ASSESSING THE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM AND DISASTER

PREPAREDNESS OF SELECTED BARANGAYS IN SOCORRO,

PINAMALAYAN, AND GLORIA: BASIS FOR ENHANCED DISASTER

PREPAREDNESS PLAN

Research Proposal

For the Degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

By:

Garibay, Abegail M.

Razell Romero M.

Abao, Angelo R.

Magpusao, Mark Neil M.

Palustre, Joy M.

Talens Gerald N.

JANUARY 2024
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Natural disasters pose significant risks to communities’ worldwide, causing loss of

lives, property damage, and disruption of essential services. In the context of the

Philippines, a country prone to various natural hazards such as typhoons, earthquakes, and

floods, it is crucial for local communities to have effective early warning systems and

disaster preparedness plans in place. This study aims to assess the early warning systems

and disaster preparedness of selected barangays in Socorro, Pinamalayan, and Gloria, with

the objective of providing a basis for an enhanced disaster preparedness plan.

Socorro, Pinamalayan, and Gloria are areas located in geographically vulnerable

regions, making them susceptible to natural disasters. These municipalities are home to a

significant population, and their communities face recurrent risks associated with typhoons,

flooding, and other weather-related events. Sta. Isabel, Recodo, and Nabuslot are

barangays of Pinamalayan that are experiencing floods. Socorro has barangay Mabuhay 2,

Catiningan, and Subaan, which are also experiencing floods and landslides in some parts

of Brgy. Mabuhay 1, being a hilly type of land. In Gloria, the barangay of Balete, Tambong,

Mirayan are also identified as flood-prone area, while the Barangay of Mirayan is a hilly

type of land which are prone to landslide. To mitigate these risks, evaluating the

effectiveness of existing early warning systems and disaster preparedness measures in these

barangays is essential.

1
 Pinamalayan

• Nabuslot has a total land area of 340.0344sq. kilometers, 88% plain type of

land and 12% hilly, the surrounding water type is a river. It is situated at

approximately 13.0493, 121. 4354, on the island of Mindoro. Elevation at

these coordinates is estimated at 21.7 meters or 71.2 feet above mean sea

level.

• Sta. Isabel is situated at approximately 13.0678, 121.4898, in the island of

Mindoro. Elevation at these coordinates is estimated at 18.2 meters or 59.7

feet above mean sea level; it has a total land area of 28,226 hectares that

shares 6.5% of the provincial land territory, the surrounding water type is a

river, and it has a portion of the hilly type of land.

• Recodo is situated at approximately 13.0299, 121.4895 on the island of

Mindoro. Elevation at these coordinates is estimated at 7.2 meters or 23.6

feet above mean sea level. The surrounding water type is sea.

Gloria

• Balete is situated at approximately 12.9361, 121.4717, in the island of

Mindoro. The elevation at these coordinates is estimated at 15.3 meters or

50.2 feet above mean sea level, the surrounding water type being sea and

river.

• Mirayan is situated at approximately 12.9390, 121.3827, in the island of

Mindoro. The elevation at these coordinates is estimated at 50.8 meters or

42.3 feet above mean sea level. The surrounding water types are rivers and

creeks.

2
 • Tambong is situated at approximately 12.9715, 121. 4866, in the island of

Mindoro. The elevation at these coordinates is estimated at 12.9 meters or

42.3 feet above mean sea level. The surrounding water type is sea.

Socorro

• Mabuhay 1 is situated at approximately 13.0965, 121. 3455, in the island of

Mindoro. Elevation at these coordinates is estimated at 78.6 meters or 257.9

feet above mean sea level. This barangay is hilly type of land.

• Subaan is situated at approximately 13.0718, 121.3680, in the island of

Mindoro. Elevation at these coordinates is estimated at 33.3 meters or

109. 3 feet above mean sea level. The surrounding water type is a river.

• Catiningan is situated at approximately 13.0513, 121.4221, in the island of

Mindoro. Elevation at these coordinates is estimated at 22.7 meters or 74.5

feet above mean sea level. The surrounding water type is a river.

