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Automatic under-frequency load shedding in New Zealand power system — A

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 Automatic Under-Frequency Load Shedding in
New Zealand Power System- A Systematic Review
Kaium Uz Zaman Mollah, Graduate Student Member, IEEE, Momen Bahadornejad, Member, IEEE,
and Nirmal K-C Nair, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract--Automatic Under-Frequency Load Shedding (AUFLS)
is the last resort for New Zealand (NZ) power system to prevent
widespread blackout following severe system contingency. This
paper provides a systematic review of existing AUFLS in New
Zealand power system and assesses future potentials that can be
enabled through emerging Smart Grid technology investments in
distribution networks. A new AUFLS scheme is proposed that
can be implemented for effective and improved AUFLS. The
proposed scheme is analyzed through realistic simulations on a 5
bus network and IEEE-39 bus test system. This is compared
with existing New Zealand AUFLS scheme applied to these test
systems.
Index Terms-- Load shedding, under-frequency, power system
stability, black out, Smart Grids.
I. INTRODUCTION
P OWER system infrastructure is continuously stressed to
supply increased load demand. This is due to natural load
growth and increasing demands expected due to
electrification of the transport fleet. Hence the power networks
will be impacted more during disturbances and outages.
Disturbances experienced by the electrical power system
networks are faults following switching operations, sudden
rejection of load/generation or outage of major transmission
lines [1]-[4]. Following these disturbances the system can find
it difficult to maintain active power balance and at time
maintain the voltage which mainly depends on the reactive
power balance.
When load exceeds generation, the frequency goes down.
For example, during a generator loss in a network the overall
generation capacity decreases supplying the load. If the other
generators in the system are unable to supply the power
needed, then the system frequency begins to decline or even
collapse[5]-[6]. AUFLS schemes on the utility system are
designed to maintain the balance by shedding load. In
addition, the reactive power demand of the load affects the
voltage magnitude at that particular load bus. If sufficient
reactive support is not available, the voltage tends to decrease.
The reactive power support can be provided by shunt
capacitors and generators/synchronous condensers. However,
when these resources are unable to establish the acceptable
voltage levels, then the system resorts to load shedding. When
This research supported financially by Transpower Ltd., New Zealand.
K. Mollah(Email: kmol006@aucklanduni.ac.nz), M. Bahadornejad
(Email: m.bahadornejad@auckland.ac.nz), and N. K-C Nair (Email:
n.nair@auckland.ac.nz) are with Department of Electrical & Computer
Engineering at University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
the system returns to its original state, the load which was
shed has to be restored in a systematic manner without causing
unnecessary stresses.
Generally, a load shedding scheme proceeds along a stage-
wise approach. The total amount of load to be shed depends
on the frequency deviation. If the frequency decreases to the
first pick up point then a certain amount of load is shed as
arranged. For further decay of frequency, more steps will be
activated and will continue until the frequency tracks above its
lower limit. Increasing the number of steps can reduce the
transients in the system. The efficiency of the scheme depends
on the amount of load to be shed. Over-shedding of load can
be reduced by decreasing the amount of load in each step.
Therefore, for better performance in a system some factors
have to be considered; for example the amount of load, step
size and reactive power requirement for each load block etc.
An efficient way to establish voltage is to reduce the reactive
power demand.
Several publications on utility implementation of AUFLS
are available and archived in existing literature [7]-[16]. Some
of them have developed AUFLS that consider use of
frequency and rate of change of frequency. They take into
account the magnitude of disturbance and the amount of load
to be shed depends on the rate of change of frequency. They
have not considered the sensitivities of load or sensitivities of
voltage.
Load shedding schemes are carried out as a last resort in
NZ power system for emergency control [17]. The current
AUFLS arrangements are largely based on historical practice
and consider only frequency bands to operate the relay. The
system operator recognizes that the nature of the power system
and nature of the load has changed significantly over the
years. As a consequence, AUFLS might be disconnecting
more or less load than is required. This cause undesired
damage or costs, and post load shedding over/under voltage in
a network. Therefore, there is need to undertake a substantive
review of the role of AUFLS given the new limitations with
the existing arrangements and the changes to the power system
since AUFLS was first introduced.
