MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY Chlamydia ................................................................................

9
Rickettsia ................................................................................. 9 INTRODUCTION
Table of Contents Bartonella ................................................................................ 9
Anton Van Leeuwonhoek
Coxiella burneti ........................................................................ 9
INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 1 - Father of Microbiology
SPIROCHETES ..............................................................9 - Father of Microscopy
BACTERIA ................................................................... 2 - used the term “animalcules/beasties”
Borrelia recurrentis.................................................................. 9
Anatomy ...................................................................................2 Louis Pasteur
Treponema pallidum ............................................................. 10
Physiology ................................................................................3 - Father of Modern Microbiology
Leptospira interrogans .......................................................... 10
Growth .................................................................................3 - fermentation
Nutrition................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. ACID-FAST BACTERIA................................................. 10 - pasteurization
Structure ..............................................................................3 Mycobacterium ..................................................................... 10 - proved the Theory of Biogenesis
Metabolism ..........................................................................3 - formulated the rabies vaccine
WALL-LESS BACTERIA ................................................ 10
Energy Production................................................................4 Joseph Lister
ZOONOTIC DISEASE ................................................... 11 - Father of Antiseptic Surgery
GRAM (+) BACTERIA ................................................... 5
Gram (+) cocci ..........................................................................5 Tables ....................................................................... 11 - phenol/carbolic acid (first antiseptic)
Streptococci .........................................................................5 - phenol coefficient; S. typhi
Staphylococci .......................................................................5 Robert Koch
Gram (+) spore-forming bacilli .................................................6 - Father of Microbial Techniques
Bacillus .................................................................................6 - Father of Bacteriology
Living
Clostridium ...........................................................................6 - Father of Medical Microbiology
Gram (+) non-spore forming bacilli (CLAN) ..............................6
Things - Koch’s Postulate
- V. cholera
GRAM (–) BACTERIA ................................................... 7 - B. anthracis
Enterobacteriaceae (SPEcKS) ...................................................7 Eukaryotes Prokaryotes
- M. tuberculosis – aka Koch’s bacilli
Salmonella ...........................................................................7 Paul Ehrlich
Proteus mirabilis ..................................................................7 - Father of Chemotherapy
Escherichia coli.....................................................................7 Single cellular Multi-cellular Monera - Salvarsan (first chemotherapeutic) – Arsphenamine,
Klebsiella pneumoniae .........................................................7 Compound 606, Private 606, magic bullet
Shigella dysenteriae .............................................................7 Alexander Fleming
Vibrionaceae ........................................................................7 - penicillin (first antibiotic)
Neisseriae .................................................................................8 Protista cell wall no cell wall
- from Penicillium notatum
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ........................................................8 Julius Richard Petri
Bacteroides fragilis ...................................................................8 - petri dish
photo- nonphoto-
Haemophilus influenzae ..........................................................8 synthesis synthesis Animalia Gerhard Domagk
Gardnerella vaginalis................................................................8 - discovered Prontosil
Bordatella pertussis .................................................................8 Emil Von Behring
Legionella pneumophila ...........................................................9 Plantae Fungi - discovered diphtheria toxin and developed an
ATYPICAL BACTERIA.................................................... 9 antitoxin (first antitoxin)

