JD[C]DB [FBEDGVJVDB IF[F]DPDUDB @DPDU ED]V]DU EDB

I]HUHQ EFB@DB EHD@BCQD OFEHQ @D@DJ BDNDQ

Ehsusub btui ofofbugh tu`ds stdsf ifpfrdwdtdb `dwdt edrurdt edb irhths

Cjfg
DNFBUHDBH ]H\IX QVGFBE]H
=;5=84640;1;

VBH^F]QHUDQ BDQHCBDJ
NDIVJUDQ HJOV IFQFGDUDB
[]C@]DO QUVEH [FBEHEHIDB []CNFQH
=;=4
 EDNUD] HQH

EDNUD] HQH...............................................................................................................hh

D. ICBQF[ EDQD].............................................................................................4

4. Dbdtco
Dbdtcohh edb Nhshcj
Nhshcjc`h.....
c`h............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
.......................4
................4

=. Efnbhsh............................................................................................................8

1. Fcjc`
Fcjc`h......
h..............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
.............4;
......4;

M. DQVGDB IF[F]DPDUDB........................................................................45

4. [fb`id
[fb`idlhdb..
lhdb.........
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..........................45
...................45

=. Ehd`bc
Ehd`bcsd
sd Ifpfrdw
Ifpfrdwdtdb..
dtdb..........
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
..............
..............40
.......40

1. Hbtfrv
Hbtfrvfbsh
fbsh Ifpfrdw
Ifpfrdwdtdb..
dtdb..........
...............
..............
..............
..............
...............
...............
.................................40
..........................40

5. Hopjfo
Hopjfofbtdsh
fbtdsh Ifpfrd
Ifpfrdwdtdb.
wdtdb........
..............
...............
...............
..............
..............
....................................=4
.............................=4

6. Fvdjudsh.........................................................................................................=1

EDNUD] [VQUDID..................................................................................................=>
D. ICBQF[
ICBQF[ EDQD]
EDQD]
4. Dbdtc
Dbdtcoh
oh edb Nhshc
Nhshcjc`
jc`hh
Dbdtcoh pfrbdndsdb

d. Gheub`
Gheub` dtdu bdsdj ofrupdidb sdjurdb uedrd ydb` pfrtdod, ofopubydh
eud jumdb` (idvuo bdsh), ehphsdgidb cjfg sfidt gheub` (sfptuo bdsh). Eh
edjdobyd tfredpdt muju-muju ydb` mfr`ubd ubtui ofbydrhb` uedrd, efmu,
edb ictcrdb ydb` odsui if edjdo jumdb` gheub` (Qydhnueehb, =;;>).

Md`hdb efpdb tfredpdt bdrfs (auphb` gheub`) dbtfrhcr edb eh mfjdidb`

mfrgumub`db efb`db md`hdb dtds ndrhb`s (bdscndrhb`). ]cb``d gheub`
tfrmd`h ofbldeh = md`hdb ydhtu vfsthmujuo, ofrupdidb md`hdb jfmhg jfmdr
tfpdt eh mfjdidb` bdrfs dbtfrhcr, edb md`hdb rfsphrdsh. [frouiddb judr
gheub` ehtutuph cjfg iujht ydb` ofohjhih ifjfbldr sdmfsfd mfsdr, ydb`
ofju
ofjuds
ds if ed
edjd
jdo
o vf
vfsth
sthmu
muju
juo
o bd
bdsh
sh tf
tfop
opdt
dt tf
tfre
redp
dpdt
dt if
ifjf
jfbl
bldr
dr sdmfsd
sdmfsd,,
ifjfbldr ifrhb`dt, edb ncjhifj rdomut ydb` idiu edb mfsdr. ]domut pded
gheub` mfrnub`sh ofbdphs mfbed-mfbed idsdr ydb` tfredpdt edjdo uedrd
hbsphr
hbsphrdsh
dsh (@rddnn
(@rddnn,, =;4;9
=;4;9 [fdraf
[fdraf =;;0).
=;;0). [ded
[ded ehbehb
ehbehb`
` jdtfrdj
jdtfrdj gheub`
gheub`
ofbcblcj th`d jfb`iub`db tujdb` ydb` ehjdphsh cjfg ouicsd, ydhtu< 4)
 Icbid bdsdjhs supfrhcr, =) Icbid bdsdjhs ofehus, edb 1) Icbid bdsdjhs
hbnfrhcr, ydb` tfredpdt ldrhb`db idvfrbcsus dtdu ldrhb`db frfithj ydhtu
pjfisus vfbd mfsdr, mfrehbehb` thphs, edb efidt efb`db pfrouiddb. Eh
dbtdrd icbid-icbid hbh tfredpdt 1 mudg jfiuidb ofdtus ydhtu ofdtus
supfrhcr
supfrhcr (jfiuidb
(jfiuidb md`hdb dtds), ofdtus ofehdjhs
ofehdjhs (jfiu
(jfiuidb
idb md`hdb tfb`dg
tfb`dg
edb ofdtus hbnfrhcr (jfiuidb md`hdb mdwdg). Ofdtus-ofdtus hbhjdg ydb`
ehjfwdth cjfg uedrd pfrbdpdsdb. Eh sfmfjdg edjdo tfredpdt jumdb` ydb`
mfrgumub`db efb`db tfidi, jumdb` hbh ehsfmut icdbd. Ehsfmfjdg mfjdidb`
icbidd md`hdb
icbi md`hdb ihrh idbdb edb sfmfjdg
sfmfjdg dtds edrh jdb`ht-jdb`
jdb`ht-jdb`ht
ht tfredpdt sdtu
jumdb`
jumdb` pfomujug
pfomujug ydb` ofb`gumu
ofb`gumub`idb
b`idb rcb``d tfidi efb`db rcb``d
rcb``d
pfbefb`drdb tfb`dg, sdjurdb hbh ehsfmut tumd duehthvd fustdih, ydb
ofb`gumub`idb tfjhb`d tfb`dg efb`db ndrhb` edb jdrhb`. Gheub` lu`d
mfrgumub`db efb`db sdjurdb dhr odtd ehsfmut tumd jdiohbdrhs (@rddnn,
=;4;).
=;4;). Edsdr
Edsdr edrh
edrh rcb``d
rcb``d gheub
gheub`
` ehmfbt
ehmfbtui
ui cjfg
cjfg tujdb`
tujdb` rdgdb`
rdgdb` dtds.
dtds.
]cb``d gheub` mfrgumub`db efb`db mfmfrdpd rcb``d ydb` ehsfmut shbus
pdrdbdsdjhs, ydhtu shbus odishjdrhs pded rcb``d rdgdb` dtds, shbus
nrcbtdjhs pded rcb``d tujdb` edgh, shbus snfbchedjhs pded rcb``d tujdb`
mdlh edb shbus ftocehdjhs pded rcb``d tujdb` tdphs.[ded shbus ftocehdjhs,
ifjudrr ulub`-ulu
ifjud ulub`-ulub`
b` sydrdn pfbahuodb
pfbahuodb ydb` ofbulu
ofbulu if icbid
icbid bdsdjhs,
bdsdjhs,
ydb` tfredpdt sfj-sfj pfbahuodb ydb` tfrjftdi tfrutdod eh md`hdb dtds
icbid. [ded gheub` eh md`hdb ouicsd tfredpdt sfrdmut-sfrdmut sydrdn
dtdu
dtdu rfspf
rfspfit
itcr
cr ed
edrh
rh sy
sydr
drdn
dn pf
pfba
bahu
huod
odb
b eh
ehsfm
sfmut
ut bf
bfrv
rvus
us cj
cjnd
ndit
itcr
crhu
huss
(Qydhnueehb, =;;>).