The introduction of modern digital relaying, new intelligent
devices and the application of fiber optic and satellite
technology, have influenced the direction to develop new
sophisticated AUFLS schemes. These methods can include the
frequency, the rate of change of frequency, and consider
voltage sensitivities to accurately direct load shedding in
proximity of contingencies. The new schemes can also
integrate both voltage and current phasors as input. These are
decision making parameters which decide instantly the amount
and location of load to be shed. The amount of load to be shed
is also affected by the magnitude of disturbance. In addition, TABLE 2: AUFLS SETTINGS FOR SOUTH ISLAND
new dynamic load models are also adopted to consider both Block Block Fset1(Hz) Td1(sec) Fset2(Hz) Td2(Sec)
frequency and voltage sensitivity of the loads which allows the Size (%)
load shed scheme to prevent frequency instability as well as Block-1 16 47.5 0.4 - -
voltage collapse. Block-2 16 45.5 0.4 47.5 15
The objective of this paper is to provide a systematic
review of the existing NZ AUFLS scheme and to propose a B. The Use of AUFLS during Under-Frequency Events
new scheme that can leverage the emerging monitoring and The last time there was a widespread tripping of AUFLS
automation technology in Smart Grid framework. The paper is was nearly 15 years ago [17]. The most recent events of a
organized as follows: Section II is devoted to the background widespread tripping of AUFLS are presented in table 3. These
of AUFLS in New Zealand and a comparison of NZ power frequency events proved that NZ AUFLS scheme need to up-
system load shedding scheme with other countries. The next to-date for future network security.
section outlines the parameters that need attention to help TABLE 3: FREQUENCY EVENTS IN NEW ZEALAND
improve and develop new load shedding scheme. Section IV Date MW Frequency Frequency(Hz) Fault
discusses theoretical back ground of AUFLS scheme and loss (Hz)fall in NI fall in SI locations
proposes a new algorithm to effectively enable smart load 09/04/2011 124.4 49.25 Huntly
shedding. Simulation results are provided in Section V to 01/08/2009 270 - 47.72 HVDC
confirm the proposed scheme on two test schemes which is 29/04/2007 617 48.26 - Huntly,E3p
compared with existing NZ AUFLS policy. The final section 30/03/2007 326 49.45 48.68 HVDC,
concludes this paper. 01/12/2006 297 49.19 49.40 Huntly
11/12/2005 580 48.08 - Huntly
03/03/1996 - AUFLS trip - HVDC bi-
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
09/03/1993 - AUFLS trip - HVDC bi-
A. History of AUFLS in New Zealand 06/02/1987 - AUFLS trip - Whakamaru
AUFLS was first installed in New Zealand with the 01/06/1984 - AUFLS trip - OTH-Whak
introduction of the HVDC link in 1965[17, 18]. The original
C. AUFLS Implementation in NZ
scheme was for 2 x 20% AUFLS blocks to cover the loss of
the original HVDC bi-pole which had a capacity of 600 MW. The normal operation of NZ power system is in general
Block one was set to trip instantaneously at 47.5 Hz, and block 49.8 - 50.2 Hz in 50 Hz system [17, 18]. When the frequency
two was set to trip instantaneously at 45.5 Hz or 15 seconds goes down to 49.8 Hz the generator reserve will activate
after the first block should the frequency remain below 47.5 within 2-4 seconds. If frequency goes down further the
Hz. These settings would allow the system to maintain a interrupted load is procured to disconnect the power to
minimum frequency standard of 45 Hz. AUFLS was only selected customers. It triggers at 49.2 Hz and take up to 1
implemented in the North Island given that was the direction second to respond.
in which the link was expected to operate. The AUFLS D. Frequency and Voltage limits
scheme would cover for either the loss of the HVDC link or
The acceptable frequency limits were determined from the
the largest North Island generating unit. The early 1990s also
Electricity Governance Rules and Regulations (EGRs) [17].