CVRGuiao, RPh 1
Rudolf Virchow BACTERIA Characteristics Exotoxin Endotoxin
- Father of Pathology Composition Protein Lipid (cell wall)
- unicellular
- proposed the Theory of Biogenesis Release by: Production Destruction
- divide by binary fission Stability Unstable Resist autoclave
Ignaz Semmelweis
- peptidoglycan cell wall Potency More potent Less potent
- surgical hand-washing
use wide range of substance for nutrition Toxoid (+) (–)
Edward Jenner
Cocci – sphere shaped Cytotoxin (affects cell
- Father of Immunology
Bacilli – rod shaped formation)
- smallpox vaccine from cowpox Pyrogenic (fever,
Spiral – spirochetes—Borrelia, Leptospira, Treponema Signs and Neurotoxin (affects
Aristotle chills, pain,
Comma – curved shaped—Vibrio symptoms neurons)
- proposed the Theory of Abiogenesis Enterotoxin (affects
malaise)
Staph – cluster
Carolus Linnaeus GIT)
Strep – chains, strips
- proposed the binomial naming Gas gangrene
Diplo – double—Neisseria (kidney bean/donut shaped), S. Typhoid
- Father of Taxonomy Tetanus
pneumoniae (lancet shaped) UTI
- proposed the two-kingdom system—Plantae and Example Botulism
Meningococcal
Animalia Diphtheria
Anatomy meningitis
Woese Scarlet fever
- proposed the three-kingdom system—Bacteria, Capsule Cytoplasmic Membrane
Archae, Eukarya - polysaccharide - maintains cell integrity
- proposed the six-kingdom system—Bacteria, Archae, - used for avoiding phagocytosis - regulates transport
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia - used for adherence or attachment - specialized function (respiration, photosynthesis,
Whittaker - used to resist desiccation protein secretion)
- proposed the five-kingdom system—Monera, - antigen K – “KAPSULE”
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia (currently used) - Staining method: Negative stain (Gin and Welch Pilus
method) - hair-like structure in cell
- capsulated fungi: C. neoformans - composed of pilin (protein)
CELL TYPES - only polypeptide capsule: B. anthracis (Poly-D- - used for adherence or attachment
Characteristics Prokaryotes Eukaryotes - used for mating or conjugation (sex pilus)
glutamate)
Genetic materials In cytoplasm In nucleus
- virulence factor of N. gonorrhea
Divide by: Binary fission Mitosis
Membrane-bound Cell wall
organelles
(–) (+) - peptidoglycan, can endotoxin Flagella
Linear (with - gives shape and resistance to lysis by osmotic shock - composed of flagellin (protein)
DNA No histone - antigen H – “FLAGELLAH”
histone) - antigen O – “CELL WOLL”
Cell wall Peptidoglycan Varies - Staining method: Gram stain - used for motility
Flagella, cilia (+) (–) Characteristics Gram (+) Gram (–) - used for chemotaxis
Peptidoglycan 60-100% 5-10%  (+) towards stimuli e.g. nutrients
Endotoxin  (–) away from stimuli
Exotoxin - responsible for the run and tumble movement of L.
Penicillin monocytogenes
- Staining method: Clark method
CVRGuiao, RPh 2
 Flagella Orientation Characteristics Staining method Parts Result Selective Media – suppression of unwanted microorganism
Atrichous No flagellum Gram staining Gram (+) Blue and encouraging the growth of desired microorganism e.g.
Monotrichous One flagellum Gram (–) Red Sabouraud’s dextrose agar
Amphitrichous Two flagella on opposite side Schaeffer-Fulton Spore-former Green Reducing Media – growth of obligate anaerobes; also called
Lophotrichous Several flagella on one side “anaerobic media” e.g. Thioglycollate broth
Ziel Nielsen Acid fast Red
Peritrichous Flagella on all sides Media Type Notes
Feulgen Nuclei
Welch Capsule Nutrient Basic No special requirements
Axial filament Enrichment Differentiate α, β, and γ
Gin Capsule Blood
- flagella-like structure Differential hemolytic bacteria
- used for the movement of spirochetes Clark Flagella
Thioglycollate Reducing Anaerobic bacteria
- present only in gram (–) Physiology - bile salts: increase growth of
Growth McConkey
Selective enteric mo
Cytoplasm Generation time – time for the bacteria to double in size and Differential - crystal violet: inh gram (+)
- viscous aqueous suspension of protein, nucleic acid, split into two - lactose: diff. fermenters
dissolved organic compounds, mineral salts Bacterial replication – binary fission Sabouraud
Selective Fungi, pH=5-6
- contains enzymes and storage granules Bacterial Growth Curve dextrose
M. tuberculosis (serpentine
Lag phase – period of acclimatization, adjustment, Lowenstein-
Selective growth; yellow, granular
Ribosome adaptation; preparatory phase; intense metabolic phase; Jensten
colonies)
- site of protein synthesis increase in cell size, NO increase in cell number
Gram (–); eosin methylene
- 70S ribosomes (composed of 30S and 50S subunits) Log phase – logarithmic phase; active cell division; EMB Selective
blue
multiplication growth > death; stage for staining and activity N. gonorrhea
Genome of cell wall synthesis inhibitor Modified
- vancomycin: inh gram (+)
- nuclear are or nucleoid Stationary phase – equilibrium phase; growth = death; Thayer-Martin Selective
- colistin: inh gram (–)
VCN
- chromosome (single circular DNA molecule) maximum cell density is achieved (low nutrients and high - nystatin: inh fungi
- plasmids (self-replicating piece of circular DNA) inhibitory byproducts) Skirrow’s Selective H. pylori, C. jejuni
- Staining method: Feulgen method Death phase – logarithmic death phase; decline phase; Chocolate Selective V. cholerae
growth < death Fletcher’s Selective L. interrogans
Spores Physical requirements – temp, pH, osmotic pressure Buffered
L. pneumophila
- used for survival during conditions of desiccation, Chemical requirements – water, carbon, nitrogen, minerals, Charcoal Yeast Selective
- L-cysteine: critical ingredient
nutrient depletion and waste build-up oxygen, carbon dioxide, organic growth factor Extract
- resistant to heat and chemicals (due to dipicolinic Psychrophiles – grow best at 0 - 20°C; cold-loving bacteria Tryptic Soy Agar
Used in catalase test
acid) Mesophiles – grow best at 20 - 45°C; includes most (TSA)
- germination (spore  vegetative state) pathogenic bacteria
- sporulation (vegetative state  spore) Thermophiles – grow best at > 45°C; heat loving bacteria Structure
- Bacilli and Clostridium Eubacteria – true bacteria
Media
- Staining method: Schaeffer-Fulton method (S: Archaebacteria – no peptidoglycan; live in extreme
Basic Media – no special requirements e.g. Nutrient agar and
malachite green, CS: safranin) environment
Nutrient broth
Enrichment Media – increase number of desired Metabolism
microorganism at detectable levels e.g. Blood agar plate Based on Carbon and energy source:

CVRGuiao, RPh 3
 Requirement Notes Examples Respiration
Uses inorganic Chemosynthetic Photosynthesis
Autotrophs sources e.g. NH3, Photosynthetic
CO2, S2
Borellia
Uses organic Parasitic
Heterotrophs
carbon sources Saprophytic Thin flexible Staphylococcus
Based on Oxygen consumption: Leptospira
Wall
Requirement Notes Examples
Treponema Cocci Streptococcus
Can’t grow
Neisseria
without oxygen;
Obligate aerobes Pseudomonas Enterococcus
have all enzyme;
Legionella Lacks cell wall Mycoplasma
Bacilli
TCA, ETC
Gram (+)
Aerobes (ideal), Staph
Spore forming Clostridium
Facultative can grow in the B. anthracis
aerobes absence of Listeria

Bacteria
oxygen Mycoplasma
Anaerobes Bacilli Corynebacterium

(ideal), can grow Free living

Strep Listeria
in the presence Nonspore-
Microaerophiles Campylobacter
of O2; forming
Leptospira Actinomyces
fermentation;
with SD Cocci
Can’t grow in the Thick rigid cell Nocardia
Obligate Clostridium wall Gram (–) Neisseria
presence of
anaerobes Bacteroides Bacilli
oxygen
Rickettsia
Anaerobes, can Pseudomonas
Non-free living
survive in the
Aerotolerant Chlamydia
presence of Bacteroides
oxygen
Mycobacterium
Need carbon tuberculosis
Capnophiles
dioxide to survive
Typical Mycobacterium
Catalase – breaks peroxide (2H2O2  2H2O + O2); test: leprae
hydrogen peroxide and release bubbles (+) Acid-fast wall
Peroxidase – breaks hydroxyl radicals Mycobacterium
Atypical
Superoxide dismutase – breaks superoxide radical(O2-); (O2- + avium
O2- + 2H+  H2O2 + O2)
Energy Production
Fermentation