m. Ndrhb` Ufidi dtdu ndrhb`

ofrupdidb sdjurdb ctct ydb` tfrjftdi tf`di jurus dbtdrd edsdr tfb`icrdi
(mdshs
(mdshs irdbhh
irdbhh)) edb vfrtfm
vfrtfmrd
rd sfrvhid
sfrvhidjhs
jhs ^H (Qydhnu
(Qydhnueeh
eehb,
b, =;4=).
=;4=). Ndrhb`
Ndrhb`
ofrupdidb tfopdt pfrshopdb`db dbtdrd ldjdb bdnds edb ldjdb odidbdb.
Jftdibyd mfrded ehmdwdg edsdr tfb`icrdi, ehmfjdidb` rcb``d gheub` edb
oujut
oujut sfmfjd
sfmfjdg
g efpdb
efpdb ruds
ruds tujdb`
tujdb` jfgfr,
jfgfr, if dtds
dtds mfrgum
mfrgumub`
ub`db
db efb`db
efb`db
rcb``d
rcb``d gheub`
gheub`,, efb`db
efb`db pfrdbt
pfrdbtdrd
drddb
db jumdb`
jumdb` ydb`
ydb` mfrbdo
mfrbdodd icdbd,
icdbd, if
efpdb mfrgumub`db efb`db rcb``d oujut, tfopdt gumub`db hbh mfrbdod
 hstous ndushuo, if mdwdg tfredpdt eud jumdb`, if efpdb jumdb` jdrhb`,
if mfjdidb` jumdb` fscnd`us. Ehmdwdg sfjdput jfbehr tfredpdt ldrhb`db
hidt, lu`d ehmfmfrdpd tfopdt tfredpdt ncjhifj `ftdg mfbhb`. [friuopujdb
`ftdg
`ftdg mfbhb`
mfbhb` hbh ehbdod
ehbdodidb
idb defbch
defbche.
e. Eh sfmfjdg
sfmfjdgbyd
byd tfredp
tfredpdt
dt = mudg
mudg
tcbshj ihrh edb idbdb edrh tfidi. Eh sfmfjdg mfjdidb` tfredpdt fph`jctths
(fopdb` tfb``crci) ydb` mfrnub`sh ofbutup jdrhb` pded wditu ofbfjdb
odidbdb.
odidbdb. Ndrhb` ehmd`h ofbldeh th`d, ydhtu 4) Bdscndrhb`,
Bdscndrhb`, ydb` tfrjftdi
eh mdwdg edsdr tfb`icrdi, mfjdidb` edb dtds pdjdtuo ocjjf. [ded md`hdb
hb
hbhh tfre
tfredp
dpdt
dt eud st
stru
rui
itur
tur pfb
fbth
thb
b` ydh
dhtu
tu de
dedb
dby
yd sdj
dju
urd
rdb
b ydb
ydb`
ofb`
ofb`gu
gumu
mub`
b`id
idb
b ef
efb`
b`db
db tu
tumd
md fu
fust
stdag
daghu
huss ed
edb
b tu
tumd
md du
dueh
ehtc
tcry
ry.. Uumd
Uumd
Fustdag
Fustdaghh
hh mfroud
mfroudrd
rd pded
pded bdscnd
bdscndrhb
rhb`
` edb mfrnub
mfrnub`sh
`sh ofbyfh
ofbyfhomd
omdb`i
b`idb
db
tfidbdb uedrd pded ifeud shsh ofomrdbf thopdbh. Dpdmhjd thedi sdod,
tfjhb`d tfrdsd sdiht. Vbtui ofomuid tumd hbh, crdb` gdrus ofbfjdb. Uumd
duehtcry ydb` ofb`gumub`idb bdscndrhb` efb`db tfjhb`d md`hdb tfb`dg.
=) Crcndrhb` ofrupdidb md`hdb tfb`dg ndrhb`s dbtdrd pdjdtuo jubdi edb
tujdb`
tujdb` gyceh.
gyceh. [ded
[ded md`hdb
md`hdb hbh trditu
trdituss rfsphrd
rfsphrdtcr
tcry
y edb trditu
trdituss eh`fsth
eh`fsthnn
ofbyhjdb` ehodbd crcndrhb` ofrupdidb md`hdb edrh ifeud sdjurdb hbh.
Crcndrhb` tfrjftdi eh mfjdidb` rcb``d oujut edb pfrouiddb mfjdidb`
jhedg. Edsdr dtdu pdb`idj jhedg mfrdsdj edrh ehbehb` dbtfrhcr crcndrhb`,
md`hdb crcndrhb` hbh ofohjhih nub`sh pded shstfo pfrbdpdsdb edb shstfo
pfbafrbddb. ]fnjfis ofbfjdb mfrdwdj edrh crcndrhb` ofbhomujidb eud
pfrumdgdb odidbdb tfrecrcb` odsui if sdjurdb afrbd (cfscpgd`us) edb
sfadrd sthoujdbt, idtup ofbutup jdrhb` ubtui ofbaf`dg odidbdb odsui
if edjdo
edjdo sdjurdb
sdjurdb pfrbdp
pfrbdpdsdb
dsdb.. Crcndr
Crcndrhb`
hb` ehphsdg
ehphsdgidb
idb edrh
edrh oujut
oujut cjfg
cjfg
nduafs. Nduafs dedjdg tfopdt tfredpdtbyd odado-odado tcbshjd, sfpfrth
tcbshjdd pdjdthbd,
tcbshj pdjdthbd, tcbshjd
tcbshjd ndrhb`fdj,
ndrhb`fdj, edb tcbshjd
tcbshjd jhb`udj.
jhb`udj. 1)Jdrhb`cn
1)Jdrhb`cndrhb`
drhb`
tfrjftdi eh mfjdidb` jdrhb`s. Jdrhb`cndrhb` ofrupdidb pcshsh tfrfbedg
edrh ndrhb`s. [ded md`hdb mdwdg jdrhb`cndrhb` shstfo rfsphrdsh ofbldeh
tfrphsdg
tfrphsdg edrh
edrh sht
shtfo
fo eh`fsth
eh`fsthn.
n. Vedrd
Vedrd ofjdju
ofjdjuhh md`hdb
md`hdb dbtfrhc
dbtfrhcrr if edjdo
edjdo
jdrhb
jdrhb`s
`s ed
edb
b odid
odidbd
bdb
b jfwd
jfwdtt pc
pcstf
stfrh
rhcr
cr if ed
edjd
jdo
o fs
fscp
cpgd
gd`u
`uss ofjdj
ofjdjuh
uh
fph`jctths ydb` njfishmfj.
a. Jdr
drhhb`
 Jdrhb`
Jdrhb` ofrupd
ofrupdidb
idb pdb`id
pdb`idjj tfb``c
tfb``crci
rcidb
db mfrupd
mfrupd sdjurdb
sdjurdb uedrd,
uedrd, ydb`
ydb`
tfrjftdi eh efpdb ndrhb` sdopdh ifthb``hdb vfrtfmrd sfrvhidjhs edb odsui
if edjdo
edjdo trdifd
trdifd ehmdwd
ehmdwdgby
gbydd ofopub
ofopubydh
ydh nub`sh
nub`sh ubtui
ubtui pfomfb
pfomfbtui
tuidb
db
sudrd. Md`hdb hbh edpdt ehtutup cjfg fph`jcths, ydb` tfrehrh edrh tujdb`-
tujdb` rdwdb ydb` mfrnub`sh ofbutuph jdrhb` pded wditu ihtd ofbfjdb
odidbdb. Jdrhb` tfrehrh edrh 6 tujdb` rdwdb dbtdrd jdhb 4)Idrthjd`c thrche
(4 mudg
mudg)) tfrj
tfrjft
ftdi
di eh efpd
efpdb
b ld
ldiu
iub
b sd
sdb`
b`dt
dt lf
lfjd
jdss tf
tfrj
rjhg
hgdt
dt pd
pded
ed pr
prhd
hd99
=)Idrt
=)Idrthjd`
hjd`c
c drhtfdb
drhtfdbche
che (= mudg)
mudg) ydb`
ydb` mfrmfb
mfrmfbtui
tui mfifr9
mfifr9 1)Idrth
1)Idrthjd`
jd`c
c
irhich
irhiche
e (4 mudg)
mudg) ydb`
ydb` mfrmfb
mfrmfbtui
tui ahbahb
ahbahb99 edb 5)Idrth
5)Idrthjd`
jd`c
c fph`jc
fph`jcths
ths (4
mudg). Jdrhb` ehjdphsh cjfg sfjdput jfbehr, ifaudjh phtd sudrd edb md`hdb
fph`jc
fph`jcths
ths ydb`
ydb` ehjdph
ehjdphsh
sh cjfg
cjfg sfj fphtfjh
fphtfjhuo
uo mfrjdp
mfrjdphs
hs (Qydhn
(Qydhnuee
ueehb,
hb, =;4=9
=;4=9
Dbefrsc
Dbefrscb,
b, 4888).
4888). [ded
[ded prcsfs
prcsfs pfomfb
pfomfbtui
tuidb
db sudrd,
sudrd, sudrd
sudrd tfrmfb
tfrmfbtui
tui
sfmd`dh gdshj edrh ifrldsdod dbtdrd rcb``d oujut, rcb``d gheub`, jdrhb`,
jhedg, edb mhmhr. [ded phtd sudrd pdjsu thedi tfredpdt ctct, cjfg idrfbd htu
phtd sudrd hbh thedi edpdt mfr`ftdr, gdbyd dbtdrd ifeud phtd sudrd tdeh
ehodsuih cjfg djhrdb uedrd odid tujdb` rdwdb `cbeci edb tujdb` rdwdb
mfbtui mfifr tdeh ehputdr. Dihmdtbyd phtd sudrd edpdt ofb`fbadb` edb
ofb`
ofb`fb
fbec
ecrr ef
efb`
b`db
db ef
efoh
ohih
ihdb
db sf
sfjd
jd ue
uedrd
drd ofbl
ofblde
dehh sf
sfop
opht
ht dt
dtdu
du ju
juds
ds..
[fr`frdidb hbh ehmdbtu pujd cjfg ctct-ctct jdrhb`, uedrd ydb` edrh pdru-
pdru ehgfomusidb edb ofb``ftdridb phtd sudrd. @ftdrdb htu ehtfrusidb
ofjdjuh uedrd ydb` ifjudrodsui. [frmfeddb sudrd sfsfcrdb` mfr`dbtub`
pded tfmdj edb pdbldb`byd phtd sudrd. [htd sudrd prhd ldug jfmhg tfmdj
edrhpded phtd sudrd wdbhtd (Qydhnueehb, =;;>).
e. Urd
rdi
ifd
Urdifdd ofrupdidb
Urdif ofrupdidb mdtdb`
mdtdb` tfb``crcid
tfb``crcidb
b jdblutdb
jdblutdb edrh jdrhb`,
jdrhb`, tfrmfbtui
tfrmfbtui
cjfg 4>-=; ahbahb ydb` tfrehrh edrh tujdb`-tujdb` rdwdb. [dbldb` trdifd 8-
44 ao edb ehmfjdidb` tfrehrh edrh ldrhb`db hidt ydb` ehjdphsh cjfg ctct
pcjcs. Ehbehb`-ehbehb` trdifd tfrsusub dtds sfj fphtfj mfrshjhd ydb`
ofb`gdshjid
ofb`gdshjidb
b jfbehr.
jfbehr. Jfbehr
Jfbehr hbh mfrnub`sh
mfrnub`sh ubtui
ubtui pfbydrhb`d
pfbydrhb`db
b jdblutdb
jdblutdb
uedrd
uedrd ydb`
ydb` odsui,
odsui, ofblfr
ofblfrdt
dt pdrthi
pdrthifj-p
fj-pdrt
drthif
hifjj efmu,
efmu, sfrmui
sfrmui sdrh edb
icbtdo
icbtdohbd
hbdb
b jdh
jdhbby
bbyd.
d. Qfj shjhd
shjhd mfrefb
mfrefbyut
yut didb
didb ofb``f
ofb``frdi
rdidb
db ouius
ouius
sfghb`
sfghb``d
`d bdhi
bdhi if ndrhb`
ndrhb` ydb`
ydb` edpdt
edpdt ehtfjd
ehtfjdb
b dtdu
dtdu ehifju
ehifjudri
dridb
db ofjdju
ofjdjuhh
 rcb
rcb``
``dd ouju
ujut. Gdj
Gdj hbh
hbh mfrt
mfrtul
ulu
udb ubt
btu
ui ofo
ofomfrs
mfrshg
hgid
idb
b sd
sdju
jurd
rdb
b
pfrbdpdsddb. Urdifd tfrjftdi eh efpdb sdjurdb fscnd`us, ofb`djdoh
pfradmdb`db eh md`hdb ulub` ofbulu if pdru-pdru, ydb` ofohsdgidb
trdifd
trdifd ofblde
ofbldehh mrcbiu
mrcbiuss ihrh
ihrh edb idbdb
idbdb ehsfmu
ehsfmutt idrhbd
idrhbd (@rddnn,
(@rddnn, =;4;9
=;4;9
Qhjvfrtgc, =;;49 Qydhnueehb, =;;>).

