Control Flow and Devices

Fig. 5.16: Login and Mail

Fig. 5.17: Structure Chart for Simple ‘C’ Program
Fig. 6.1: Class and Subclass in Automobile area

Fig. 6.2: Architecture of System

Fig. 6.3: Use Care Diagram for Online Student Admission
System

Fig. 6.4: Use Care Diagram for Student Center

Fig. 6.5: Class Diagram
Fig. 6.6: Class Diagram Depic Five
Fig. 6.7: A Class Without Signature & With Signature

Fig. 6.8: Type of Relationship Between Classes

Fig. 6.9: Association Between Class
Fig. 6.10: Generalisation

Fig. 6.11: Generalisation

Fig. 6.12: Cardinality
Fig. 6.13: Class Diagram For College

Fig. 6.14: Class Diagram- Admission System

Fig. 6.15: Vehicle Class Diagram
Fig. 6.16: Class Diagram For General Stair

Fig. 6.17: Class Diagram For Online Shopping

Fig. 7.1: Top Down Decomposition
Fig. 7.2: Divide and Conquer

Fig. 7.3: Divide and Conquer Example

Fig. 7.4: Hierarchical Modelling

Fig. 7.5: Order Processing- Hierarchical Modellin

Fig. 7.6: Structure Chart
Fig. 7.7: Context Diagram O Level Data Flow Diagram

Fig. 7.8: Ice Cream Parlour- Zero Level Data Flow Diagram
Fig. 7.9: DFD Identifying Logical Sub Function
Fig. 7.10: Ice Cream Parlour- Sale-Level-1 Data Flow
Diagram

Fig. 7.11: Ice Cream Parlour-Level-1 Data Flow Diagram

Fig. 7.12: Ice Cream Parlour: Level-1 Product Purchase-
Data Flow Diagram

Fig. 7.13: Payment-Data Flow Diagram

Fig. 7.14: Ice Cream Parlour: DFD Showing Levels

Fig. 7.15: Relationship in Modules

Fig. 7.16: Loose Coupling
Fig. 7.17: Strong Coupling
Fig. 7.18: Types of Coupling
Fig. 7.19: Types of Coupling in Modules

Fig. 7.20: Figure Showing Context Coupling

Fig. 7.21: Type of Cohesion
Fig. 8.1: Core Feature of a Class
Fig. 9.1: Condition Testing
Fig. 9.2: Simple Loop
Fig. 9.3: Nested Loop

Fig. 9.4: Testing for Online Shopping Site

Fig. 9.5: Testing for Technical Paper Library
Fig. 10.1: Error Fixing Cost With Staged
Fig. 11.1: Process Addressed by Software Project
Management
Fig. 11.2: Problem of Software Project

Fig. 11.3: Project Triangle

Fig. 11.4: Frame Work of Project
Fig. 11.5: Software Project Management Life Cycle
Fig. 11.6: Monitoring & Controlling and Project
Fig. 11.7: Cycle of Change Management

Fig. 11.8: Software Project Estimation

Fig. 11.9: Function Point Analysis: Date Function
Fig. 11.10: Transaction Function Components
Fig. 11.11: Part Chart: Student Admission System
Fig. 11.12: Schematic GANTT CHART
Fig. 13.1: Software Maintenance Process

Fig. 13.2: Quick-Fix-Model

Fig. 13.3: Iterative Enhancement Model
Fig. 13.4: Reuse Oriented Model
Fig. 13.5: Boehm’s Model
Fig. 13.6: Taute Maintenance Model

Fig. 13.7: Reverse Engineering

Fig. 13.8: Software Reverse Engineering and Re-
engineering
Fig. 14.1: McCall's Software Quality Factors
Table No. 1.1: Program and Software Products
Table No. 4.1: Library Term Definitions
Table No. 4.2: Acronyms & Other Terms

Table No. 4.3: Functional Requirements

Table No. 5.1: Difference Between Flow Chart and Data
Flow Diagram
Table No. 6.1: Template for use case
Table No. 6.2: Symbols Used in Use Case Diagram
Table No. 8.1: Historical Development

Table No. 9.1: Test Cases

Table No. 10.1: Testing Tools-On The Basis of Type of
Testing
Table No. 10.2: Testing Tool
Table No. 10.3: Test Care Template
Table No. 10.4: Test Cares For Examination Form

Table No. 11.1: Cocomo Model in Sub-System

Table No. 11.2: Product Matrix-Lines of Code
Table No. 11.3: Complexity Clarridge
Table No. 11.4: Complexity Low Medium, High
Table No. 11.5: Complexity of Component
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