Introduction to NumPy

NumPy, short for Numerical Python, is an essential library for scientific computing in Python. It
provides support for large multidimensional arrays and matrices, along with a rich set of high-level
mathematical functions to operate on these arrays efficiently. NumPy is widely used in data science,
machine learning, engineering, and scientific research due to its performance and ease of use.

Key Features of NumPy

1. N-dimensional array object (ndarray): Central to NumPy is the ndarray, a powerful N-

dimensional array object that facilitates efficient storage and manipulation of large datasets.

2. Vectorization: NumPy’s operations are optimized to run faster and more efficiently by
avoiding the use of loops through vectorized operations.

3. Broadcasting: Allows arithmetic operations on arrays of different shapes, expanding smaller

arrays automatically to match the shape of larger arrays.

4. Linear Algebra Functions: Comprehensive set of linear algebra tools including functions for
matrix operations, decompositions, and solving linear systems.

5. Random Sampling: Provides functionalities for generating random numbers and sampling
from various probability distributions.

6. Integration with Other Libraries: Seamlessly integrates with other scientific computing and
data analysis libraries like SciPy, Pandas, and Matplotlib.

Basic Operations in NumPy

Importing NumPy

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import numpy as np

Creating Arrays

1. From Lists

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arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) print(arr)

2. Using Built-in Functions

 arange

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arr = np.arange(0, 10, 2) print(arr)

 zeros
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arr = np.zeros((2, 3)) print(arr)

 ones

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arr = np.ones((3, 3)) print(arr)

 linspace

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arr = np.linspace(0, 1, 5) print(arr)

Array Attributes

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arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]) print(arr.shape) # Output: (2, 3) print(arr.size) # Output: 6
print(arr.dtype) # Output: int64

Array Operations

1. Arithmetic Operations

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arr = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40]) print(arr + 5) # Output: [15 25 35 45] print(arr - 5) # Output: [ 5 15 25
35] print(arr * 2) # Output: [20 40 60 80] print(arr / 2) # Output: [ 5. 10. 15. 20.]

2. Element-wise Operations

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arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3]) arr2 = np.array([4, 5, 6]) print(arr1 + arr2) # Output: [5 7 9] print(arr1 * arr2)
# Output: [ 4 10 18]

3. Matrix Operations

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matrix1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]]) matrix2 = np.array([[5, 6], [7, 8]]) print(np.dot(matrix1, matrix2)) #
Output: # [[19 22] # [43 50]]
Slicing and Indexing

1. Basic Indexing

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arr = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40, 50]) print(arr[1]) # Output: 20 print(arr[-1]) # Output: 50

2. Slicing

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arr = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40, 50]) print(arr[1:4]) # Output: [20 30 40] print(arr[:3]) # Output: [10 20
30] print(arr[::2]) # Output: [10 30 50]

3. 2D Arrays

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arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]) print(arr[1, 2]) # Output: 6 print(arr[:2, 1:]) # Output: [[2 3]
# [5 6]]

Broadcasting

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arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]) print(arr + 10) # Output: # [[11 12 13] # [14 15 16]]

Linear Algebra

1. Matrix Transpose

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matrix = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]]) print(matrix.T) # Output: # [[1 3] # [2 4]]

2. Matrix Inversion

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matrix = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]]) inv_matrix = np.linalg.inv(matrix) print(inv_matrix)

3. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

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matrix = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]]) eigenvalues, eigenvectors = np.linalg.eig(matrix) print(eigenvalues)
print(eigenvectors)

Random Sampling

1. Random Numbers

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rand_arr = np.random.rand(3, 3) # Uniform distribution print(rand_arr)

2. Normal Distribution

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normal_arr = np.random.randn(3, 3) # Standard normal distribution print(normal_arr)

3. Random Integers

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rand_int = np.random.randint(1, 10, size=(2, 3)) print(rand_int)

Integration with Other Libraries

1. Pandas

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import pandas as pd data = np.random.rand(5, 3) df = pd.DataFrame(data, columns=['A', 'B', 'C'])

print(df)

2. Matplotlib

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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt data = np.random.randn(1000) plt.hist(data, bins=30) plt.show()

Conclusion

NumPy is an indispensable tool for anyone working with numerical data in Python. Its efficient
handling of large datasets, broad functionality for array operations, and seamless integration with
other scientific libraries make it a cornerstone of the Python scientific stack. Whether you're
performing simple arithmetic or complex linear algebra, NumPy provides the tools needed to
manipulate and analyze data effectively. Understanding and utilizing NumPy's features can
significantly enhance your ability to perform high-performance scientific computing and data
analysis.