f. Mrcbius
Mr
Mrcb
cbiu
iuss ofru
ofrupd
pdid
idb
b pf
pfra
radm
dmdb
db`d
`db
b trdi
trdigf
gfdd id
idbd
bdb
b ed
edb
b ih
ihrh
rh.. Ufop
Ufopdt
dt
pfradmdb`db hbh ehsfmut idrhbd. Mrcbius tfrmd`h ofbldeh mrcbius idbdb
edb ihrh, mrcbius jcmdrhs idbdb tfrehrh 1 jcmus edb mrcbius jcmdrhs ihrh
tfre
tfrehr
hrhh = jc
jcmu
mus.
s. Mr
Mrcb
cbiu
iuss jcmd
jcmdrh
rhss id
idbd
bdb
b tf
tfrm
rmd`
d`hh ofbl
ofblde
dehh 4; mr
mrcb
cbiu
iuss
sf`ofbtdj
sf`ofbtdj edb mrcbius jcmdrhs ihrh tfrmd`h
tfrmd`h ofbldeh
ofbldeh 8 mrcbius
mrcbius sf`ofbtdj.
sf`ofbtdj.
sf`ofbtdjhs hbh ifouehdb tfrmd`h jd`h ofbldeh mrcbius sumsf`ofbtdj ydb`
ehifjhjhb`h cjfg ldrhb`db hidt ydb` ofohjhih drtfrh, jhondthi edb sydrdn.
Mfrhiu
Mfrhiutt dedjdg
dedjdg cr`db
cr`db pfradm
pfradmdb`
db`db
db edrh
edrh mrcbiu
mrcbiuss ydhtu
ydhtu 4) Mrcbih
Mrcbihcju
cjus,
s,
ofru
ofrupd
pdid
idb
b admd
admdb`
b`-a
-adm
dmdb
db`
` edrh
edrh mr
mrcb
cbiu
iuss sf
sf`o
`ofb
fbtd
tdj.
j. Mrcb
Mrcbih
ihcj
cjus
us
ofb`
ofb`db
dbeu
eub`
b` if
ifjf
jfbl
bldr
dr sumo
sumoui
uics
csdd yd
ydb`
b` ofop
ofoprc
rceu
euis
ishh jf
jfbe
behr
hr yd
ydb`
b`
ofomfb
ofomfbtui
tui sfjhout
sfjhout thedi
thedi tfrput
tfrputus
us ubtui
ubtui ofjdph
ofjdphsh
sh md`hdb
md`hdb edjdo
edjdo ldjdb
ldjdb
bdnds. =)Mrcbihcj
=)Mrcbihcjus
us tfrohbdjhs,
tfrohbdjhs, ofrupdidb
ofrupdidb pfradmd`db
pfradmd`db edrh mrcbihcjus
mrcbihcjus..
Mrcbihcjus tfrohbdjhsofopubydh ifjfbldr jfbehr edb shjhd. 1)Mrcbihcjus
rfsphrd
rfsphrdtcr
tcrh,
h, ofrupd
ofrupdidb
idb admdb`
admdb` edrh
edrh mrcbih
mrcbihcju
cjuss tfrohb
tfrohbdjhs
djhs.. Mrcbih
Mrcbihcju
cjuss
rfsphrdtcrh ehdb``dp sfmd`dh sdjurdb trdbshshcbdj dbtdrd jdhb ldjdb bdnds
icbeuish edb ldjdb uedrd pfrtuidrdb `ds. 5) Euitus djvfcjdr edb sdius
djvfcj
djvfcjdr.
dr. Mrcbih
Mrcbihcju
cjuss rfsphrd
rfsphrdtcr
tcrhh ifoueh
ifouehdb
db ofb`dr
ofb`drdg
dg if edjdo
edjdo euitus
euitus
djvfcjdr edb sdius djvfcjdr, ifouehdb ofbldeh djvhcjh (Dbefrscb, 48889
Qydhnueehb, =;;>).
n. [dru-[dru
Jftdi pdru-pdru eh rcb``d eded, ofb`gdedp if tfb`dg rcb``d eded dtdu
idvuo ofehdsthbuo.
ofehdsthbuo. [ded md`hdb
md`hdb tfb`dg
tfb`dg tfredpdt
tfredpdt tdopui
tdopui pdru-pdru
pdru-pdru dtdu
ghjus. [ded ofehdsthbuo efpdb tfrjftdi ldbtub`. [dru-pdru ehmub`ius cjfg
sfjdp
sfjdput
ut yd
ydb`
b` mf
mfrb
rbdo
dodd pjfu
pjfurd
rd.. [jfu
[jfurd
rd eh
ehmd
md`h
`h ofbl
ofblde
dehh = yd
ydht
htu,
u, pj
pjfu
furd
rd
vhsafrdj (sfjdput pfomub`ius) ydb` jdb`sub` ofomub`ius pdru-pdru edb
 pjfurd pdrhftdj ydhtu sfjdput ydb` ofjdphsh rcb``d eded sfmfjdg judr. [ded
ifdeddb
ifdeddb bcrodj,
bcrodj, idvuo pjfurd hbh vdiuo (gdopd) sfghb``d pdru-pdru
edpdt ofb`fomdb` ofb`fophs edb lu`d tfredpdt sfehiht adhrdb (fisuedt)
ydb`
ydb` mfr`ub
mfr`ubdd ubtui
ubtui ofjuod
ofjuodsh
sh pfroui
pfrouiddb
ddbyd
yd (pjfur
(pjfurd),
d), ofb`gh
ofb`ghbed
bedrid
ridb
b
`fsfidb dbtdrd pdru-pdru edb ehbehb` eded sfwditu ded `frdidb mfrbdpds
(Qhjvfrtgcb, =;;49 Qydhnueehb, =;;>). [dru-pdru ofrupdidb md`hdb tumug
yd
ydb`
b` sfmd`
sfmd`hd
hdb
b mf
mfsdr
sdr tfre
tfrehr
hrhh ed
edrh
rh `f
`fjf
jfom
omub
ub`
` (`
(`fj
fjfo
fomu
mub`
b` gd
gdwd
wd dt
dtdu
du
djvfcjh).
djvfcjh). @fjfomub`
@fjfomub` djvfcjh
djvfcjh hbh tfrehrh edrh sfj-sfj fphtfj edb fbectfj.
fbectfj. Lhid
ehmfbtdb`idb juds pfrouiddbbyd iurdb` jfmhg 8; o½.

Nhshcjc`h Qhstfo [frbdpdsdb

d. [frb
[frbdp
dpddb
ddb [dru
[dru
[frbdpdsdb
[frbdpdsdb pdru dedjdg pfrtuidrdb
pfrtuidrdb cish`fb edb idrmcbehcished
idrmcbehcished ydb`
tfrldeh pded pdrupdru. Cish`fb ehdomhj ofjdjuh oujut edb gheub` pded
wditu mfrbdpds, odsui ofjdjuh trdifd sdopdh if djvfcjh mfrgumub`db
efb`db
efb`db edrdg edjdo idphjfr
idphjfr pujocbdr.
pujocbdr. Djvfcjh ofohsdgidb
ofohsdgidb cih`fb
cih`fb edrh
edrdg, cish`fb ifouehdb ofbfomus ofomrdb, ehdomhj cjfg sfj edrdg
ofrdg ehmdwd if ldbtub` edb edrh ldbtub` ehpcopdidb if sfjurug tumug.
Idrmcbehcished ofrupdidb gdshj mudb`db eh edjdo pdru ydb` ofbfomus

ofomrdb djvfcjh, edrh idphjfr edrdg ehifjudridb ofjdjuh phpd mrcbius

 mfrdighr sdopdh pded oujut edb gheub`. [frbdpdsdb pujocbfr (pdru)
tfre
tfrehr
hrhh dtds
dtds fopd
fopdtt pr
prcs
csfs
fs ydht
ydhtu<
u< 4) ^fbt
^fbthj
hjds
dshh pu
pujo
jocb
cbfr
fr,, `f
`frd
rdid
idb
b
pfrbdpdsdb ydb` ofbuidr uedrd edjdo djvfcjh efb`db uedrd judr. =)Drus
edrdg ofjdjuh pdru-pdru, edrdg ofb`dbeub` cish`fb odsui if sfjurug
tu
tumu
mug,
g, id
idrm
rmcb
cbeh
ehci
cishe
shedd ed
edrh
rh sf
sfju
juru
rug
g tu
tumu
mug
g odsu
odsui
i if pd
pdru
ru-p
-pdr
dru.
u. 1)
Ehstrh
Ehstrhmus
mushh drus
drus uedrd
uedrd edb drus
drus edrdg
edrdg sfefoh
sfefohihd
ihdb
b rupd
rupd efb`db
efb`db luojdg
luojdg
ydb` tfpdt, ydb` mhsd ehadpdh ubtui sfoud md`hdb. 5) Ehnush `ds ydb`
ofbfomus ofomrdb djvfcjh edb idrmcbehcished jfmhg ouedg mfrehnush
edrh pded cish`fb ([fdraf, =;;09 Qhjvfrtgcb, =;;49
Qydhnueehb,=;;>).[rcsfs pfrtuidrdb cish`fb edb idrmcbehcished tfrldeh
ifthid icbsfbtrdshbyd edjdo edrdg ofrdb`sdb` pusdt pfrbdpdsdb pded
ctdi, ubtui ofopfrmfsdr
ofopfrmfsdr ifafpdtdb edjdo pfrbdpdsdb,
pfrbdpdsdb, sfghb``d
sfghb``d tfrldeh
tfrldeh
pfb`domhjdb C= edb pfb`fjudrdb AC= jfmhg mdbydi. Edrdg ofrdg
(gfoc`jcm
(gfoc`jcmhb)
hb) ydb` mdbydi ofb`dbeub
ofb`dbeubb`
b` cish`fb
cish`fb edrh sfjurug tumug
odsui if edjdo ldrhb`db, ofb`domhj idrmcbehcished ubtui ehmdwd if
pdru-pdru edb eh pdru-pdru tfrldeh pfrbdpdsdb fistfrbd ([fdraf, =;;09
Qhjvfrtgcb, =;;49 Qydhnueehb,=;;>).