Calamity Records

Pinamalayan

Hazard Year Description Affected Record

Events Barangays Damages
Pinamalyan STS Paeng 29-Oct-22 140 kph All Agricultural
barangays Assistance for
damages
estimating up
to 42.7 M
pesos
Provision of
food assistance
to 1107
families in
taking shelter
in evacuation

3
 centers and
Brgy.
Residences
with houses
made from
strong
materials
Typhoon 2020 155kpH All 41,983 total
Quinta Barangays affected
population
3262
displacecd
families
278 totally
damages and
4323 partially
damaged
houese
1.7 Million
pesos in
estimated
damage
Typhoon 2019 140kph All -Caused a total
Tisoy Baranggays damage of Php
247,172,031.50

-10,000
affected
families

Gloria

Hazard Year Description Affected Recorded Damages

Events Barangays
Gloria Typhoon 2012 155 km/h (100 mph) Barangay palay,
Son-Tinh (10- Balete bananas,vegetables,
(Ofel) min) 945 mbar (hPa) fruit trees,root
crops,coconut
trees,brgy road.
1,500,000.00
estimated costs
damage in
Barangay Balete

4
 Typhoon 2015 Barangay palay,
Melor Mirayan bananas,vegetables,
(Nona) fruit trees,root
175 km/h (110 mph)
crops,boats,coconut
935 hPa (mbar)
trees,net
estimated costs
damage 500,000.00
Typhoon 2013 230 km/h (145 mph) Barangay CROPS,
Haiyan (10- Tambong Agriculture
(Yolanda) min) 895 mbar (hPa) Fisheries estimated
costs 1,800,000.00

Socorro

Hazard Year Description Affected Recorded Damages

Events Barangays
SOCORRO Typhoon 2021 200km/h(130mph) All 1. Rice - 150
Dante Barangays hectares
(P450,000.00)
2. Vegetables
(tomato, bell pepper,
ampalaya & eggplant)
- 6.25
hectares (P51,000.00)
3. HVCC (banana,
papaya) –
9.0 hectares
(P285,000.00)

Tropical 2021 75 km/h (45 mph) All Agriculture

Storm (10- Barangays (100,000.00)
Odette min) 994 mbar (hPa)
Typhoon 2020 121-170km/h All Agriculture;(1,500.00)
Quinta Barangays Destroyed
houses;(29 ,000.00)
27,213 them
are ;listed as partially
damaged, while
2,315 were totally
damaged.

5
 An early warning system is crucial in disaster risk reduction by providing timely

and accurate information about impending hazards, enabling communities to take

appropriate actions to protect lives and property. Such systems encompass the monitoring,

forecasting, and dissemination of alerts to at-risk populations, as well as the readiness of

local authorities to respond effectively. Evaluating these early warning systems'

functionality and observation coverage is vital to identify gaps or weaknesses and propose

improvements. With the help of an early warning system, the community is expected to be

prepared and will be able to mitigate some hazardous effects caused by natural disasters.

On the other hand, a disaster preparedness plan involves a comprehensive set of

measures and protocols designed to reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience in the face

of disasters. This plan includes evacuation procedures, emergency response protocols,

coordination mechanisms, and community engagement strategies. By conducting a

thorough assessment of the early warning systems and disaster preparedness measures in

Socorro, Pinamalayan, and Gloria, this study aims to identify areas for improvement and

develop recommendations to enhance the overall disaster preparedness of these barangays.

Through collaborative efforts between the barangay officials, and relevant

government agencies, the outcomes of this study can contribute to building more resilient

communities, improving disaster response capabilities, and safeguarding the lives and

livelihoods of the residents in Socorro, Pinamalayan, and Gloria. Assessing the existing

disaster preparedness plans in the selected barangays will provide insights into their

strengths and weaknesses, enabling the development of an enhanced plan tailored to the

specific needs of these communities.

6
Statement of the Problem

This study focuses on assessing the early warning systems and the disaster

preparedness of the selected barangays within Socorro, Pinamalayan, and Gloria, Oriental

Mindoro.

Specifically, this seeks answers to the following questions:

1. What is the status of the early warning systems in the selected barangays within the

municipalities of Socorro, Pinamalayan, and Gloria, Oriental Mindoro in terms of:

1.1 availability;

1.2 accessibility; and

1.3 reliability?

2. What is the level of disaster preparedness of the selected barangays within the

municipalities of Socorro, Pinamalayan, and Gloria, Oriental Mindoro in terms of:

2.1 risk assessment and planning;

2.2 emergency supplies and resources;

2.3 Training and education of officials?

3. What is the relationship between the status of early warning systems and the level of

disaster preparedness in the selected barangays within the three municipalities in

Oriental Mindoro?

4. Based on the findings, what enhancements to the disaster plan may be proposed?

7
Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to assess the early warning systems and disaster

preparedness of selected barangays in Socorro, Pinamalayan, and Gloria. The study aims

to provide a basis for an enhanced disaster preparedness plan by achieving the following

specific objectives:

• Evaluate the functionality and effectiveness of the existing early warning systems

in the selected barangays.

• Assess the level of community awareness and preparedness regarding early

warning systems and disaster response protocols.

• Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the existing disaster preparedness plans

in the selected barangays.

• Develop recommendations for an enhanced disaster preparedness plan tailored to

the specific needs of the selected barangays.