saw most of the AUFLS relays move from grid exit points to
The EGRs defined the high limit 52 Hz and 55 Hz and low
zone substation level to allow for better load shedding control.
limit 47 Hz and 45 Hz for North and South Islands
The emergence of large Combined Cycle Gas Turbine
respectively. The acceptable voltage limits were also
(CCGT) plant into New Zealand’s North Island power system
determined from the EGRs. For both Islands voltage can be
in the late 1990s established a need to review the existing
increased or decreased 10% from the nominal values.
frequency standards. Thermal generators, particularly CCGTs,
face material plant damage at frequencies below 47 Hz. E. Blackouts
Therefore an industry formed group, the Frequency Standards New Zealand depends on the high voltage transmission grid
Working Group (FSWG), was put together in 2000 which infrastructure to wheel electric power from the generating
reviewed New Zealand’s frequency standards then. The sites, mainly hydro power stations on the South Island, to the
FSWG came up with an immediate solution as well as a longer power consumers, primarily on the North Island and especially
term solution. the Auckland region [19]. So far the major power outage has
The AUFLS obligations for North Island and South Island been in Auckland in June 2006 where about 230,000
are shown in tables 1 and 2, respectively. customers were affected. Compared to some of the blackouts
in Europe and North America this is not a particularly large
TABLE 1: AUFLS SETTINGS FOR NORTH ISLAND event. However, it does show that it is necessary to study the
Block Block Fset1(Hz) Td1(sec) Fset2(Hz) Td2(Sec) problems of potential power outages for New Zealand in a
Size systematic way.
(%)
Block-1 16 47.8 0.4 - - F. Dispensation of Distribution Companies
Block-2 16 47.5 0.4 47.8 15 Distribution networks transport power to end-use
consumers through a network of overhead wires and
underground cables [18]. In total, there are over 150,000 kms
of distribution lines in New Zealand. The distribution A. Performance of the Existing AUFLS Scheme:
networks also include zone substations which convert The existing AUFLS scheme can accommodate
electricity to lower voltages. Almost all consumer premises in improvement by modifying the number and size of the
New Zealand are connected to a distribution network. There AUFLS blocks and their activation mechanisms and settings.
are two types of distribution networks: local networks that are When reviewing the design of the AUFLS scheme, the total
connected to the national grid, and secondary networks (such size, speed of the response and the makeup of the blocks are
as within a large shopping mall) that are connected to a local key considerations that need to be viewed as a total package to
network. There are also some generators, known as embedded produce the best outcome.
generators, which are linked directly to distribution networks.
There are 29 distribution companies that own the local B. A Priority Based Scheme
distribution networks throughout New Zealand. Leveraging Smart Grid investments NZ distribution
The distributors of NZ are required to ensure that at all networks has the potential to implement a priority basis
times they have armed sufficient feeders such that a minimum selective load shedding scheme [21]. To prepare a selective
of 32% of load is available in case of an automatic under- load shedding scheme, distribution networks need to review
frequency load shedding scheme. The distributors of North the type of customers connected to feeders. Each feeder
Island and grid owners on the South Island are required to should then be assigned a priority, based on its overall
make available two blocks of AUFLS at each grid exit point customer mix. These feeders are then ranked against each
(GXP). Power generation is dispatched to balance demand, so other, the lowest priority feeders being targeted for load
frequency remains at or near 50 Hz. shedding first and the highest priority feeders last to be shed
and typically first to be restored. The feeders that are
G. International Practice
supplying major hospitals, mental health care institutions,
The AUFLS requirements are already in place in many sewerage and water pumping stations, industries requiring
countries. The international experiences and benchmarks need continuous supplies, major public transport supplies, and
to be taken into consideration while developing AUFLS traffic lights at major intersection, airport and high rise
scheme in NZ [20]. To have an effective AUFLS scheme, the building will have a higher priority compared to feeders that
three key factors: the amount of load to be shed, the number have predominantly residential, commercial or other industrial
block and size, and how fast they can be shed need to be customer mixture.