m. [frbdpdsdb sfj
Urdbspcr `ds pdru-pdru edb ldrhb`db [fr`frdidb `ds C= ofb`djhr edrh
djvfcjh odsui if edjdo ldrhb`db ofjdjuh edrdg, sfedb`idb AC= ofb`djhr
edrh ldrhb`db if djvfcjh. Luojdg ifeud `ds ydb` ehtrdbspcr if ldrhb`db
edb edrh ldrhb`db sfadrd ifsfjurugdb thedi auiup mhjd C= thedi jdrut
edjdo edrdg edb mfr`dmub` efb`db prctfhb ofomdwd C= (gfoc`jcmhb).
Efohihdb lu`d AC= ydb` jdrut odsui if edjdo sfrdb`idhdb rfdish ihohd
rfvfrshmfj (rdb`idhdb pfrumdgdb uedrd) ydb` ofb`umdg ofbldeh sfbydwd
jdhb. Dedbyd gfoc`jcmhb ofbdhiidb idpdshtds pfb`db`iutdb C= edjdo
edrdg sdopdh 0; idjh edb rfdish AC= ofbdhiidb idedr AC= edjdo edrdg
obldeh
obldeh 40 idjh
idjh ([fdra
([fdraf,
f, =;;09
=;;09 Qhjvfr
Qhjvfrtgc
tgcb,
b, =;;49Q
=;;49Qydh
ydhnue
nueehb
ehb,, =;;>).
=;;>).
[fb`db`iutdb cish`fb if ldrhb`db. Qhstfo pfb`db`iutdb C= edjdo tumug
tfrehrh
tfrehrh edrh
edrh pdru-p
pdru-pdru
dru edb shstfo
shstfo idrehc
idrehcvdsi
vdsiujf
ujfr.
r. Cish`f
Cish`fb
b odsui
odsui if
ldrhb`db mfr`dbtub` pded luojdgbyd ydb` odsui if edjdo pdru-pdru,
pfrtuidrdb `ds ydb` auiup pded pdru-pdru, djhrdb edrdg if ldrhb`db edb
idpdshtds pfb`db`iutdb C= edjdo edrdg. Djhrdb edrdg mfr`dbtub` pded
efrdldtt icbsfbtrdsh
efrdld icbsfbtrdsh edjdo ldrhb`db edb aurdg ldbtub`.
ldbtub`. Luojdg C= edjdo
edrdg ehtfbtuidb cjfg luojdg C= ydb` jdrut, gfoc`jcmhb, edb dnhbhtds
(edyd tdrhi) gfoc`jcmhb
gfoc`jcmhb ([fdraf,
([fdraf, =;;09
=;;09 Qhjvfrtgcb
Qhjvfrtgcb,, =;;49Qydh
=;;49Qydhnueeh
nueehb,
b,
=;;>). Urdbspcr cish`fb ofjdjuh jhod tdgdp sfmd`dh mfrhiut<
4) Udgdp H< cish`fb dtocsnfr odsui if edjdo pdru-pdru. [ded wditu ihtd
ofbdrhi bdpds, tfidbdb pdrshdj cish`fb edjdo dtocsnfr 468 ooG`.
Edjdo
Edjdo djvfcj
djvfcjhh icopcs
icopcshsh
hsh uedrd
uedrd mfrmfe
mfrmfedd efb`db
efb`db icopc
icopcshsh
shsh uedrd
uedrd
dtocsnfr, tfidbdb pdrshdj C= edjdo djvfcjh 4;6 ooG`.
=) Udgdp HH< edrdg ofb`djhr edrh ldbtub`, ofbulu if pdru-pdru ubtui
ofb`do
ofb`domhj
mhj ci
cish`
sh`fb
fb ydb`
ydb` mfrded
mfrded edjdo
edjdo djvfcj
djvfcjh.
h. Edjdo
Edjdo edrdg
edrdg hbh
tfredpdt cish`fb efb`db tfidbdb pdrshdj 5; ooG`. Idrfbd dedbyd
pfrmfeddb tfidbdb pdrshdj htu dpdmhjd sdopdh pded pfomujug idphjfr
ydb`
ydb` mfrgum
mfrgumub`
ub`db
db efb`db
efb`db ofomrd
ofomrdb
b djvfcj
djvfcjhh odid
odid cish`f
cish`fb
b ydb`
ydb`
mfrded edjdo djvfcjh edpdt mfrehnush odsui if edjdo pfomujug
idphjfr. Qftfjdg tfrldeh prcsfs ehnush tfidbdb pdrshdj cish`fb edjdo
pfomujug ofbldeh 4;; ooG`.
ooG`.
1) Udgdp HHH< cish`fb ydb` tfjdg mfrded edjdo pfomujug edrdg ehfedridb
ifsfjurug tumug. Ded eud ofidbhsof pfrfedrdb cish`fb ydhtu cish`fb
ydb` jdrut edjdo pjdsod edrdg ydb` ofrupdidb md`hdb tfrmfsdr edb
sfmd`hdb ifahj cish`fb ydb` tfrhidt pded gfoc`jcmhb edjdo edrdg.
Efrdldt iflfbugdb gfoc`jcmhb efb`db C= mfr`dbtub` pded tfidbdb
pdrshdj AC= dtdu pG. Luojdg C= ydb` ehdb`iut if ldrhb`db
mfr`dbtub` pded luojdg gfoc`jcmhb
gfoc`jcmhb edjdo edrdg.
5) Udgdp
Udgdp H^< sfmfju
sfmfjuo
o sdopdh
sdopdh pded
pded sfj ydb`
ydb` ofomut
ofomutug
ugidb
idb,, ci
cish`
sh`fb
fb
ehmdwdd ofjdjuh
ehmdw ofjdjuh adhrdb hbtfrsthshdj
hbtfrsthshdj edgu
edguju.
ju. Ufidbdb pdrshdj cish`fb
cish`fb
edjdo adhrdb hbtfrsthshdj =; ooG`. [frmfeddb tfidbdb cish`fb edjdo
pfomujug edrdg drtfrh (4;; ooG`) efb`db tfidbdb pdrshdj cish`fb
edjdo adhrdb hbtfrsthshdj (=; ooG`) ofbyfmdmidb tfrldehbyd ehnush
cish`fb ydb` afpdt edrh pfomujug idphjfr if edjdo adhrdb hbtfrsthshdj.
 6) Udgdp ^< tfidbdb pdrshdj cish`fb edjdo sfj ihrd-ihrd dbtdrd ;-=;
ooG`. Cish`fb edrh adhrdb hbtfrsthshdj mfrehnush odsui if edjdo sfj.
Edjdo
Edjdo sfj cish`f
cish`fb
b hbh eh`ubd
eh`ubdidb
idb ub
ubtui
tui rfdish
rfdish oftdmc
oftdmcjhs
jhsof
of ydhtu
ydhtu
rfdish
rfdish cished
cishedsh
sh sfbydwd
sfbydwd ydb`
ydb` mfrdsdj
mfrdsdj edrh
edrh odidbd
odidbdb
b (idrmc
(idrmcghe
gherdt,
rdt,
jfodi,
jfodi, edb prctfh
prctfhb)
b) ofb`gd
ofb`gdshji
shjidb
db G=C,
G=C, AC= edb fbfr`h
fbfr`h ([fdra
([fdraf,
f,
=;;0). ]fdish gfoc`jcmhb edb cish`fb. Ehbdohid rfdish gfoc`jcmhb
sdb`dt acaci ubtui ofb`db`iut C=. Gfoc`jcmhb dedjdg prctfhb ydb`
tfrhidt pded rdbtdh pcjhpfpthed, ehmfbtui pcrnhrhb edb sdtu dtco mfsh
nfrrc.
nfrrc. Odshb`-
Odshb`-ods
odshb`
hb` dtco
dtco mfsh
mfsh edpdt
edpdt ofb`hi
ofb`hidt
dt sfadrd
sfadrd rfvfrsh
rfvfrshmjf
mjf
(pfrumdgdb
(pfrumdgdb drdg) efb`db
efb`db sdtu ocjfiuj
ocjfiuj C=. Mfsh mfrded edjdo mfbtui
nfrrc sfghb``d rfdishbyd dedjdg cish`fbdsh muidb cishedsh ([fdraf,
=;;09 Qhjvfrtgcb, =;;49 Qydhnueehb, =;;>). Urdbspcr idrmcbehcished.
Ifjdrutdb AC= edjdo edrdg ihrd-ihrd =; idjh ifjdrutdb C= sfghb``d
tfredpdt jfmhg mdbydi AC= edrh pded C= edjdo jdrutdb sfefrgdbd.
AC= mfrehnush edjdo sfj edrdg ofrdg efb`db afpdt ofb`djdoh gherdsh
ofblde
ofbldehh G=AC=
G=AC= idrfbd
idrfbd dedbyd
dedbyd dbgye
dbgyerdsf
rdsf (mfriu
(mfriurdb
rdb`by
`bydd sfirfsh
sfirfsh
ifrh`dt)
ifrh`dt) idrmcbdt
idrmcbdt mfrehnush
mfrehnush if edjdo pjdsod. [fburubdb
[fburubdb iflfbugdb
iflfbugdb
gfoc`jcmhb tfrgdedp C= mhjd edrdg ofjdjuh idphjfr-idphjfr ldrhb`db.
Qfmd`h
Qfmd`hdb
db edrh
edrh AC=
AC= edjdo
edjdo sfj edrdg
edrdg ofrdg
ofrdg mfrdis
mfrdishh efb`db
efb`db `u
`u`us
`us
dohbc
dohbc edrh
edrh prctfh
prctfhb,
b, gfoc`j
gfoc`jcmh
cmhb
b ofomfb
ofomfbtui
tui sfbydw
sfbydwdd idrmdo
idrmdohbc
hbc
(sfby
(sfbydw
dwdd id
idrm
rmcb
cbeh
ehci
cish
shed
ed).
). Mfsdr
Mfsdrby
bydd if
ifbd
bdhi
hidb
db id
idpd
pdsh
shtd
tdss ed
edrd
rdg
g
ofb`db`iut AC= ehtubluiidb cjfg sfjhshg dbtdrd `drhs ifjdrutdb AC=
edb `drhs idedr tctdj AC= eh dbtdrd 58 oj AC= edjdo edrdg drtfrhdj
=,> oj edjdg sfbydwd idrmdohbc edb 51,7 oj edjdo GAC= ([fdraf,
=;;09 Qhjvfrtgcb, =;;49 Qydhnueehb, =;;>).

=. Efnhbhsh
@d`dj bdpds dedjdg icbehsh ijhbhs ydb` tfrldeh ifthid shstfo pfrbdpdsdb
`d`dj
`d`dj ofopfr
ofopfrtdg
tdgdbi
dbidb
db nub`sh
nub`sh utdodb
utdodbyd,
yd, ydhtu
ydhtu pfrtui
pfrtuidrdb
drdb `ds, eh odbd
odbd
[dC= jfmhg rfbedg edrh >; ooG` edb/dtdu [dAC= jfmhg thb``h edrh 6;
ooG`.
ooG`. @d`dj
@d`dj bdpds
bdpds ehijdsh
ehijdshnhi
nhidsh
dshidb
idb mfredsd
mfredsdrid
ridb
b ifjdhb
ifjdhbdb
db `ds edrdg
edrdg
ofbldeh = thpf ydhtu thpf 4 edb thpf =.
 @d`dj bdpds thpf 4 (ghpcisfohi) ofohjhih [dC= : >; ooG` efb`db [dAC=
bcrodj dtdu sumbcrodj. [ded thpf hbh, pfrtuidrdb `ds tfr`db``u pded thb`idt
ofomrdb idphjfr-dvfcjdr. Acbtcg if`d`djdb pfrbdpdsdb thpf H dedjdg fefod
pdru idrshbc`fbhi dtdu bcb-idrehc`fbhi edb pbfuocbhd mfrdt. Qfedb`idb
@d`dj bdpds thpf = (ghpfridpbhd) ofohjhih [dAC= 2 6; ooG`. Ghpcisfohd
sfrhb` tfrldeh, edb hbh ehsfmdmidb cjfg if`d`djdb pcopd pfrbdpdsdb.

Lu`d, `d`dj bdpds ehijdshnhidshidb ofburut cbsft, pfrldjdbdb, edb eurdshbyd

ofbldeh diut, ircbhs, edb diut eh dtds `d`dj bdpds ircbhs.