Significance of the Study

The significance of this study assessing the early warning systems and disaster

preparedness of selected barangays in Socorro, Pinamalayan, and Gloria extends to various

sectors and individuals involved in disaster risk reduction and management. This would be

of great benefit to the following:

Local Government Units (LGUs) and Barangay Officials. The study provides

valuable insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the existing early warning systems

and disaster preparedness plans. This information enables LGUs and barangay officials to

8
identify areas for improvement and make informed decisions in enhancing their disaster

preparedness efforts. The study's findings can guide the allocation of resources and the

development of targeted interventions to strengthen the resilience of their communities.

Community Members. The study directly benefits community members residing

in the selected barangays. By evaluating community awareness and preparedness levels,

the study highlights the importance of early warning systems and empowers individuals to

take proactive measures in preparing for disasters. The findings can inform community

education and awareness programs, enabling residents to understand better the risks they

face and effectively respond to emergencies.

Disaster Management Agencies. National and regional disaster management

agencies can benefit from the study's findings by understanding the specific challenges

faced by barangays in Socorro, Pinamalayan, and Gloria. The study can inform policy

development and resource allocation at higher levels, supporting the formulation of

targeted strategies to enhance early warning systems and disaster preparedness in

vulnerable areas.

Researchers and Academics. The study contributes to the existing body of

knowledge on early warning systems and disaster preparedness at the local level.

Researchers and academics can reference the study's findings for future studies,

comparative analysis, and policy recommendations related to disaster risk reduction and

management in similar contexts.

9
Scope and Limitation

This study focuses on assessing the early warning systems and the level of disaster

preparedness of selected barangays in three municipalities of Oriental Mindoro, namely

Socorro, Pinamalayan, and Gloria. The status of the early warning systems will be assessed

regarding availability, accessibility, and reliability. On the other hand, the community's

preparedness level will be measured in terms of risk assessment and planning, emergency

supplies and resources, and training and education. Other attributes apart from these will

be disregarded.

The scope of this study will not include an in-depth analysis of specific disaster

events or their impacts on the selected barangays. While the study acknowledges the

vulnerability of the areas to various natural hazards, it will not delve into the specific details

of past disasters or their consequences. Instead, the focus will be on evaluating the early

warning systems and disaster preparedness measures in place, irrespective of recent or

historical events.

The study will primarily rely on data collection through surveys, interviews, and

document analysis. Surveys will be conducted among barangay officials and relevant

stakeholders to gather information on their knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to

early warning systems and disaster preparedness. Interviews will be conducted with key

informants, such as local disaster management officials, to gain insights into the

functionality and effectiveness of the existing systems and plans. Additional data will be

obtained by analyzing relevant documents, such as disaster preparedness plans, guidelines,

and reports.

10
Theoretical Framework

The following theories provided the foundation for understanding the main points

of the current study on early warning systems and disaster preparedness:

Social Vulnerability Theory. This theory by O'Keefe, Westgate, and Wisner

(1974) provides a foundation for understanding the underlying social factors that contribute

to the vulnerability of communities to disasters. This theory emphasizes the importance of

social dynamics, including socioeconomic status, access to resources, social networks, and

institutional support in shaping vulnerability. In the context of the study, the Social

Vulnerability Theory helps in identifying and analyzing the social factors that may

influence the accessibility and availability of early warning systems, as well as the level of

disaster preparedness in the selected barangays.Local communities can develop strategies

for both short-term and long-term risk reduction by assessing their vulnerabilities and

capacities. They can also determine what they can do to mitigate risk on their own and

where they stand to benefit from outside support. It provides insights into the disparities

and inequalities that exist within the communities and helps in formulating targeted

interventions and strategies to address these vulnerabilities.

Risk Communication Theory. This theory, which was proposed by Vincent

Covello in 1980, focuses on effective communication and information dissemination

regarding risks and hazards. It emphasizes the importance of clear, timely, and accessible

communication to enable individuals and communities to make informed decisions and

take appropriate actions. In the study, Risk Communication Theory guides the assessment

of the accessibility and reliability of early warning systems. It helps in understanding how

information is communicated to the residents, the channels used, and the effectiveness of

11
the communication methods in reaching and engaging the target audience. By applying this

theory, the study can identify potential gaps in risk communication and recommend

improvements to enhance the dissemination of early warnings and preparedness messages.

The purpose of risk communication is to enable people at risk to make informed decisions

to mitigate the effects calamities, such as a flood or an expected landslide in a hill area, and

to take protective and preventive measures. Risk Communication Theory is proven to be a

critical tool in emergency preparedness and response.

Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (Yodmani, 2001). CBDRM is an

approach that recognizes the importance of involving local communities in all stages of

disaster risk management, including preparedness, response, and recovery. CBDRM

emphasizes community empowerment, participation, and ownership in decision-making

processes. In the study, CBDRM provides a theoretical foundation for evaluating disaster

preparedness in the selected barangays. It helps assess the community's engagement,

coordination mechanisms, and capacity-building efforts related to disaster preparedness

and response. Most effective disaster risk reduction strategies engage the people most

likely to be exposed to dangers directly. Early warning systems and community-based

readiness are major in preventing fatalities, safeguarding property, and minimizing

financial damages. By applying CBDRM principles, the study can identify strengths and

weaknesses in community participation and collaboration and provide recommendations

to strengthen community resilience and preparedness plan.

12
Conceptual Framework

IV DV

Status of the Early Warning Level of Disaster Preparedness

Systems in the Community in the Community in terms of:
in terms of:
2.1 risk assessment and planning
1.1 availability 2.2 emergency supplies and
1.2 accessibility resources
1.3 reliability 2.3 training and education

ENHANCED DISASTER PREPAREDNESS PLAN

Figure 1. Hypothesized Relationship between the Variables

The conceptual model of this study is shown in Figure 1. As can be seen,

the independent variable is the status of early warning systems in terms of availability,

accessibility, and reliability. On the other hand, the dependent variable is the level of

disaster preparedness in the community in terms of risk assessment and planning,

emergency supplies and resources, and training and education. The expected result of this

study is an enhanced disaster preparedness plan.

13
Hypothesis of the Study

1. There is no significant relationship between the status of early warning system

in terms of its availability and the level of disaster preparedness in the community.

2. There is no significant relationship between the status of early warning system

in terms of its accessibility and the level of disaster preparedness in the

community.

3. There is no significant relationship between the status of early warning system

in terms of its reliability and the level of disaster preparedness in the community.

Definition of Terms

To establish a better understanding of the study, the following terms are hereby

defined:

Accessibility (of early warning systems). It refers to the ease with which

individuals and communities can obtain and receive early warning information such as the

availability of communication channels, such as sirens, text messages, mobile applications,

or community loudspeakers that allow residents to receive timely and accurate warnings

about impending hazards.

Availability (of early warning systems). It refers to the existence and presence of

early warning systems in the selected barangays. It assesses whether there are established

systems and mechanisms in place to monitor, detect, and disseminate warnings for potential

hazards.

Disaster Preparedness. It is defined as the actions, plans, and measures taken by

individuals, communities, and institutions to minimize the impacts of disasters.

14
 Early Warning Systems. This term pertains to the mechanisms and processes

designed to detect, monitor, and forecast potential hazards and issue timely warnings to at-

risk populations.

Emergency Supplies and Resources. These refer to the essential items, equipment,

and materials needed to respond effectively to a disaster.

Reliability (of early warning systems). It refers to the dependability and accuracy

of early warning systems in providing timely and valid information about potential hazards.

Risk Assessment and Planning. It involves the systematic evaluation of potential

hazards, vulnerabilities, and capacities within a community or area that aims to identify

and analyze the risks posed by various hazards, assess the potential impacts on the

population and infrastructure, and determine the best strategies and measures to mitigate

or manage those risks.

Training and Education. It refers to activities that enhance the knowledge, skills,

and awareness of individuals and communities regarding disaster preparedness and

response.

15
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the literature and studies which have a significant bearing on

the current study.

Early Warning System

The number of emergencies and disasters worldwide is rising. The early warning

system is one of the key elements of disaster risk management. This protocol is a systematic

review research with the goal of assessing the structure and effectiveness of the current

warning system. According to Khankeh et al. (2019), a comprehensive model of early

warning models, their components, elements, interactions, and structures must be created

by identifying various early warning models and their patterns and weighing the benefits

and drawbacks.

Participatory early warning System (P-EWS) suggests that more work needs to be

done to explain citizen science and how it might be mainstreamed in the Disaster Risks

Management sector. Because early warning systems operate in various political and

socioeconomic circumstances, they are social processes with varying complexity,

vulnerabilities, and capacity. Studies examining how citizens might participate in citizens’

science to support early warning systems are still lacking both practice and study. This is

significant from a social science standpoint because these efforts do no bridge the gap

between disaster prevention and citizen science. From a technological standpoint, however

the focus has been on creating systems, procedures, and strategies rather than

16
comprehending the needs of the public or finding better ways to involve them. Marchezini

et al. (2018)

Early warning system is an integrated system that facilitates preparedness and

response mechanisms trough the dissemination of early warning to reduce the impact of a

natural disaster. An early warning system helps with people’s coping mechanisms during a

natural disaster. Isarel Edem Agbehadji et al. (2023) emphasize the effectiveness of early

warning system and contribute significantly toward enhancing the use of early warning

system in vulnerable communities.

