WHAT IS HYPERBOLE? ee eran oe eth ere : + and is not intended to be taken RoNSonae eas to Ina figurative language to rae 5 -, In such an example as '! almost ied from laughter.’ The ee did not literally almost die but using this hyperbole they are expressing that they laughed a great deal. ‘+ Hyperbole can also be used as a rhetoric device, in this type of use you might see a phrase such as ‘we have nothing to fear but fear itself In this example, the speaker is exaggerating how fearful people should be or are. * Hyperbole is used to overemphasise a statement or situation in order to give a more eatin effect on the listener or pee ee eee * [have a hundred and one things to do today. * This job is going to take me forever. 11am never going to finish this meal. She has been at the shop for an eternity. tam stuck on a level which is impossible. 1am never going to get this job done. That man is as old as time. This bag weighs ten tonnes. He has been talking for a week. HYPERBOLE * When | was pregnant, | was as big as a house. He never diets and now he is as heavy as an elephant. EXAMPLES * "We're so hot, we will melt your popsicle.” is a line from the song California Girls by Katy Perry. a © ""L will fly to the moon and back." is an example of hyperbole taken from a song by the band Savage Garden. * "One winter, since it was so cold, the geese all went backwards and | = saw fish flying south.” this example of hyperbole is taken from Babe in the blue ox by Paul Bunyan. * "My love, | will adore you until Africa and China meet.” this is an example of hyperbole being used in the text As | walked once evening by W H Auden. * "| was to wait at the train station for ten days-it was an eternity.” In this case, hyperbole can be seen written by Joseph Conrad in The heart of darkness.FIGURE OF SPEECH OXYMORON | * Oxymoron is @ type of figurative language which involves the use of two words which appear to contradict one another but when used together make a true and ‘sometimes positive statement. + It isa rhetorical device which can be used In order to reveal a paradox by using ‘two self-contradicting terms. It is also used in a literary sense in order to add a ‘more complex feel to the text and in order to cause the reader to think in a mare profound way about the situation at hand. PAC Ra OXYMORON IN SPEECH ai » He showed a cruel kindness, » In Lancelot and Elaine wriften by Alfred » The tiving death. ‘Lord Tennyson, we see an example of © The walking dead, ‘oxymoron in the phrase ‘his honour © ftwas an open secret. ‘which was rooted in dishanour.’ © The play was tragic comedy. « In'essays of criticism’ written by + The substance was a liquid rs, Alexander Pope, we can see an example She was regularly irregular. ‘of oxymoron when we read the line ‘the » We are going ta w slumber party, bookish blockhand who ignorantly © She isa real earth ungel. reads." + He helped to perform aszisied + A statement made by the singer Isaac B, swicide. ‘we can See an example of oxymoron in + The couple seemed to hawe a love ‘the line ‘we have to believe in free will ‘hate relationship. bacsuse we have no other choice.’ © We wore our virtue! reality helmets io =» Ina speach made by a president of play the game. Egypt, me see the use af oxymoron in + We sav a comedian last night, he was Ihe line Tt is a step forward even though seriously funny. ‘ihere was no progress.” ® ESLCOMANTITHESIS What is Antithesis? + Antithesis is in fact a word from ancient Greek which directly translates as ‘opposite.’ + When we talk about antithesis in the English language we are referring to a phrase which contains two contrasting ideas. + Antithesis is used to express opposing ideas in a more vivid fashion in order that it has more of an impact cn the person listening to or reading the language. + Antithesis used in figures of speech might sound something like the famous phrase made by Neil ‘Armstrong on his moon landing, he said "that's one small step for man and one giant leap for mankind." + The small step and giant step are the antithesis because they are the direct opposite of one another and yet contrast in the sentence. Figurative + Antithesis can be used in figurative language, a good example of this is the phrase "man proposes, God disposes.” + The two ideas are completely opposite to each other and yet when put in a sentence together create a contrasting idea. » Antithesis in rhetoric, when two opposite statements are juxtaposed to create a contrasting notion, can be seen in the speech made by Martin Luther King, in the sentence "I hope that one day my children will be judged not by their skin colour but by their character.” + When used in a rhetorical device, antithesis is designed to paint a picture of the concept. + When used as a literary device, antithesis is designed to be used to sway the opinion of the reader or listener through the statement itself. + An examples of this comes from Martin Luther King when he said "we must learn to come together as brethren or perish together as fools." In this context, the antithesis is being used to point out the bad thing and highlight the good thing. Antithesis Examples Examples of Antithesis in Speech: * Give all men your ear, but few men your voice. + Love is an ideal thing but marriage is a real thing. + Speech is silver but silence is golden, + Patience is bitter but it bears a sweet fruit, + It is never too late but it is never too soon. + She is easy on the eyes but hard on the heart. + Burning a fire to stay cool. * Shutting a door in order to leave. + Even though the sun shines, I can feel the rain. Examples of Antithesis in Literature: « In the poem ‘community’ written by John Donne, we see the use of antithesis to compare love and hate. "Good we must love and must hate ill” + In the Holy Bible we see the use of antithesis in the book of Matthew, where we can read the line "many are called but few are chosen.” + “In my beginning is my end.” This is an exomple of the use of antithesis within the poem Four Quartets which was written by T'S Elliot.WHAT IS PARADOX? 