1. Fthc
Fthcjc
jc`h
`h
Ded mfmfrdpd pfbyfmdm `d`dj bdnds ofburut Qgfmj, F., & Murbs, M. (=;47)
ydhtu ofjhputh<

d. [fbyfmdm
[fbyfmdm QQ[ idrfbd
idrfbd efprfsh ecrcb`d
ecrcb`db
b sdrdn ubtui mfrbdpds
mfrbdpds sfpfrth
sfpfrth pded

idsus cvfrecshs bdricthid edb cmdt pfbfbdb`.

m. @db``udb shstfo sdrdn pfrhnfr< Ifjfodgdb ctct pfrbdpdsdb edb ehbehb`
eded sfpfrth pded idsus shberco @uhjjhdb-Mdrrf edb ohdstfbhd `rdvhs.
a. Cmst
Cmstru
ruis
ishh sdjur
sdjurdb
db bd
bdpd
pdss dtds
dtds ed
edb
b md
mdwd
wdg<
g< id
idrfb
rfbdd mf
mfrm
rmd`
d`dh
dh pf
pfby
byfm
fmdm
dm
sfpfrth pded idsus fisdsfrmdsh pfbydiht pdru cmstruithn ircbhi edb dsod
mrcbihdj diut mfrdt
e. Ifjd
Ifjdhb
hbdb
db pded
pded djvf
djvfcj
cjus
us ydb`
ydb` ofb`
ofb`di
dihm
hmdt
dtid
idb
b `d
`d`d
`djj bd
bdpd
pdss thpf
thpf 4
(ghpcisfohi) sfpfrth pded idsus fefod pdru edb pbfuocbhd mfrdt.
4. [dtcnhshcjc`h

Ofru
Ofrupd
pdid
idb
b if
ifth
thed
edis
isfho
fhomd
mdb`
b`db
db vf
vfbt
bthj
hjds
dshh ed
edb
b pf
pfrnu
rnush
sh pd
pdru
ru yd
ydb`
b`
ofbyfmdmidb ghpcisfohd dtdu pfbhb`idtdb prceuish idrmcb ehcished
edb `db``u
`db``udb
db pfomu
pfomudb`
db`db
db idrmcb
idrmcb ehcish
ehcished
ed ydb`
ydb` ofbyfm
ofbyfmdmi
dmidb
db
ghpfridpbh
ghpfridpbhd.
d. (Jdomd,
(Jdomd, =;4>)
=;4>) [dshfb ofb`djdoh tcjfrdbsh tfrgdedp
tfrgdedp
ghpcishd
ghpcishd edb ghpfridpbhd
ghpfridpbhd ydb` ofomurui sfadrd mfrtdgdp.
mfrtdgdp. Qftfjdg
Qftfjdg
`d`dj bdnds diut mhdsdbyd pdru-pdru ifomdjh if dsdjbyd. [ded `d`dj
bdnds ircbhi struitur pdru djdoh ifrusdidb ydb` hrrfvfrshmfj. Hbehidtcr
`d`dj bdnds tfjdg nrfiufbsh pfrbdndsdb edb idpdshtds vhtdj, nrfiufbsh
pfbdpdsdb bcrodj hdjdg 4>-=; x/ofbht. Idpdshtds vhtdj dedjdg uiurdb
 vfbthj
vfbthjdsh
dsh (bcrod
(bcrodjj 4;-=;
4;-=; oj/i`
oj/i`).
). @d`dj
@d`dj bdnds
bdnds pfbyfm
pfbyfmdm
dm tfrpfbt
tfrpfbthb`
hb`
dedjdg vfbthjdsh
vfbthjdsh ydb` thedi defiudt ehodbd tfrldeh cmstruish
cmstruish ldjdb
bdnds dtds. [usdt pfrbdndsdb ydb` ofb`fbedjhidb pfrbdpdsdb tfrjftdi
eh mdwdg mdtdb` ctdi (pcbs edb ofeujjd)

=. Odbhn
Odbhnfst
fstdsh
dsh Ijhbhi
Ijhbhi
 Ded mfmfrdpd
mfmfrdpd tdbed edb `fldjd
`fldjd ofburut
ofburut Qgfmj, F., & Murbs, M. (=;47)
ydhtu ofjhputh <

d. @fl
@fldjd
djd edb
edb tdbed
tdbed ghpcis
ghpcisfoh
fohdd
- Ehspbfd, hrhtdmhjhtds

- Ifmhb`ub`db, ofb`dbtui, acaci

- Udihidrehd, drhtohd
- Udihpbfd
- shdbcshs
m. @fldjd edb tdbed ghpfridpbhd
- Qdiht ifpdjd
- [frumdgdb pfrhjdiu
- Icod
- Dstfrhishs
- [dphjjcfefod
- Fistrfohtds gdb`dt
- @fl
@fldjd
djd edb tdbed
tdbed pfbydi
pfbydiht
ht ydb`
ydb` ofbeds
ofbedsdrh
drh,, Acbtcg
Acbtcgbyd
byd Efodo,
Efodo,
mdtui, prceuish sputuo, byfrh eded pded idsus pbfuocbhd.
a. ]hw
]hwdyd
dydtt sfpshs,
sfpshs, pcjhtrdu
pcjhtrduod,
od, juid mdidr,
mdidr, dtdu trdbsnu
trdbsnush
sh edrdg
edrdg sfmfjuo
sfmfjuo
thomuj
thomujbyd
byd `d`dj
`d`dj bdpds
bdpds diut
diut edpdt
edpdt ofbubl
ofbubluii
uiidb
db shberc
shberco
o `db``u
`db``udb
db
pfrbdpdsdb diut.
1. Icop
Icopjh
jhid
idsh
sh

Ofburut Qgfmj, F., & Murbs, M. (=;47) Icopjhidsh edrh `d`dj bdpds edpdt
ehsfmdmidb cjfg `db``udb `ds edrdg dtdu edrh pfbefidtdb tfrdpfuthi htu
sfbehrh ehdbtdrdbyd <

d. Icop
Icopjhidsh
jhidsh pdru-pdru<
pdru-pdru< ohsdjbyd,
ohsdjbyd, fomcjh pdru, ldrhb`db
ldrhb`db pdrut hrfvfrshmfj
hrfvfrshmfj
pded pdru-pdru, pbfuoctcrdis, edb iftfr`dbtub`db pded vfbthjdtcr.
m. Icopjhidsh ldbtub`< ohsdjbyd, drhtohd `d`dj ldbtub` edb hbndri
ohcidre diut.
a. Ico
Icopjh
pjhidsh
idsh bfu
bfurcj
rcjc`
c`hs<
hs< pfr
pfrhce
hceff ghp
ghpcis
cishd
hd ctd
ctdi
i ydb
ydb`
` mfr
mfrifp
ifpdbl
dbldb`
db`db
db

edpdt ofbyfmdmidb ifrusdidb ctdi ydb` hrfvfrshmfj edb ifodthdb ctdi.

 e. @hbld
@hbldj<
j< `d`dj `hbldj diut
diut edpdt tfrldeh idrfbd
idrfbd ghpcpfrnush
ghpcpfrnush edb/dtdu
edb/dtdu cmdt
bfnrctcishi.
f. @dstrc
@dstrc-hbtfsth
-hbtfsthbdj<
bdj< strfss
strfss ujafr, hjfus,
hjfus, edb
edb pfredrdgdb
pfredrdgdb..
n. Butrh
Butrhsh<
sh< odjbutrhsh,
odjbutrhsh, ehdrf
ehdrf ghpc`jhifo
ghpc`jhifohd,
hd, `db``udb
`db``udb fjfitrcjht
fjfitrcjht..
5. [fb
[fbdtd
dtdjdi
jdisdb
sdbddb
ddb Ofehs
Ofehs
d. Icr
Icrfis
fishh Ghp
Ghpci
cisfo
sfohd
hd
Uuludbbyd
Uuludbbyd dedjdg ubtu
ubtui
i ofopf
ofopfrtdgdb
rtdgdbidb
idb cish`
cish`fbdsh
fbdsh ldrhb`
ldrhb`db
db ydb`
ofoded
ofodedh,
h, uou
uouob
obyd
yd eha
ehadpd
dpdhh efb
efb`db
`db tfi
tfidbd
dbdb
b cis
cish`f
h`fb
b drt
drtfrh
frh ([d
([dC=)
C=)
sfmfsdr >; oo G` dtdu sdturdsh cish`fb drtfrh (QdC=), sfihtdr 8;%.
Qupj
Qupjfo
fofb
fbtd
tdsh
sh ci
cish
sh`f
`fb
b yd
ydb`
b` th
thed
edi
i tfr
tfric
icbt
btrc
rcjj ed
edpd
pdtt of
ofby
byfm
fmdm
dmid
idb
b
ifrd
ifrdau
aubd
bdb
b cish
cish`f
`fb
b edb
edb bd
bdri
rics
cshs
hs AC
AC=
= (i
(idr
drmc
mcb
b eh
ehci
cish
shed
ed).
). Ld
Ldeh
eh
icbsfbtrdsh cish`fb hbsphrdsh gdrus ehsfsudhidb pded thb`idt tfrfbedg,
ydb` auiup ubtui cish`fbdsh ldrhb`db.
Cish`fb
Cish`fb edpdt ehmfrhidb
ehmfrhidb ofjdj
ofjdjuh
uh mfmfr
mfmfrdpd
dpd rutf tfr`dbtub`
tfr`dbtub` pded shtudsh
ijhb
ijhbhs
hs eh od
odbd
bd ih
ihtd
td ed
edpd
pdtt of
ofb`
b``u
`ubd
bdid
idb
b bd
bdsdj
sdj id
idbu
buj,
j, od
odsi
sifr
fr bc
bcb-
b-
rfmrfdtghb`, odsifr rfmrfdtghb`, dtdu bdsdj idbujdjhrdb thb``h.
m. Icrfish ghpfridpbhd edb dshecshs rfsphrdtcrhi
Hbh edpdt ehadpdh efb`db ofb`cmdth pfbyfmdm ydb` ofbedsdrhbyd dtdu
ofomfr
ofomfrhid
hidb
b eui
euiub`
ub`db
db vfb
vfbthj
thjdsh
dsh ubt
ubtui
ui pds
pdshfb
hfb efb
efb`db
`db `d`
`d`dj
dj bdp
bdpds.
ds.
Uuludb edrh euiub`db vfbthjdsh pded `d`dj bdpds dedjdg<
- Ghpcisfohd ydb` mfbdr
- Icrfish dshecshs rfsphrdtcrhi diut
-
Hsthrdgdt ctct-ctct vfbthjdsh
a. ^fbt
^fbthj
hjdsh
dsh ofid
ofidbh
bhss
Hbehidsh uouo ubtui vfbthjdsh ofidbhs ofjhputh<
- Dpbfd efb`db gfbth bdpds
- Udihpbfd efb`db nrfiufbsh pfrbdpdsdb 21; idjh pfr ofbht
- Uhb`idt ifsdedrdb tfr`db``u dtdu icod
- Ifjfjdgdb ctct pfrbdpdsdb
- Ifthedistdmhjdb gfocehbdohi
- If`d`djdb cish`fb tdomdgdb ubtui ofbhb`idtidb [dC= ofbldeh 66-
>; oo G`
 - Ghpfridpbfd efb`db pG drtfrh iurdb` edrh 0,=6.
- [hjhgdb euiub`db vfbthjdsh hbvdshn dtdu bcb-hbvdshn tfr`dbtub` pded
shtuds
shtudshh ijh
ijhbhs
bhs,, dpd
dpdidg
idg ic
icbeh
behshb
shbyd
yd diu
diutt dtdu irc
ircbhs
bhs,, edb sfm
sfmfrd
frdpd
pd
pdrdgbyd. Htu lu`d tfr`dbtub` pded pfbyfmdm ydb` ofbedsdrhbyd.