considered as a total package. Exiting AUFLS scheme can be In order to minimize the impact on individual customers
summarized as shown in table 4. and share the burden, rotational load shedding will occur on
TABLE 4: AUFLS INTERNATIONAL SCHEMES the low priority feeders if the load shedding duration extends
Grid Number Block AUFLS Relay trip setting for several hours. Typically the first group of customers who
of blocks sizes (%) (%) (Hz) (1st & last stage) were shed will be restored after one or two hours, at the
UK 9 6-8 60 48.8,47.8 expense of the next group of customers to be taken off supply.
Ireland 8 6-8 50-60 48.85,48.50 This can continue until the supply/demand equation is
SA 5 10 50 49.2,47.9 balanced again and load shedding is no longer required.
Brazil 5 10-12 50-60 58.5,57.5
C. Load Characteristics
PJM 3 10 30 59.5,58.5
The system operators need to know the type of loads in the
Western 3 16-18 50 49,48.5
feeders connected to the system. The nature of the loads has
Europe
continually been changing dynamically over the last five years
NZ 2 16 32 47.8, 45.5
[5, 17]. A substation which has a large proportion of motor
loads may present a problem of time coordination during the
In general, it is acknowledged that existing AUFLS load shedding and under-frequency relays operation. If the
schemes cannot be directly compared as each power system is transmission sources to such a substation were tripped out for
unique, have different reserve management schemes and any reason, the motor loads would tend to maintain the voltage
operates to different frequency bands. As part of literature while the frequency decreases as the motors are slowing
reviewed internationally, New Zealand’s current AUFLS down. This would especially be true if the line capacitance
scheme is different from other countries. New Zealand grid kept the motors excited. This slow decay of voltage may last
requirements as compared to the others have the following longer than the usual three to six cycle trip delay used with a
distinct characteristics: high speed under-frequency relay, and the relay may trip and
1. Sheds less AUFLS as a total percentage of load lock out breakers undesirably. In an unattended installation,
2. Has less AUFLS blocks restoration of the load would not then be accomplished by
3. Has larger AUFLS block sizes, and simply reenergizing the transmission line.
4. Trips AUFLS at much lower frequencies. One solution that has been applied is to further delay the
operation of the under-frequency relay to about 20 cycles.
This has apparently been adequate for most applications.
III. IMPROVEMENTS TO NEW ZEALAND AUFLS SCHEME
Some attempts have also been made to use an under-voltage
While exploring an improved AUFLS scheme for New cutoff to help correct this problem. While this could be
Zealand power system the following issues have to be successful, care must be exercised in choosing the setting for
considered: the under-voltage device since a normal under-frequency
condition on the system is usually accompanied by a lower N N 2 N
than normal voltage. Too high an under-voltage setting would f c = ∑ Η i f i / ∑ Η i ,and ξ = ∑ Ηi (3)
i =1 i =1 f n i =1
possibly block the under-frequency relay from doing a load
shedding function when needed. f c , frequency of the equivalent inertial centre and constant ξ
D. Load Restoration can be calculated in advance.
Equation (1) establishes the approximate magnitude of the
After successful implementation of load shedding scheme,
disturbance. The inertia constant in equation (1) is kinetic
the system frequency will stabilize and then recover to 50 Hz
[22]. This recovery is assisted by governor action on available energy Wk over the system base MVA and the inertia
spinning reserve generation, or by the addition of other constants of all machines in the system are on the base MVA.
generation to the system. When the system frequency The detail theoretical formulation of Q-V analysis is given
approaches to the normal frequency, a frequency relay is used in [5] and it is shown that the amount of load to be shed can be
to automatically begin the restoration of the loads that has calculated by using the following empirical formula:
been shed. The amount of load that can be restored is ⎛ dVi ⎞
determined by the ability of the system to serve it. The criteria ⎜ ⎟
⎜ dQ ⎟
are that the available generation must always exceed the ⎝ i⎠
Si = ΔΡi (4)
amount of load being restored so that the system frequency ⎡ n dVi ⎤
will continue to recover towards 50 Hz. The availability of ⎢∑ ⎥
generation, either locally or through system interconnections, ⎣i =1 dQi ⎦
determines whether or not the shed load can be successfully B. Relay Settings and Load Priority
restored. Therefore, a load restoration program usually
The relay data used for this paper is provided in Table 5.