In the study entitled “An Evaluation of Availability and Adequacy of Multi-Hazard

Early Warning System in Asian Countries: A Baseline Study”, by Ignacio Aguirre-Ayerbe

et al.(2020), the concept of Early Warning Systems is widely recognised as a critical

component in mitigating the impact and consequences that natural disasters have on

communities. Similar to other terms related to disaster risk reduction, it has evolved over

time into a comprehensive framework that includes components from the upstream phase

such as detection and forecasting tools and models- to the downstream phase, which adopts

a people-centered approach. This study outlines the advantages and disadvantages of the

Multi-Hazard Early Warning System. Two goals of the study are to categorize the results:

a)the availability of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems in target countries, which was

ascertained by reviewing the literature and consulting with stakeholders, and b) the

adequacy of MHEWS, which was concluded by examining the questionnaire responses

from significant Early Warning Systems.

Another natural disaster that occurs in different places is drought, which was the

focus of a study entitled “Assessing the Effectiveness of Existing Early Warning Systems

17
and Emergency Preparedness towards Reducing Cyclone-induced Losses in the Sundarban

Biosphere Region India” emphasize the coastal areas are now more vulnerable as a result

of delays in preparedness and lack of early warning knowledge. In order to minimize these

losses, there is a deficiency in disaster management plans. Regulations and policy

interventions are also desperately needed to protect coastal communities during and after

cyclones. Many towns will benefit from an improved early warning system. The early

warning system identified four essential components: a)response capability,

b)dissemination and communication, c)monitoring and warning services, and d) risk

knowledge. A strong early warning system is necessary for timely cyclone preparation and

can also aid in minimizing economic losses. The results of this investigation can assist the

local government in improving the current early warning system architecture and preparing

for emergencies (Mehebub Sahana et al., 2023).

The results of the study “A Systematic Review on Flood Early Warning and Response

System (FEWRS) by Hamood et al.(2021), indicate that developing a model for FEWRS

based on the success characteristics included in this investigation will improve subsequent

research. The results of the review could help future researchers develop a FEWRS model

incorporating the most important components. This model could improve flood disaster

information management’s performance while operating on a limited budget by

encouraging openness, efficacy, efficiency, and decision-making.

18
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS PLAN

On the other hand, using particular keywords such as population, communities’

intervention, disaster mitigation, comparison, and outcomes (risk reduction from disaster).

The local community plays a crucial role in risk assessment, preparedness planning,

emergency response, and recovery operations. Healthcare professionals such as family

doctors, nurses, midwives, and community health workers, along with community leaders,

possess the capacity to establish rapport share knowledge, and identify those who could be

vulnerable. Mitigation is the process of minimizing loss by reducing risks through a range

of activities and measures. Planning ahead, evaluating the level of danger, and putting in

place a disaster management plan that includes rescue, rehabilitation, and relocation are

some possible first steps toward safety.Asih et al. (2023)

As per study of Alrehaili et al. Int J. Dis. Manag (2022), the results demonstrate the

usefulness of disaster management models in improving planning and management of

disasters of all kinds. Appropriate models should be employed to manage these kinds of

disasters. After finding five categories of disaster management models- logical, casual,

integrated, and uncategorized - the study concludes that the models seem useful in specific

situations. The authors of this study still need to do much work in this field, they intend to

expand on this study by doing further research into disaster management models, hoping

to encourage agencies and communities to manage disaster through these models.

Another study conducted by Wankey (2020) focused on improving emergency

preparedness and disaster management response in Barangay San Cristobal, San Pablo City,

19
and Laguna with reference to the exigency plan using localized approaches and strategies.

The proposed plan and recommendations regarding disaster management are deemed

appropriate, feasible, and widely acceptable in San Cristobal, San Pablo City, Laguna. The

plan focuses on emergency preparedness and disaster response through a localized

approach and strategies that address various contingencies. Due to the funds' unavailability,

they cannot fully execute the suggested action plan enclosed here, making it difficult to

buy supplies. Residents and Barangay Officials are actively participating in the response

efforts, joining orientation regarding disaster management that is mandatory to them

because they will become allies in case of emergencies, preparing the emergency plans,

probing any that can give hazards in their area.

As per Section 3 of Republic Act No. 10121, an individual's "Disaster

Preparedness" can be evaluated based on their ability to manage the resources at hand and

their understanding of anticipating, responding, and overcoming any hazards or threats. If

there is adequate planning and training beforehand, there may be less of an impact from

both disaster risk mitigation and effective disaster management. By equipping people with

the skills necessary to handle challenging circumstances and facilitate recovery effectively,

preparedness measures are intended to address potential reactions to any emergency.