Lhid thedi ded hbehidsh outjdi ubtui vfbthjdsh ofidbhs hbvdshn dtdu
hbtumdsh edb lhid thedi ded icbtrdhbehidsh ubtui vfbthjdsh bcb-hbvdshn,
vfbthjdsh bcb-hbvdshn jfmhg ehsuidh tfrutdod edjdo idsus fisdsfrmdsh
pfbydiht pdru cmstruithn ircbhi ([[CI), fefod pdru idrehc`fbhi.
edb shberco ghpcvfbthjdsh cmfshtds.

M. DQVG
DQVGDB
DB IF[F]DPDU
IF[F]DPDUDB
DB
4. [f
[fb`
b`id
idlh
lhdb
db
[f
[fb`
b`dl
dlhd
hdb
b de
dedj
djdg
dg td
tdgd
gdp
p dw
dwdj
dj ed
edb
b ed
edsd
sdrr ed
edjd
jdo
o pr
prcs
csfs
fs if
ifpf
pfrd
rdwd
wdtd
tdb.
b.
[fb`idlhdb ofrupdidb tdgdp ydb` pdjhb` ofbfbtuidb md`h tdgdp mfrhiutbyd
(Pdjhe =;48)
d. Hef
Hefbth
bthtds
tds pdshfb
pdshfb// mhcedtd
mhcedtd
Ofjhpu
Ofjhputh
th bdo
bdodd jfb
jfb`id
`idp,
p, tfo
tfopdt
pdt thb
thb``d
``dj,
j, lfb
lfbhs
hs ifj
ifjdoh
dohb,
b, tdb
tdb``d
``djj jdg
jdghr,
hr,
uour, tfopdt jdghr, dsdj suiu mdb`sd.
m. [fb`idlhdb Qfiubefr
- Ifjugdb Vtdod < Ijhfb mhdsdbyd ofb`fjugidb sfsdi bdnds.
- [fb`idlhdb QDO[JF
Q < tdbed edb `fldjd ydb` ehrdsdidb ijhfb
D< djfr`h ydb` ehpubydh ijhfb
O < tdbydidb cmdt ydb` ehicbsuosh ubtui ofb`dtdsh odsdjdg
[ < rhwdydt pfbydiht ydb` ehefrhtd ijhfb
J < odidb ohbuo tfrdighr, lfbhs ydb` ehicbsuosh, pfburubdb edb
pfbhb`idtdb bdpsu odidb
F < pfbaftus dtdu ifldehdb pfbyfmdm ifjugdb

- ]hwdydt Ifsfgdtdb Qfidrdb`

 Ofrupdidb pfb`fomdb`db edrh ifjugdb utdod ydb` ehrdsdidb ijhfb
ofjdjuh oftcef [T]QU edjdo mfbtui bdrdsh
- ]hwdydt Ifsfgdtdb Odsd Jdju
[fb`idlhdb ydb` pfrju ehtdbydidb ofjhputh dedbyd rhwdydt pfbydiht
sfmfjuobyd
sfmfjuobyd sfpfrt
sfpfrthh ghpfr
ghpfrtfbsh,
tfbsh, ehdmftfs ofjhtu
ofjhtus,
s, pfbyd
pfbydiht
iht ldbtu
ldbtub`,
b`,
dbfohd,
dbfohd, pfb``
pfb``ubddb
ubddb cmdt-c
cmdt-cmdt
mdt dbth icd`
icd`ujdb,
ujdb, dsphrh
dsphrhb,
b, vdsce
vdscehjdtcr
hjdtcr,,
cmdtcmdt dehithn edb icbsuosh djacgcj, mfrjfmhgdb.
- ]hwdydt [fbydiht Ifjudr`d
[fb`idlhdb ydb` pfrju ehtdbydidb ofjhputh pfbydiht ifturubdb edb
ofbujdr.
a. [fb
[fb`id
`idlhdb
lhdb [rh
[rhofr
ofr

4. Dhrwdy
[fbhb`idtdb sfirfsh pfrbdndsdb.
Mubyh bdnds irfijfs rcbih edb ofb`h.

=. Mrfdtghb`
Ehstrfss pfrbdndsdb < pfrbdndsdb aupphb` gheub`, tdihpbfu/mrdehpbfu
rftrdish.
Ofb`
Ofb``u
`ubd
bdid
idb
b ct
ctct
ct di
disf
sfsc
scrh
rh pf
pfrb
rbdn
dndsd
dsdb,
b, ed
edb
b sh
shdb
dbcs
cshs.
hs. If
Ifsu
sujh
jhtdb
tdb
mfrbdnds < jdpdr uedrd, ehdpgcrfshs, shdbcshs.

1. Ahraujdthcb
[fburubdb aurdg ldbtub` < `fjhsdg, jftdr`h, tdihidreh.
Qdiht ifpdjd.
@db``udb thb`idt ifsdedrdb < dbshftds, `fjhsdg, idadu
ofbtdj,ofb`dbtui.
[dphjfefod.
[fburubdb gdjudb urhbf
5. Ehsdmhjhty (ifsdedrdb)
Ifdedd
Ifdeddb
b uou
uouo,
o, sdob
sdobcjf
cjfb
b Idl
Idlhh tfb
tfbtdb
tdb`
` ifs
ifsded
dedrd
rd ijh
ijhfb,
fb, ifa
ifafod
fodsdb,
sdb,
if`fjhsdgdb, ifjfodgdb sudrd mhadrd.

e. [fo
[fofrhi
frhisddb
sddb nhsh
nhshi
i
Mfr`ubd sfjdhb ubtui ofbfouidb tdbed-tdbed nhshi ydb` ofbeuiub`
ehd`bcshs edb ofbyhb`ihridb ifoub`ihbdb pfbydiht jdhb, lu`d mfr`ubd
ubtui ofb`ftdguh pfbydiht ydb` oub`ihb ofbyfrtdh pfbydiht sfidrdb`.
Mfrhiut pcjd pfofrhisddb nhshi sfsudh ]fvhfw cn Qystfo<
d. M4 (Mrfdtghb`)
Mfbtui eded edb `frdidb pfrbdpdsdb. @frdidb bdnds shoftrhs. [ded
ijhfb
ijhfb efb
efb`db
`db `d`
`d`dj
dj bdp
bdpds
ds sfrh
sfrhb`
b` eht
ehtfou
fouidb
idb pfb
pfbhb`
hb`idt
idtdb
db nrfi
nrfiufb
ufbsh
sh
bdnds afpdt edb edb`idj, sfrtd dedbyd rftrdi
rftrdish
sh stfrbu
stfrbuo
o edb hbtfracstd
spda
spdaff (HA
(HAQ)
Q).. Bd
Bdnd
ndss au
auph
phb`
b` gh
gheu
eub`
b` pd
pded
ed sf
sfsdi
sdi mf
mfrd
rdt.
t. [d
[ded
ed ij
ijhf
hfb
b
mhdsdbyd ehedpdtidb mdtui prceuithn ehsfrtdh efb`db dedbyd mdtui
efb`db
efb`db prc
prceui
euish
sh spu
sputuo
tuo ydb
ydb`
` pur
purujf
ujfb.
b. @fr
@frdid
didb
b ehb
ehbehb
ehb`
` tgc
tgcrdi
rdiss
dbtfrhcr/fisirush pfrbdndsdb, `ftdrdb sudrd ( vcidj nrfohtus ) mhdsdbyd
tfrdmd bcrodj, Byfrh eded ydb` ofbhb`idt idrfbd mdtui. @d`dj bdpds
ydb`
ydb` ehs
ehsfrtd
frtdhh ic
icopj
opjhid
hidsh
sh mhd
mhdsdb
sdbyd
yd eh edp
edpdti
dtidb
db mub
mubyh
yh rfsc
rfscbdb
bdb dtdu
scbcr
scbcr pde
pdedd sfju
sfjurug
rug jdp
jdpdb`
db` pdr
pdru.
u. Mub
Mubyh
yh rfe
rfeup
up pfr
pfriu
iush
sh pde
pdedd ijh
ijhfb
fb
efb`db
efb`db pbfuo
pbfuocbhd
cbhd ehedp
ehedpdtidb
dtidb dpdmh
dpdmhjd
jd mrcba
mrcbagcpb
gcpbfuocb
fuocbhd
hd ofbld
ofbldeh
eh
sudtu sdrdb` (icbnjufbs). [ded ijhfb efb`db lu`d eh edpdtidb mubyh
bdnds ofjfodg edb mubyh bdnds tdomdgdb rcbigh mdsdg pded shsh ydb`
sdiht.
m. M= (Mjcce)
Ehedpd
Ehedpdtid
tidb
b ded
dedbyd
byd ifj
ifjfod
fodgdb
gdb nhs
nhshi
hi sfad
sfadrd
rd uou
uouo.
o. Mhd
Mhdsdb
sdbyd
yd ijh
ijhfb
fb
tdopdi
tdopdi ofj
ofjhbe
hbeub`
ub`hh drf
drfdd ydb
ydb`
` sdi
sdiht.
ht. efb
efbyut
yut bde
bdehh pfr
pfrhnfr
hnfr ofj
ofjfod
fodg,
g,
ofbfbtuidb mdtds ldbtub`, ofb`uiur tfidbdb edrdg, edb dusiujtdsh
mubyh ldbtub` tdomdgdb
a. M1 (Mrdhb)
[dedd ijh
[de ijhfb
fb efb
efb`db
`db tfrp
tfrpdsdb
dsdb`
` vfb
vfbthj
thjdtc
dtcrr ydb
ydb`
` mfr
mfrdt
dt sfrh
sfrhb`
b` tfrl
tfrldeh
deh
pfburubdb ifsdedrdb, ehedpdtidb shdbcshs pfrhnfr mhjd `db``udb
pfrnush ldrhb`db mfrdt. [ded pfb`idlhdb cmlfithn, wdldg ijhfb tdopdi
ofrhb`hs, ofbdb`hs, ofrhbthg, ofrf`db` edb ofb``fjhdt.
 e. M5 (Mjdeefr)
[fb`uiurdb
[fb`uiurdb vcjuof cutput urhbf pfrju ehjdi
ehjdiuidb
uidb idrfbd mfrid
mfridhtdb
htdb
efb`
efb`db
db hb
hbtd
tdif
if ad
adhr
hrdb
db.. [d
[ded
ed pd
pdsh
shfb
fb tf
tfrp
rpdsd
dsdb`
b` vf
vfbt
bthj
hjdt
dtcr
cr,, pf
pfrju
rju
ofocbhtcr dedbyd cjh`urhd idrfbd gdj tfrsfmut ofrupdidb tdbed dwdj
edrh syci.
f. M6 (Mcwfj)
Ijhfb mhdsdbyd ofb`djdoh oudj, oubtdg, dbcrfishd, edb pfburubdb
mfrdt mdedb.
n. M> (Mcbf)
Ifjfod
Ifjfodgdb
gdb edb ifj
ifjfjdg
fjdgdb
db nhsh
nhshi
i sfad
sfadrd
rd uou
uouo
o sfrh
sfrhb`
b` ofb
ofbyfm
yfmdmi
dmidb
db
iftfr`dbtub`db ijhfb tfrgdedp mdbtudb crdb` jdhb edjdo ofjdiuidb
dithvhtds sfgdrh-gdrh.