3. Ya paradox is a form of the figure of speech which when heard or read can seem to be completely self-contradicting. The phrase may be contrary to what is expected in the situation and can lead to a conclusion which is not logically acceptable conclusion. \V The statement may appear to be silly but in reality, contains a truth which seems unreasonable. |W When used as a literary device, paradox can express an idea which is not in line with a traditional concept. It is regularly used to have the reader or listener think in a more creative way. Pea CAMEL TTT ¢ Heis nobody. * always lie. + Your enemy's friend is your enemy. * Itis weird to not be weird. * Heis a wise fool. * Let God create a stone which he ¢ The truth is honey, which is bitter. cannot lift. ° | can resist all things apart from temptation. * Do not go into the water until you * Nobody goes to that bar, it is too busy. have learnt to swim. eye aCe Ly + In the famous novel Animal Farm written by George Orwell, we see an example of paradox in the line ‘the animals were all equal, but some were more equal than others.’ + In the play Hamlet written by William Shakespeare, there is an example in an exclamation from the title character which contains paradox, he says ‘I have to be cruel in order to be kind.’ + In the song ‘shut the door’ bu Fugazi we can see an example of paradox in the line ‘I shut my eyes so that | can see.’ ESL.COMTYPES OF IRONY 03 Different Types of Irony with _| < Useful Examples 2 VERBAL IRONY It is used when a person wants to express something using speech which says the opposite of what they mean. E.g. If it were a very cold day, a person using verbal irany might say something like ; “Isn't it warm today!” SITUATIONAL IRONY This is used when a situation does not have the outcome which was expected in the first instance. E.g. If a fire station were to burn down, this would situational irony as this is the building which is meant to protect from fire DRAMATIC IRONY In a real life situation, it is applied when something happens and the person within the situation is unaware of the true reality. E.g. If a person were to say "| am so glad that | wasn't in that car accident”, only to be involved in a car accident moments later, this would be dramatic irony. WHAT IS VERBAL IRONY? ‘When someone uses a phrase that is verbal irony, they Definition are expressing a meaning which is contrary to the actual reality Theuinassansoinetbingabisis the completeWHAT IS VERBAL IRONY? ‘When someone uses a phrase that is verbal irony, they Definition are expressing a meaning which is contrary to the actual reality. They may say something which is the complete opposite of what is meant. * For example, if it is raining outside, you might hear someone say ‘what lovely weather we are having atthe a Verbal irony is sometimes used as figurative language, this means that it is used to talk about something in the non-literal sense * For example, you may have heard someone use the term ‘itis as clear as mud’ which means that something is not at all we clear. Examples of Verbal Irony in Conversation © "Perfect. This day could not get any better.” is verbal irony which would be used when things keep going consistently wrong during the course of one day. © °Oh well that is just brilliant.” is a form of verbal irony that might be used when something bad happens. * "Goodness me, it's cold outside.” You might hear this being used as verbal irony when the weather outside it particularly warm. Examples of Verbal Irony in Literature © Inthe motion picture of the musical, Annie, the children use the phrase “we love you Mrs Hannigans.” as verbal irony, since in reality they actually dislike her very much. © Inthe play, Julius Caesar written by William Shakespeare, verbal irony is used to talk about a character who committed murder by repeatedly calling him "an honourable man.” * The book, Lemony Snicket features verbal irony when we read the line; “Today was a bitter and cold day, it was as bitter and cold asa steaming cup of hot chocolate.” Again, the idea here completely contradicts reality, ® ESLCOMDefinition and Examples in Speech, Literature & Film DRAMATIC IRONY DEFINITION «Dramatic ireny occurs in everyday life when a situation is happening and yet the person within the situation is unaware of what it occurring 10 be motking 2 friend for losing his wallet, but did sample, if person were os inne his’oWwn wallet, this would be dramatic irony, not realize that he had also lost When used 08 a literary device, dramatic irony allows the audience to be aware of « situation of which the character is unaware. For example, if you were watching a soap opera and you knew that 2 character teas going to propose to his grind, but he had no idea that his giifriend was ‘planning to leave him for another man, this would be dramatic irony, EXAMPLES OF DRAMATIC IRONY IN EVERYDAY LIFE «+ Aman is wughing at an acquaintance whose Son has just been arrested, not being aware that his own san was arrestee alongside the boy for the same crime «+ A woman 'betieves thet fer boyfriend is acting ¢trghge because he Is going to ask her to marry him but in reality, he fs plahyyng to teave her «A person(s going into a house to hide feumrsomeone. who es i actual fact, side the house themselves + A person is tang on the phone and bad-mouthing a friend, not realizing that the person with whom they are talking & with the friend who can hear the ‘entire conversation ++ The age-old image of someone being asked to dig @ grave, not knowing that they are digging it for themseives EXAMPLES OF DRAMATIC IRONY IN LITERATURE AND FILM + In the movie series of Star Wars, the character Luke Skywalkers not aware that || his father is Darth Vader, but the audience is aware of this at'an eartier stage. + In the fairy tale of Beauty and the Beast, the audience knioWs from that start that the beast isin realty, 3 handsome prince but the main character, Belle is not aware of this until the end ‘+ In the movie, Frozen, for the first part of the film the audience is aware that the princess, Elsa has magical powers but