Experimental Control Standardised Mean

Study Total Mean SD Total Mean SD Difference SMD 95%−CI Weight

Studi 5 24 11.07 3.20 21 16.09 3.81 −1.41 [−2.07; −0.75] 4.3%

Studi 22 199 107.43 11.85 167 109.98 12.32 −0.21 [−0.42; −0.00] 4.5%
Studi 16 50 57.35 13.42 50 58.00 12.91 −0.05 [−0.44; 0.34] 4.5%
Studi 2 42 51.45 8.04 42 51.38 6.73 0.01 [−0.42; 0.44] 4.4%
Studi 11 30 32.67 6.88 30 31.67 6.41 0.15 [−0.36; 0.66] 4.4%
Studi 8 15 50.73 10.31 15 48.90 9.14 0.18 [−0.53; 0.90] 4.3%
Studi 23 199 110.68 12.65 167 106.48 15.80 0.30 [ 0.09; 0.50] 4.5%
Studi 18 55 77.00 6.97 55 74.00 8.65 0.38 [ 0.00; 0.76] 4.5%
Studi 14 40 22.32 3.85 39 20.34 3.55 0.53 [ 0.08; 0.98] 4.4%
Studi 20 53 28.34 11.56 53 20.83 12.78 0.61 [ 0.22; 1.00] 4.5%
Studi 1 33 81.34 8.17 29 76.18 7.48 0.65 [ 0.14; 1.16] 4.4%
Studi 17 50 85.45 16.29 50 72.38 16.35 0.79 [ 0.39; 1.20] 4.4%
Studi 10 40 83.30 3.67 40 80.00 3.57 0.90 [ 0.44; 1.36] 4.4%
Studi 3 42 80.71 5.93 42 75.26 6.02 0.90 [ 0.45; 1.35] 4.4%
Studi 4 54 66.59 10.11 52 54.50 11.08 1.13 [ 0.72; 1.54] 4.4%
Studi 6 24 22.29 4.41 21 16.28 5.37 1.21 [ 0.57; 1.85] 4.4%
Studi 12 30 71.58 7.73 30 61.83 7.93 1.23 [ 0.67; 1.78] 4.4%
Studi 7 40 40.15 3.31 39 34.55 3.21 1.70 [ 1.18; 2.22] 4.4%
Studi 15 40 41.15 3.94 39 34.54 3.21 1.82 [ 1.29; 2.35] 4.4%
Studi 13 33 73.00 8.84 33 51.38 9.75 2.30 [ 1.67; 2.92] 4.4%
Studi 9 15 80.53 8.29 15 58.93 9.14 2.41 [ 1.44; 3.38] 4.2%
Studi 21 34 68.28 11.23 34 32.28 12.48 3.00 [ 2.29; 3.70] 4.3%
Studi 19 24 78.12 2.72 24 53.22 1.95 10.35 [ 8.12; 12.58] 3.1%

Random effects model 1166 1087 1.13 [ 0.42; 1.84] 100.0%

Heterogeneity: I 2 = 94%, τ2 = 2.9159, p < 0.01
−10 −5 0 5 10