CVRGuiao, RPh 4
GRAM (+) BACTERIA
Gram (+) cocci
Streptococci
Bacteria General Characteristics Virulence factor Disease Treatment Notes
- pneumococci
- encapsulated diplococci, Adult meningitis Penicillin
- enriched media supplemented with
nonmotile, lancelet shaped, Capsule Adult pneumonia Cefaclor (DOC)
S. pneumoniae blood
fastidious IgA protease Otitis media Vancomycin (for
- Quellung’s Test
-lysed by surfactants (bile salts) resistant)
- Optochin Sensitivity Test
Streptokinase Streptococcal pharyngitis
- fever, rash, arthritis, myocarditis
- group A, beta hemolytic Hyaluronidase Streptococcal skin infection DOC: Penicillin +
- acute post-streptococcal
S. pyogenes - nonmotile cocci Pyrogenic exotoxins Scarlet fever Prednisone
glomerulonephritis (renal failure)
- flesh-eating bacteria A-C Necrotizing fascitis Erythromycin
- SO – resp for hemolysis
Streptolysin O Rheumatic fever
- group B, beta hemolytic Neonatal meningitis
S. agalactiae - found on vaginocervical, Capsule Neonatal pneumonia Ampicillin
urethral, and alimentary Sepsis
S. faecalis - group D, beta hemolytic UTI
S. faecium - enterococci
S. bovis Associated with colon CA
S. equinus - group D, beta hemolytic Penicillin
- non-enterococci Sub-acute bacterial endocarditis
S. viridans
(SABE)
S. mutans -dental caries
Staphylococci
- perfectly spherical cells growing in cluster; catalase (+)
- enterotoxin
Gastroenteritis (mayonnaise)
- beta hemolytic - exotoxin TSST-1 - staphyloxanthin (pigment)
Toxic Shock Syndrome
- yellow colonies; haloduric, can (super antigen binds - catalase (+)
S. aureus Scalded Syndrome
grow at high NaCl conc (15%) to MHC-II) - coagulase (+)
Acute bacterial endocarditis
- mesophilic (15-45C) - exfoliatin release - oxidase (–)
Boils, styes, and furuncles
(SS) Penicillin
catheter, prosthetic heart valve
- most common skin contaminant
S. epidermidis - found in normal flora infection (Nosocomial)
- coagulase (–)
Stitch abscess
- UTI in sexually active women (2nd most
S. saprophyticus - coagulase (–) Honey moon cystitis
common cause)

CVRGuiao, RPh 5
Gram (+) spore-forming bacilli
Bacillus
Anthrax exotoxin
- only bacteria with amino acid Cutaneous anthrax - local tissue
Capsule – D-glutamic
capsule necrosis, (black eschar) Penicillin
acid - used in bioterrorism
B. anthracis - medusa head or curled hair Respiratory anthrax (wool sorter’s Ciprofloxacin
PA-protective Diagnosis: M. Fadyean Test
appearance disease, rag picker’s disease) Streptomycin
EF-edema
-reservoir: sheep, goat, cow GIT anthrax (rare but fatal)
LF-lethal
Food poisoning from undercooked Clindamycin
B. cereus - spores do not swell sporangium Exotoxin S/S: emesis and diarrhea
fried rice Aminoglycoside
Clostridium
Fatal food poisoning
Neurotoxin:
Infant botulism – intestinal toxemia - blocks Ach release
botulinum toxin A-G
C. botulinum botulism; ingestion of honey; Metronidazole - canned goods
(F,A,B,E humans; CD
colonization of GIT; Floppy baby - flaccid paralysis
animals)
Syndrome
Spastic paralysis - inhibit inhibitory NT release (GABA and
- worldwide distribution in soil Neurotoxin:
C. tetani Lockjaw glycine)
and feces of animals (horses) tetanospasmin
Trismus - introduced via wounds
Lecithinase –
Gas gangrene (invasive)
C. perfringens hydrolyze lecithin and Penicillin common cause of food poisoning
Enteritis necroticans (Pig-bel disease)
sphingomyelin
Vancomycin - super-infection (antibiotic use)
C. difficile Cytotoxin A and B Pseudomembranous colitis
Metronidazole - diarrhea, cramps, fever
Gram (+) non-spore forming bacilli (CLAN)
- V-shaped or palisades, chinese Diphtheria toxin
Mild sore throat with fever Penicillin
Corynebacterium letter colonies Elongation factor 2 Screening: Schick’s test
Pseudomembrane formation Erythromycin
diphtheria - pleomorphic, facultative (EF2) – inhibit protein Diagnosis: Loeffler’s slant
(pharynx) DPT Vaccine
anaerobic, non-motile, no capsule synthesis
Ampicillin - only gram (+) with endotoxin
Listeria - facultative anaerobe Hemolysin Neonatal meningitis (common cause)
Erythromycin - has tumbling end-over-end motility
monocytogenes -catalase (+) Endotoxin Meningitis (renal transplant)
Co-trimoxazole (only 22°C)
- present in the mouth Actinomycosis (after tooth
Granules can protect
Actinomyces israelli - anaerobic fungi-like bacteria extraction, root canal, jaw surgery, Penicillin G Diagnosis: yellow sulfur granules
it from phagocytosis
(filamentous) poor dental hygiene)
Pneumonia
Nocardia asteroides Co-trimoxazole
Abscess in lungs, kidney, etc.