her sister, Anna is not aware of this and simply thinks that Elsa is ignoring her and being cold towards her, ‘+ In the famous play, Macbeth written by Wiliam Shakespeare, the character of Duncan trusts Macbeth without realizing that he is going to be king and is willing to kill him, al the while the audience is aware of this situation. _ -ESLCOMSITUATIONAL IRONY SITUATIONAL IRONY DEFINITION + When used as a literary device, situational irony is something which refers to @ situation regarding whet is expected to hoppen and what actually happens. The irony lies with the expectation of the outcome of a situation when in reality, something completely different occurs. + When situational irony occurs, you can expect to see drastic contrasts ond contradictions between the proposed outcome cond the realistic eutcome. In other words, they will be the exact opposite of one another. SITUATIONAL IRONY IN LITERATURE + In the Hary Potter series of books, the readers are led to believe that the protagonist. Harry can kill the antagonist. Voldemort but Inthe end it s fevealed that in otder to do so. Harty must kl himself + in the story of the Wizard of O2 Dorothy travels on an arduous Journey to wsit a wizard wn she believes can send her home, ony to realise n the end that she could have sent herself home he entire time + in the play Romeo ang Juliet written by Willam Shakespeare fake her own death in order to be with her and believes sne is Jubet takes a potior her love. Romeo. Only Romeo discover dead and so kills himself. This is situational irony because Juliet's actions were intended to have the opposite effect that they ended up having © In the book Fahrenheit 451 by Ray 8r3dbury. we see situational rony used as a character who isa fireman spends his time lightina books. on fireTAUTOLOGY Tautology is a special or unintentional use of the same root words in a phrase or sentence or an unreasonable repetition of the same word in a statement. © He was aman of few words, and he spoke succinctly. « She was so excited she could hardly contain her enthusiasm. According to Adams (2017, p. 57), © It was a free gift that cost nothing tautology is: at all. The term is formed by a combination of the ancient Greek words “the same” and “word”. ¢ The weather was hot, and it was scorching. She always arrived on time and punctual. "the saying of the same thing twice over in different words, generally considered to be a fault of style." HELPFULPROFESSOR.COmSj@ ‘FIGURE OF SPEECH Gi Litotes is a form of the figure of speech which negates a positive in order to ” convey understated irony. The classic example of litotes is the term ‘not bad.’ As am you can see, both of these words are negative but when placed together form a , WHATIS . positive sentence. In most contexts, the use of litotes is used to understate a UTOTES? thing or situation. © It is a form of figurative language which uses a negative to assert a positive. By using this method, we use litotes to imply the opposite meaning of something, for example, by saying that someone is not thin, you are implying that they are fat. Litotes must always contain a negative. Saas NG Werte: psa Ts 3 © He isn't the friendliest person. * "For he is not stupid, blind or Itwas not an awful trip. disrespectful to our Gods.” e © She is not unkind. This is an example of litotes being used in * He is not exactly poor. the Classic text from ancient Greece * His cooking is not terrible, written by Homer, entitled Illiad. * pramptes. * He is no spring chicken. © That is not too shabby. "Hildeburgh had little cause to + Her singing is not bad. question them.” © Itisn't really a walk in the park. This example of litotes is found in the ¢ Finland is no ordinary country. poem Beowulf, which has been translated * Itisn't rocket science. by Seamus Heaney. * He is not unlike his sister. That ice cream was not bad. * "The sword was not useless for the © Your house is not untidy. warrior.” © Sheis not doing too badly at all. This is another example from Beowulf of ¢ He won't regret that decision. litotes being used as a literary device. ® es_comUNDERSTATEMENT "Definition of Understatement A When someone uses the figurative language of riteretaterieet they are using language which does not convey the full meaning of what they are talking about. What is being said is described with a lesser strength than what is reality or what is expected. mM When using understatement, the subject may be described as being much less important than what it literally is and the reason for using this type of language is to play down a situation, item or concept. Y When used as a literary device, understatement is often used to add a more humorous effect to the situation which is being talked about. The same can be ‘said when it is used in spoken language. & Understatementin Spoken Language = fl "A desert can sometimes be dry and hot." In this example, the desert is being described in a much less severe way than it is in reality." © The football team lost 10-0, they did not do too well." This example uses understatement to talk about how badly the football team played by saying the didn't do too well when in reality they did awfully.” © There was a bit of rain in the night.” this statement being made by someone after a flood understates how much rain there actually was. “Understatement in iterate © "It isn't too serious, | have a tiny tumour on my brain." This is an example of understatement from The catcher in the rye by Salinger. » In the novel Emperor mage written by Tara Pierce, we see a good example of understatement in the line ‘I thought they had murdered you, | quite lost my temper.’ * In"The silver chain" written by Primula Bond we see an example of understatement when she describes mistake that ends someone's powers as ‘a small error.’LITOTES VERSUS UNDERSTATEMENT Litotes is a special type of understatement in which a positive statement is expressed by a negative statement. LPR RPE RR Litotes are a type of understatement. Litotes is mainly used for emphasis, and discretion. Beaera iene) Understatement is a form of speech that minimizes the significance of something Osotelsasectecsontsolme ty the opposite of exaggeration. Understatement is used for emphasis or for ironic or humorous iceWHAT IS JUXTAPOSITION? JUXTAPOSITION EXAMPLES ‘+ When used as a literary device, juxtaposition is when the writer places two things close to one another in order to make a comparison or contrast between the two. In most cases, the comparison is one which is unexpected, unusual or quite often-false. These things could be ideas, characters, items, places or any other element which could be compared. ‘+ When used in spoken language, juxtaposition may refer to the omission of conjunctions in a grammatical sense. An example of this might be the term ‘mother and father’ being shortened to simply ‘mother father.’ The listener is then forced to compare the two and treat them as one rather than seeing them as two separate entities which do not need to be contrasted or compared. Examples Of Juxtaposition In Speech * "What is good for the goose is good for the gander.” This is a proverb which uses juxtaposition to suggest that something that is good for one person is going to be good for everyone. is better late than never.” This proverb is one which employs the use of juxtoposition in order to convey the concept that something never happening is worse that it happening late. This makes a comparison between late and never. * "Beggars cannot be choosers.” Juxtaposition is used in this saying to show that the two opposing ideas (beggars are completely different to choosers) cannot be linked. If you are having to beg, then you cannot choose. * "You cannot show an old dog, new tricks.” In this saying, juxtaposition is used to compare old and new in a way which refers to not being able to instil new ideas in a person whose mind is set in its ways. Examples Of Juxtaposition In Literature In the play, Othello written by William Shakespeare, we see juxtaposition being used frequently to make a contrast between the dark skin of Othello ond the very fair skin of his lover. A fine example of this is seen in the line “Even now, the old black ram is tupping the white ewe." + We can see some very good examples of juxtaposition being used in Charles Dickens’ novel, A tale of two cities. An example of this can be seen when we read the following passage; "It was the best of times, it was the worst of, times.” In Anna Karenina written by Leo Tolstoy, we see a very good example of juxtaposition in the opening line in which he compares happiness and unhappiness in families. The line reads as follows; "Happy fomillies are alike, unhappy families are all unhappy in their own ways.” ESL COMRSC toda eae {tis a grammatical device that uses a consistent (parallel) structure of two or more clauses, phrases, or |words that have simitor form and length. Parallel construction is used os o stylistic device that improves readability and fluency in writing. The word patterns assist readers in forming o relationship between ‘the words or phrases. The writing alsa sounds more polished and flows more smoothly. ++ Two sentences joined by a conjunction: Ashley is 2 violinist, but Steve is 0 pianist, ++ Two dependent “that” clauses: The movie that you loved ond that Jenna recommended is now on DVD. + Two or more prepositional clauses joined by conjunetions: ——* Jott rn over the bridge, through the bushes, and! around the group of bide, to got home faster. + Two adverbial clauses: Jato enjoyed his vacation because the weather wor good and because the beach was beautiful + Two verbs joined by a conjunction: ‘Mike drove home, ond he ote o snack + Two subjects joined by @ conjunction: Cola and Hannah rank among the best senior atlotes. ‘+ Two objects joined by a conjunction: Kate wants to grow irises or sunflowers. ‘+ Porallel Structure Using “ing” Endings Ly loves sting, swimming, and diving + Correlative Conjunctions Neither Michelle nor Nicole wanted to attend Jessica's party. '* Porallel Structure with Infinitives John likes to read, to paint, ond to bike, REE B= (Over the summer, Hailey wil visit her cousins, attend an art class, and hike in the Catskill. [OEE Noat's courses for the fall are the following: chemistry, art, aym, sociology, and coleulus. er This post weetend, | shopped for groceries, attended a concert, ond dined with my friends. ee The teacher lectured on the book's theme and then assigned us homework. ESL. COMWHAT IS ALLUSION? * Allusion isa form of figurative language in which an object, person or idea is brought to mind without directly mentioning the name of what is being referred to. In most cases, allusion is used to divert the mind to something which is not within the general context of the current ‘conversation and is often left to the imagination of the listener or FIN ITIOR reader to create the reference for themselves. u * When used as a literary device, allusion is usually used in order to E reference a part of the text which appeared earlier on or another text for example an allusion to a book written by Steven King. Allusion in Conversation * "There is no need to act like a Romeo for her.” The reference here is to the character Romeo from the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. * “Sadly, a Pandora's box of crime has been opened due to ALLUSION the bad living conditions of the town.” Allusion is used here to reference a Greek myth about Pandora's box. EXAMPLES * "The tropical island was just like a garden of Eden." The use of allusion here, references the haven mentioned in the book of Genesis in the Holy Bible. * "You are acting just like my ex girlfriend.” * "He is behaving as badly as my son who is in prison.” + "The forest was swallowed in water just like Jonah.” Allusion is used here to reference Jonah who was swallowed by a whale. Allusion in Literature * In Hamlet written by William Shakespeare, we see allusion being used in order to reference some Greek God’s when the title character is describing his father. “See what was upon his brow, Hyperion curls, the front of Jove and eyes like Mars.” The piece