incorporates time delay, which is related to the amount of time
The size and number of the blocks have changed compared to
required to add generation or to close tie-lines during
the existing NZ AUFLS scheme. There are also more
emergency conditions. Also, both the time delay and the
frequency thresholds in this scheme. However, the time delays
restoration frequency set points should be staggered so that the
for the proposed scheme and the existing scheme are the same.
entire load is not reconnected at the same time. Reconnecting
TABLE 5: RELAY SETTING
loads on a distributed basis also minimizes power swings
across the system and thereby minimizes the possibility of Block Block size (%) Fset1(Hz) Td1* (s) Fset2(Hz) Td2** (s)
initiating a new disturbance. In general, wide frequency 1 10 48.7 0.4 - -
fluctuations and the possibility of starting a load 2 10 48.3 0.4 48.7 15
3 10 47.9 0.4 48.3 15
shedding/restoration oscillation can be greatly minimized if 4 10 47.5 0.4 47.9 15
the amount of load restored per step is small and the spinning
reserve generation available is adequate. Finally, the *Td1: Relay first time delay **Td2: Relay second time delay
restoration process will begin with the most vital loads first, There is no priority for the load in the current NZ AUFLS
and then the subsequent load recovery following the reverse of scheme. However, a priority is applied in the proposed
the load shedding priority. scheme. The load priority in Table 6 is based on the
importance of the load, i.e., block 1 sheds the non-vital loads
IV. PROPOSED AUFLS SCHEME and block 4 cuts the vital loads. The priority for different loads
is shown in table 6.
A. Theory
TABLE 6: LOAD SHEDDING PRIORITY
When a power system operates normally, the total power Block Categories Examples
imbalance can estimated from total generated power and load
1 Residential loads Fridge/freezer/hot-water
power [5]. If the balance of generation and loads is perturbed
2 Industries-1 Small industries/agricultures
significantly, then effective frequency of the system would
change according to swing equation (1). 3 Industries-2 Continues supply/ traffic lights
2 Η i df i 4 Critical loads Hospitals, mental health care institutions
= Ρ mi − Ρ ei = ΔΡ i (1) Load shedding is usually provided in several stages that
f n dt
reduce the overall load to match the capacity of the generators.
Where, f is the nominal frequency of the system, H is the If the first load-shedding stage does not reduce the load
inertia constant, f is the frequency in Hz, P is the generator sufficiently, additional stages are activated after time delays to
mechanical power in pu, P is the generator electrical power further reduce the load. Each block of relay will operate
in pu, and ∆P is the load generation imbalance in pu. By according to Table 6 and the restoration process will follow in
adding N swing equations, total load generation imbalance can the reverse order of recovery.
be obtained from the following expression [6]:
C. Algorithm
Ν
2 ∑ Η Fig 1 shows the algorithm proposed in [5] that is used in
Ν i df df this paper to estimate the magnitude of disturbance by using
ΔΡ = ∑ ΔΡ =
i
i =1 c
=ξ
c
(2) swing equations of all generators, i.e. the imbalance between
i =1 f dt dt generation and consumption. The primary evaluation of the
n
Where, disturbance is based on the rate of change of frequency. The
location of the load to be shed and the amount to be shed from
each bus is calculated by formula (4). This formula is based on
the voltage sensitivities calculated using the QV analysis.
D. Load Models
Load characteristic has a significant effect on load shedding
estimates. Performance of load shedding schemes is related to
the system frequency and thus related to the balance between
generation and load. Several efforts have been made to
develop methods for constructing improved load models. The
cumulative lumped load of many commercial establishments.
The third is for constant power loads. The frequency
dependency of the load is also included in the models [23, 24].