=. Ehd`bcsd
Ehd`bcsd Ifpfrdwd
Ifpfrdwdtdb
tdb

4. @db
@db``
``udb
udb [fr
[frtui
tuidrd
drdb
b `ds mfr
mfrgum
gumub`
ub`db
db efb
efb`db
`db ift
ifthed
hedisf
isfhom
homdb`
db`db
db
vfbthjdsh ‑ pfrnush.( E.;;;1)
=. @db``udb ^fbthjdsh Qpcbtdb ( E.;;;5)
1. Mfr
Mfrshg
shgdb
db ldj
ldjdb
db bdn
bdnds
ds the
thedi
di fnfi
fnfithn
thn mfr
mfrgu
gumub
mub`db
`db efb
efb`db
`db sfi
sfirfsh
rfsh ydb
ydb`
`
tfrtdgdb. ( E.;;;4)
5. ]hs
]hshic
hic pfr
pfrnus
nushh sfjf
sfjfmrd
mrdjj the
thedi
di fnfi
fnfithn
thn mfr
mfrgum
gumub`
ub`db
db efb
efb`db
`db iur
iurdb`
db`byd
byd
supjdh C= edjdo ldrhb`db ctdi ( E.;;40)

1. Hbtf
Hbtfrv
rvfb
fbsh
sh Ifpfr
Ifpfrdw
dwdt
dtdb
db
B Ehd`bcsd Qtdbedr Judrdb Qtdbedr Hbtfrvfbsh Ifpfrdwdtdb
C Ifpfrdwdtdb Ifpfrdwdtdb Hbecbfshd Hbecbfshd
( QJIH ) ( QHIH )
4. @db``udb Qftfjdg ehjdiuidb hbtfrvfbsh D. [fodbtdudb ]fsphrdsh (H.;4;45)
[frtuidrdb `ds ifpfrdwdtdb sfjdod 1 W =5 Cmsfrvdsh
mfrgumub`db ldo pfrtuidrdb `ds - Ocbhtcr nrfiufbsh,
efb`db ofbhb`idt efb`db irhtfrhd hrdod,ifedjdodb edb updyd
ifthedisfhomdb`db gdshj < bdpds
vfbthjdsh ‑ pfrnush. - Uhb`idt ifsdedrdb - Ocbhtcr pcjd bdpds( sfpfrth
( E.;;;1) ofbhb`idt mrdehpbfd, tdihpbfd,
- Eyspbfd ofburub ghpfrvfbthjdsh, iussoduj, agfybf-
- Mubyh bdnds tdomdgdb stcifs, mhct, dtishi)
ofburub - Ocbhtcr dedbyd suomdtdb ldjdb
- Bdnds auphb` gheub` bdpds
ofburub - [djpdsh ifshoftrhsdb fispdbsh
 - [AC= Ofomdhi
- [C= Ofomdhi
- Udihidrehd ofomdhi
- Qhdbcshs ofomdhi
- [cjd bdnds ofomdhi
- Pdrbd iujht ofomdhi
=. @db``udb Qftfjdg ehjdiuidb hbtfrvfbsh
^fbthjdsh Qpcbtdb ( ifpfrdwdtdb sfjdod 1 W =5
E.;;;5) ldo vfbthjdsh spcbtdb
ofbhb`idt efb`db irhtfrhd
gdshj <
- ^cjuof thedj ofbhb`idt
- Ehpsbfd ofburub
pdru
- Dusiujtdsh mubyh bdpds
- Ocbhtcr sdturdsh cish`fb
- Ocbhtcr bhjdh D@E
- Ocbhtcr gdshj W-rdy Ucrdis
- Dtur hbtfrvdj pfodbtdudb
rfsphrdsh sfsudhicbehsh pdshfb
- Eciuobftdshidb gdshj
pfodbtdudb
- Lfjdsidb tuludb edb prcsfeur
pfodbtdudb
Ufrdpfuthi
- Dtur hbtfrvdj pfodbtdudb
rfsphrdsh sfsudh icbehsh pdshfb
- Eciuofbtdshidb gdshj
pfodbtdudb
Feuidsh
- Lfjdsidb tuludb edb prcsfeur
pfodbtdudb
M.Ufrdph
CmsfrvdshCish`fb (H.;4;=>)
- Ocbhtcr ifafpdtdb djhrdb
cish`fb
- Ocbhtcr pcshsh djdt tfrdph
cish`fb
- Ocbhtcr fnfithnhtds tfrdph
cish`fb ( ohsdjbyd cishoftrh,
dbdjhsd `ds edrdg)
- Ocbhtcr tdbed tdbed
ghpcvfbthjdsh
Ufrdpfuthi
- [frtdgdbidb ifpdtfbdb ldjdb
bdnds
- Mfrhidb cish`fb tdomdgdb, lhid
pfrju
- @ubdidb pfrdb`idt cish`fb ydb`
sfsudh efb`db thb`idt ocmhjhtds
pdshfb
D. Euiub`db
Euiub`db ^fbthjd
^fbthjdsh
sh ( H.;4;;=)
H.;4;;=)
Cmsfrvdsh
- Hefbthnhidsh dedbyd ifjfjdgdb
ctct mdbtu bdnds
Ufrdpfuthi
- [frtdgdbidb ifpdtfbdb ldjdb
bdnds
 - [fb``ubddb ctct mdbtu - mfrhidb cish`fb sfsudh
bdnds ofburub ifmutugdb ( ohssdj, bdsdj idbuj,
- [AC= Ofomdhi odsifr wdldg, odsifr
- [C= Ofomdhi rfmrfdtghb` dtdu bcb rfmrfdtghb`)
- Udihidrehd ofomdhi - `ubdidb md` vdjvf ods, lhid pfrju
1. Mfrshgdb ldjdb Qftfjdg ehjdiuidb hbtfrvfbsh D. Odbdlfof
Odbdlfofb
b ldjdb bdnds
bdnds thedi fnfithn ifpfrdwdtdb sfjdod 1 W =5 (H.;4;44)
mfrgumub`db ldo mfrshgdb ldjdb bdnds Cmsfrvdsh
efb`db sfirfsh ofbhb`idt efb`db irhtfrhd - Ocbhtcr pcjd bdnds ( Nrfiufbsh,
ydb` tfrtdgdb. gdshj < ifedjdodb, usdgd bdnds).
( E.;;;4) - Ofb`h ofburub - Ocbhtcr mubyh bdnds tdomdgdb
- Ehpsbfd ofburub ( ohs, ofb`h edb rcbih ifrhb`)
- Qhdbcshs ofburub Ufrdpfuthi
- @fjhsdg ofburub - [frtdgdbidb ifpdtfbdb ldjdb bdnds
- Nrfiufbsh bdnds ofomdhi efb`db gfde thtt edb aghb jhnt ( ldw
- [cjd bdnds ofomdhi ‑ tgrust lhid aurh`d trduod
sfrvhidj )
- Jdiuidb nhshctfrdph eded, lhid
pfrju
-
Jdiuidb pfb`ghsdpdb
iurdb` edrh 46 efthi jfbefr
- Mfrhidb cish`fb, lhid pfrju.
5. ]hshic pf
pfrnush Qftfjdg ehjdiuidb hbtfrvfbsh D. Odbdlfof
Odbdlfofb b [fbhb`idtdb
sfjfmrdj thedi ifpfrdwdtdb sfjdod 1 W =5 tfidbdb hbtrdardbhdj (H.;>485)
fnfithn ldo pfrnush sfjfmrdj Cmsfrvdsh
mfrgumub`db ofbhb`idt efb`db irhtfrhd - Ocbhtcr tdbed/`fldjd
efb`db iurdb`byd gdshj < pfbhb`idtdb UHI ( ohs, tfidbdb
supjdh C= edjdo - Uhb`idt ifsdedrdb edrdg ofbhb`idt , tfidbdb bdeh
ldrhb`db ctdi
ctdi ofbhb`idt ofjfmdr, mrdehidrehd, pcjd bdnds
( E.;;40) - Ufidbdb edrdg shstcjhi hrf`ujfr, ifsdedrdb ofburub.
ofomdhi - Ocbhtcr stdtus pfrbdndsdb
- Ufidbdb edrdg ehdstcjha - Ocbhtcr hbtdif edb cutput adhrdb
ofomdhi Ufrdpfuthi
- Dtur vfbthjdtcr d`dr pdAC= cpthodj
- [frtdgdbidb sugu tumug bcrodj.

5. Hopjfofb
Hopjfofbtdsh
tdsh Ifpfrdwd
Ifpfrdwdtdb
tdb
[fjdisdbddb dedjdg rfdjhsdsh rfbadbd thbedidb ubtui ofbadpdh tuludb ydb`
tfjdg ehtftdpidb. If`hdtdb edjdo pfjdisdbddb lu`d ofjhputh pfb`uopujdb
edtdd mfrifj
edt mfrifjdbl
dblutd
utdb,
b, ofb`cm
ofb`cmsfrv
sfrvdsh
dsh rfspcbs
rfspcbs ijhfb
ijhfb sfjdod
sfjdod edb sfsuedg
sfsuedg
pfjdisdbddb thbedidb, sfrtd ofbhjdh edtd ydb` mdru.

- Udgdp-Udgdp edjdo [fjdisdbddb

4. Udgdp [frshdpdb

• ]fvhfw rfbadbd thbedidb ifpfrdwdtdb.

• Dbdjhshs pfb`ftdgudb edb iftfrdophjdb ydb` ehpfrjuidb.

• Dbthshpdsh icopjhidsh ydb` didb thomuj.

• Ofopfrshdpidb pfrdjdtdb ydb` ehpfrjuidb (wditu, tfbd`d, djdt).

• Ofb`hefbthnhidsh dspfi-dspfi guiuo edb fthi.

• Ofofrgdthidb gdi-gdi pdshfb, dbtdrd jdhb sfmd`dh mfrhiut.

d. Gdi dtds pfjdydbdb ifsfgdtdb sfsudh efb`db stdbedr pfjdydbdb

ifsfgdtdb.

m. Gdi dtds hbncrodsh.

a. Gdi ubtui ofbfbtuidb bdshm sfbehrh.

e. Gdi dtds sfacbe cphbhcb.