written by Conrad, Heart of darkness features the use of allusion to make reference to the fates from Greek mythology, we see this in the excerpt "Their anxiety was increased by the stares of the two knitting women.” In the piece Doctor Faustus written by Marlowe, we can see many example of allusion throughout the work. One example of this can be seen in the following passage; "He mounted him up to olympus’ top where a chariot can be seen burning bright." This example of allusion refers to a Greek myth where the Mountain Olympus was set alight. ESLCOMHypo what? Hypophora — Asking a rhetorical question and immediately answering it. And the effect? There is a sense that the speaker is having a dialogue with the audience. The answer is usually one that is on the minds of his listeners already. Asking the question arouses the curiosity of the audience about the answer. A well-timed pause between the question and answer can heighten this curiosity and completely engage the audience. « The speaker appears confident and in control. * The question or questions in a hypophora will often be used to set up a long answer, which contains an important point that the speaker wishes to make.Hypophora * Hypophora is a figure of speech in which a writer raises a question and then immediately provides an answer to that question. — The basic difference between hypophora and a rhetorical question is that in a rhetorical question the answer is not provided by the writer since it does not require an answer. + Example:“What made me take this trip to Africa? There is no quick explanation. Things got worse and worse and worse and pretty soon they were too complicated.” — (Henderson the Rain King by Saul Bellow)ALLUSIONS iN MYTHOLOSY Achiles' heel- o person's weakness. Achilles wos invulnerable except for hs heel. Cupid- a matchmaker, Cupid often aopeared as o baby conying a bow and quiver of arrows fc shoot others full of love, Herculean strong. Hercules wast known for his great sirengin and endurance: Midas Touch= the ability 16 make money easily. King Midas tuned everything to. gold. (Muse= a source of inspiration. Muses were nine sister goddesses of music. song, dance and the olher arts, Nareissism= being in love with yoursell. Norclssus was a handiome young: | man who despised love and lailin love with himself nstead, Odyssey- a tong journey. Odysseus made ¢ long joumey back from the Trojan War, 4 Nemesis: crvalor enemy difficull to defeat: Nemesis was o gadeiess of OM divine retribution [punishment inflicted on someone as vengeance for o wrong OF Criminal act) who would show her wrath fo anyone who committed hubds (evercontident or defying Ine gods) a.box of evi that plagued the world. Phoenix: o symbol o! immortality or rebirth. The phoenix was o bird |hat bumed iiseil up ta be bom once again and live anew ile Titanic- grond and enarmous. Titans were a family of giants who were believed fo have once ried the earth. wooden hose where men hid knowing the Trojan warriors would bring it in their gates. When everyone wat asleep. the men climbed oul and opened the 1 goles for Ihe Greak ormy to end the city of Troy.WHAT IS A SIMILE? SIMILE EXAMPLES + A simile is a form of figurative language in which a comparison is made between two things which have something in common, using the words like or as. The simile is used to describe an item, situation, emotion or action by comparing it to something else in order to make the statement more creative and artistic. * When Used as a literary device, a simile can give a more emotional and complex feel to a piece of writing and enables the author to better convey the description by using this type of figure of speech as a comparison. Simile Examples in Spoken Language + They fight like cat and mouse. * He is as brave asa lion. + 1am as busy as a bee. * She is as happy as a clam. * My grandmother is as blind as a bat. * This child is as light as a feather. * He is as bold as brass. * | feel as fresh as a daisy. * Her attitude is as cool as a cucumber. + The whole family is as common as muck. * Hes a fighter who is as hard as nails. * My cousin is as tall as a skyscraper. * It was as hot as hell in Dubai. * | was so scared that I was as white as a sheet. + My daughter is as sweet as sugar. Simile Examples in Literature * In the song ‘it's my life’ by Bon Jovi, we can see an example of simile in the line ‘my li is like an open highway! + "Ive been working like a dog’' is an example of a simile from the song Ahard day's night written by the Beatles. * "You are as cold as ice’ is a simile from the song ‘cold as ice’ by Foreigner. * In the sun also rises written by Ernest Hemingway we can see an example of simile in the line ‘the cafe is like a battleship all stripped for war.’ * ‘The air smelled as sharp as newly chopped wood.’ This is an example of a simile from the piece Chocolate by Joanne Harris. - ESLCOMANALOGY (VS Skilled writers use a variety of techniques that make their texts more interesting and appealing to their readers. This is especially true when it comes to fiction stories; you'd rarely see a narration without such techniques as analogies and metaphors. [USAGE | USAGE When you're using an ANALOGY you are COEUR OC CUTS things to each other. | EXAMPLES | EXAMPLES Og CPSU Cee (oro ean Le + You light up my life. ORC Sr Cre ORC She is drowning in work. Whenever you're comparing two seemingly uncomparable things, you have an analogy. But when you're saying that something is = something else, though it isn't so literally, you have a metaphor. ESL.COMWHAT IS PUN? + A pun is usual as a play on words. It is a clever, witty form of figurative language which uses the words within a sentence < Ss | to.convey another meaning. The pun is often used in the form of a oe joke where words can have more than one meaning or words can A sound like they mean something else. * Pun's are often used in day to day conversation in order to add a sort ‘of complex humour to a statement or situation, They are also used as literary device, in this case they are also used for a humorous effect but