V. SIMULATION
Existing NZ AUFLS policy and proposed load shedding
scheme are applied to a 5-bus system and IEEE-39 bus test
system. The simulation results are shown and discussed in this
section.
A. Simulation on the 5-bus test system
The proposed AUFLS is tested trough dynamic simulation
of small 5-bus test system shown in Fig. 2. The system
consists of 2 loads, 3x5 MVA hydro unit and 1x10MVA steam
generators in the system of total 20 MW and 4.2 MVAR. The
exciter and governor also included in the simulation. The case
study shows the effect of loss of a generator. The frequency
response is shown in Fig. 3 after sudden loss of generator
201(P=8 MW).

Fig. 2 One line diagram of 5-bus test system [23]

As it can be seen from Fig. 3, following the loss of

generator 201 the frequency declines to 43.75 Hz, i.e., without

Fig. 1 The Proposed Load shedding algorithm

importance of load modelling on load shedding studies must
be taken into account. The software used for simulation
models both static and dynamic loads. It is able to
appropriately model loads which are dependent on voltage and
frequency. The models used in this simulation for active and
reactive power are shown in equations (5) and (6), Fig. 3 Frequency response without load shedding scheme
respectively. a load shedding the frequency is stable at a value much lower
( 2 )⎛
⎜
Ρ = Ρ 0 a1 v + a 2 v + a 3 1 + K F,P
⎜
f − f0 ⎞
f0 ⎟
⎟ ( 5)
than the required standard limits.
After the system collapse the New Zealand 2 stage AUFLS
⎝ ⎠ scheme was implemented to the small 5 bus test system. It can

( )
⎛
Q = Q 0 a 4 v 2 + a 5 v + a 6 ⎜1 + K F , Q
⎜
f − f0 ⎞
f0 ⎟
⎟ (6)
be observed that relay tripped within 2 seconds of the
simulation and it curtailed around 6.1 MW loads to recover the
⎝ ⎠ frequency at 49.65 Hz within the limits (Fig. 4a).
The first voltage dependent term in both equations is for the The proposed AUFLS scheme in this paper was also
constant impedance loads, such as resistors. The second term applied to the test system. The simulation result is shown in
is for constant current loads, such as discharge lighting and the Fig, 4b. In this case the relay follows the priority based load

(a) (b)
Fig. 4 Frequency response with a) NZ AUFLS , b) Proposed AUFLS
Scheme
shedding and it can be seen that by shedding just 5.73 MW
load the frequency is recovered at 49.55 Hz.
B. Simulation on IEEE-39 Bus Test System
In this test case the load shedding schemes have been
applied to the IEEE-39 bus system which has 6190 MW and
81.3 MVAR generation capacities (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5 One line diagram of IEEE-39 bus test system [5]
1) Case Study 1: Loss of a Generator
The simulation results for sudden loss of generator at bus
34 (508 MW) are shown in Fig. 6 and Fig 7.
As it can be seen in Fig 6, after losing the generator at bus
Fig. 6 Frequency response without load shedding scheme in case 1
(a) (b)
Fig. 7 Fequency response with NZ AUFLS scheme,b) Proposed AUFLS
scheme in case 1
34 without load shedding the frequency drops down to 46.7
Hz which is under the lower limit.
Fig. 7a and 7b show the frequency responses after applying
the NZ AUFLS scheme and the proposed method,
respectively. As Fig 7a shows by implementing the NZ
AUFLS (16% block load shed) the frequency recovers to
about 50.75 Hz that is over the normal frequency. However,
applying the proposed scheme, the curtailed load is 10% and
frequency is recovered at 49.65 Hz (Fig. 7b).
2) Case Study 2: Loss of a Transmission Line
The contingency applied to the systems is the outage of
transmission line16-19.The outage of this line means the
separation of the integrated power system to two islands: one
island with two generators 4 and 5 and other island with eight
other generators. Before the line outage the first island was
delivering 451 MW to the second island. This loss will cause
the fall of frequency in the second island (Fig 8). As Fig. 8
shows the frequency of this island drops to 47.8 Hz.