CVRGuiao, RPh 6
GRAM (–) BACTERIA
Enterobacteriaceae (SPEcKS)
Salmonella
Bacteria General Characteristics Virulence factor Disease Treatment Notes
- mostly motile, non-lactose Typhoid fever - used to determine the phenol co-
S. typhi
fermenter Rotten egg diarrhea efficient of antimicrobials
Chloramphenicol
- most produce H2S - used in AMES test; induced
S. typhimurium Ciprofloxacin
- form acid from glucose and mutagenesis test
Ceftriaxone
S. choleraesius mannose Sepsis
S. enteritidis - lives in the GIT of animals Diarrhea and gastroenteritis
Proteus mirabilis
UTI Carbenicillin Weil-Felix test
- very motile, alkaline urine
P. mirabilis Flagella Nosocomial infection Amikacin - used antibodies against P. mirabilis to
- swarming motility
Kidney stones (if urine is alkalinized) Aminoglycosides detect Ricketssial infection
Escherichia coli
Nosocomial infection
EPEC: infantile diarrhea
UTI
- normal GIT flora EIEC: shigatoxin-like; with pus and
Meningitis
- become pathogenic only when fever
E. coli Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
they reach tissues outside of their EHEC: verotoxin-like; bloody diarrhea
- anemia, thrombocytopenia, renal
normal intestinal site ETEC: cholera-like; traveller’s
failure (after eating hamburger—E. coli
diarrhea (Montezuma’s revenge)
O157:H57)
Klebsiella pneumoniae
- present in resp tract and feces of Sepsis – 2nd most common gram (–)
Capsule
K. pneumoniae ~5% of individuals UTI
R-plasmid (resistance)
- can fix nitrogen  NH3 Pneumonia
Shigella dysenteriae
- non-motile, lactose fermenter, Shigatoxin –
Dysentery, diarrhea with blood, pus, Co-trimoxazole
S. dysenteriae acidophile inactivates 60S
mucus Quinolones
- highly adapted to humans ribosomes
Vibrionaceae
- flat yellow colonies on thiosulfate
- small, curved bacilli, oxidase
Exotoxin: cholera Gastroenteritis Tetracycline citrate bile salts sucrose agar (TCBS)
V. cholerae (+), have polar flagella
toxin Watery diarrhea "rice water" stools ORS - not an invasive infection, increase the
- require alkaline and saline
level of CAMP
containing media for growth in
V. parahemolyticus Gastroenteritis - raw fish and seafood from Japan (sushi)
lab
V. vulnificus Wound infection
CVRGuiao, RPh 7
 V. alginolyticus Wound infection
External colitis
H. pylori - highly motile, micro-aerophile Adherence factor Gastritis Bi compounds Skirrow’s medium
Motility Gastric CA Metronidazole
Urease Gastric/duodenal ulcer Tetracycline
Mucinase Amoxicillin
Campylobacter jejuni Bloody diarrhea Quinolones Unpasteurized milk
Neisseriae
Aka as meningococci
Meningococcemia Penicillin
- 10x more potent - glucose, maltose fermenter
N. meningitidis - nonmotile, facultative aerobic Meningitis Ceftriaxone
LPS than most - piliated
diplococci (kidney bean-shaped) Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome Chloramphenicol
endotoxin
- oxidase (+)
N. gonorrheae Aka as gonococci Urethritis Penicillin - direct immunofluorescence
- ferments only glucose
- pili Cervicitis - sIlver nitrate and - hybridization
- culture: Modified Thayer-Martin
- capsule Ophthalmia neonatorum erythromycin drops
VCN agar
- IgA protease Pelvic Inflamatory disease
Pharyngeal and anorectal gonorrhea
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- gram (–) aerobic bacilli Pneumonia
Exotoxin A - able to grow in unexpected area and
P. aeruginosa -impermeability of the cell wall Opportunistic in burn patients Pipertazo
(diphtheria-like) where pharmaceuticals are prepared
causes resistance Nosocomial infection
Bacteroides fragilis
Metronidazole
- present in normal flora of the colon
B. fragilis - gram (–) anaerobic bacilli GIT Abscess Cilndamycin
(most predominant)
Chloramphenicol
Haemophilus influenzae
- small uniform coccobacilli, Capsule antigen A-F Meningitis (3-36 months old) HiB vaccine Diagnosis: Chocolate agar
H. influenzae facultative anaerobe (β capsule is the most Epiglottitis Cephalosporin (2nd Factor X: Hematin
- requires growth factor X, V virulent) Septic arthritis and 3rd generation) Factor V: NAD
Gardnerella vaginalis
- previously Haemophilus
G. vaginalis - foul smelling vaginal discharge Metronidazole
vaginalis
Bordatella pertussis
- fastidious coccobacilli Erythromycin Catarrhal phase – highly contagious (1-2
B. pertussis Capsule Pertussis
- obligate aerobe DPT vaccine weeks)