can also be used in order to encourage the reader to think differently about the situation at hand. * The helpers of Santa are known as subordinate clauses. * A boiled egg for lunch is hard to beat. * She had a photographic memory but she didn't develop it. + The two pianists who got married were well suited since they were always in a chord. * Ididn't understand how lightening worked, but all of a sudden, it struck me. * The grammar lover had a lot of comma sense. * What Is the favourite car of a chicken? A coupe. « Igo to the dentist so often that I really know the drill. PUN « The chicken who crossed the road is poultry in motion. * How do they party on a construction site? They raise the roof. EXAMPL ES * Fish are smart because they live in a school + Comedian George Carlin wrote the pun into his routine which reads ‘atheism is a non prophet organisation’ « In the Holy Bible we can see many examples of pun, one example of this is a line spoken by Jesus Christ which says will build my church ‘on this rock’ He was referring to his disciple Peter, as the rock. * Another example of a pun from the Holy Bible can be found in the book of Judges, this reads ‘the rode thirty burros and lived in thirty boroughs’ * In the poem ‘With a book’ written by Ambrose Bierce, the writer creates a pun surrounding the name of Robert Browning in which he says ‘there is nothing more strange than a Browning, except a Blackling’ ® ESL.cOoMWHAT IS ASYNDETON? + Asyndeton is simply the omission of a word or phrase from a clause, which is done intentionally. As a literary deyice, asyndeton is used to purposefully take out a conjunction in between phrases in order to add rhythm whilst maintaining Correct grammar. Asyndeton in Conversation * He crossed the road without looking, without listening, without caution. * She has red hair, blue eyes, a slim nose. * The dog ran, bounded, leapt across the field. * I went shopping and brought trousers, socks, gloves, tops. * I love eggs, scrambled eggs, fried eggs, boiled eggs. * 1am going to the market, the shop, the town hall, the theatre. * She was pretty, she was graceful, she was elegant, she was shy. * I tried. | failed. | learned. | will try once more. * At the fun fair | rode the roller-coaster, ate candy floss, saw a clown, won a teddy bear. Asyndeton in Literature * In Fahrenheit 451 written by Ray Bradbury, we see an example of asyndeton in the phrase “speed up the movie, picture, look, eyes. now, flicks.” Here the work and Is omitted. Joseph Conrad writes an example of asyndeton in his work Heart of Darkness, when we read the line “A stream of emptiness, a huge silence, an impenetrable wood. The air here was thick, humid, heavy.” In On the road written by Jack Kerouac, we find an example of asyndeton in the following extract "He was a bone bag, a raggy doll, a broken twig, a lunatic.” In Double indemnity written by James M Cain, there is an example of asyndeton is this line "Suicide by job, race, sex, colour, by time, by season.” Ina speech made by Abraham Lincoln, we find an example of asyndeton when he says “the rulers of the people, for the people, by the people will not die away.” In Julius Caesar written by William Shakespeare, we see an example of asyndeton in the phrase “All of your conquests, spoils, glories, triumphs, made so small at this level.” ESL COMWHAT IS POLYSYNDETON? POLYSYNDETON DEFINITION Polysyndeton is a type of literary device in which conjunctions are used in rapid succession of one dnother. This makes for a more rhythmic feel to the piece. = _ Polysyndeton can also be used as a form of figurative language in day to day conversation. The technique is frequently used without the use of any commas, “a xs which would be normal practise in any other sentence. XN / POLYSYNDETON EXAMPLES IN CONVERSATION * We have dogs and cats and birds and hamsters. * She went to the forest and the mountains and the beach and the meadows. e “a * [have friends from many countries, like China and India and America and Italy. i * She is going to the party with James and with Mary and with Anna and he: : with John. * The dog jumped and barked and frolicked in the field. * At the barbecue we ate sausage and chicken and pork and wings. * She has many hobbies such as swimming and cycling and running and fishing. POLYSYNDETON EXAMPLES IN LITERATURE ‘* In the book of Joshua in the Holy Bible, we see a detailed example of polysyndeton in the passage "And Joshua, and all the people of Israel too, and the precious metal and the clothes, and his children and his oxen and his sheep and everything that he had.” «Inlitewniy caged ds sng uitn by Hary Angst rane on — example of polysyndeton in this extract; "Let those white one hayé the ~1_A_] money and segregation and power and schools and nice houses.” * Charles Dickens writes an example of polysyndeton in the piece Dombey and son, let's take a look at this "There were fields and cows and dunghills and heaps and ditches.” ESL.COANTITHESIS What is Antithesis? + Antithesis is in fact a word from ancient Greek which directly translates as ‘opposite.’ + When we talk about antithesis in the English language we are referring to a phrase which contains two contrasting ideas. + Antithesis is used to express opposing ideas in a more vivid fashion in order that it has more of an impact cn the person listening to or reading the language. + Antithesis used in figures of speech might sound something like the famous phrase made by Neil ‘Armstrong on his moon landing, he said "that's one small step for man and one giant leap for mankind." + The small step and giant step are the antithesis because they are the direct opposite of one another and yet contrast in the sentence. Figurative + Antithesis can be used in figurative language, a good example of this is the phrase "man proposes, God disposes.” + The two ideas are completely opposite to each other and yet when put in a sentence together create a contrasting idea. » Antithesis in rhetoric, when two opposite statements are juxtaposed to create a contrasting notion, can be seen in the speech