PITUITARY GLAND HORMONES

BIOLOGY HORMONE FUNCTION

LESSON 3: LIFE’S RESPONSE AND
COORDINATING SYSTEM Stimulate uterine
Oxytocin
contractions during labor
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Promotes breast-milk
The endocrine system is responsible for regulating a Prolactin
production
range of bodily functions through the release of
hormones.
Control body water
Hormones Antidiuretic
balance
 are the chemicals the endocrine system uses to
send messages to organs and tissue throughout Controls estrogen and
the body. Luteinizing Hormone
testosterone production
 secreted by the glands, travel through the (LH)
as well as ovulation
bloodstream and to the various organs and
tissues in the body.
Controls the production
Gland Follicle Stimulating
of eggs and sperm
Hormone (FSH)
 organ that manufactures and secretes
hormones

Some examples of bodily functions that are Thyroid

controlled by the endocrine system include:  regulate body's
metabolism
Metabolism  helps bone grow
 growth and development and develop
 sexual function and reproduction  located in front of
 heart rate the neck and below
 blood pressure the voice box
 Appetite Hormones:
 sleeping and waking cycles
 body temperature Thyroid Hormone -
help to control several
GLANDS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS body functions,
including the rate of
Hypothalamus metabolism and energy
 "the master switchboard" levels
 part of the brain Parathyroid
 secretes hormones that stimulate or suppress
the release of hormones in the pituitary gland  control of calcium
 regulate many functions, including sleep-wake levels in your bones and
cycles, body temperature, and appetite. blood.
 in the front of your neck
Hormones:
Parathyroid Hormone -
controls calcium levels in
bones and blood
Thymus
Hypothalamus
 produces hormones
important for the
Pituitary Gland
development of a
 "the master gland" type of white blood
 located below the cell called a T cell.
hypothalamus, at  Located in the upper
the base of the brain torso
 produces hormones  active until puberty
that stimulate
Hormones:
growth and
reproduction Thymosin - stimulates
 control the function the development of T
of other endocrine cells
glands.
Adrenal Ovaries
 development of
 produce hormones
female sexual
important for
characteristics
regulating functions
maturation of egg cells
such as blood
pressure, heart rate, Hormones:
and stress response.
Estrogen - works to
 responsible for "flight
regulate menstrual cycle,
or fight" response
pregnancy, and develop
 on top of the kidneys
female sex
characteristics
ADRENAL GLAND HORMONES
Progesterone - helps to
prepare the body for
HORMONE FUNCTION
pregnancy when an egg
increases blood is fertilized
Adrenaline
pressure, heart rate, and
metabolism in reaction to CONDITIONS THAT CAN AFFECT THE
stress ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Hyperthyroidism
controls the body’s salt  happens when your
Aldosterone
and water balance thyroid gland makes
more thyroid
plays a role in stress hormone than
Cortisol necessary.
response
 This can be caused
by a range of things,
aids in production of including
dehydroepiandrosterone
body odor and growth of autoimmune
sulfate (DHEA)
body hair during puberty conditions.

Graves Disease
Pancreas
 is an autoimmune
 produces hormones disorder and
that regulate blood common form of
sugar levels hyperthyroidism.
 located in your  the immune system
abdomen behind attacks the thyroid,
your stomach which causes it to
Hormones: produce more
thyroid hormone
Insulin - helps to reduce than normal.
your blood glucose levels
Glucagon - helps to
increase blood glucose Hypothyroidism
levels
Testes  occurs when your
thyroid doesn’t
 control maturation produce enough
of sperm and thyroid hormone.
development of  Like hyperthyroidism,
secondary male it has many potential
sexual causes.
characteristics

Hormones: Goiter
Testosterone -  abnormal
contributes to sex drive enlargement of the
and body density in thyroid gland
males and females as
well as development of
male sex
characteristics.
Gigantism & Dwarfism Simple Squamous Epithelium
 consists of a single
Gigantism - too much
layer of flattened
growth hormones
cells
 found in thin barriers
Dwarfism - less growth
where exchange of
hormones.
nutrients, wastes,
and gases occurs
 found in alveoli of
the lungs (gas
exchange) and in
blood capillaries
ANIMALS' SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES
(diffusion and
osmosis)
ANIMAL TISSUES
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
- The human body is made up of more than two
 single layer of cube-
hundred differentiated cells.
shaped cells.
Histology  have larger
cytoplasm, thus
 study of plant and animal tissues
capable of
 involves the preparation of thin sections of
absorption and
tissues, differentially stained and examined
secretion.
under the microscope
 found in the the
Microtone kidney and ducts of
most glands.
 is an instrument used to cut tissues into ultra-
thin sections Simple Columnar Epithelium
TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUES  single layer of
elongated cells
These different types of tissues have distinct  ideal for
structures and functions. absorption and
secretion as they
1. Epithelial Tissues contain larger
2. Connective Tissues cytoplasm
3. Muscular Tissues  they line the small
4. Nervous Tissues intestines and is
responsible for
1. EPITHELIAL TISSUES
90% of absorption
- form the protective covering and inner lining of in the digestive tract.
the body and organs.
CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES
May be: The epithelial tissues can be classified as:
Simple - made up of a single layer of cells CLASSIFICATION FUNCTION
Stratified - has more than one layer of cells
Sensory Epithelium To perceive stimuli
CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Following are the important characteristics of
epithelial tissues: Glandular Epithelium Secretes chemicals

 These can be single-layered or multi-layered.