CVRGuiao, RPh 8
 Paroxysmal phase – whooping cough
(non-productive)
Legionella pneumophila
Legionnaire’s disease (outbreak in
- natural habitat is water (humidifier,
American Legion Convention in
- facultative intracellular aircon, showerhead)
L. pneumophila Philadelphia) – pneumonia-like Erythromycin
- aerobic, fastidious - Culture: Buffered charcoal yeast
Pontiac fever (outbreak in Pontiac,
extract agar (BCYE)
Michigan) – less serious
ATYPICAL BACTERIA
- small obligate, intracellular energy parasites; contain DNA and RNA; can synthesis own proteins; intermediate between bacteria and viruses
Chlamydia
Bacteria General Characteristics Virulence factor Disease Treatment Notes
Elementary bodies (EB): infectious Conjunctivitis No. 1 cause of preventable blindness
C. trachomatis
form Cervicitis Tetracycline (trachoma)
C. pneumonia Reticulate bodies (RB): non- Pneumonia Erythromycin drops
C. psittaci infectious form Most common STD Parrot fever
Rickettsia
R. rickettsii - pleomorphic coccobacilli Wood tick, dog tick Rocky mountain spotted fever
- muramic and diaminopimelic
R. akari Mites Rikettsial pox Weil-Felix test
acid peptidoglycan
Tetracycline - used antibodies against P. mirabilis to
R. prowazekii - replicate in cytoplasm and Human body louse Epidemic typhus
Chloramphenicol detect Ricketssial infection
R. typhi nucleus Rat flea Endemic typhus (murine) S/S: fever, headache, rash
- growth enhanced by
R. tsutsugamushi sulfonamides Mite larvae Scrub typhus
Bartonella
B. quintana - Rochalimaea quintana Trench fever Vector: body louse
B. henselae Cat-scratch disease
Coxiella burneti
Doxycycline No vector, acquired via inhalation and
C. burneti - replicate in phagolysosome Q fever (fever, headache, NO RASH)
Chloroquine ingestion
SPIROCHETES
Borrelia recurrentis
Bacteria General Characteristics Virulence factor Disease Treatment Notes