made by Martin Luther King, in the sentence "I hope that one day my children will be judged not by their skin colour but by their character.” + When used in a rhetorical device, antithesis is designed to paint a picture of the concept. + When used as a literary device, antithesis is designed to be used to sway the opinion of the reader or listener through the statement itself. + An examples of this comes from Martin Luther King when he said "we must learn to come together as brethren or perish together as fools." In this context, the antithesis is being used to point out the bad thing and highlight the good thing. Antithesis Examples Examples of Antithesis in Speech: * Give all men your ear, but few men your voice. + Love is an ideal thing but marriage is a real thing. + Speech is silver but silence is golden, + Patience is bitter but it bears a sweet fruit, + It is never too late but it is never too soon. + She is easy on the eyes but hard on the heart. + Burning a fire to stay cool. * Shutting a door in order to leave. + Even though the sun shines, I can feel the rain. Examples of Antithesis in Literature: « In the poem ‘community’ written by John Donne, we see the use of antithesis to compare love and hate. "Good we must love and must hate ill” + In the Holy Bible we see the use of antithesis in the book of Matthew, where we can read the line "many are called but few are chosen.” + “In my beginning is my end.” This is an exomple of the use of antithesis within the poem Four Quartets which was written by T'S Elliot.WHAT IS SYNECDOCHE? WHAT IS SYNECDOCHE? SYNECDOCHE IN EVERYDAY SPEECH The term ‘bread and butter’ refers to all the things that one can buy with their wages, for example ‘he is out earning the bread and butter. « He is a grey beard.’ the term grey beard refers to an old m: « The word ‘suit’ or ‘suits’ refer to businessmen, for example ‘the suits are coming to do the yearly audi When we hear the word ‘boots’ it can often refer to soldiers, for example, ‘the boots are in battle.’ The word ‘coke’ can refer to any brand of fizzy pop with a Coke Cola flavour, for example ‘I will have a coke.’ * Spectacles can be referred to by their lenses when we use the word ‘glasses.’ SYNECDOCHE IN WRITTEN LANGUAGE TESL.COMWHAT IS METONYMY? ow Metonymy is a form of figurative language in which a word is replaced by something very close to the original meaning. © For example, instead of referring to businessmen as businessmen, using metonymy you might refer to them as suits. The word "suits" is associated with a businessman as this is usually the style of clothes that they wear. \ The idea of metonymy is that there is an association between the implied phrase and the phrase which is actually said. Lend me your ear-which means listen to me. e The crown-which refers to the royal system or government of a country. ¢ To lend a hand-this use of metonymy refers to helping someone. « Wall street-this term refers to the financial industry. Would you like a piece of my Danish?-in this example the word Danish does not refer to a person from Denmark but rather the food item a Danish pastry. © In the play Richelieu written by Edward Bulwer Lytton we see an example of metonymy in the phrase 'the pen is more mighty than the sword.’ which means that intellect and thought are more powerful than physical acts of violence during war. « In William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, we can see metonymy being used in the line ‘friends, countrymen and Romans, lend me your ears.’ as we mentioned previously, ears refers to having the attention of someone and having them listen. @7ESL.cCOoMWHAT IS ANALOGY? + An analogy is a way of describing something by comparing it to something else which makes the idea more simple. The thing which is being compared is likely to have some similarities or things in common with whatever its comparison is. These comparisons are often used as figurative language in order to more easily explain an idea or principle. You might say that someone made an analogy between the human mind and a smart computer. * When used as a literary device, analogy will assist the writer to make @ comparison between two things that may be familiar or not. it can also be used in order to create a deeper meaning and allow the reader to create a more detailed image in their mind about what is being described. Analogy in Conversation + Mary had a little lamb, its fleece white like snow. © As light as a feather. © As stiff as a board. * As sweet as a cookie. ANALOGY + As good os gold * It is like trying to find a needle ina haystack. EXAMPLES + Your actions are as useful as moving the deckchairs on the Titanic. * It is as useful as a chocolate teapot. * The last few weeks have been an emotional roller-coaster. * She is as graceful as a freezer falling down the stairs. * He is like a diamond in the rough. Analogy in Literature * In the play Romeo and Juliet written by William Shakespeare, we see an example of an analogy being used in the following passage; "Her beauty is on the face of the night, like a jewel in the ear of Ethiop.” * Once again from Romeo and Juliet, we see another example of analogy in the line “The candles of night are burned out and day tiptoes on the mountains.” * In the movie, Forrest Gump we see a now, very famous analogy which reads “life is like a box of chocolates, you do not know what you might get.” + We see another example of analogy in the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare in which he writes. “what is in a name? A rose by any other name would still smell so sweet.” ESL COMWHATIS IMAGERY? * Imagery is a concept that is quite easy to understand, itis simply the use of vivid descriptions in order to explaina situation toa reader or listener. It is a way of building a picture or image’ in the mind so that the audience can gain a greater understanding of the situation which DEFINITION is being talked about. + Imagery is used as both aliterary device and in figurative language. In the latter, itis a great way for a speaker to express ina more colorful