The simulation result of applying the NZ AUFLS scheme is
shown in Fig 9a. As it can be seen the relay has tripped at
47.8 Hz and cuts around 617 MW power to restore the
frequency at 51.35 Hz that is above the limit.
Fig. 9b shows the simulation result of applying the
proposed load shedding scheme. It is shown that the total
434.42 MW active power is shed and the frequency is
recovered at 49.54 Hz.
From these simulation results it can be concluded that for
small contingencies the existing NZ AUFLS may shed excess
load. Modifying the number and the size of the existing
AUFLS blocks and the trip mechanisms and settings for these
blocks may significantly improve the performance of the NZ
AUFLS scheme and produce better outcomes.
Fig. 8 Frequency response without load shedding scheme in case 2
(a) (b)
Fig. 9 Fequency response with NZ AUFLS scheme,b) Proposed AUFLS
scheme in case 2
VI. CONCLUSIONS
AUFLS is the last-resort to prevent the system collapse and
requires much aspect to consider during the process of
development. This paper comprehensively reviewed the
existing AUFLS scheme in New Zealand. The improvements
and future potentials have been identified.
 A new load shedding algorithm has been proposed that
considers frequency, the rate of change of frequency and the
voltage during major contingencies like loss of generation. A
possibility of automatic priority based load shedding scheme
by the system control centre has been proposed. Through the
dynamic simulations of multi-machine power system
networks, the sensitivity of power system frequency response
to the disturbance location and the effects of the existing and
proposed load shedding schemes were assessed. The
simulation result confirms the effectiveness of the proposed
method. Ongoing work and future publications is aimed at
assessment and implementation pathway for NZ network.
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support provided by
Transpower New Zealand Limited through Auckland
Uniservices Project # 30559 for this work.
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IX. BIOGRAPHIES
Kaium Uz Zaman Mollah (S’09) received his BE
degree in EE from Bangladesh University of
Engineering & Technology. He received his ME in
E.E from University of Auckland. He is currently
pursuing his Ph.D degree in Power System
Engineering at University of Auckland.
He has 7 years employment experience in generation
and distribution companies in New Zealand and
Bangladesh. His special fields of interest includes
smart load shedding scheme, application of IEC
61850 to smart grids,power system analysis, power system protection, and
distributed generation (DG).
Momen Bahadornejad (M’11) received his BE
degree in E.E. from Amirkabir University of
Technology, Iran, the ME degree in E.E. from Tehran
University, Iran. He received his Ph.D. in E.E. from
Queensland University of Technology, Australia in
2005.
He joined the Electrical Engineering Department in
the Power and Water University of Technology, Iran,
in 1990. Currently he holds a research fellow position
at the Department of Electrical & Computer
Engineering in University of Auckland, New
Zealand. His research interests include power system stability and control,
power system planning, application of digital signal processing to power
system problems, application of IEC 61850 to smart grids, distributed
generation (DG), and electricity market studies.
Nirmal-Kumar C. Nair (S’01–M’04–SM’10) received his BE in E.E. from
M.S. University, Baroda, India and ME in E.E with specialization of High
Voltage Engineering from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. He
received his Ph.D. in E.E. from Texas A&M University, College Station,
USA. Presently, he is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Electrical &
Computer Engineering in University of Auckland, New Zealand. His current
interest includes power system analysis, protective relaying & optimization in
the context of smart grids, electricity markets and integration issues of
DG/renewable sources.
Nirmal is the past chair (2009-10) and currently Student Activities Chair
(2011- ) and PES/PELS Chapter Chair (2011- ) for IEEE New Zealand
(North) Section. He is the Chair of PES Life Long Learning Subcommittee
(2012-13) and also the Constitution and Bylaws Committee member in the
PES Governing Board. He is currently an Executive committee member for
CIGRE NZ National Committee and is 2010-14 Observer Member for CIGRE
B5 (Protection and Automation) from NZ.