=. Udgdp [fjdisddb

• Mfrncius pded ijhfb.

• Mfrcrhfbtdsh pded tuludb edb irhtfrhd gdshj.

• Ofopfrgdthidb ifdodbdb nhshi edb sphicjc`hs ijhfb.

• Icopftfb.

1. Udgdp Qfsuedg [fjdisddb

• Ofbhjdh ifmfrgdshjdb thbedidb.

• Ofbeciuofbtdshidb thbedidb, ydb` ofjhputh<

d. Dithvh
Dithvhtds/
tds/thb
thbedi
edidb
db pfrdwd
pfrdwdt.
t.
m. Gdshj/rfspcbs pdshfb.
a. Udb`
Udb``d
`dj/l
j/ldo
do,, bc
bcoc
ocrr ehd`
ehd`bc
bcsh
shss if
ifpf
pfrd
rdwd
wdtd
tdb,
b,
tdbed tdb`db.
Mfrhiut acbtcg ncrodt pfjdisdbddb <
 Icef Udb``dj/ Uhbedidb [drdn
Ehd`bcsd [uiuj edb
ifpfrdwdtdb
Gdshj

6. Fvdjudsh
Fvdjudsh dedjdg pfbhjdhdb efb`db adrd ofomdbehb`idb pfrumdgdb ifdeddb
pdshfb (gdshj ydb` ehdodth) efb`db tuludb edb irhtfrhd gdshj ydb` ehmudt
pded tdgdp pfrfbadbddb.

D. Odado Fvdjudsh

4. Fvdjudsh [rcsfs (Ncrodthn)

 Fvdjudsh ydb` ehjdiuidb sfthdp sfjfsdh thbedidb.

 Mfrcrhfbtdsh pded fthcjc`h.

 Eh
Ehjd
jdiu
iuid
idb
b sf
sfad
adrd
rd tfru
tfrus-
s-of
ofbf
bfru
russ sd
sdop
opdh
dh tu
tulu
ludb
db yd
ydb`
b` tf
tfjd
jdg
g
ehtfbtuidb tfradpdh.

=. Fvdjudsh Gdshj (Quodthn)

 Fvdjudsh ydb` ehjdiuidb sftfjdg dighr thbedidb ifpfrdwdtdb sfadrd

pdrhpurbd.

 Mfrcrhfbtdsh pded odsdjdg ifpfrdwdtdb.

 Ofblfjdsidb ifmfrgdshjdb/ifthedimfrgdshjdb.

 ]fidphtujdsh edb ifshopujdb stdtus ifsfgdtdb ijhfb sfsudh efb`db

ifrdb`id wditu ydb` ehtftdpidb.
M. Icopcbfb QCD[/QCD[HF]
[fb`frthdb QCD[HF] dedjdg sfmd`dh mfrhiut<

• Q< Edtd Qumlfithn

[frdwd
[frdwdtt ofbujh
ofbujhsid
sidb
b ifjugd
ifjugdb
b pdshfb
pdshfb ydb`
ydb` odshg
odshg ehrdsdi
ehrdsdidb
db sftfjdg
sftfjdg
ehjdiuidb thbedidb ifpfrdwdtdb.

• C< Edtd Cmlfithn

Edtd cmlfithn dedjdg edtd mfredsdridb gdshj pfb`uiurdb dtdu cmsfrvdsh

pfrdwdt sfadrd jdb`sub` ifpded ijhfb, edb ydb` ehrdsdidb ijhfb
sftfjdg ehjdiuidb thbedidb ifpfrdwdtdb.

• D< Dbdjhshs

Hbtfrprftdsh edrh edtd sumlfithn edb edtd cmlfithn Dbdjhshs ofrupdidb

sudtu odsdjdg dtdu ehd`bcshs ifpfrdwdtdb ydb` odshg tfrldeh dtdu
lu`d edpdt ehtujhsidb odsdjdg/ehd`bcshs mdru ydb` tfrldeh dihmdt
pfrumdgdb stdtus ifsfgdtdb ijhfb ydb` tfjdg tfrhefbthnhidsh edtdbyd
edjdo edtd sumlfithn edb cmlfithn.

• [< [jdbbhb`

[frf
[frfba
badb
dbddb
ddb if
ifpf
pfrd
rdwd
wdtdb
tdb yd
ydb`
b` di
didb
db eh
ehjd
jdbl
blut
utid
idb,
b, eh
ehgf
gfbt
bthi
hidb
db,,
ehocehnhi
ehocehnhidsh,
dsh, dtdu ehtdomdgid
ehtdomdgidb
b edrh rfbadbd
rfbadbd thbedidb
thbedidb ifpfrdwdtdb
ifpfrdwdtdb
ydb` tfjdg ehtfbtuidb sfmfjuobyd. Uhbedidb ydb` tfjdg ofbubluiidb
gdshj ydb` ofoudsidb edb thedi ofofrjuidb thbedidb ujdb` pded
uouo
uouoby
bydd ehgf
ehgfbt
bthi
hidb
db.. Uhbe
Uhbedi
didb
db yd
ydb`
b` pf
pfrj
rju
u eh
ehjd
jdbl
blut
utid
idb
b de
dedj
djdg
dg
thbedidb ydb` odshg icopftfb ubtui ofbyfjfsdhidb odsdjdg ijhfb
edb ofomutugidb wditu ubtui ofbadpdh ifmfrgdshjdbbyd. Uhbedidb
ydb` pfrju ehocehnhidsh dedjdg thbedidb Xdb` ehrdsd edpdt ofomdbtu
ofbyfjfsdhid
ofbyfjfsdhidb
b odsdjdg ijhfb, tftdph
tftdph pfrju ehthb`idtidb
ehthb`idtidb iudjhtdsbyd
iudjhtdsbyd
dtdu
dtdu ofop
ofopub
ubyd
ydhh djtfr
djtfrbd
bdthn
thn phjh
phjhgd
gdb
b yd
ydb`
b` jd
jdhb
hb yd
ydb`
b` eh
eheu
eu`d
`d ed
edpd
pdtt
ofomdbtu
ofomdbtu ofopfrafpdt
ofopfrafpdt prcsfs pfbyfomug
pfbyfomugdb.
db. Qfedb`idb
Qfedb`idb,, rfbadbd
rfbadbd
thbedidb ydb` mdru/sfmfjuobyd thedi ded edpdt ehtfbtuidb mhjd thomuj
odsdjdg mdru dtdu rfbadbd thbedidb Xdb` suedg thedi icopftfb jd`h
ubtui ofbyfjfsdhidb odsdjdg ydb` ded.
• H< Hopjfofbtdsh

Hopjfo
Hopjfofbt
fbtdsh
dsh dedjdg
dedjdg thbedi
thbedidb
db ifpfrd
ifpfrdwdt
wdtdb
db ydb`
ydb` ehjdiu
ehjdiuidb
idb sfsudh
sfsudh
efb`
efb`db
db hbtr
hbtrui
uish
sh ydb`
ydb` tfjd
tfjdg
g tf
tfrh
rhef
efbt
bthn
hnhi
hids
dshh ed
edjd
jdo
o ic
icop
opcb
cbfb
fb [
(pfrfbadbddb). Ldb`db jupd ofbujhsidb tdb``dj edb ldo pfjdisdbddb.

•
F< Fvdjudsh
Fvdjudsh dedjdg rfspcbs ijhfb sftfjdg ehjdiuidb thbedidb ifpfrdwdtdb.
• ]< ]fdssfsofbt

]fds
]fdssfs
sfsof
ofbt
bt de
dedj
djdg
dg pf
pfb`
b`id
idlh
lhdb
db uj
ujdb
db`
` yd
ydb`
b` eh
ehjd
jdiu
iuid
idb
b tf
tfrg
rgde
dedp
dp
pfrfbadbddb sftfjdg ehiftdguh gdshj fvdjudsh, dpdidg edrh rfbadbd
thbedidb pfrju ehjdblutidb, ehocehnhidsh, dtdu ehgfbthidb3

Mfrhiut acbtcg ncrodt fvdjudsh <

Ehd`bcsd Udb``dj / Adtdtdb [drdn

Ifpfrdwdtdb Ldo [frifomdb`db
 EDNUD] [VQUDID

Ifofbtrhdb Ifsfgdtdb ]H. =;40. Mdgdb dldr Ifmhedbdb Dbdtcoh edb Nhshcjc`h.
Nhshcjc`h.
Ldidrtd< Ifofbifs ]H.
Qgfmj, F., & Murbs, M. (=;47). ]fsphrdtcry ndhjurf.

Uho [cild
[cild QEIH
QEIH E[[
E[[ [[BH.=
[[BH.=;4>
;4>.. Qtdb
Qtdbedr
edr Ehd`bcshs
Ehd`bcshs Ifpfrdwdtd
Ifpfrdwdtdb b Hbecbfshd
Hbecbfshd
Efnhbhsh Edb Hbehidtcr Ehdbcsthi. Ldidrtd Qfjdtdb < Efwdb [fb`urus [usdt
[frsdtudb [frdwdt Bdshcbdj Hbecbfshd (E[[ [[BH)
Uho [cild
[cild QHIH
QHIH E[[ [[BH.
[[BH.=;4
=;4>.
>.Qtdb
Qtdbedr
edr Hbtfrvfbsh
Hbtfrvfbsh Ifpfrdwdtdb
Ifpfrdwdtdb Hbecbfshd
Hbecbfshd
Efnhbhsh Edb Uhbedidb Ifpfrdwdtdb.
Ifpfrdwdtdb. Ldidrtd Qfjdtdb < Efwdb [fb`urus
[usdt [frsdtudb [frdwdt Bdshcbdj Hbecbfshd (E[[ [[BH)
Uho
Uho [cil
[cildd QJIH
QJIH E[[
E[[ [[BH
[[BH.=
.=;4
;4>.
>.Qtd
Qtdbed
bedrr Judrdb
Judrdb Ifpfrd
Ifpfrdwdt
wdtdb
db Hbecb
Hbecbfshd
fshd
Efnhbhsh Edb Irhtfrhd Gdshj Ifpfrdwdtdb.
Ifpfrdwdtdb. Ld Ldid
idrt
rtdd Qf
Qfjd
jdtd
tdb
b < Efwd
Efwdbb
[fb`urus [usdt [frsdtudb [frdwdt Bdshcbdj Hbecbfshd (E[[ [[BH)
Pdjh
Pdjhe,
e, Qh
Qhnu
nujj ed
edb
b Bh
Bhio
iodtu
dturr ]cgo
]cgodg
dg.=
.=;4
;48.
8. [rcs
[rcsfs
fs Ifpf
Ifpfrd
rdwd
wdtdb
tdb<< Ufcr
Ufcrhh ed
edb
b
Dpjhidsh.Xc`ydidrtd < Dr-]uzz Ofehd.