way, how something might look, smell, feel or taste. When used asa literary device, imagery gives the author the chance tobe more creative in their descriptions within the text. EXAMPLES OF IMAGERY IN SPOKEN LANGUAGE * The forest was dark and cold when I took my dog for a walk there yesterday. * Illve near a park and the children and constantly shouting and screaming, the noise Is deafening. * Whenever | walk through town, | pass the cafe from which | inhale the aroma of freshly brewed coffee. * Ibrought a new throw for my chair, it is soft and silky and runs through my hands like a fluid. + My favourite fruit is the strawberry. They are crisp and fresh and so sweet * Ipicked up some dirt from the ground and sifted it through my fingers... + The water from the fridge will be much more cool, clean and crisp than the water from the tap. EXAMPLES OF IMAGERY INLITERATURE ‘+ William Shakespeare used some wonderful imagery when he wrote Romeo and Jullet, ‘one example of this can be seen in this passage: "She does teach the torch to burn brightly! It would seem that she hangs from the cheek of the night. She Is like a jewel in the ear of Ethiope.” * Another example of imagery from poet, Robert Frost can be seen in his poem, My November guest in which he uses it in the following example; "My sorrow, when she Is here alongside me, thinks that the dark days in the autumn rain, are beautiful, she is in love with the withered and bare tree and walks the sodden lane.” + EB White uses a good example of imagery in the piece Once more to the lake, here is an ‘excerpt from this; "When they went for a swim, my son said that he would go as well. He grabbed his soaking trunks off the line where they had been hanging during the shower, ‘and he wrung them out. I did not want to go in, but | watched him, his body skinny, bare and hard, and he slightly winced as he pulled the icy, soggy garment around his vitals.” > ESLCOMWHAT IS PERSONIFICATION? * Personification is when human characteristics are attributed to an inanimate object. It is used to convey the'meaning that an item or thing has performed an action when in reality it has not. This type of figurative language is used as a literary device in order to make a piece of writing more vivid and descriptive. It is also used in order to better assist the reader in understanding the text and can make a piece of writing more original and unique in its nature. * It is often used in the way of a metaphor and gives objects emotions, speech, gestures or desires. PERSONIFICATION EXAMPLES Personification in Everyday Conversation + The car was suffering and needed some attention. ‘+ The stars were dancing playfully in the sky. * The tattered house appeared to be distressed. * The red car raced by, screaming for someone to notice its speed, ‘* The bread jumped out of the toaster. * He was aware that opportunity had come knocking at his door. * The popcorn jumped around the microwave. * She did not see that her last chance was about to walk out of the door. + The new record from Elton John flew off the shelves. * The wind howled through the forest. * | fell over because the kerb jumped out before me. * The news took me by surprise when | heard it. * Before | knew it, it was midnight, time had crept up on me. * The hurricane attacked the city leaving it in ruins, * My life passed me by. Personification in Literature * In the poem ‘Two sunflowers move in to the yellow room’ written by Nancy Willard, we see an example of personification many times, one example of this is the line "Oh Will we are tired of the weather, said the sunflowers as they shone with dew.” * In William Wordsworth's poem ‘Daffodils’ we again see many examples of personification, one of these is in the opening line of wandered lonely as a cloud.’ * In'The green gables letter’ written by L G Montgomery we see personification being used in the sentence 'the woods are preparing to go to sleep’ — ESLCOMWHAT IS ANAPHORA? + Anaphora is when a particular word or phrase is used repeatedly within a speech or text to add artistic effect. For examples, you might use the word ‘we! over and over in a sentence for a more dramatic effect. Such an example might look like this "We are going to the shops and we are going to buy fruit so that we can eat healthily.” * Using anaphora is also a way to emphasis a particular point, item, person or place within the speech or text. By hearing the word repeated throughout what is being said it draws greater attention to it. Anaphora Examples in Speech * We will work hard every day, every week and every year until the job is done. + My life is my purpose, my life is my inspiration, my life is my goal + There is so much to do when you're a parent, you need to feed the baby, you need to wash the baby, you need to play with the baby. + He was just in the wrong place at the wrong time with the wrong person. + They had lost their jobs, they had lost their home and now they had lost each other. * Who can we ask? Who would know the answer? Who can help us? * Everyone knows it was him, everyone sow him do it and everyone will corroborate the story, + The boat floated out to sea, the boat began to sink, the boat was no more. * My mantra is | am strong, | am confident, | am capable. ANAPHORA Anaphora Examples in Writing EXAMPLES * In the famous speech made by Martin Luther King, anaphora can be seen as follows; "So let the freedom ring in the hills of New Hampshire, let the freedom ring in mountains in New York, let the ; freedom ring from Pennsylvania.” * In William Blake's poem, London, we can see another example of \ anaphora in use. "In every cry of the men, in every fearful infants cry, in every voice and in every ban." + Anaphora can even be seen in the Holy Bible, here is one example of the many times it appears. "0 Lord, do not rebuke me in your anger, O Lord | am weak, O Lord heal me." + In the play, Richard II by William Shakespeare, we see the use of anaphora in the second act. It appears in the following text; "This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England.” ‘ ESLCOM