Answer the following questions.

Provide no more than a brief (one sentence) description/definition to

elaborate an answer.

Name: RAIHANA A. HADJI SIRAD

1-3 What 3 conditions must be met

to establish causality?

Establishing causality typically requires demonstrating temporal sequence, association between

the cause and effect, and the elimination of alternative explanations.

4. What research design can

satisfactorily meet these 3 conditions?

A randomized controlled trial (RCT) effectively meets these conditions by randomly assigning
participants to groups, controlling for confounding variables, and assessing temporal sequence and
association between cause and effect.

5. What is a “unit of analysis”

and how do you decide what is your unit of analysis in multi-level studies?

The "unit of analysis" is what you're studying, like individual people or groups. In multi-level
studies, you choose it based on what level your phenomenon of interest operates at and what data you
have available.

6. Give 3 examples of probability

sampling.

Examples of probability sampling include simple random sampling, stratified random sampling,
and cluster sampling.

7. Give 3 examples of
non-probability sampling.

Examples of non-probability sampling include convenience sampling, snowball sampling, and

purposive sampling.

8. What is a sampling frame?

A sampling frame is a list or a source that contains all the elements of the population that are
eligible to be included in a sample, providing a basis for selecting a representative sample.

9. Give 3 examples of qualitative

data collection methods or techniques.

Examples of qualitative data collection methods include interviews, observation, and focus
groups.

10. What are the 3 major types/sources

of survey bias?

The three major types/sources of survey bias are selection bias, response bias, and
measurement bias.