CVRGuiao, RPh 9
 Can be cultured in fluid media (blood
B. recurrentis - highly flexible Relapsing fever
serum, tissue)
Doxycycline
B. burgdorferi Lyme disease Vector: Ixodes tick
Amoxicillin
Treponema pallidum
Diagnosis: dark field microscopy,
T. pallidum -microaerophilic Syphilis immunofluorescence, silver stains, VDRL
(Venereal Disease Research Lab)
Leptospira interrogans
Leptospirosis
L. interrogans - tightly coiled, thin, flexible Weil’s Disease – renal failure, Doxycycline Diagnosis: Fletcher’s media
hepatitis, altered mentality
ACID-FAST BACTERIA
- rod-shaped, aerobic, nonspore forming; resist decoloration by acid or alcohol
- contains mycolic acid; Staining method: Ziel-Nielsen Method (Carbol fuschin, acid alcohol, methylene blue)
Mycobacterium
Bacteria General Characteristics Virulence factor Disease Treatment Notes
-obligate aerobic intracellular - infects mononuclear phagocyte or
Rifampicin
organism, slow growing Tuberculosis macrophages
- cord factor Isoniazid
- resistant to drying, acids/bases -Tuberculin test (Mantoux’s test, - Koch’s bacilli
M. tuberculosis - sufatides, Intra- Pyrazinamide
- weakly gram (+) Purified Protein Derivative Test, PPD Media: Lowenstein-Jensten (serpentine
cellular survival Ethambutol
- sensitive to UV, phenol, Test) growth colonies)
Streptomycin
hypochlorite (OCl–), heat - related to Actinomyces
- found in scrapings from the skin Leprosy or Hansen’s disease Dapsone - CANNOT be cultured in bacteriologic
M. leprae or mucous membrane in - tuberculoid leprosy Rifampicin media
lepromatous leprosy - lepromatous leprosy Clopazimine - Lepromin test

Size Category Positive for TB infection

5-9 mm 1 HIV patients, organ transplant patients, recent contact with infected individual
10-14 mm 2 Recent immigrants, injection drug-users, lab personnel, children 4 years below
15 mm and above 3 All

WALL-LESS BACTERIA
Bacteria General Characteristics Virulence factor Disease Treatment Notes
Mycoplasma Tetracycline - smallest known free-living self-
- plastic, pleomorphic shape Atypical/walking pneumonia
pneumoniae Erythromycin replicating prokaryote
CVRGuiao, RPh 10
 - lacks cell wall (lipid bilayer - Hayfick’s agar: fried egg appearance
membrane instead)
ZOONOTIC DISEASE
Bacteria General Characteristics Virulence factor Disease Treatment Notes
- rodent pathogen; human is
Bubonic plague (Black death) Bubonic  Pneumonic, vice versa
accidental host Doxycycline
Yersenia pestis Sepsis Bubo – groin
- safety pin appearance, dipolar Streptomycin
Pneumonia Staining method: Giemsa stain
bacilli
Yersinia Enterocolitis Quinolone
enterocolitica Arthritis, rash, diarrhea Co-trimoxazole
- gram (-), aerobic, nonmotile,
Franciscella Tularemia (deerfly fever, market Streptomycin Grows well on BCYE (Legionella media)
nonsporing, coccobacilli Endotoxin
tularensis fever, rabbit fever) (Gentamicin) and slowly on Columbia base blood agar
- requires cystine
B. melitensis Goat
- strict aerobic, facultative Catalase Doxycycline Cattle, contagious abortion
B. abortus
intracellular coccobacilli Oxidase Brucellosis (undulant fever) (Tetracycline) Diagnosis: Enzyme Immunoassay
B. suis Gentamicin Pig
B. canis Dog
Transmission: dog or cat bites  wound
Pasteurella
Penicillin infections may infect nearby joints and
multocida
bones
Tables
Test to differentiate strep

Dapsone – diaminodiphenylsulfone

Meningitis
Causative Agent Type
S. pneumoniae Adult streptococcal meningitis
S. agalactiae Neonatal streptococcal meningitis
E. coli Meningitis
H. influenzae Meningitis (3 months to 3 years old)
L. monocytogenes Meningitis (renal transplant patient)
N. meningitidis Meningococcemia
L. monocytogenes Neonatal meningitis (most common cause)

CVRGuiao, RPh 11