Marilou et al. highlighted in their study that coordination with appropriate authorities for

public safety and effective communication channels are the keys to achieving preparedness

action in Kidapawan City. Schools are only passingly aware of the necessity of holding

safety seminars and fire drills in addition to safety orientations, first aid courses, and

earthquake exercises. This suggests that their preparation levels are not comparable. There

are drills for every possible disaster that may occur in schools, but the awareness of

20
earthquake drills is greater than fire drills. That being said, Kidapawan City schools appear

to have an especially high level of programs associated with disaster preparedness, based

on the average level of awareness among the schools regarding the present preparedness

strategy. Authorities in the local government close to the school locations also share a

similar level of awareness.

The study conducted by Gundran (2023) seeks to identify the challenges that different

government agencies face. It also seeks to determine what the agencies need to design and

implement disaster-simulation training. This ensures that the design and content of the

simulation training can handle specific DRRM issues. The study’s conclusion can also

serve as a roadmap for future simulation exercises that multinational corporations and other

countries handling related DRRM challenges will conduct. Aside from the difficulties

facing the Philippines’ present disaster response, notably concerning coordination,

communication, and use of ICS, other problems have surfaced with the nation’s most recent

disaster preparedness measures. To close the existing gaps in disaster preparedness and

response, the participating national government agencies in the FGD recognized these

issues and the need for training. (Gundran,2023)

On the other hand, to support the reasons for the Filipino community’s response, the

reviewed legal documents were supplemented with the academic research that has already

been published on the subject. In order to comply with local legislation, the Philippines

government updated the Hyogo framework and the SNAP program and produced the

National Disaster Response and Recovery Management Plan (NDRRMP). More research

is needed to implement the training, starting from basic knowledge, going through needs

assessment level and management, and identifying the key stakeholders for each training

21
and level. These trainings should be summative so as to create a single national training

program, where the different actors working in the country can participate and collaborate

(Vicario et al., 2019).

According to Comighud (2020) provide communities knowledge and resources

they need to deal with the aftermath of a disaster. Disaster preparation should involve not

only setting up systems that allow for prompt, efficient, and suitable reactions to such

incidents, but also identifying and organizing disaster risk reduction tactics to deal with

impending threats to people’s lives and property. In order to effectively disseminate

information to school practitioners, community members, and other stakeholders, public

schools through their DRRM core group encourage the production and distribution of

disaster-related paraphernalia (posters, pamphlets, leaflets, and signage) printed in a local

dialect as part of their advocacy campaigns. People would then be inspired to do their part

to lessen the effects of natural calamities and implementing the disaster risk reduction

management programmed in terms of human resources, material facilities, knowledge,

innovation, and education, policies, plans, and procedures, as well as capacities and

mechanisms. Based on the aforementioned findings, there is a significant relationship or

high correlation between the state of the program’s implementation in public schools and

the capacity of the public education system.

Furthermore, the results shows that LGU-Compostela has achieved a high level of disaster

readiness based on the implications of the data collected. Particularly, technical proficiency

and emergency preparation are shown to be at a high level. Conversely, it is discovered that

community awareness is rated in the middle. This suggests further that in order to make

the community more resilient to disasters, the local government should adopt a variety of

22
tactics and provide it more support when it comes to public education and information

sharing on the principles of disaster preparedness. LGU-Compostela has been classified as

having somewhat achieved disaster resilience against flooding. Considering that improving

performance in the context of institutionalizing disaster preparedness is one of the

evaluation criteria that local governments must meet in order to qualify for the “Seal of

good local”(Matunhay, 2018). The findings show that while contingency planning,

technical proficiency, and community awareness all considerably influence an LGU’s

resilience against a typhoon, technical competency and community awareness greatly

influence an LGU’s resilience against floods.

Lastly, in the study entitled “Awareness and Practices on Disaster Preparedness of

Students of a Public High School in Antique”, the data demonstrated that Antique public-

school students are highly cognizant of the need to be prepared for emergencies. All of the

eras were highly rated as well. Stated differently, these students from public schools realize

the need to be prepared for, during, and after a disaster. Meanwhile, it has been found that

the students are aware of the calamity throughout these periods. Comparing demographics,

students in Grade 10 and female students attending non-prone locales are more aware of

the need and prepared for disaster than students attending prone areas and male students in

lower grade levels. Of all the calamities the students are familiar with, earthquakes, which

frequently occur in the school, get the highest score (Ventura & Madrigal,2010).

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

In the study conducted by Sofyan Sufri MSc..Ph. et al.(2020) search and rescue

operations, first aid training, and food preparation and other necessities for emergencies

23
were common activities in communities during disaster evacuation drills. This research

examined the definitions and concepts of Early Warning System (EWSs) as well as the

relevance and significance of Community Engagement (CE) in Ewss, which has been

reinforced since its original recognition and highligthed in nuemrous recognised

international organisations’ agendas’, such the UNDRR, IFRC, and WMO. The results

show that there is insufficient CE in four EWS elements, with a single hazard emphasis

and a dominant position in the risk knowledge element. Other important issues that were

noted were difficulties maintaining CE in EWS. More methodical and persistent efforts are

needed to improve disaster response to enhance the CE in all EWS components.

TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES

The Philippine Standard Geographic System is used to demonstrate how the

system offers access to the national, regional, city, municipality, and barangay levels in an

open-source relation database. The management uses data visualization reports and

monitoring tools to show how barangays comply with disaster preparedness regulations

and support DILG policy decision-making. In order to facilitate data collection and serve

as a single repository for barangay-specific disaster preparedness information in the

Philippine context, the Barangay Disaster Preparedness Monitoring Web Application

System was created. The information gathered from the data was useful in identifying gaps

and potential improvement areas and creating projects and programs that deal with disaster-

related concerns (Garcia et al, 2016)

24
Synthesis of the Related Studies

Multiple studies emphasize the importance of early warning systems and disaster

preparedness. They highlight the need for timely and accurate warnings, community

engagement, effective communication, and integration of socio-economic factors. Specific

reviews focus on hazards such as floods, hurricanes, tsunamis, landslides, droughts, flash

floods, and earthquakes, examining various aspects, including monitoring techniques,

response mechanisms, and communication strategies.

Overall, these studies collectively emphasize the importance of timely and accurate

warnings, community engagement, effective communication, integration of socio-cultural

factors, and tailored approaches in enhancing the effectiveness of early warning systems

and disaster preparedness for various hazards. They provide valuable insights into specific

challenges and considerations for each hazard type, contributing to improving and

developing early warning systems.

25
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methods, population and sampling design, tools

and procedures in data gathering, and the statistical treatment of data.

Research Method

The researchers employed a mixed-methods approach in this study, incorporating

both quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative component utilized a

descriptive correlational research design, which examines the statistical relationship

between variables to determine the extent and nature of their association (Creswell, 2014).

Through this design, the researchers aimed to assess the relationship between the status of

early warning systems and the level of disaster preparedness, treating each variable as X

and Y. By analyzing quantifiable data, such as survey responses and numerical

measurements, the researchers aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the

relationship between these variables.

In addition to the quantitative aspect, the study also incorporated qualitative

research methods. Qualitative research involves gathering and analyzing non-numerical

data to explore and gain deeper insights into phenomena (Creswell, 2014). In this study,

qualitative methods, such as interviews and orientations, were utilized to investigate the

contextual factors, community perceptions, observations and barriers influencing the

effectiveness of early warning systems and disaster preparedness. This qualitative data

26
provided a rich understanding of the experiences, perspectives, and challenges faced by the

communities in the selected flood-prone areas.

Population and Sampling Scheme

The respondents of this study are the Barangay Officials from the three barangays

in Pinamalayan, namely Recodo, Sta. Isabel, and Nabuslot, barangays in Gloria, namely

Tambong and Balete, Mirayan and three barangays of Socorro, namely Subaan, Catiningan,

and Mabuhay 1. They are selected using the purposive sampling technique. Purposive

sampling is a non-probabilistic sampling technique used to select participants or cases

based on specific criteria or characteristics that align with the research objectives and

purposes. Unlike random sampling, which provides an equal chance for all members of a

population to be selected, purposive sampling involves deliberately selecting individuals

or cases that possess qualities or knowledge relevant to the research study. In the current

study context, the respondents were purposely chosen because they can provide the

necessary data regarding the status of early warning systems in their barangays and disaster

preparedness. This is because these barangays are the most flood-prone areas within the

three municipalities.

Pinamalayan

• Nabuslot population composition (population composition - 2,986;

(household 712; Number of Families - 884)

• Sta. Isabel population composition (population composition - 3,143;

(household 714; Number of Families - 886)

27
 • Recodo population composition (population composition - 5,020;

(household 1245; Number of families - 1,8399)

Gloria

• Mirayan population composition(population composition 1,354);

(household 400; Number of families - 120)

• Balete population composition (population composition - 3,244;

( household - 815; Number of families - 912 )

• Tambong population composition(population composition - 3,505;

(household - 1,333; Number of families - 1202)

Socorro

• Mabuhay 1 populaion composition (population composition -1,345;

(number of families 269)

• Subaan population composition (population composition -1,615; (Number

of famillies -316)

• Catiningan population composition (population composition -2,369;

(Number of families -239)

Demographic Description of the Respondents

The respondents of this study consist of barangay officials selected through

purposive sampling from nine (9) barangays located in Pinamalayan, Gloria, and Socorro.