 The tissues have the power to regenerate. Pigmented Epithelium Imparts color in retina
 The plasma membrane of these cells is
specialized into flagella, cilia, and microvilli.
Absorptive Epithelium For absorption
TYPES OF EPITHELIUM
There are three types of epithelium based on
their shape.

 Squamous
 Cuboidal
 Columnar
2. CONNECTIVE TISSUES 3. MUSCULAR TISSUES
- Function mainly for binding and support of other  are contractile tissues responsible for
tissues. movement.
 muscle cells that make up muscle tissues
contain actin and myosin (muscle contraction)
Three types of muscular tissues:
 Skeletal
 Smooth
 Cardiac
Cardiac Muscular Tissue
- It helps in blood circulation and keeps the heart
pumping

FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES

The connective tissues perform the following
functions:
 They attach organs and tissues together.
 They store fat in the form of adipose tissues.
 They help in repairing tissues.
 They prevent the organs from mechanical
shocks.
Smooth Muscular Tissue
CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES
The connective tissues can be classified as: - These help in peristalsis and other involuntary
functions of the body.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
CLASSIFICATION FUNCTION
Provides support and
Connective Tissue
protection to the body
Proper

Transport of materials in
Fluid Connective
the body
Tissue

Supportive Connective It supports the body and

Tissue gives it proper shape and
form

FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE (BLOOD)

Skeletal Muscular Tissue Nutritional Requirements of Animals
1. Carbohydrates - are important biomolecules that
- Provide support, help in movement and maintain
serve as the primary energy source in animals.
homeostasis
Glucose - is a basic forms of carbohydrate that can
be broken down to generate usable energy in the
forms of ATP.

2. Proteins - are another group of essential nutrients

needed by animals. They contribute to the formation
4. NERVOUS TISSUES of the general framework of an animal’s body.

 makes up the peripheral and the central nervous Proteins may consist of any of the twenty types
system. of amino acids.
 It possesses the ability to initiate and transmit
the nerve impulse. Amino acids - are the basic subunits of proteins that
can be absorbed by the body.
Main components include:
 Neurons Some amino acids can be naturally synthesized by
 Neuroglia the body, and these are called the nonessential
 Neurosecretory Cells amino acids. By contrast, essential amino acids
Neurons are the ones that cannot be produced by the body
and acquired from the food that animals eat.
 These are the
structural and
functional unit of
nervous system.
 It comprises an axon,
cell body and
dendrites.
 Responsible for
receiving sensory
input from external 3. Lipids - are essential biomolecules needed by
world. animals to form the membranes of the entire cell and
its organelles.
Neuroglia These biomolecules are also needed for the
 These are special following :
cells found in the 1. Construction of the myelin sheaths that cover the
brain and spinal nerve fibers in animals
cord.
 They provide 2. Production of important hormones in the body
support to the 3. Carbohydrates can be rapidly oxidized to generate
neurons and fibers. energy. However, lipids, when oxidized, generate
twice as much energy.
2 types of Lipids
Neurosecretory Cells
1. Saturated - Delivered from animal fats,which are
 These function as harmful to humans if consumption is not moderated.
endocrine organs. 2. Unsaturated
 They release - Essential for animal health and should be included
chemical from the in a healthy diet
axons directly into - derived from plant sources like avocado,nuts,olive
blood. oil,and vegetables.

Minerals - refer to the basic elements that animals
need for developmental and metabolic processes.
These minerals are usually present in the food that
animals consume. Examples of these elements
phosphorus, sulfur, potassium,magnesium, and zinc.
Vitamins - are organic compounds that are usually
present in trace amounts in an animal's diet.
Vitamins can be categorized as:
1. Water-soluble vitamins - are a more regular part
of an animal's diet.
2. Fat-soluble vitamins - are usually stored as fat
droplets in the liver. Examples of essential vitamins
are vitamin A, vitamin B, and vitamin D.
Mechanisms of Nutrient Procurement in Animals
1. Intracellular digestion - Refers to nutrient
processing and absorption that occurs inside of cells
within special structures known as lysosomes.
2. Extracellular digestion - The process of food
digestion and nutrient absorption that occurs outside
of the cell.
1. Filter Feeding and Bulk Transport
- Filter feeding is the mechanism by which
simple animals gather food from their environment by
trapping food particles.
2. Trapping Food with Tentacles
- One perfect example of an animal that uses
tentacles for trapping its food is the hydra.Through its
tentacles, a hydra captures its prey then places this
food into its mouth.
3. Sucking of Food and Dissolved Nutrients
- Another mechanism of nutrient acquisition
that animals developed over their evolutionary
history is sucking.
4. Picking Through Beaks
- Picking food by using different sizes and
shapes of beaks allow several species of birds to
survive in a diversity of habitats. Beaks have been
useful for birds in gathering their food and catching
specific prey.
5. Use of Jaws and Teeth
- For some fishes, reptiles, and mammals, the
presence of jaws equipped with teeth allows them to
efficiently catch their prey and chew and shear its
flesh. Jaws allow mammals to effectively seize their
prey and kill it by using sharp teeth.