These officials are between the ages of 30 and 55, representing a range of individuals in

the middle to late adulthood stage. The respondents comprise male and female officials,

28
ensuring a balanced representation of genders. The respondents hold various positions

within their respective barangays, including barangay tanods, secretaries, councilors, and

chairmen. Barangay tanods serve as community-based volunteers, maintaining peace and

order, while secretaries handle administrative tasks and maintain records. Councilors

actively participate in decision-making and policy formulation at the local level,

representing the interests of the barangay residents. The chairman, or Punong Barangay, is

the highest-ranking officials responsible for overseeing the governance and administration

of their respective barangays. This diverse group of officials provides valuable insights into

the status of early warning systems and disaster preparedness in the flood-prone areas of

these municipalities.

Research Locale

The research locale for this study encompasses several barangays located in the

municipalities of Pinamalayan, Gloria, and Socorro. These barangays, namely Sta. Isabel,

Recodo, and Nabuslot in Pinamalayan, Tambong, Balete, and Mirayan in Gloria, and

Mabuhay 1, Subaan, and Catiningan in Socorro, are characterized as flood-prone areas.

These barangays are slightly mountainous and prone to storms, floods, and landslides. Due

to their geographic characteristics, they are particularly vulnerable to flooding. This makes

them highly suitable for studying early warning systems and disaster preparedness. The

frequent occurrence of flooding in these barangays necessitates a comprehensive

understanding of the existing early warning systems and the level of disaster preparedness

in place. By conducting the study in these flood-prone areas, valuable insights can be

gained into the effectiveness of current strategies, the identification of potential gaps, and

29
the development of more robust measures to enhance community resilience in the face of

flood-related hazards.

Research Instruments

The primary research instrument used in this study was a researcher-made

questionnaire checklist to gather the needed data. It is a tool used to collect, measure, and

analyze data related to the researchers’ study interests. A set of questionnaires was

constructed for the respondents. The questionnaire draft was drawn out based on the

researcher’s readings, previous studies, professional literature, and published and

unpublished theses relevant to this study. The requirements for designing a good data

collection instrument were considered in the preparation of the instrument. For instance, a

statement describing the situations of issues was toned down to accommodate the

knowledge preparedness of the respondents. A good research instrument should be valid

and reliable, must gather data suitable for and relevant to the research topic, and contain

clear and definite instructions to use the instrument.

The researchers will also gather additional data or information by interviewing the

target respondents. The results from the interview will be treated through narrative analysis.

Validation of Research Instruments

To ensure the validity of the research instrument, the researchers first presented the

checklist to their thesis adviser and other experts for correction and suggestions. Then, the

corrected questionnaire was presented to the panelists for final evaluation. The

questionnaire was then rewritten based on the corrections and suggestions provided by the

30
thesis adviser and the panelists. After that, the questionnaire was finalized, conforming to

the adviser and panelists' corrections and suggestions. The instrument was considered valid

in its content as well as in its format. It is appropriate and comprehensive enough to cover

the topics and variables intended to be studied. The items adequately represent the subject

to be addressed as evaluated by the experts.

Data Gathering

Before gathering the needed data, the researchers first requested a permit to conduct

their study from their advisers. The approved request was then presented to the barangay

chairman/councilors of their target research locale. After the approval for the conduct of

the study was given, the questionnaire was distributed to the respondents. The content and

directions of the questionnaire were explained clearly to make sure that only accurate data

would be gathered. Then, the retrieval of the questionnaire was made. Finally, the data were

manually tallied and were fed to the computer system using Microsoft Excel. Then, they

were analyzed and interpreted using the statistical treatments.

In addition, document analysis was also conducted as part of the data gathering

process for the study on early warning systems and disaster preparedness. Relevant

documents related to the topic, such as government reports, policies, guidelines, and

academic articles, were collected and reviewed. These documents provided valuable

information and insights into the existing early warning systems and disaster preparedness

measures in the research area. The researchers carefully examined and analyzed the content

of these documents to gain a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. The

31
findings from the document analysis were then integrated with the data obtained from the

distributed questionnaires. This multi-faceted approach allowed the researchers to gather a

diverse range of data and perspectives, enhancing the depth and reliability of their study.

𝑛∑𝑥𝑦 − (∑𝑥𝑖)(∑𝑦𝑖)
𝑟𝑥𝑦 =
√[𝑛∑𝑥 2 − (∑𝑥)2 ][𝑛∑𝑦 2 − (∑𝑦)2 ]

Where:

rxy = correlation between x and y

N = number of respondents

 xy = sum of the product of x and y

x = sum of x

y = sum of y

x 2
= sum of the squared x score

y 2
= sum of the squared y score

( x ) = squared sum of x
2

( y ) 2

= squared sum of y

32
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